Douglas Leroy

MA Intelligent Mobility

The Genesis
Of
The Car Industry

8828 Words
Year 2020
1
 List of Illustrations
Citroën DS19 5

Car Free Street 9

Average occupancy of various passenger vehicles

Same Parts of Different Cars 15

Map of the DieselGate Death Toll 16

Ferdinand Piëch’s Bugatti Chiron

Audi A3
Audi A3 E-Tron
19 Content Page
Jaguar I-Pace 20 Introduction 4
Aston Martin Vanquish 25 Cars and Society: Cars Dictate People 6
2001 Aston Martin Vanquish
- A Life Threat 8
- Space Waste 8
Boring Company’s Tunnel 23
- An Environement Perpetuating this mind-set 8
Tesla Cybertruck
- Prevents Other Transportation from Thriving 11
- The stress of owning/using a car 11
Peugeot E-Legend 25
Mercedes-Benz URBANETIC An Industry Disconnected from Reality 6
Audi AI:ME - A Language that is Based on Old Conventions 14
Renault Morphoz - Diesel Gate and Trust 17
- Car Design Hierarchy 18
Turtle with straw stuck in its nose 30 - Lack of Change for a New Electric Era 18
H&M Recycling Bin - Designers not Believing in It 21
Veja Shoe - Hype of Tesla 22
- Contradiction with his Future Plans 22
Vision of 2050’s Urban Hubs 35 - Everything is the Same 24
Guilt & Marketing 26
Additional Bike Lane in Berlin 36 - What People Really Want 28
- Examples 31
The Challenges of Transportation and its Opportunities 32
- Clever Use of Reources and Space 34
- Last Mile Transportation 34
- Infrastructures 37
- Dethroning Cars 37
- The Coronavirus Example 37
Conclusion 38

2 3
 Introduction

Cars being part of our lives for over a hundred

years now, have definitely grown to be indis-
pensable from our daily lives. Although they’ve
been loved and cherished by some and hated
on by others for roughly the same amount of
time, they have never been as much a contro-
versy as now. Cars act as a symbol of everyone’s
involvement into the destruction of our home
planet. Since the Paris Agreement and the global
realisation of having “fucked up”, people feel a
guttural need to pay their errors back through
different actions and therefore would crave for a
way to move in an ecologically responsible way.
That is why I’d like to dedicate this dissertation Figure 1: 1955 Citroën DS19
to the question: Is Eco-Responsibility neglected (TopGear June 2016)
by the Car Industry?

As Stephen Baily says in its book ‘Cars: Freedom,

Style, Sex, Power, Motion, Colour, Everything’:
“from the perspective of the twenty-first cen-
tury it seems very clear that some things are
never coming back, the ’59 Cadillac being one
example. The 1955 Citroën DS(fig.1) and 1964
Ferrari 250 GTO being others. Nor, perhaps, will
there ever again be such a conceptual revolu-
tion as the one that produced the 1959 Mini.
The great age of car design is over or, at least, its
assumptions have changed.”(1)

In that sense, I would like to explore if the Car

Industry has been leaning towards a more res-
ponsible approach of transportation for people
to abide to in the near future. To do so, my dis-
sertation will be split into three parts. The first
part is dedicated to identifying and enumerating
what cars represent in our society today and
what they will be representing in the near future.
I’ll therefore use a chronological way and funnel
broad information to more precise sides of the
industry. I’ll then explore different examples
of eco-responsibility outside the car industry
as a second part and finally propose different
challenges and possibilities in which the car in-
dustry (and more broadly transportation) could
be projected in the future as a third part.

1.Stephen Bayley ‘Cars: Freedom, Style, Sex, Power, Motion, Colour, Everything’ (London, Conran 2009): 54

4 5
 Cars and Society
Cars dictate People

6 7
 Cars have been dominating cities forever now.
As modern cities were built around carriages,
carriages became cars and have been controlling
our cities at the force of their wheels. Le Cor-
busier says it for Paris(1), “cars made the city
obsolete” but it applies to any cities of the world.
It becomes impossible to move freely without
being scared of getting ran over by a car whether
one is walking or cycling. But it is not so fun for
drivers as well because cars as much polyvalent
as they are a mediocre solution to any kind of
situation.
A Life Threat
ments. Whereas in France, when one way of the Indeed, cars have been seen as one of the most
street goes green for cars, the way for pedes- revolutionary object of the 20th century. Com-
trians that is in the same direction goes green pletely transforming our landscapes and impac-
too. As pedestrians have complete priority, cars ting our everyday life, it seems impossible to
turning towards crossing paths must stop to let emancipate oneself from them.(8)
pedestrians go. Compared to the UK this set a
feeling of control and therefore safety for pedes-
trians.
Absolutely no one who is driving a car should
have a feeling of power and domination towards
other. Cars are solely made for moving purposes
and shouldn’t convey feelings of superiority nor
domination.

When more than half of all road traffic deaths Space Waste
are among vulnerable road users such as pedes-
trians, cyclist and motorcyclists(2), it becomes In the events of the Coronavirus, people realised
obvious to wonder how that can still be a reality how much space were taking up cars in cities.
in Cities. (fig.1)
In fact, in an environment where people are Unfortunately, this has been going on for a
expected to be nearly 70 percent of the whole while. Since 1995, the Average Vehicle Occupan-
population (6.7 billion people)(3) it is appalling cy in a car has been registered to 1.59.(6)(fig.2)
to observe how we kill people with what was The car, in this case defines a regular 4-door
meant to help us move around more easily. sedan. However, most of the time this car is par-
Fig.1: «Even with a car free street, cars take up
ked and takes up about a half of a street’s space.
I particularly realised that when I arrived in half the street» (BMan’s Twitter Diegel May
London. Before living here, I lived for two 2020)
An Environment perpetuating this mind-
years in Paris and Road policies are different in set
France. There, “if a pedestrian or cyclist “shows a
clear intention to cross” (described as “an osten-
However, the situation we’re in has been buil-
sible step forward or a hand gesture”) drivers
ding up for over a hundred years. Indeed, the
will be required to stop for them.”(4)
shift from horses to cars was actually a 50-year
Needless to say I was shocked to witness such
period of change and transformation complete
violence in pedestrians/cars interactions when I
with large safety, environmental and economic
arrived in London. We have learned to get used
challenges.
to something we shouldn’t have to. When we’re
And as of what it became today, Peter Calthorpe,
predicted to be the most of in cities in the near
an architect who was a precursor in energy-ef-
future, how come one has to stick to the sides
ficient state buildings(7), says: “The problem
of public spaces in order to not get injured (or
with urban environments that are auto oriented
worse killed) by what he has created?
is that if there’s no choice, if the only way to get
This created a constant state of awareness and
around is in a car, lo and behold, people are
therefore made public spaces, places of high
going to use cars too much. Too much for the
stress and fear regarding one’s life.
climate, too much for people’s pocketbooks, too
Besides, nothing makes the matter better as
much for the community in terms of congestion,
traffic lights policies in the UK fully embrace the
too much for people’s time.”
mind-set of cars dictating pedestrian’s move- Fig.2: Average occupancy of various passenger
vehicles. (Davis, Diegel and Boundy 2010)
1.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries (accessed 18 July 2020)
2.Jared Diamond, ‘What We Gain or Lose in Cities’, National Geographic, Special Issue (April 2019): 23
3.https://survivalskills.wordpress.com/2011/02/17/heading-to-france-pedestrian-priority-laws-have-changed/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
4.https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/07/18/commuting-to-work-car-train-or-bus/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
5.https://usa.streetsblog.org/2016/03/10/its-true-the-typical-car-is-parked-95-percent-of-the-time/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
6.https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/we-traded-carriages-for-cars-lets-embrace-the-next-disruption/article29782316/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
7.Andrew Moore, ‘To build the cities of the future, we must get out of our cars’, National Geograhic, The Cities Issue (April 2019) https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2019/04/
to-build-cities-of-the-future-stop-driving-cars/ (accessed 14 May 2020)
8.https://www.ushistory.org/us/46a.asp (18 July 2020)
8 9
 Prevents other Transportation from
thriving
It’s clear that being a cyclist in town shall not be
easy.
Although it might look very small on paper with
cycles counting for 1 percent of the whole pro-
portion of road traffic by vehicles(1) they’re still
a significant part of big cities traffic(2).
And there should be way more if we want to
make a change against Climate Change. So far,
cars have been such a consistent part of urban
landscapes that it prevented any other ways of
moving from thriving. Besides, since Corona-
virus started, commuters came back to using
their cars over public transport to avoid expo-
sure to the virus(3).
So what? Are we really meant to kneel before
cars because it’s too late? Many companies have
been confronting this issue and came up with
Last Mile technologies, whether they are electric
scooters or roller-skates but all got shot down
and downgraded to the status of leisure because
urban infrastructures were not meant to house
anything else than four-wheel based vehicles.
Although only cycles have sort of succeeded
to have dedicated infrastructures but we’re far
from optimal and it seems as if cycles were
only allowed to be part of the circus because it
existed before cars arrived(4). After all, it is not
sufficient to find more space and energy efficient
transportation that could replace cars on a long-
term.
the US of the year 2018 was about $1,300 a year
whereas the average total cost per mile was 14.4
cents (including gas, maintenance, tires) in 1975
and went up to 61.9 cents in 2019.(6)
And it gets worse when it’s moving. In the
UK, Four in 10 (39%) motorists say finding
somewhere to park is a stressful situation, six in
10 (59%) identify drivers that block more than
one space as one of the most frustrating things
about parking, followed by a lack of parking
(48%), car parks that are difficult to navigate
(27%) and a lack of visible pay and display
machines (17%). The average motorist spends
nearly four days every year (91 hours) looking
for parking spaces.(7)
Stress doesn’t stop at parking. While Aggressive
Parking contributed to 114 fatal road crashes
in 2018 in the UK, one in five UK drivers expe-
rience road rage at least once a week, and two
million experience it every day. Young people
are particularly at risk as almost half (42%) of
18-34 years olds report experiencing road rage at
least once a week, and 14% say they experience
it every day. Almost half (43%) of UK drivers say
they have been victimised by other drivers who
were experiencing road rage. Female drivers are
more likely to be targeted by angry drivers than
male drivers are. Research shows 8% of drivers
rate aggression from other drivers as their big-
gest concern on the road.(8)

The Stress of owning/using a car

Although it is hard to live with cars as a pe-

destrian, it might be as equally hard to own or
use one. Without thinking about owning one,
(which is apparently more stressful than getting
married(5) to move with a car is full of worries.
A car, not even out of its parking spot already
represents its amount of stress.
Indeed, a car is expensive to insure. For instance,
the National Average cost of Auto insurance in

1.https://www.racfoundation.org/motoring-faqs/mobility (accessed 18 July 2020)

2.ibid
3.https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/commuters-choose-cars-over-public-transport-avoid-exposure-coronavirus (accessed 18 July 2020)
4.https://www.motorcities.org/story-of-the-week/2017/before-cars-there-were-bicycles (accessed 18 July 2020)
5.https://www.moneytalksnews.com/buying-a-car-is-more-stressful-than-saying-i-do/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
6.https://www.bts.gov/content/average-cost-owning-and-operating-automobile (accessed 18 July 2020)
7.https://www.britishparking.co.uk/News/motorists-spend-nearly-four-days-a-year-looking-for-a-parking-space (accessed 18 July 2020)
8.https://www.brake.org.uk/facts-resources/15-facts/487-driver-stress#:~:text=Stress%20accounts%20for%2044%25%20of,that%20drivers%20will%20become%20stressed. (accessed 18
July 2020)
10 11
 An Industry
Disconnected from reality

12 13
 A language that is based on old conven-
tions
Cars have always been objects of sex and power.
Since it started to exist in our everyday life in the
early 1900s, men were already busy anthropo-
morphising them into women. It then evolved in
a relation of control and power that would then
attract the dull woman into the strong man’s
arms.
The Child Carburetor (L’Enfant carburateur)
painted by the Dadaist Painter Francis Picabia
and made in 1919 is based on an engineer’s
diagram of a “Racing Claudel” carburettor, but
the painter described the different mechani-
cal elements of the object as a correspondence
between machines and human bodies; the com-
position suggests two sets of male and female
genitals.(1)
Then, in 1947, the Cisitalia 202 designed by
Pininfarina came out. The car presented in the
first ever exhibit on automotive design of the
MOMA(2) in 1951, was acclaimed for its body
hiding organs and skeleton with a set of different reporter, was quoted as saying that the technical
muscles(3). This car started the automotive era
we know of.
In the 60s, Cars were seen as sensual, sophisti-
cated and free-spirited like its era’s mindset(4).
With the arrival of James Bond and its 1958
Aston Martin DB5, cars became even more of
an sensual object that serves as a seducing tool
to get women to its gentleman driver.(5)In 1962,
came out the car that Enzo Ferrari himself des-
cribes as the “most beautiful car ever” but it was
also known as the most sexual car too, a body
evocating the sexual organ of a male as much as
its straight and strong handbrake.
Almost 80 years after The Child Carburetor,
Helmut Newton (who is a famous fashion pho-
tographer) did a photograph of a woman mas-
turbating against a Cadillac called Woman and
Me.(6) In 1996, the movie called Crash directed
by David Cronenberg came out with a synopsis
that is about a group of symphorophiliacs who intakes (as completely useless) are full and just
are sexually aroused by car crashes. In 2016, display a pattern mimicking grills.(14)
Stephen Bayley wrote a book about the romance
and fascination of celebrity car crashes(7). «In presenting design as a codified, predictable,
and mandatory process- making it more di-
In 1993, a French advertisement called il a la gestible for executives educated in traditional
voiture, il aura la femme (he’s got the car, he will management theories- designers risk losing their
get the woman) pictures a man in an Audi dri- ability to do such forward-looking research.”(15)
ving slowly with a woman beside him walking The monotony of this superficial language that
and contemplating him(8). makes no sense conveys a feeling of collective
feeling of boredom from people who have no
But Men have been able to express such things special interest in cars and makes them an unre-
solely because the industry allows it. Car de- markable event of our everyday life except for
signers have always been describing parts of a when it’s about to kill us. (fig.1)
car as parts of the body. Car Design News, (the
professional website of car designers) published
a series of 3 articles teaching young car designers
the principles of car design and define them as
“Bones, Muscles and Graphics”.(9)
Not only is the aesthetic influenced by men but
the semantic too. In 1996, at the very beginning
of cars satellite navigation, BMW did a presen-
tation of their own device. Mr Francis J. Dance,
who demonstrated the Philips system to the
decision of giving a male voice to it has been
made because “men don’t want women giving
them directions”.(10)
But as the Me too Movement increased(11) and
Speed limits decreased(12), cars can’t convey
as much bestial sex as they used to (although
Studies show that when people enter a state of
sexual arousal their intelligence drops precipi-
tously(13)) and all that’s left is a mix of aggres-
sive codes meant to scare people away on the
streets. Through mean eye sights, sharps nerve
and strong surfaces and wedges, cars want you
to think they go way faster and stronger than
what they were made for. Cars are the true Fig.1: Same Parts of Different Cars (Douglas
representation of an old masculinist in our days; Leroy (Author) January 2020)
tired and revolted.
It also reaches the mechanics as now an engine
can’t consume as much gas as before, exhausts
noises are faked into the car’s speakers and air

1.https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/3409 (accessed 18 July 2020)

2.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisitalia (accessed 18 July 2020)
3.https://pininfarina.it/en/work/cisitalia-202/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
4.https://www.hagerty.com/media/archived/james-bond-cars/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
5.https://www.thecarexpert.co.uk/sexy-sports-cars-of-the-60s/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
6.https://www.artsy.net/artwork/helmut-newton-woman-and-cadillac (accessed 18 July 2020)
7.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_(1996_film) (accessed 18 July 2020)
8.https://032c.com/stephen-bayley-crashed-cars-death-modern-era/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
9.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrqhQbgtVfI (accessed 18 July 2020)
14 10.https://www.cardesignnews.com/insights/car-design-essentials-part-1-bones/25915.article (accessed 18 July 2020)
11.Martin Wachs, ‘Gender Stereotyping And The Modern Automobile’, The Automobile and Gender: An Historical Perspective, Unique issue (-): 2
12.https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/10/212801/me-too-movement-history-timeline-year-weinstein (accessed 18 July 2020)
13.https://www.rac.co.uk/drive/travel/driving-abroad/speed-limits-in-france/#:~:text=The%20speed%20limit%20on%20many,alarming%20rise%20in%20road%20deaths. (accessed 18 July
2020)
15.Nicholas Carr, Utopia is Creepy and Other Provocations, (New York; Norton, 2016): 55
14.https://www.caradvice.com.au/594528/the-most-infuriating-fake-bits-on-todays-cars/ (accessed 18 July 2020) 15
 Diesel Gate and Trust acquire the limited-edition of a Bugatti Chiron
Sport “110 Ans Bugatti”. This unique model
Only two months before the Paris Agreement(1), celebrating 110 years since Ettore Bugatti’s first
the Diesel gate exploded before the eyes of the car, was listed at 16 million euros which makes
world. It started as a scandal only affecting Volk- it the most expensive new car yet(10). The car
swagen to end up uncovering the true faces of is equipped with an 8.0L W16 (A 2020 Ford
the whole car industry. Mustang has a 5.0 V8 engine in comparison(11))
cumulating 1,479 horse power, makes about
Volkswagen equipped at least 10.8 million diesel 35.2L/100km in city, can consume its entire
vehicles worldwide(2) with a defeat device that 100-litre fuel tank in under seven minutes, has a
lowers the production of greenhouse gas emis- boot space of just 44 litres, weighs 1,995 kilo-
sions during fuel economy tests. It permitted grams, is a four-wheel drive, has a speedometer
heavier nitrogen-oxide emissions (NOx) (a smog that goes up to 500km/h, is the fastest car in the
forming pollutant linked to lung cancer) up to world and has two seats(12)(fig.2).
40 times higher than the federal limit(3). Many
customers at the time, felt betrayed and declared To think that someone who impacted so many
they would never have bought one of those if lives (without even talking about the planet’s
they had known how bad for the environment health) was also the one to buy the most expen-
Fig.1:Map of the DieselGate Death Toll sive, fastest new car in the world is revolting. It
the cars were.(4)
(Voreurop April 2018) also shows why people don’t trust cars anymore
Since then, VW ended up recalling all the
vehicles who were impacted and spent €16.2 and just see them as a necessity to be able to live
billion to cover costs on rectifying the emissions properly in our society. Nothing can replace a
issues, and planned to refit them all.(5) car now that would be as fitted to our society but
nothing makes it exciting or good to use because
A peer-reviewed study published in Environ- it just kills us altogether.
mental Research Letters estimated that approxi-
mately 59 premature deaths have been caused by “The group’s chief executive at the time, Martin
the excess pollution produced between 2008 and WinterKorn, said his company had “broken the
2015 by vehicles equipped with the defeat device trust of our customers and the public”.(13)
only in the United States but also found out that
it caused all together 1,500 to 2,000 premature “We may blow kisses to agrarians like Jefferson
deaths, for a total population of 100 million and tree-huggers like Thoreau, but we put our
inhabitants in Europe.(6)(fig.1) faith in Edison and Ford, Gates and Zuckerberg.
It is the technologists who shall lead us.”(14)
Martin Winterkorn was the CEO of the group
Fig 2: 16 millions euros Ferdinand Piëch’s by that time and ended up resigning but only
Bugatti Chiron (Jonathon Ramsey February 2019) acquired this post a few months prior. The real
man who perpetrated all this was Ferdinand
Piëch (grandson of Ferdinand Porsche the foun-
der of the eponym brand and the Beetle(7)) who
had been the chairman of the executive board of
Volkswagen Group from 1993 to 2002 and the
chairman of the supervisory board of the same
Group from 2002 to 2015.(8)

As if Piëch knew what was coming he retired in

early 2015(9) and a few years later proceeded to

1.https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris_en (accessed 19 July 2020)

12.https://www.ford.fr/voitures-neuves/mustang/modeles/gt (accessed 19 July 2020)
13.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/features/bugatti-chiron-facts-numbers-stats/bugatti-chiron-facts-numbers-lift-drive-mode/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
14.https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772 (accessed 19 July 2020)
16 15.Nicholas Carr, Utopia is Creepy and Other Provocations, (New York; Norton, 2016): XVII
2.https://www.statista.com/topics/3253/volkswagen-diesel-scandal-us-focus/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
3.https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772 (accessed 19 July 2020)
5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal#Deaths (accessed 19 July 2020)
6.https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/dieselgate-timeline-car-emissions-fraud-scandal-germany (accessed 19 July 2020)
7.https://voxeurop.eu/en/mapping-the-dieselgate-death-toll/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
8.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche (accessed 19 July 2020)
9.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Pi%C3%ABch (accessed 19 July 2020)
10.https://www.autoblog.com/2019/02/12/bugatti-18-million-one-off-supercar-geneva/#slide-1295087 (accessed 19 July 2020)
11.https://www.autoblog.com/2019/02/12/bugatti-18-million-one-off-supercar-geneva/#slide-1295087 (accessed 19 July 2020) 17
 Car Design Hierarchy
The Design Team of a car Manufacturer is most
of the time huge. Including all fields whether it
is Exterior Design, Interior Design, Color and
Trim Design, Graphic Design, UX and UI teams
can go up to 350 employees (in the case of the
GAC Group).(1)
Those mini communities are separated into
groups and each have a chief leading the
members of its group. Our focus will go to the
Exterior Design Chief and Interior Design Chief.
Every time there is a new information from their
respective field they will transmit it to the big
boss; the director of design.
When a new project arrives, whether it’d be a
concept-car or a mass production car, a phase
of research (can go up to 2 months period) is
conducted where every designers of interior and
exterior design teams will each give their own
vision of the project to different supervisors.
Eventually an idea is selected and the one who
designed it becomes the chief of the ongoing
project.
Because of such hierarchy, ambitious designers,
tired of having their ideas rejected end up ob-
serving what chiefs like for their project to be
selected.(2)
Such method of work is basically censoring any
new insights which could be the next new thing.
It then becomes clear to assume that every car
look the same because the choice of their style
only revolves around few people in the world.
Lack of Change for a New Electric Era
For the past decade, there has been a real in-
centive on producing and buying electric and
hybrid cars. In 2020, Full Electric Car Sales have
therefore reached a total of 80 million units,
plug-in Hybrids about 75 million and other
hybrids about 40 million.(3)
Although it seems to be successful, electric cars
are still a very small part of regular cars(4), pri-
marily because people would feel less free with Same for the Fiat 500, Hyundai Kona, Volkswa-
them because of limited battery capacity but also gen ID3, Chevrolet Bolt etc.(10) Although some
because there is a lack of infrastructures, as in of them look more distinctive than others, no
battery chargers.(5) electric cars really conveys a feeling of change
Apart from the “are battery really good for the and rebirth of the car industry.
planet” controversy that is always being inves-
tigated and researched for the better(6), it feels
like car companies themselves don’t really take
the matter seriously and just use this technology
as a way to survive through the years.
It wouldn’t be so crazy to think the car industry
perceives Climate Change as an inconvenience
preventing them from selling more and more
than the opportunity to start a real change of
dynamic and do some kind of rebirth. It would
explain why companies would rather pay more
to do less like Fiat and GM buying Tesla’s regu-
latory credits(7) than actually investing in new
sustainable solutions.
This mainly shows through cars aesthetical
codes. As I mentioned earlier, cars of now are
just the result of old conventions that have been
twisted and mixed up over the years. What’s left
is an absurd violent language based on make-be-
lieves which goes against the need for truth of
our days.
The aesthetic of electric cars show it the best by
their lack of difference from regular cars.
For instance, the Audi A3 e-tron is a hybrid car
with an all-electric autonomy of 28 miles.(8)
Although it might be rather small, it does get
useful to go on a quick eco-responsible trip to
the supermarket. However, when it comes to the
overall aesthetic of the car, nothing has change-
d(fig.1) except for a badge saying “e-tron” and Fig.1: Audi A3 (Up) (AutoExpress March 2020)
the cut in the grill for the outlet. Other than that, & Audi A3 E-Tron (CarWow September 2019)
the car still conveys a language based on speed
and violence to go fast on the highway. Audis
particularly are known as the Sunday driver’s car
and even though an electric/hybrid car is sup-
posed to be the advocate to responsible driving
and considerate behaviour it sees itself speeding
at 230km/h on the highway(9).

1.GAC Group, ‘MA Intelligent Mobility Project Brief ’, Less Is More: 9

2.Author interview with David Seesing, Car Designer and tutor of the MA Intelligent Mobility at the Royal College of Art, September 2019
3.https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2019 (accessed 19 July 2020)
4https://www.acea.be/press-releases/article/sales-of-zero-and-low-emission-cars-highly-unbalanced-across-eu-alerts-auto (accessed 19 July 2020)
5.https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/16/business/electric-cars-cities-chargers.html (accessed 19 July 2020)
6.https://innovation.engie.com/en/news/news/new-energies/a-second-life-for-electric-car-batteries-award-winning-innovation-for-the-energy-transition/13586 (accessed 19 July 2020)
7.https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/03/why-gm-and-fiat-chrysler-are-buying-teslas-regulatory-credits/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_re-
ferrer_sig=AQAAAE8ZxGSnBUlGDiP0gAfEs1hgRrW1uandhcrpYwlsLQPhn27pqPTjEzt5pBgMfofW0IUeVcnxGAD7i4J— (accessed 19 July 2020)
8.https://www.carwow.co.uk/audi/a3-e-tron (accessed 19 July 2020)
9.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TldBoTV2jeQ (accessed 19 July 2020)
18 10.https://www.treehugger.com/why-do-electric-cars-look-just-cars-4853565 (accessed 19 July 2020)
19
 Designers not believing in it let go of the whole car fantasy.

Fig.1: Jaguar I-Pace (BusinessInsider March 2018)
Fig.2: Aston Martin Vanquish 25 (CallumDesign
September 2019)
Fig.3: 2001 Aston Martin Vanquish (MyAutoWorld
February 2001)
“When an adults puts his ear to the door of
youth culture, he inevitably mistakes the noise
for the signal- and usually missed the signal
altogether.”(1)
About a year ago when I attended Pforzheim car
design course’s open days, I was absolutely baf-
fled at how much the student’s concepts would
all dodge real concerns in favour of “pure free-
dom of creativity”. It would either be a concept
car exploring Greenland or a slick looking Audi
Spaceship. Expressing my concern to my father
accompanying me, someone eavesdropped and
came up to me. Mathieu Dupanloup is an inte-
rior car designer at Mercedes-Benz and pretty
much agreed with me.
He proceeded to explain that car designers were
split into two groups: Petrolheads and Product
Designers.
“Petrolhead: Someone who likes and uses their
car a lot, and does not want to use any other type class for a better gran tourism experience”, a
of transport”(2)
It goes without saying that to become a car
designer, one ought to be more open-minded
than just not wanting to use any other type
of transport but the incentive stays the same.
People who like cars and design cars want them that totally goes against what the world needs
to stay cars. However Product Designers who
are Car Designers see cars as the social object
widely used by most people in the world and the actually won Green Car of the Year and right
opportunities it presents. Although it might be
relieving to know the existence of those people
they are widely under spoken in the favour of
car enthusiasts.
This explains a lot as to why electric cars don’t up to those chief designers who created true
feel as special as they should. Whether they
would be interns or chief designers, car desi-
gners have most of the time been Petrolheads
before becoming car designers and in a time
where cars are being picked on for harming the
planet(3), car designers struggle to emancipate
themselves from what they’ve always loved and
Ian Callum is a Car Design Star. He participated
in building the legendary identity of Aston Mar-
tin and then created the whole next generation
of very successful Jaguar Cars. Besides, he also
won the award for World Car of the Year, World
Car Design of the Year and World Green Car
Awards with the new Jaguar I-Pace(fig.1). The
car being a “combination of sports car perfor-
mance, zero emissions, exceptional refinement
and true SUV practicality” has been praised for
its “state-of-the-art 90kWh lithium-ion battery”
which “delivers a range of up to 292 miles.”(4)
After 20 years(5), Ian Callum leaves Jaguar in
June 2019 and this avid car collectors proceeds
to create his own company called “CALLUM” to
produce the Aston Martin Vanquish 25(Fig.2),
a brand-new replica of the 2001 Aston Martin
Vanquish(fig.3) that was the star of the James
Bond Movie “Die Another Day”.(6)
The car has “improved steering, comfort and
widened track, larger anti-roll bars, larger stuffer
bearings and the cherry on the cake; a tuned
V12 engine with extra 60hp.(7)
Now, how can someone who is being looked up
to for everything he has done, do such a thing
from cars? Worse than not trying one’s best
within a company, the car he created for Jaguar
after that he went on creating his own company
to do the thing that completely annihilates the
I-Pace’s statement.
What does it mean for me? As an aspiring car
designer, as a student who has been used to look
pieces of art on the road and now refuse in block
what the future is? For the upcoming generation
who wants to be part of the future, it gives a fee-
ling of superficiality that adds up to the already
sketchy side of the car industry. Everything
seems to be rigged and no one seems to actually
want to make things better.

1.Nicholas Carr, Utopia is Creepy and Other Provocations, (New York; Norton, 2016): 10
2.https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/petrolhead (accessed 19 July 2020)
3.https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/green-guide/buying-guides/car/environmental-impact/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
4.https://media.jaguar.com/news/2019/04/jaguar-i-pace-wins-unprecedented-treble-2019-world-car-awards (accessed 19 July 2020)
5.https://www.topgear.com/car-news/design-boss-ian-callum-leaves-jaguar-after-20-years (accessed 19 July 2020)
6.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXsQhkoiQKE (accessed 19 July 2020)
20 7.https://www.callumdesigns.com/the-aston-martin-vanquish-25 (accessed 19 July 2020)
21
 Hype of Tesla However, Musk’s Plans are not so sustainable. To conclude, after everything I studied over the
This car is absolutely revolting. It perpetuates years about him, I would just assume he doesn’t
“If we continue to provide a driving environ- To start off with Tesla, they are not very trans- the fact that car companies are not taking have much interest in sustainability but more in
ment, people will drive, and we’ll still be high parent about the production of their cars and eco-responsibility seriously and using it as giving what people want to put on a great show.
carbon, even with electric vehicles.”(1) although facilities are powered through solar an undeniable point to sell even though they
energy, 40% of the brand’s purchases are raw couldn’t care less. A pick-up truck completely
“Los Angeles became the paragon of car culture. materials being scrapped whereas Ford’s goal of goes against what is good for the future. When
But these days it’s trying to move out of that all their facilities sending zero waste to landfill an ideal future is set to gather everything into
trap- back to the future.”(2) is close to being reality. Besides, Tesla produced urban hubs to limit long distance journeys and
about 100,000 Vehicles in 2018 whereas Ford limit consumption(16), the choice of a pick-up
“Tesla was founded in 2003 by a group of en- produced 6.6 million.(10) truck to promote future sustainability act as a
gineers who wanted to prove that people didn’t betrayal towards anyone who is trying to act for
need to compromise to drive electric – that elec- Elon Musk is also the CEO of the Boring Com- the greater good.
tric vehicles could be better, quicker and more pany which plans to dig a tunnel below LA to
fun to drive than gasoline cars.”(3) reduce congestion above.(11)The tunnel would Using old 80s references(17)to unveil (His
act as a High speed road with dedicated wagons girlfriend’s hologram was portrayed as a “cyber-
Tesla’s hype is big. It represents everything carrying occupied cars through the other side of girl” saying “I now present to you my creator”)
people aspire to with a car; a great status symbol town in about 3 min(fig.1). When, once again, (18) and create new mobility prevents future
by driving it (George Clooney, Demi Moore, Musk was being praised, transportation spe- transportation from being taken seriously and
Mark Ruffalo, Matt Damon drive one(4), an cialists were baffled at how stupid the idea was. slows down the arrival of real radical innovative
interior that’s like home (Wood and TV like In fact, if a tunnel is being dug up to let people mobility as people would feel at peace with this
screen), fun features (doors dance choreogra- use their cars even more easily, it won’t reduce kind of concept (for now). And the fact that
phy(5), seats whoopee cushions(6), Netflix(7)), pollution nor use of resources and would even Tesla uses terms like “armoured body”(19) gives
and the freedom of being right (it’s electric duh). increase car sales and eventually have as much a statement of a fighting warrior to the concept
Besides, the Brand’s CEO is basically praised for congestion in the tunnel as on the outside. Since which goes back to the violent codes cars have
his coolness and making widespread struggles his 2016 tweet; “Traffic is driving me nuts. Am been using forever and prevents the next step Fig.1: Boring Company’s Tunnel (November 2017
like sustainability and climate change look cool. going to build a tunnel boring machine and just into another approach of transportation that is Electrek)
start digging…”(12), the LA project has been put less individualist and bestial from setting in.
Like Apple, Tesla has its own fans who took a halt but a hotel in Las Vegas has commissioned
upon themselves to deliver the truth and the- to do the same through Las Vegas(13) and “What’s valuable about us, what’s good about
refore show the right path towards ecological another is planned from Washington to Balti- humans, is the idea thing. Not the animal
redemption by convincing people around them more(14) which would be used by high speed thing.”(20)
to buy Tesla; “When a friend of mine recently transportation instead.
bought a BMW, another (Tesla-owning) friend The latter is more responsible and interesting but About SpaceX(21): “the young, multibillionaire
was concerned, writing in a group text, “[Friend] yet, the question of where is the energy to power technologist is left with only two avocations:
usually does a lot of research before he buys… this coming from comes back. space travel and the engineering of immorta-
there must be some reason why he chose ICE lity.”(22)
over the [Tesla] Performance Model 3.”(8) In November 2019, Tesla Unveiled the Cy-
berTruck(15). The Cybertruck(fig.2) is an
all-electric, pick-up truck with a range estimated Fig.2: Tesla Cybertruck (December 2019 Tesla)
Tesla also focuses on making the production of
its cars the most sustainable possible and there- between 250-500 miles, 0-60mph in 2.9s to 6.5s
fore puts an emphasis on sustainable energy to depending on the model. The shape of the car
power its facilities with solar energy systems and is disturbingly wedgy justified by the fact that
battery storages(9). it is made of “ultra-hard 30x cold-colled Stain-
less Steel” that can’t really be bent but provides
Contradiction with his Future Plans maximum protection and is said to be the same
as used on spaceX’s rockets.
11.https://medium.com/@jekatsos/tesla-is-not-sustainable-or-what-people-get-wrong-about-sustainability-4b63634c5272 (accessed 19 July 2020)
12.https://www.euronews.com/living/2020/06/10/elon-musk-s-47m-underground-tunnels-will-be-used-for-electric-cars (accessed 19 July 2020)
1.Andrew Moore, ‘To build the cities of the future, we must get out of our cars’, National Geograhic, The Cities Issue (April 2019) https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2019/04/ 13.https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/24/18638534/boring-company-tesla-tunnel-race-elon-musk (accessed 19 July 2020)
to-build-cities-of-the-future-stop-driving-cars/ (accessed 14 May 2020) 14.https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/12/business/vegas-musk-boring-company/index.html (accessed 19 July 2020)
2.ibid 15.https://www.tesla.com/en_eu/cybertruck (accessed 19 July 2020)
3.https://www.tesla.com/ns_videos/tesla-impact-report-2019.pdf (accessed 19 July 2020) 16.Jared Diamond, ‘What We Gain or Lose in Cities’, National Geographic, Special Issue (April 2019): 33
4.https://www.hotcars.com/21-pictures-of-celebs-and-their-teslas/ (accessed 19 July 2020) 17.https://www.space.com/elon-musk-cybertruck-blade-runner-james-bond-inspiration.html (accessed 19 July 2020)
5.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbWci_LPW6g (accessed 19 July 2020) 18.https://www.businessinsider.fr/us/heres-everything-that-happened-when-elon-musk-unveiled-the-cybertruck-2019-11 (accessed 19 July 2020)
6.https://boingboing.net/2018/12/29/tesla-adds-farting-mode-and-ot.html (accessed 19 July 2020) 19.https://www.tesla.com/en_eu/cybertruck (accessed 19 July 2020)
7.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mD2CtkSIG8 (accessed 19 July 2020) 20.Nicholas Carr, Utopia is Creepy and Other Provocations, (New York; Norton, 2016): 23
9.https://mashable.com/article/tesla-electric-car-stans-fans/?europe=true (accessed 19 July 2020) 21.https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-polar-launch-trajectory-florida-saocom/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
22 10.https://therising.co/2019/04/23/tesla-sustainability-impact-report/ (accessed 19 July 2020) 22.Nicholas Carr, Utopia is Creepy and Other Provocations, (New York; Norton, 2016): 115 23
 Everything is the same an autonomous vehicle with organic shapes around it, automakers felt the need to declare walking or last-mile technology. It then makes
sculpted on it (as if something has spilled all close timelines but the reality is harder than that. sense to picture why car companies are trying
Apart from Tesla, Car Manufacturers have been over the car), that can switch its bodies for The challenge of achieving fully autonomous to manipulate us into thinking we need them;
using the electric transition as a waiting room different uses. Depending on the demand it can cars is way harder than expected as much tech- because we don’t!
for their future projects. In Fact, it seems as if either welcome people in or goods in. It can nologically as socially.
the car industry is leaning on the uncertainty of be done through different pods that would be Although it might be possible to ride around in All the tech that is supposed to facilitate ex-
the future to hope for an upcoming more advan- switch by the brand’s facilities. The promotion an autonomous car it makes absolutely no sense change between user and vehicle, or pedestrian
tageous, lush transportation economy, hence the video shows a consequent number of them to abide to it. Indeed, even if it could reduce car- and vehicle is just pure greenwashing to distance
myriad of future concept cars, companies unveil rolling around an empty town dropping goods bon emissions “Self-driving cars should ultima- people from the fact that we need a more radical
through impressive CGI and awesome 1:1 scale to smiling people dressed in white and then pick tely be safer than human-driven ones. Bombing solution to finally act against Climate Change
models. up other smiling people and drive them into the along bumper in 60-mile-an-hour platoons, they and live more peacefully.
sunset. The brand put a emphases on ride-sha- may increase road capacity and reduce the space
“What does the future hold for cities and for the ring technologies.(7) we devote to parking. But by the same logic, they
two-thirds of us who’ll live in them by 2050?”(1) could also dramatically increase the number of
In April 2019, Audi unveils the concept car vehicle miles travelled, as robotic Uber and Lyft
“Harvard Business Review Editor Justin Fox is AI:ME(8)(fig.3). The autonomous car with taxis deadhead around the metropolis 24/7, wai-
the latest pundit to ring the “innovation ain’t a multi-faceted front presenting an array of ting for fares, and as personal-AV owners leave
what it used to be” bell. “Compared with the multi-purpose lights indicating intentions them spinning in traffic to go shopping. And
staggering changes in everyday life in the first to people has a spacious interior. As a level 4 consider, finally, the new impetus that robotic
half of the 20th century,” he writes, “the digi- technology the car has its steering wheel folding chauffeurs could inject into urban sprawl. If your
Fig.1: Peugeot E-Legend Concept (October
tal age has brought relatively to science fiction back into the dashboard when in autonomous car becomes a self-driving office or living room
2018 LaTribune)
writer Neal Stephenson, who worries that the mode; “Once engaged in autonomous mode, or bedroom, how far would you be willing to
internet, far from spurring a great burst of in- the steering wheel retracts into the dash, and a commute in it?”(12)
dustrial creativity, may have put innovation “on large wood dash extends for use by the driver.
hold for a generation…We’re living in a time of The idea, Audi says, is to give the rider a place What is awful with this common goal of auto-
innovation stagnation.”(2) for their computer or book or whatever.” The makers is that it’s actually indoctrinating people
concept is also equipped of a VR system that into thinking the only way to make it through
In September 2018 Peugeot Unveiled a concept matches the vehicle’s movements with custom the future is to abide to autonomous cars. When
called the e-LEGEND CONCEPT(3)(fig.1). The content on the headset. The promotion video the most efficient way to make a change against Fig.2: Mercedes-Benz Urbanetic (September
car that draws its whole identity from a car from shows a couple (I would assume so), a man and Climate Change is to use resources more clever- 2018 Mercedes)
the 60s; the coupé 504 has a slogan: “Boredom is a woman, going out a building, getting into the ly, car companies convince people into thinking
clearly not part of the PEUGEOT brand’s DNA, car that drives them around in an empty city by the answer to mobility can only be made
autonomous does not mean monotonous, and night.(9) through the car industry.
energy transition will not erase 120 years of au-
tomotive history.”* The neo-retro coupé is an au- In March 2020, Renault unveiled the concept car Because after all, an autonomous car is still a car
tonomous car of level 4 (: high automation as in Morphoz(10)(fig.4). This autonomous shareable only with a folding steering wheel. It therefore
officially driverless in certain environments”(4)), vehicle resembling a crossover has a level 3 of goes back to the present when everything car
has a retractable steering wheel which folds back autonomous driving which means the driver can companies do now is to redefine cars to make
into the dashboard when in autonomous mode. release the steering wheel from the dashboard them last through the future but keep as is in its Fig.3: Audi AI:ME (January 2020
The promotion video shows a man and a wo- and hand over control to the car whenever core. Nothing changes, only the narrative does. AutoWeek)
man (at the wheel) peaceful being driven down he wants. The promotion video shows happy What’s absolutely horrendous is how those
a road that goes along the see, all by themselves people, kids, adults, teens each using the car concept cars all display the same vision of the
and playing on the concept’s screen.(5) differently and an empty urban setting. future with empty cities, happy people and even
bigger moving spaces to make one feel like home
In September 2018 Mercedes-Benz unveiled a Although some use autonomous cars to be and they couldn’t be more disconnected from
concept called Vision URBANETIC(fig.2)- The closer to god(11), autonomous cars don’t make the reality. What is predicted for the future is
mobility of the future(6). The concept pictures much sense in our future. Because of the hype actually denser spaces that would allow growing
population to move around quickly by either
1.Susan Goldberg, ‘Cities and Solutions’, National Geographic, Special Issue (April 2019): 10
2.Nicholas Carr, Utopia is Creepy and Other Provocations, (New York; Norton, 2016): 116 Fig.4: Renault Morphoz (March 2020
3.https://www.peugeot.co.uk/concept-cars/e-legend/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
4.https://www.codeview.net/2019/10/10/wheres-my-fully-autonomous-car-the-6-levels-of-vehicle-autonomy/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
AutoPLus)
5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_e-Legend (accessed 19 July 2020)
6.https://www.mercedes-benz.com/en/vehicles/transporter/vision-urbanetic-the-mobility-of-the-future/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
7.https://www.designboom.com/technology/mercedes-benz-vision-urbanetic-autonomous-09-10-2018/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
8.https://www.audi.com/en/experience-audi/models-and-technology/concept-cars/audi-aime.html (accessed 19 July 2020)
9.https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/06/audi-aime-concept-demonstrates-innovative-safety-through-lights/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
10.https://www.motor1.com/news/401609/renault-morphoz-concept-unveiled/ (accessed 19 July 2020) 12.Andrew Moore, ‘To build the cities of the future, we must get out of our cars’, National Geograhic, The Cities Issue (April 2019) https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2019/04/
11.https://www.autoevolution.com/news/70yo-man-puts-cadillac-in-cruise-control-stands-through-moon-roof-to-praise-god-134413.html# (accessed 19 July 2020)
24 to-build-cities-of-the-future-stop-driving-cars/ (accessed 14 May 2020)
25
 Guilt & Marketing

26 27
 What People Really Want

“Environmental guilt (also known as eco an-

xiety, eco guilt, or green guilt) is defined as “The
feeling that you should be doing more to help
the environment and save the planet.”(1)

Although research found that two-thirds of all

industrial carbon dioxide emissions come from
just 90 companies(2), someone feeling eco guilt
will always want to do more but often finds him-
self not having the tools to act properly.(3)
Since most countries see Climate Change as a
major threat(4), that the younger the generation
is the more willing it is to act against it(5), it
then becomes clear that sustainability is a key
concern when it comes to consuming(6).

In fact, when the two youngest generations is

willing to pay more for eco-friendly products
(58% for Gen Z and 61% for Gen X(7)) sustaina-
bility becomes a key selling point for companies.

I call it Design of Redemption. People seeking

to get relieved from eco-guilt look for objects/
services (and therefore ideals) to abide to feel at
peace with themselves.

1.https://medium.com/@tabitha.whiting/you-need-to-stop-feeling-guilty-about-climate-change-df0ef8fd09ae (accessed 20 July 2020)

2.ibid
3.https://blogs.ntu.edu.sg/hp3203-1920s1-u35/ecological-guilt-eco-guilt/ (accessed 20 July 2020)
4.https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/18/a-look-at-how-people-around-the-world-view-climate-change/ (accessed 20 July 2020)
5.https://blog.globalwebindex.com/chart-of-the-day/sustainability/ (accessed 20 July 2020)
6.https://blog.globalwebindex.com/chart-of-the-week/green-consumerism/ (accessed 20 July 2020)
28 7.https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/do-younger-generations-care-more-about-global-warming/ 29

Fig.1:Turtle with straw stuck in its nose (July
2018 Times)
Examples then proceeds to give them a 15% coupon.(8)
(fig.3) The fast-fashion retailer will the either
In August 2015, Christine Figgener, a 34 year- reuse donations to make new clothes out of
old marine conservation biologist filmed her them or sell them as second-hand merchandise
team removing a plastic straw stuck in a sea turt- according to the company.H&M declares that for
le’s nose(1)(fig.1). Three years later, the video’s 50lbs of donated clothing, they will plant a tree
views count went up to 31 million views and in collaboration with its non-profit partner; One
started a mass movement to ban plastic straws. Tree Planted. They also say having a goal of col-
Besides, it did resonate with people deeper than lecting about 5 million lbs of clothing and plant
that as Figgener has been told multiple times 100000 trees by the end of 2020.(9) Although,
than after seeing the video people started chan- those actions can be arguable(10), companies
ging their habits, whether it made them stop with such a huge reach on the global market set
using plastic straws, bring reusable bags to the an example for other companies to act against
grocery store etc. It has grown so much that it climate change for even better success through
eventually reached corporate level and Starbucks relieving customers from Environmental Guilt.
(which has 31,724 stores across the world(2) and
more than 750 customers per day) has decided “People do not buy products but meanings.”(11)
to ban plastic straws in favour of “recyclable
straw less lids and alternative-material straws
options”(3).

Veja is a sneaker (fig.2) company founded in

2004. Since then it sold over 3.5 million pairs of
shoes(4). The shoes tackling in the field of the
very successful Adidas Stan Smiths(5) have one
trick up their sleeves that made them a fierce
competitor of Nike and Adidas. Those shoes
worn by Meghan Markle of Emma Watson were
the first fully sustainable sneakers. Crafted in
Brazil from organic cotton with Amazonian wild
rubber soles, recycled corn waste, banana oil,
plastic bottles and sugar cane(6), those post-pe-
troleum made shoes are sold around more than
Fig.2: H&M Recycling Bin (Janua- 60 countries, in over 2000 stores. The brand has
ry 2020 CSA) spent 50000€ in chemical testing just in 2019
and 95% of the 126.200-kWh consumed by the
brand in 2019 comes from renewable sources
(two offices, four shops in Paris) and their Bra-
zilian office uses the national grid made out 65%
hydro-powered electricity.(7)

In 2013, H&M has launched the global initia-

tive of accepting any brand of unwanted clo-
thes across all its stores. Since then, they have
added new options to this service with a digital
screen showing each donor what they’ve done
to contribute to H&M’s fight against waste and

1.https://time.com/5339037/turtle-video-plastic-straw-ban/ (accessed 20 July 2020)

Fig.3: Veja Sneaker (October 2019 2.https://knoema.com/infographics/kchdsge/number-of-starbucks-stores-globally-1992-2020 (accessed 20 July 2020)
3.https://time.com/5339037/turtle-video-plastic-straw-ban/ (accessed 20 July 2020)
Financial Times) 4.https://project.veja-store.com/en/single/growing/ (accessed 20 July 2020)
5.https://www.fashionbeans.com/article/adidas-stan-smith-guide/ (accessed 20 July 2020)
6.https://project.veja-store.com/en/single/growing/ (accessed 20 July 2020)
7.ibid
8.https://www2.hm.com/en_gb/ladies/shop-by-feature/16r-garment-collecting.html (accessed 20 July 2020)
9.https://chainstoreage.com/fast-fashion-retailer-rolls-out-high-tech-recycling-bins (accessed 20 July 2020)
10.https://medium.com/@ameliaotte/h-ms-green-initiative-is-a-scam-73bc23fe94 (accessed 20 July 2020)
30 11.Roberto Verganti, Design-Driven Innovation, (Boston; Harvard Business press, 2009): 4 31
 The Challenges
of
Transportation
and its
Opportunities

32 33
 Clever Use of Resources and Space
“Meanings do change- and they can change
radically”(1)
“By 2050 the World’s population is expected to
reach 9.8 billion. Nearly 70 percent (6.7 billion
people) are projected to live in urban areas. We
asked the architectural and urban planning firm
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) a ques-
tion: How would it design a city of the future?
The plan allows Ecology to guide development.
Water sources are protected and systems are de-
signed to capture, treat and reuse it. Energy is re-
newable, and the city becomes more livable even
as it becomes more densely populated. All waste
is grown locally and sustainably. High-speed rail
improves Mobiity. The culture and heritage of
the increasingly diverse population are publicly
supported. The infrastructure is carbon-neu-
tral and the economy is largely automated and
online.»(2)
By 2050 National Geographic envisions Urban
Hubs focusing on efficient use of resources and
clever mobility. This utopian society completely
ejects any remote idea of cars in favour of last
mile technology and high speed trains which
stations become centres of business and social
activities. Those hubs would be “the daily hubs
of the city, hosting markets, galleries, and cultu-
ral events;”(fig.1)
Studies from today prove that most of us travel
only short distances every day. Most people’s
commute in the world are for 20% less than
3km long, 50% less than 12km and 90% less
than 60km. Although numbers vary depending
on countries development the major part of the
world doesn’t need to travel long distances every
day.(3)
So why would we need roughly 6 by 2 metres
long autonomous vehicles when all that matters
is to develop transportation that solely uses the
right amount of energy and material to achieve
what it’s meant for?
There’s an evident need for more radical trans- injuries per 100,000 trips(9)) it still is an incre-
portation. Transportation that directly deals dible incentive for what could be the saviour of
with the biggest issues like waste of space, ener- urban mobility in the future.
gy and material resources.
The farther we go into the future the more “Megacities worldwide are facing an epidemic
people get bored with what transportation be- of congestion and pollution caused by rapid
comes. Missing a time where cars weren’t ruled urbanization that is increasing gridlock and
by aerodynamics and oil cost. Now that electric putting severe pressure on public transportation
power is gaining terrain and that needs less systems. 46% of car traffic in the US is caused
aerodynamic rules than regular engines, conver- by cars on trips less than three miles and mi-
sions companies(4) started popping up. cro-mobility solutions could help alleviate a
significant portion of this last-mile gridlock.
On the model of recycled clothing, those com- Data from INRIX suggests the average commu-
panies adapt old cars to electric systems for ter in the US spent 42 hours in traffic congestion
them to become clean. No matter how contro- in 2014.”(10)
versial electric power is when it comes to mo-
bility, converting already existing cars instead
of producing all new ones already has the best
effect on the environment that anything else car
related, as of today.
Last Mile Transportation
Now that I made it clear that I think autono-
mous vehicles are just a way for companies to
indoctrinate people into thinking they won’t
survive in the future without cars, I’d like to talk
about my real hope for tomorrow.
The only example of existing last-mile technolo-
gy is Electric Scooters:
“Immaculately dressed, poised serenely on her
two-wheeled chariot as she sped gracefully to
work, she seemed the epitome of modern mobi-
lity”(5) Fig.1:Vision of 2050’s Urban Hubs (April 2018 National Geo-
graphic)
As soon as they came out in mid-2018(6),
electric scooters met huge success meeting a
demand that wasn’t being fulfilled; being able to
move around quickly for very short distances.
Bird and Lime, the leading companies of e-scoo-
ter hire in the US became the fastest ever US
companies to reach billion dollar valuations in
about a year.(7)
Although it is not perfect as people damage lots
of them (which makes its average Life Esperance
of 28 days(8)) and people are getting injured (20

1.Roberto Verganti, Design-Driven Innovation, (Boston; Harvard Business press, 2009): 7

2.Jared Diamond, ‘What We Gain or Lose in Cities’, National Geographic, Special Issue (April 2019): 23
3.https://www.scienceshumaines.com/la-mobilite-des-terriens_fr_42485.html (accessed 21 July 2020)
4.https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/business/electric-car-conversions.html (accessed 21 July 2020)
5.https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/16/electric-scooters-future-transport-congested-cities/ (accessed 21 July 2020)
6.https://www.forbes.com/sites/adeyemiajao/2019/02/01/everything-you-want-to-know-about-scooters-and-micro-mobility/#14539c3a5de6 (accessed 21 July 2020)
7.bid
8.https://qz.com/1561654/how-long-does-a-scooter-last-less-than-a-month-louisville-data-suggests/ (accessed 21 July 2020)
9.https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/2/18526813/scooter-electric-injury-austin-cdc-study-head-helmet (accessed 21 July 2020)
34 10.https://www.forbes.com/sites/adeyemiajao/2019/02/01/everything-you-want-to-know-about-scooters-and-micro-mobility/#14539c3a5de6 (accessed 21 July 2020) 35

Fig.1:Additional Bike Lane in Berlin (July 2020 Experi)
Infrastructures lines.
“Pop-up bike lanes”(2) demonstrate how quickly
If electric scooters and the insertion of micro streets can be redesigned to accommodate more
transportation is still quite perilous; that’s only people and particularly different kind of mobi-
because there is a lack of infrastructures al- lity. If we were to eventually redesign streets to
lowing everyone to have dedicated space. allow micro mobility to have its own dedicated
space, a lot of people would be predicted to drop
Dethroning Cars the daily use of cars to embrace a more efficient
and more eco responsible way of moving.
As I mentioned at the very beginning of this
text, Cars dictate urban environments. The-
refore, they prevent new transportation from
becoming a potential solution for one’s every day
transport. To do so, we ought to dethrone cars
from their urban dictatorship.
Most of the time I mention this, people often
get scared because they see me as an extremist
hating on cars as if they traumatized my child-
hood. But what people don’t get is that inno-
vation of transport will always be beneficial to
them otherwise there would be no reason for
it to exist. Whether it’d be through design of
redemption or improvement of lifestyle, innova-
tion will always improve something in someone’s
life.

In that sense I don’t want to get rid of cars

completely because they are still good at answe-
ring some problems like long distance journey,
carrying big stuff etc. but they shouldn’t be the
only solution for people to move in cities and
even less be the centre of attention for the future
of transportation. Through radical innovation
and change, the car industry ought to show
they’re willing to change their dynamic for the
better and help people feeling more safe and
confident in their own environment.

The Coronavirus Example

Since the start of the coronavirus pandemic, nu-

merous cities worldwide have been very rapidly
narrowing car lanes in favour of expanded cycle
lanes.(1)(fig.1) They did such urban rearranging
to welcome potential new waves of cyclists al-
lowing them to respect social distancing guide-

1.https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/business/paris-bicycles-commute-coronavirus.html (accessed 21 July 2020)

36 2.https://www.uci.org/news/2020/pop-up-bike-lanes-a-rapidly-growing-transport-solution-prompted-by-coronavirus-pandemic (accessed 21 July 2020)
37
 Conclusion

This dissertation allowed me to channel every-

thing I’ve been concerned about for a long time
into one clear platform.
This also allowed me to understand that there
is huge potential to redeem transportation and
make it a genuine positive part of the future but
only if people are willing to emancipate themsel-
ves from only thinking in cars.
Cars make me emotional. It’s rare to find an ob-
ject that sparks so much controversy and reaches
everyone in the world in different ways. It is a
beautifully multi-faceted object that created such
a close relationship with people that it basically
became one’s family dog.
It therefore makes it even harder to replace it or
give it less importance.

More than neglecting Ecological Responsability,

the Car Indsutry harms our Environment and
our Society.

The Car Indsutry ought to renew itself and

open itself to people, show them empathy and
comprehension for one’s concerns, otherwise it
definitely won’t have as much importance in the
future as today.

38 39
 Books
-Stephen Bayley ‘Cars: Freedom, Style, Sex,
Power, Motion, Colour, Everything’ (London,
Conran 2009)
- National Geographic ‘Cities of the Future’,
Special Issue (April 2019)
- Nicholas Carr, ‘Utopia is Creepy and Other
Provocations’, (New York; Norton 2016)
- Roberto Verganti, ‘Design-Driven Innovation’
(Boston: Harvard Business Press 2009)
- Peter Frase, ‘Four Futures Life After Capita-
lism’ (New York; Verso 2016)
Websites
Page 8
- https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/
detail/road-traffic-injuries (accessed 18 July
2020)
- https://survivalskills.wordpress.
com/2011/02/17/heading-to-france-pedestrian-
priority-laws-have-changed/ (accessed 18 July
2020)
- https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/07/18/com-
muting-to-work-car-train-or-bus/ (accessed 18
July 2020)
- https://usa.streetsblog.org/2016/03/10/its-true-
the-typical-car-is-parked-95-percent-of-the-
time/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
Page 14
-https://www.theglobeandmail.com/re-
port-on-business/rob-commentary/we-traded-
carriages-for-cars-lets-embrace-the-next-disrup- - https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/3409
(accessed 18 July 2020)
tion/article29782316/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
- Andrew Moore, ‘To build the cities of the
future, we must get out of our cars’, Natio-
nal Geograhic, The Cities Issue (April 2019)
40
- https://www.nationalgeographic.com/maga-
zine/2019/04/to-build-cities-of-the-future-stop-
driving-cars/ (accessed 14 May 2020)
- https://www.ushistory.org/us/46a.asp (18 July
2020)
Page 11
- https://www.racfoundation.org/motoring-faqs/
mobility (accessed 18 July 2020)
- https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/
commuters-choose-cars-over-public-trans-
port-avoid-exposure-coronavirus (accessed 18
July 2020)
- https://www.motorcities.org/story-of-the-
week/2017/before-cars-there-were-bicycles
(accessed 18 July 2020)
- https://www.moneytalksnews.com/buying-
a-car-is-more-stressful-than-saying-i-do/ (ac-
cessed 18 July 2020)
- https://www.bts.gov/content/ave-
rage-cost-owning-and-operating-automobile
(accessed 18 July 2020)
- https://www.britishparking.co.uk/News/moto-
rists-spend-nearly-four-days-a-year-looking-for-
a-parking-space (accessed 18 July 2020)
- https://www.brake.org.uk/facts-resources/15-
facts/487-driver-stress#:~:text=Stress%20
accounts%20for%2044%25%20of,that%20dri-
vers%20will%20become%20stressed. (accessed
18 July 2020)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisitalia (ac-
cessed 18 July 2020)
- https://pininfarina.it/en/work/cisitalia-202/
(accessed 18 July 2020)
- https://www.hagerty.com/media/archived/
james-bond-cars/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
- https://www.thecarexpert.co.uk/sexy-sports-
cars-of-the-60s/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
- https://www.artsy.net/artwork/hel-
mut-newton-woman-and-cadillac (accessed 18
July 2020)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_(1996_
film) (accessed 18 July 2020)
- https://032c.com/stephen-bayley-crashed-cars-
death-modern-era/ (accessed 18 July 2020)
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrqhQbgt- dal-germany (accessed 19 July 2020)
VfI (accessed 18 July 2020)
- https://www.cardesignnews.com/insights/car- gate-death-toll/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
design-essentials-part-1-bones/25915.article
(accessed 18 July 2020)
- Martin Wachs, ‘Gender Stereotyping And
The Modern Automobile’, The Automobile and
Gender: An Historical Perspective, Unique issue Pi%C3%ABch (accessed 19 July 2020)
(-): 2
- https://www.refinery29.com/en-
us/2018/10/212801/me-too-movement-histo-
ry-timeline-year-weinstein (accessed 18 July
2020)
- https://www.rac.co.uk/drive/tra-
vel/driving-abroad/speed-limits-in-
france/#:~:text=The%20speed%20limit%20
on%20many,alarming%20rise%20in%20
road%20deaths. (accessed 18 July 2020)
- https://www.caradvice.com.au/594528/the-
most-infuriating-fake-bits-on-todays-cars/
(accessed 18 July 2020)
Page 16
- https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/interna-
tional/negotiations/paris_en (accessed 19 July
2020)
- https://www.statista.com/topics/3253/volkswa-
gen-diesel-scandal-us-focus/ (accessed 19 July
2020)
- https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772
(accessed 19 July 2020)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_
emissions_scandal#Deaths (accessed 19 July
2020)
- https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/
dieselgate-timeline-car-emissions-fraud-scan-
- https://voxeurop.eu/en/mapping-the-diesel-
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Por-
sche (accessed 19 July 2020)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_
- https://www.autoblog.com/2019/02/12/
bugatti-18-million-one-off-supercar-gene-
va/#slide-1295087 (accessed 19 July 2020)
- https://www.autoblog.com/2019/02/12/
bugatti-18-million-one-off-supercar-gene-
va/#slide-1295087 (accessed 19 July 2020)
- https://www.ford.fr/voitures-neuves/mustang/
modeles/gt (accessed 19 July 2020)
- https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cars/features/
bugatti-chiron-facts-numbers-stats/bugatti-chi-
ron-facts-numbers-lift-drive-mode/ (accessed
19 July 2020)
-https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34324772
41
 (accessed 19 July 2020) ment/green-guide/buying-guides/car/environ- - https://therising.co/2019/04/23/tesla-sustaina- Page 24
mental-impact/ (accessed 19 July 2020) bility-impact-report/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
Page 18 - https://www.peugeot.co.uk/concept-cars/e-le-
- https://media.jaguar.com/news/2019/04/ja- - https://medium.com/@jekatsos/tesla-is-not- gend/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
- GAC Group, ‘MA Intelligent Mobility Project guar-i-pace-wins-unprecedented-treble-2019- sustainable-or-what-people-get-wrong-about-
Brief ’, Less Is More: 9 world-car-awards (accessed 19 July 2020) sustainability-4b63634c5272 (accessed 19 July - https://www.codeview.net/2019/10/10/wheres-
2020) my-fully-autonomous-car-the-6-levels-of-
- https://www.acea.be/press-releases/article/ - https://www.topgear.com/car-news/design- vehicle-autonomy/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
sales-of-zero-and-low-emission-cars-highly-un- boss-ian-callum-leaves-jaguar-after-20-years - https://www.euronews.com/living/2020/06/10/
balanced-across-eu-alerts-auto (accessed 19 July (accessed 19 July 2020) elon-musk-s-47m-underground-tunnels-will- - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_e-Le-
2020) be-used-for-electric-cars (accessed 19 July 2020) gend (accessed 19 July 2020)
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXsQh-
- https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/16/bu- koiQKE (accessed 19 July 2020) - https://www.theverge. - https://www.mercedes-benz.com/en/vehicles/
siness/electric-cars-cities-chargers.html (ac- com/2019/5/24/18638534/boring-company- transporter/vision-urbanetic-the-mobi-
cessed 19 July 2020) - https://www.callumdesigns.com/ tesla-tunnel-race-elon-musk (accessed 19 July lity-of-the-future/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
the-aston-martin-vanquish-25 (accessed 19 July 2020)
- https://innovation.engie.com/en/news/news/ 2020) - https://www.designboom.com/technology/
new-energies/a-second-life-for-electric-car-bat- - https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/12/business/ mercedes-benz-vision-urbanetic-autono-
teries-award-winning-innovation-for-the-ener- Page 22 vegas-musk-boring-company/index.html (ac- mous-09-10-2018/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
gy-transition/13586 (accessed 19 July 2020) cessed 19 July 2020)
- Andrew Moore, ‘To build the cities of the - https://www.audi.com/en/experience-audi/mo-
- https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/03/ future, we must get out of our cars’, Natio- - https://www.tesla.com/en_eu/cybertruck (ac- dels-and-technology/concept-cars/audi-aime.
why-gm-and-fiat-chrysler-are-buyin nal Geograhic, The Cities Issue (April 2019) cessed 19 July 2020) html (accessed 19 July 2020)
g-teslas-regulatory-credits/?guccoun- https://www.nationalgeographic.com/maga-
ter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d- zine/2019/04/to-build-cities-of-the-future-stop- - Jared Diamond, ‘What We Gain or Lose in - https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/06/audi-
3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_ driving-cars/ (accessed 14 May 2020) Cities’, National Geographic, Special Issue (April aime-concept-demonstrates-innovative-safety-
sig=AQAAAE8ZxGSnBUlGDiP0gAfEs1hgR- 2019): 33 through-lights/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
rW1uandhcrpYwlsLQPhn27pqPTjEzt5pBg- - https://www.tesla.com/ns_videos/tesla-im-
MfofW0IUeVcnxGAD7i4J— (accessed 19 July pact-report-2019.pdf (accessed 19 July 2020) - https://www.space.com/elon-musk-cy- - https://www.motor1.com/news/401609/re-
2020) bertruck-blade-runner-james-bond-inspiration. nault-morphoz-concept-unveiled/ (accessed 19
- https://www.hotcars.com/21-pictures-of-cele- html (accessed 19 July 2020) July 2020)
- https://www.carwow.co.uk/audi/a3-e-tron (ac- bs-and-their-teslas/ (accessed 19 July 2020)
cessed 19 July 2020) - https://www.businessinsider.fr/us/heres- - https://www.autoevolution.com/news/70yo-
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbWci_ everything-that-happened-when-elon-musk- man-puts-cadillac-in-cruise-control-stands-
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TldBoTV- LPW6g (accessed 19 July 2020) unveiled-the-cybertruck-2019-11 (accessed 19 through-moon-roof-to-praise-god-134413.
2jeQ (accessed 19 July 2020) July 2020) html# (accessed 19 July 2020)
- https://boingboing.net/2018/12/29/tesla-adds-
- https://www.treehugger.com/why-do-electric- farting-mode-and-ot.html (accessed 19 July - https://www.tesla.com/en_eu/cybertruck (ac- - Andrew Moore, ‘To build the cities of the
cars-look-just-cars-4853565 (accessed 19 July 2020) cessed 19 July 2020) future, we must get out of our cars’, Natio-
2020) nal Geograhic, The Cities Issue (April 2019)
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mD2Ctk- - Nicholas Carr, Utopia is Creepy and Other https://www.nationalgeographic.com/maga-
Page 21 SIG8 (accessed 19 July 2020) Provocations, (New York; Norton, 2016): 23 zine/2019/04/to-build-cities-of-the-future-stop-
driving-cars/ (accessed 14 May 2020)
- https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/ - https://mashable.com/article/tesla-elec- - https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-po-
english/petrolhead (accessed 19 July 2020) tric-car-stans-fans/?europe=true (accessed 19 lar-launch-trajectory-florida-saocom/ (accessed
July 2020) 19 July 2020)
- https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environ-

42 43
 Page 28 - https://www2.hm.com/en_gb/ladies/ Page 37 - Audi A3 E-Tron: https://www.carwow.co.uk/
shop-by-feature/16r-garment-collecting.html audi/a3-e-tron
- https://medium.com/@tabitha.whiting/you- (accessed 20 July 2020) - https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/bu-
need-to-stop-feeling-guilty-about-climate- siness/paris-bicycles-commute-coronavirus.html - Jaguar I-Pace: https://businesstech.co.za/news/
change-df0ef8fd09ae (accessed 20 July 2020) - https://chainstoreage.com/fast-fashion-retailer- (accessed 21 July 2020) motoring/228839/jaguar-unveils-new-i-pace-
rolls-out-high-tech-recycling-bins (accessed 20 electric-suv/
- https://blogs.ntu.edu.sg/hp3203-1920s1-u35/ July 2020) - https://www.uci.org/news/2020/pop-up-bike-
ecological-guilt-eco-guilt/ (accessed 20 July lanes-a-rapidly-growing-transport-solution- - Aston Martin Vanquish 25: https://www.cal-
2020) - https://medium.com/@ameliaotte/h-ms-green- prompted-by-coronavirus-pandemic (accessed lumdesigns.com/the-aston-martin-vanquish-25
initiative-is-a-scam-73bc23fe94 (accessed 20 21 July 2020)
- https://www.pewresearch.org/fact- July 2020) - 2001 Aston Martin Vanquish: https://myau-
tank/2019/04/18/a-look-at-how-people-around- Interview toworld.com/astonmartin/cars/2000/aston-mar-
the-world-view-climate-change/ (accessed 20 Page 34 tin-vanquish/aston-martin-vanquish.html
July 2020)
- https://www.scienceshumaines.com/la-mobi-
Page 18 - Boring Company’s Tunnel: https://electrek.
- https://blog.globalwebindex.com/chart-of-the- lite-des-terriens_fr_42485.html (accessed 21 July co/2017/11/29/elon-musk-boring-company-chi-
day/sustainability/ (accessed 20 July 2020) 2020) - Author interview with David Seesing, Car De- cago-train-high-speed-loop/
signer and tutor of the MA Intelligent Mobility
- https://blog.globalwebindex.com/chart-of-the- - https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/bu- at the Royal College of Art, September 2019 - Tesla Cybertruck: https://www.tesla.com/fr_fr/
week/green-consumerism/ (accessed 20 July siness/electric-car-conversions.html (accessed cybertruck
2020) 21 July 2020) Images
- Peugeot E-Legend: https://www.peugeot.fr/
- https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/pu- - https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/16/ - Citroën DS19: https://www.topspeed.com/cars/ marque-et-technologie/concept-cars/peugeot-e-
blications/do-younger-generations-care-more- electric-scooters-future-transport-congested-ci- car-news/citroen-dsa-look-back-ar168222.html legend-concept.html
about-global-warming/ ties/ (accessed 21 July 2020)
- Car Free Street: https://twitter.com/Barman- - Mercedes-Benz URBANETIC: https://www.
Page 30 - https://www.forbes.com/sites/adeye- NYC/status/1265017856808411148 mercedes-benz.com/en/vehicles/transporter/vi-
miajao/2019/02/01/everything-you-want-to- sion-urbanetic-the-mobility-of-the-future/
-https://time.com/5339037/turtle-video-plastic- know-about-scooters-and-micro-mobility/#- - Average occupancy of various passen-
straw-ban/ (accessed 20 July 2020) 14539c3a5de6 (accessed 21 July 2020) ger vehicles: https://wattsupwiththat. - Audi AI:ME: https://www.autoweek.com/news/
com/2018/07/18/commuting-to-work-car-train- green-cars/g30431583/the-audi-aime-concept-
- https://knoema.com/infographics/kchdsge/ - https://qz.com/1561654/how-long-does-a- or-bus/ lands-at-ces/
number-of-starbucks-stores-globally-1992-2020 scooter-last-less-than-a-month-louisville-data-
(accessed 20 July 2020) suggests/ (accessed 21 July 2020) - Same Parts of Different Cars: Douglas Leroy - Renault Morphoz: https://www.autoplus.
(Myself) fr/renault/morphoz/actualite/Renault-Mor-
- https://time.com/5339037/turtle-video-plastic- - https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/2/18526813/ phoz-Electrique-Autonome-Concept-1546932.
straw-ban/ (accessed 20 July 2020) scooter-electric-injury-austin-cdc-study-head- - Map of the DieselGate Death Toll: https:// html
helmet (accessed 21 July 2020) voxeurop.eu/en/mapping-the-dieselgate-death-
- https://project.veja-store.com/en/single/ toll/ - Turtle with straw stuck in its nose: https://
growing/ (accessed 20 July 2020) - https://www.forbes.com/sites/adeye- www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/the-last-straw-
miajao/2019/02/01/everything-you-want-to- - Ferdinand Piëch’s Bugatti Chiron: https:// footage-of-a-turtle-with-a-12cm-plastic-straw-
- https://www.fashionbeans.com/article/adidas- know-about-scooters-and-micro-mobility/#- www.autoblog.com/2019/02/12/bugatti-18-mil- stuck-up-its-nose-highlights-the-a3740136.html
stan-smith-guide/ (accessed 20 July 2020) 14539c3a5de6 (accessed 21 July 2020) lion-one-off-supercar-geneva/#slide-1295082
- H&M Recycling Bin: https://chainstoreage.
- https://project.veja-store.com/en/single/ - Audi A3: https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/audi/ com/fast-fashion-retailer-rolls-out-high-tech-
growing/ (accessed 20 July 2020) a3 recycling-bins

44 45
 - Veja Shoe: https://www.ft.com/
content/69b6e762-e8ee-11e9-a240-3b065ef5fc55

- Vision of 2050’s Urban Hubs: National Geogra-

phic Special Issue April 2018

- Additional Bike Lane in Berlin: https://

storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/9f47ef-
654c7841e1a8d35034088d75b7

46 47