: Good morning/afternoon everyone.

Today, I will discuss to you the overview of

glycolysis.
: So what is glycolysis? Glycolysis is the initial step in breaking down of glucose to
extract energy for cellular metabolism and it is made up of two words. GLYCO means
glucose while LYSIS means break down. Also remember that glycolysis involves a
systematic breakdown of glucose into simpler molecules to produce energy. Now, this
process takes place in the cytosol of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell and the
process does not use oxygen thus called anaerobic.
: Glucose is a 6 carbon compound (6C), ring-shaped structure of a single glucose and
ends with 2 molecules of pyruvate which is a 3 carbon sugar (3C). In this conversion,
energy is released which are the ATP and NADH. The breaking down of glucose into
small fragments which is known as pyruvate will involve 10 different reactions and all
steps uses different enzymes to make reactions possible.
: Tulad ng sinabi ko kanina, glycolysis takes place in cytosol and can be broken down
into 2 main phases. The 1st phase is what we call the energy-requiring phase which
also knows as the investment phase and 2nd is energy-releasing phase or also
known as the pay off phase.
: Sa 1st phase, kailangan mo ng 2 molecules of ATP to get the process going. So the 6
carbon-sugar molecule mahahati sa dalawang 3-carbon pyruvate molecule. And in
this phase, energy is used or required instead of producing it into energy. Now, in the
2nd phase, 4 molecule of ATP at 2 molecules of NADH ang na-produce. So the net
gain is 2 molecules of ATP at 2 molecules of NADH.
: Ngayon upang maintindihan natin ang figure (yung picture po na nasa screenshot na
binigay mo), the first step in glycolysis reaction begins with a molecule of glucose na
pumasok sa cytosol. Ang first reaction ay ang pag convert ng glucose to glucose-
6phosphate and the enzyme catalyzes is called hexokinase. Ngayon ang enzyme na
ito ay nagtransfer ng a molecule of phosphate from ATP to glucose and converts
glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. Here, ATP is converted into a molecule of ADP thus
utilizes one molecule of ATP.
: Next, the glucose 6 phosphate is converted into fructose-6-phosphate then
fructose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose-1,6-diphosphate. This step is
catalyzed by enzyme phospho-fructokinase and another group of enzyme that
transfers a group of phosphate from ATP to fructose 6-phosphate and ATP is
converted again into ADP and another ATP is used in the reaction.
: Kaya makikita dyan sa figure na may 2 ATP at 2 ADP. Now, itong fructose-1,6-
diphosphate ay nag split into two 3-carbon sugars: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). Dito sa picture, hindi natin nakita ang
DHAP dahil kalaunan na-convert rin ito sa glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate at iyan ang
final step sa 1st phase. So, if you refer ulit sa picture, dalawang glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate na ‘yong nakikita natin. Now, bakit tayo may nakikita na NAD at NADH
dyan sa figure?
: So to simplify the start of 2 nd phase, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ay na-convert
sa 1-3 bisphosphoglycerate and the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is the
glycerldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase at ang NAD which is coenzyme ay na-
reduce sa NADH.
: Tapos ang 1-3 bisphosphoglycerate ay na-convert into 3-phosphoglycerate by the
enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase and this enzyme transferred the
phosphoglycerate to ADP at sa process na ito a molecule of ATP is generated kaya
may nakikita tayo na 2ATP at 2ADP sa bandang ibaba. So bale, 4 ATP molecules are
formed during the 2nd phase.
: Ngayon, itong 3-phosphoglycerate ay na-convert to 2-phosphoglycerate at simple
rearrangement reaction ang ang nangyari dito. Tapos, itong 2-phosphoglycerate ay
na-convert into phosphoenol pyruvate and then the phosphoenol pyruvate is
converted into pyruvate which is the last step of glycolysis kaya may nakikita tayong
pyruvate dyan sa pinakaibaba ng figure.
: Now let’s look at the net reaction, if babalikan natin kanina , na-mention ko na 4 ATP
molecules ang na-formed sa 2nd phase ngunit 2 ADP are also produced in the 1st
phase thus there is a net use of only 2 ATP. At ang 2 NAD are na-reduced naman into
2NADH molecules sa conversion part ng glycerldehyde-3-phosphate to 1-3
bisphosphoglycerate kanina. Thus, glycolysis yields a net of 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2
molecules of pyruvate.
: Let us remember na ang last step in glycolysis will not occur IF the enzyme na nagka-
catalyzes the formation of pyruvate is not available in sufficient quantities. Sa ganitong
sitwasyon, ang entire glycolysis pathway will proceed pa rin ngunit 2 molecules of ATP
lang ang maproduce imbes na 4 molecules dapat.
: So, that’s conclude my presentation. If you have any questions or clarifications, kindly
raise your hands or use the raise hand button in our loop to be recognized. If there’s
none, then that would be all. Thank you.

Reference:
Medsimplified, (2017). Glycolysis Pathway Made Simple!! Biochemistry Lecture on
Glycolysis. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/8qij1m7XUhk.
Khan Academy.org. (n.d). Glycolysis. Retrieved from:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-
fermentation/glycolysis/a/glycolysis.
AND YUNG PHOTO NA SINEND NIYO PO.