Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 13 (2019) 100376

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Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

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A numerical investigation of Newtonian fluid flow with buoyancy,

T
thermal slip of order two and entropy generation
⁎
N. Vishnu Ganesha, Qasem M. Al-Mdallalb, , Ali J. Chamkhac,d
a
Department of Mathematics, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College, Chennai 600004, Tamil Nadu, India
b
Department of Mathematical Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
c
Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Sultan Endowment for Energy and Environment, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar
31952, Saudi Arabia
d
RAK Research and Innovation Center, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, P.O. Box 10021, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates

A R T IC LE I N F O ABS TRA CT

Keywords: In the present article, the Newtonian fluid flow problem with buoyancy and thermal radiation in
Entropy generation non-linear form is investigated by considering the entropy generation. The boundary is mathe-
Buoyancy effects matically modeled with slip conditions (velocity and thermal) of order two. The parameters for
Heat transfer the slip conditions of order two are calculated from the slip parameters of order one. The gov-
Newtonian fluid
erning PDE's and the corresponding BC's are derived and transformed into ODE's by suitable
Non-linear thermal radiation
transformation. Fourth order RK with shooting method is utilized to solve the transformed non-
Slip conditions of order two
dimensional governing equations along with the boundary conditions. The efficiency of the
present type of thermal fluidic system can be increased by reducing the generation of entropy. In
view of these, the influences of slip conditions of order two on the entropy generation number are
discussed. It is found that the increase of second order velocity and thermal slip effects reduces
the entropy generation. Furthermore, the significant results are discussed with buoyancy effects.
The present research work suggests to increase the second order slip factors in order to achieve
the higher efficiency in the present type of thermal fluidic system.

1. Introduction

The analysis of heat and fluid flow through microflow devices (MFD) such as micro channels, heat pipes, pumps and mixers are
very much important due to its applications in surgery and medical diagnosis, biotechnology, chemical analysis, and electronic
cooling. Hammouch et al. [1] investigated the double-diffusive convection in a porous cavity which has applications in astrophysics,
biology, chemical processes, geology and oceanography. The thermal and fluid flow characteristics in microflow devices are distinct
from their corresponding macroscale parts since the slip boundary conditions are playing a vital role. In the slip flow regime, the N-S
equations and the slip BC's are valid. There has been numerous research on N-S equations with two types of slip BC's namely velocity
slip and thermal jump. These boundary conditions are applied to analyze the behaviours of fluid flow and heat transfer in the MFDs.
The boundary layer fluid flow problems due to a stretchable surface with heat transfer have applications in drawing of plastic thin
films, manufacturing of glass fibres, cooling and drying process of papers etc. The initial research work on stretched flow was done by
Crane [2]. He gave an exact solution for the governing equations with no slip boundary conditions. Followed by Crane, researchers
have shown considerable interest on the fluid flow problem over a stretchable surface with slip (first order) and no-slip boundary

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: q.almdallal@uaeu.ac.ae (Q.M. Al-Mdallal).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2018.100376
Received 8 October 2018; Received in revised form 11 December 2018; Accepted 12 December 2018
Available online 23 December 2018
2214-157X/ © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/).
N.V. Ganesh et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 13 (2019) 100376

conditions [3–17].
A non-dimensional form of slip boundary conditions of order two has been suggested by Karniadakis and Beskok [18] in the year
2002. The second order velocity and thermal jump effects on the gas flows in microtube was studied by Xiou et al. [19]. Hamdan et al.
[20] modeled the basic microflow of gas problem by including the slip boundary conditions (velocity and thermal) of second order.
Fang et al. [21] investigated velocity slip boundary condition of order two in a shrinking surface. The same slip condition has been
analysed by Nandeppanavar et al. [22] in a stretchable surface by considering the heat transfer. An analytical study was performed by
Turkyilmazoglu [23] with same slip condition including MHD effects in stretching sheet. The researchers in [24–29] investigated the
nanofluid boundary layer problem with Wu's velocity slip model of order two in stretching/shrinking sheet. The boundary layer flow
of various types of fluids are reported in the articles [30–32] with the impacts of second order velocity slip. The second order thermal
jump conditions were omitted in the previously mentioned studies and they have analysed the fluid flow with a velocity slip model of
order two which was suggested by Wu [33].
The quality and the amount of energy are two important parameters in any thermal process. During the heat transfer process the
quality of energy can be observed by a tool called entropy which was provided by the 2nd law of thermodynamics. As reported by the
2nd law of thermodynamics, there will be an energy loss at the time of conversion of energy which leads to the degradation of the
efficiency of the system. The entropy generation leads to increase the loss of energy during the process. The efficiency of the thermal
system can be enhanced by degrading the entropy generation. For this purpose, it is essential to notice the entropy generation
distribution that one may decrease the entropy production. Initially, Bejan [34,35] performed an analysis on the generation of
entropy in the CHT (convective heat transfer) process. The problem of entropy generation in a fluid flow past a flat plate with
suction/injection was investigated by Reveillere and Baytas [36]. The researchers [37–41] investigated the entropy generation on the
fluid flow problems with first order velocity slip boundary condition. Arikoglu et al. [42] considered both velocity slip and tem-
perature jump of order two which were suggested by Karniadakis and Beskok [18], in a rotating disk flow problem with entropy
generation analysis.
Motivated by the above work of Arikoglu et al. [42], a research on entropy generation of Newtonian fluid flow in a stretching
sheet with Karniadakis and Beskok's velocity slip and temperature jump boundary conditions of order two is carried out for the first
time. The buoyancy effects and the non-linear thermal radiation effects are included. The second order slip parameters are calculated
from the first order slip parameters. RK4 with shooting technique is used simulate the present problem. The results are discussed in
graphical form.

2. Boundary conditions

The Modified Maxwell-Smulochowski's slip boundary conditions (first order velocity slip and thermal jump) can be written as
follows (see [18])

2 − σv 3(γ − 1) λ2Re
Us − Uw = λ (Us ) y + Tx , (Velocity slip),
σv 2πγEc
2 − σT ⎛ 2γ ⎞ λ
Ts − Tw = ⎜ ⎟ Ty, (Thermal jump).
σT ⎝ γ + 1 ⎠ Pr

Near the transition regime, the Navier- Stokes equations can be solved by using first order boundary conditions. To get the
accurate solution, many second order models are proposed. The modified velocity slip and temperature jump boundary conditions of
order two are suggested by Karniadakis and Beskok [18] which are given as follow:

2 − σv ⎛ λ2
Us − Uw = λ (Us ) y +
⎜ (Us ) yy⎞,
⎟

σv ⎝ 2 ⎠
2 − σT ⎛ 2β ⎞⎛ λ2 ⎞
Ts − Tw = ⎜ ⎟ λTy +
⎜ Tyy . ⎟

σT ⎝ (β + 1) Pr ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

The simplified form of above boundary conditions is as follows;

Us − Uw = βv1 (Us ) y + βv2 (Us ) yy,

Ts − Tw = δt1 Ty + δt 2 Tyy,
(2 − σv ) λ σ γ2
where βv1 = γ = σv
represents the first order velocity slip factor, βv2 = 2 −vσ 2 represents the second order velocity slip factor,
v
PrΓ 2 (σ ) β + 1
δt1 = Γ =
(2 − σT ) λ
σT Pr ( )
2β
β+1
is the first order thermal jump factor and δt 2 = 2(2 − σT ) 2β
T ( ) is the second order thermal jump factor.
3. Formulation of the problem

Consider the steady, incompressible, Newtonian fluid flow over a stretching surface with the effects of non-linear thermal ra-
diation and buoyancy (see Fig. 1). The equations of continuity, conservation of mass and energy can be given as follows:
u x + vy = 0, (1)

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N.V. Ganesh et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 13 (2019) 100376

Fig. 1. Physical model of the problem.

uu x + vu y − νu yy − gβ (T − T∞) = 0, (2)

uTx + vTy − k (ρCp)−1Tyy + (ρCp)−1qry = 0, (3)

where u and v represent the velocity components along x and y axes, respectively, ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, T is the
temperature of the fluid, k is the thermal conductivity, g is the acceleration due to gravity, (ρCp) is the heat capacitance and qr is the
radiative heat flux.
The boundary conditions including both velocity slip and thermal jump factors of order two are proposed as follows:

u − u w = βv1 u y + βv2 u yy , v − vw = 0,
T − Tw = δt1 Ty + δt 2 Tyy (Tw = T∞ + bx ) at y = 0
u → 0, T → T∞ as y → ∞ . (4)

Utilizing the approximation of Rosseland [12] for thermal radiation (non-linear), the radiative heat flux is given by

4σSB 3
qr = − T Ty,
3kMA (5)

where σSB is the Stefan-Boltzman constant, kMA is the coefficient of mean absorption. Now Eq. (3) can be written as

16σSB T 3 ⎞ ⎞
uTx + vTy = ⎛⎜ ⎛⎜k (ρCp)−1 + ⎟ Ty ⎟ .

⎝⎝ 3(ρCp) kMA ⎠ ⎠ y (6)

By applying the following similarity variables

a T − T∞
u = axfη (η) v = (−avf )1/2f (η) η = y θ= .
vf Tw − T∞ (7)

Eq. (1) is satisfied trivially where as Eqs. (2) and (6) take the following form

fηηη + ffηη − fη2 = −λθ

(1 + Rd (θ (θw − 1) + 1)3) θηη + 3Rd θη2 (θw − 1)(θ (θw − 1) + 1)2 = Prθfη
− Prfθη. (8)

The boundary conditions in Eq. (4) take the form:

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N.V. Ganesh et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 13 (2019) 100376

f (η) − s = 0, fη (η) − d = γv fηη (η) + δ v fηηη (η),

θ (η) − 1 = γt θη (η) + δt θηη (η) at η = 0
fη (η) → 0 at θ (η) → 0 as η → ∞ , (9)
3
where λ = gβba−2
is the mixed convection parameter, Rd = 16σSB T∞ (3kkMA)−1 is the radiation parameter, Pr = μCp k −1 is the
a a
Prandtl number, γv = βv1 is the first order velocity slip parameter, δ v = βv2 v is the second order velocity slip parameter, γt = δt1 a
vf f vf
a
is the first order thermal slip parameter, δt = δt 2 v is the second order thermal slip parameter, θw = Tw T∞ −1
is the temperature ratio
f
parameter, s is the suction(s > 0 )/injection(s < 0 ) parameter and d is the stretching parameter.
The coefficient of local skin friction and the reduced Nusselt number with non-linear thermal radiation are defined for the
engineering interest as
τw xqw
Cf = , Nu x = ,
ρu w2 k (Tw − T∞ ) (10)

where
τw = μ (u y ) y = 0 , qw = −k (Ty ) y = 0 . (11)

Using Eq. (7), the following non-dimensional local skin friction coefficient and the reduced Nusselt number are derived:

Cf Rex1/2 = fηη (0), Nu x Rex−1/2 = −θη (0)(1 + Rd θw3 ). (12)

4. Entropy generation analysis

One of the main intension of the present article is the study of entropy generation analysis. The local volumetric rate of entropy
generation with non-linear thermal radiation can be expressed as [34,35,43,44]
k μf 2
SG = 2
[Tx2 + Ty2 (1 + 16σSB T 3 (3kkMA)−1)] + uy .
T∞ T∞ (13)

The characteristic entropy generation rate (SG )0 is given by

k (ΔT )2
(SG )0 = 2
,
x 2T∞ (14)

therefore, the entropy generation number is

SG
Ns = .
(SG )0 (15)

Using Eqs. (7), (13), (14) and (15), Ns is derived as

BrRex 2
Ns = θ 2 + θη2Rex [1 + Rd (θ (θw − 1) + 1)3] + f ,
Ω ηη (16)
2
μ f uw ΔT
where Br = k ΔT
is the Brinkmann number and Ω = T∞
is the non-dimensional temperature difference.

5. Numerical procedure

The IV th order RK and the shooting schemes have been used to solve the non- dimensional ODEs in Eq. (8) subject to the BC's in
Eq. (9). The governing system of equations are transformed into a system of first order ODEs.
p
⎛ fη ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
p q
⎜ η⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ qη ⎟ = ⎜ p2 − fq − λθ ⎟,
⎜θ ⎟ ⎜ z ⎟
η 2 2
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ Pr (pθ − fz ) − 3z Rd (θw − 1)(θ (θ3w − 1) + 1) ⎟
⎝ z η⎠ ⎝ 1 + Rd (θ (θ w − 1) + 1) ⎠ (17)

and the related initial conditions of ODE's are:

⎛ fη ⎞ ⎛ s
⎞
⎜ pη ⎟ ⎜ d + γv q (0) + δ v qη (0) ⎟
⎜ qη ⎟ = ⎜ ga ⎟.
⎜ θ ⎟ ⎜ 1 + γt z (0) + δt z η (0) ⎟
η
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ gb ⎟
z
⎝ η⎠ ⎝ ⎠ (18)

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N.V. Ganesh et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 13 (2019) 100376

Table 1
Comparison values of local skin friction coefficient in the absence of mixed convection, thermal radiation, first and second order
thermal slip parameters.
γv δv Present Results Turkyilmazoglu [[23]] with Mn = 0

0 −1 0.3894282565 0.38942826
3 −3 0.1044918663 0.10449187
5 −5 0.0642051113 0.06420511

First order equations in Eq. (17) with Eq. (18) are solved using fourth order RK scheme. Appropriate values for the guesses ga and gb
are obtained by shooting technique for the BC's fη ( ∞ ) = 0 and θ ( ∞ ) = 0 with 10−6 accuracy.

6. Discussion on graphical illustrations and table

The Newtonian fluid flow problem in stretching surface with thermal and velocity slip boundary conditions of order two is
considered. Compared to other investigations on stretched slip flow [21–32], the present article investigated both the second order
thermal and velocity slip effects under the influence of mixed convection and thermal radiation (non linear) for the first time. The
second order slip parameters are calculated from first order slip parameters using the relations which are given in Section 2. Due to
the problem is mixed convection, the thermal slip parameters, Prandtl number and radiation parameter have influence in both
velocity and temperature distributions.
In Table 1, the numerical values of the coefficient of local skin friction are presented and the validation has been made with the
results of Turkyilmazoglu [23] by directly giving the values for first and second order velocity slip parameters without considering
the effects of first and second order thermal slip, thermal radiation and mixed convection parameters. This comparison gives con-
fidence to apply the above numerical procedure to the present problem to analyze the results accurately. The discussion on the results
has been made with the help of plots. In plots, fη(η) and fηη(0) are represented as f ' (η) and f ' ' (0) respectively.
The influence of λ in the presence of second order slips and in the absence of second order slips is displayed in Fig. 2. It is noted
that, the velocity distribution diminishes in the presence of second order slip when 0 < η < 2 , and a reverse trend has been discovered
when η > 2 . By increasing λ , the velocity distribution is augmented. A close observation of the plot exposed that the larger mixed
convection in the presence of second order slip effects has notable impact on the velocity distribution than in the absence of second
order slip parameters. A sudden enhancement in the velocity distribution in the range 0 < η < 2 has been noted for larger value of λ
in second order slip case.
The temperature distribution is decreased due to the increase of mixed convection parameter in both first and second order slip
cases (Fig. 3). It is noted that, the presence of second order velocity and temperature slips lead to an enhancement in the temperature
distribution compared to first order slip case. The studies [21–32] on the second order velocity slip have shown that the influence of
second order slip doesn't have much influence of temperature distribution. However, in the present investigation a good variation has
been seen in the temperature distribution due to consideration of both second order velocity slip and thermal jumps.
The main intension of the analysis of 2nd law is to diminish the entropy generation by contriving the physical factors. In view of
these, Fig. 4 and 5 are plotted to understand the behaviour of second order velocity slip and thermal jump with other physical
parameters on the entropy generation (Ns ) of the present problem.
Fig. 4 portrays the combined effect of Reynolds number with first and second order slip effects on Ns . The Ns decreases with the

Fig. 2. Combined effect of slip parameters and mixed convection parameter on the velocity distribution with d = 1, s = 1, Pr = 0.71 and Rd = 4 .

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N.V. Ganesh et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 13 (2019) 100376

Fig. 3. Combined effect of slip parameters and mixed convection parameter on the temperature distribution with d = 1, s = 1, Pr = 0.71 and Rd = 4 .

Fig. 4. Combined effect of slip parameters and Reynolds number on the entropy generation number with d = 1, s = 1, λ = 2 , Pr = 0.71, Rd = 4 and
BrΩ−1 = 1.

Fig. 5. Combined effect of slip parameters and dimensionless parameter (BrΩ−1) on the entropy generation number with d = 1, s = 1, λ = 2 ,
Pr = 0.71, Rd = 4 and Rex = 1.

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N.V. Ganesh et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 13 (2019) 100376

Fig. 6. Combined effect of slip parameters, suction/blowing and mixed convection parameters on the local skin friction coefficient with d = 1,
Pr = 0.71 and Rd = 4 .

smaller values of Reynolds number and also it decreases via the smaller values of BrΩ−1 (Fig. 5). It can be seen that the presence of
second order velocity and thermal jump minimizes the entropy generation number compared to first order slip parameters. The
entropy production can be controlled and minimized by increasing the factors of second order velocity and thermal jump.
The numerically calculated values of local skin friction is plotted in Fig. 6 and the reduced Nusselt number values are tabulated in
Table 2. The physical parameter λ is takes as x axis. In the presence of second order slip, the local skin friction coefficient is positive in
the range 0 < λ < 2 but in the absence of second order slip parameter, the range changes to 0 < λ < 2.8. The − f ″ (0) is an increasing
function in the suction case and decreasing function in injection case with λ . The presence of second slip increases the local skin
friction in the range 0 < λ < 1.3 and decreases when λ > 1.3 (Figs. 6). From Table 2, it is observed that the reduced Nusselt number is
an increasing function of λ and s > 0 and decreasing function of s < 0 , Rd , γv and γt .

7. Conclusion

The Newtonian fluid flow with nonlinear thermal radiation and buoyancy effects is studied with second order velocity and
thermal slip effects. The second order velocity and thermal slip boundary conditions are applied for the first time in stretching sheet
problem. Both heat transfer and entropy generation analysis has been made with second order slip boundary conditions. The gov-
erning equations and the related boundary conditions are solved using fourth order RK method with shooting method. The main
findings are summarized as follow:

• The higher values of mixed convection parameter in the presence of second order velocity slip and thermal jump lead to a sudden
enhancement in the velocity distribution near the stretching sheet wall. The velocity distribution is decreased in the case of second
order slips near the stretching sheet wall and enhanced as the similarity variable η increases.
• The temperature distribution is raised with second order slips and diminished with mixed convection parameter.

Table 2
Values of reduced Nusselt number.
Parameters Values − θη (0)
1 0.45801482
λ 2 0.47373966
3 0.48266192
−1 0.34965526
s 0 0.40106754
1 0.45801482
4 0.45801482
Rd 8 0.40332872
12 0.36935809
γv = 0.33 , γt = 0.31 0.74224747
with second-order γv = 1, γt = 0.94 0.45801482
slip γv = 3 , γt = 2.8 0.22535508

Note: While studying the effect of individual parameters the following values are assumed d = 1,
s = 1, Pr = 0.71, Rd = 4 , γv = 1 and γt = 0.94..

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N.V. Ganesh et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 13 (2019) 100376

• The presence of second order velocity and thermal jump parameters decrease the velocity distribution where as increases the
temperature distribution.
• Entropy generation is decreased with the smaller values of Reynolds number and the non-dimensional parameter.
• The entropy generation number is minimized in the second order slip case compared to first order slip case. In the present thermal
fluidic system, the efficiency of the system may be improved by increasing the second order slip factors.

A disclosure / conflict of interest statement

None of the authors of this paper has a financial or personal relationship with other people or organizations that could in-
appropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to the honourable referees for their valuable comments and suggestions to
improve the quality of the paper. In addition, the authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to the United Arab Emirates
University, Al Ain, UAE for providing the financial support with Grant Nos: 31S212-UPAR (9) 2015 and 31S240-UPAR (2) 2016.

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