Maths Formula Book by Aditya Ranjan

About Aditya Ranjan
Aditya Ranjan Sir is a renowned Maths Faculty , who has taught lakhs of students
through rankers gurukul you tube channel and its offline centre.
His students are selected in various departments in India.
He is the fastest emerging educator in online education.
His free maths & guidance videos have millions of views on you tube.
He has a unique approach of solving new TCS questions . He always focuses on
relevant and updated content.
His classes are interactive and he patiently clears the doubts of all his students.
He has got selected at his very early age and his words "SELECTED gS
SELECTION fnyk;saxs" are very popular among students.
His new innovative idea of completing entire maths syllabus for any govt. exam
on you tube through "60 Days 60 Marathon" is a landmark in online education.
EXAMS QUALIFIED
CGL , CHSL, CPO , CDS (3 TIMES)
** HE SCORED **
• MATHS – 50/50
• ENGLISH – 50/50
• REASONING – 50/50
and got selected in SSC CHSL 2019 with AIR - 114.
- He scored the same in CGL 2019 PRE and 227/200 in MAINS (MATHS) and
got selected in SSC CGL 2019 as an EXCISE INSPECTOR.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
eSa mu lHkh yksxksa dk vkHkkjh gw¡ ftUgksaus bl iqLrd dks r

enn dhA eSa fo'ks"kdj foØethr lj dk ½.kh gw¡] ftUgksaus ges'kk
dh rjg esjk ekxZn'kZu fd;k vkSj 'kk;n ftuds fcuk bl eqdke ij igq¡p
laHko ugha FkkA lkFk esa lcls T;knk vkHkkjh
Rudra Sir dk gw¡] ftUgksaus
bl Formula Book dks rS;kj djus esa viuh tku yxk nh] fnu jkr
esgur djds mUgksaus cPpksa dks ,d ekLVjihl fn;k gS ftlls mudk
enn feysxh vkSj ftl rjg ls egkHkkjr ds jpf;rk osnO;kl th gS ysfdu
bls fy[kk x.ks'k th us gS mlh rjg ls bl fdrkc dks fy[kus okys gek
VkbfiLV vfer flag] vt; dqekj] ohj flag vkSj vf[kys'k gSaA eSa
Nk=kksa dks Hkh /U;okn nsuk pkgrk gw¡ ftUgksaus okLro esa
Formula
Book dks cukus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA
& vkfnR; jatu

INDEX
S.NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.
1. GEOMETRY 01 – 32
• LINES & ANGLE 01 – 05
• TRIANGLE 06 – 16
• CIRCLE 17 – 25
• QUADRILATERAL 26 – 31
• POLYGONS 31 – 32
2. MENSURATION (2D) 33 – 42
• TRIANGLE 33 – 33
• EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE 34 – 34
• REGULAR HEXAGON 35 – 35
• ISOSCELES TRIANGLE 35 – 36
• RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE 36 – 36
• CIRCLE 37 – 37
• QUADRILATERAL 38 – 42
3. MENSURATION (3D) 43 – 53
• CUBOID & CUBE 43 – 44
• CYLINDER 44 – 45
• CONE & FRUSTRUM 46 – 48
• SPHERE & HEMISPHERE 48 – 48
• COMBINATION OF 3D OBJECTS 49 – 50
• PRISM, PYRAMID & TETRAHEDRON 51 – 53

4. CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY 54 – 56
5. ALGEBRA 57 – 63
• ALIGEBRAIC FORMULAE 57 – 59
• QUADRATIC EQUATION 59 – 59
• SUM OF SERIES 60 – 60
• INDICES AND SURDS 61 – 61
• SERIES 61 – 62
• ARITHMETIC & GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION 63 – 63
6. TRIGONOMETRY 64 – 69
7. HEIGHT & DISTANCE 70 – 73
8. NUMBER SYSTEM 74 – 81
• FACTOR 74 – 75
• REMAINDER 76 – 77
• RULES OF DIVISIBILITY 77 – 78
• UNIT DIGIT 78 – 78
• LCM & HCF 78 – 79
• COUNTING OF NUMBERS 79 – 79
b
• SERIES OF a TYPE. 80 – 80
c
• BAR TYPE 81 – 81
9. TIME & DISTANCE 82 – 85

• CONCEPT OF TRAINS 84 – 84
• RACES & CIRCULAR MOTION 85 – 85
10. BOAT & STREAM 86 – 87

11. RATIO, PROPORTION & PARTNERSHIP 88 – 89
12. ALLIGATION 90 – 93
13. AVERAGE 94 – 95
14. TIME & WORK 96 – 96
15. PERCENTAGE 97 – 97
16. PROFIT & LOSS AND DISCOUNT 98 – 98
17. SIMPLE & COMPOUND INTEREST 99 – 99
18. STATISTICS 100 – 101

GEOMETRY MENSURATION
T;kfefr {ks=kfefr
ADVANCED ALGEBRA TRIGONOMETRY
MATHS ch”kxf.kr f=kdks.kfefr
CO-ORDINATE NUMBER
GEOMETRY SYSTEM
funsZ'kkad la[;k i¼fr

T;kfefr
Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan GEOMETRY
01 GEOMETRY ( T;kfefr)
(a) Straight line: A line which does not change
Lines & Angles (js[kk vkSj
dks.k) its direction at any point is called a straight
line.
We have divided the geometry into five sub- lh/h js[kk % ,slh js[kk tks fdlh Hkh fcUnq ij viuh fn'kk
topic, which are as follows: ugha cnyrh lh/h js[kk dgykrh gSA
geus T;kfefr dks ik¡p mi&fo"k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS] tks
bl çdkj gSa% A B
 Point, Lines and Angle/ fcUnq] js[kk vkSj dks.k (b) Curved line: A line which changes its
 Triangle/f=kHkqt direction is called a curved line.
r
 Quadrilateral/ prqHkqZt ?kqekonkj js[kk % ,slh js[kk tks viuh fn'kk cnyrh gks]
si
 Polygon/ cgqHkqt ?kqekonkj js[kk dgykrh gSA
 Circle/o`Ùk
an by
B
Points, Line & Angle/fcUnq] js[kk vkSj dks.k
n
ja
1. Point : A point is a circle of zero radius
R s
A
fcUnqfcUnq
% 'kwU; f=kT;k dk dksbZ o`Ùk gksrk gSA
a th
(c) Line Segment: A line segments has two end

Types of Point/fcUnq ds izdkj points, but generally speaking line segment
is called a line.
(a) Collinear Points: If three or more points
situated on a straight line, these points are js[kk[kaM % js[kk[kaM ds nks var fcUnq gksrs gSa] ijarq lkèkkj
ty a
called collinear points. cksyus esa js[kk[kaM dks js[kk cksyrs gSaA
lajs[k fcUnq % ;fn rhu ;k rhu ls vf/d fcUnq fdlh ,d
di M
lhèkh js[kk esa fLFkr gks rks ;s fcUnq lajs[k fcUnq dgykrs gSaA
Example : Points A, B, and C are collinear.  Types of Lines/js[kkvksa ds izdkj
mnkgj.k % fcUnq
A, B, vkSjC lajs[k gSaA The lines are basically of five types as discussed
A B C below:
(b) Non-collinear Points: If three or more points js[kk,¡ ewyr% ik¡p izdkj dh gksrh gSa &
are not situated on a straight line, these (i) Intersecting Lines: If two or more lines intersect
points are called non-collinear points. each other, then they are called intersecting
vlajs[k fcUnq % ;fn rhu ;k rhu ls vf/d fcUnq fdlh ,d lines. In the figure AB and CD are intersecting
lhèkh js[kk esa fLFkr ugha gks rks ;s fcUnq vlajs[k fcUnq dgykrs
lines.gSaA
A
2. Lines: A line is made up of a infinite number çfrPNsnh js[kk,¡ % ;fn nks ;k nks ls vf/d ,d&nwljs dks
of points and it has only length i.e., it does not izfrPNsn djrs gSa rks os izfrPNsnh js[kk,¡ dgykrs gSaA fn;s x;s
has any thickness (or width). A line is endless fp=k esa
AB vkSjCD izfrPNsnh js[kk,¡ gSaA
so, it can be extended in both directions.
js[kk vuar la[;k esa fcUnqvksa ls feydj cuh gksrh gS vkSj blesa C B
fliZQ yackbZ gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ bldh dksbZ eksVkbZ (pkSM+kbZ) ugha
gksrhA js[kk dk dksbZ var fcUnq ugha gksrk] blfy, bls nksuksa
A D
fn'kkvksa esa c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected gSSelection fnyk,axs1

(ii) Concurrent Lines : If three or more lines pass (v) Transversal Lines : A line which intersects
through a point, then they are called concurrent two or more given lines at distinct points is
lines and the point through which these all lines called a transversal of the given lines.
pass is called point of concurrent.
laxkeh js[kk,¡
;fn%
rhu ;k rhu ls vf/d js[kk,¡ ,d gh fcUnq fr;Zd js[kk,¡ %
og js•k tks nks ;k nks ls vf/d nh xbZ
vkSj ftl js•kvksa dks vyx&vyx fcanqvksa ij dkVrh gS] nh xbZ js•kvksa
ls gksdj xqtjrh gS rks os laxkeh js[kk,¡ dgykrh gSafcUnq
ls gksdj ;s lHkh js[kk,¡ xqtjrh gS mls leorhZ fcUnq dgrs gSaA dh fr;Zd js•k dgykrh gSA
E B
C C P
D D
A F
(iii) Parallel Lines : Two straight lines are paral-

A B
lel if they lie in the same plane and do not
Q
r
intersect even if they produced infinitely. Per-
pendicular distances between two parallel lines
si
are always same at all places.
lekarj js[kk,¡nks
% lh/h js[kk,¡ lekarj gksaxh ;fn os leku In figure straight lines AB and CD are inter-
an by
sected by a transversal PQ.
ry esa fLFkr gksa vkSj vuar rd c<+kus ij Hkh ,d&nwljs dks
izfrPNsfnr u djsA nks lekarj js[kkvks ds chp dh yacor nwjhfn;s x;s fp=k esa lh/h js[kk,¡
AB vkSjCD fr;Zd js[kkPQ
n
lHkh txg leku gksrh gSA }kjk izfrPNsfnr dh xbZ gSaA
ja
A B
R s
IMPORTANT POINTS – LINES
a th
C D
In the figure AB and CD are parallel lines.  There is one and only one line passing
through two distinct points.
fn;s x;s fp=k esa
AB vkSjCD lekarj js[kk,¡ gSaA
Symbol for parallel lines is ||. nks vyx fcUnqvksa ls gksdj fliZQ vkSj fliZQ ,d js[kk
ty a
Hence, AB || CD.
xqtjrh gSA
lekarj js[kkvksa dk izfrfpÉ
|| gSA
di M
vr% AB || CD.  Two or more lines are said to be coplanar if

(iv) Perpendicular Lines : If two lines intersect they lie in the same plane, otherwise they
at right angles, then two lines are called per- are said to be non-coplanar.
pendicular lines. In the following figure AB and
CD are perpendicular lines.
nks ;k nks ls vf/d js•k,¡ leryh; dgykrh gSa ;fn os
,d gh ry esa gksa] vU;Fkk os vleryh; dgykrh gSaA
yacor js[kk,¡ ;fn
% nks js[kk,¡ ledks.k ij izfrPNsn djrs
gSa rks nksuksa js[kk,¡ yacr js[kk,¡ dgykrh gSaA uhps fn;s x;s The
fp=kintersection of two planes is a line.
AB vkSjCD esa yacr js[kk,¡ gSaA
nks ryksa dk izfrPNsn ,d js[kk gksrh gSA
C 3. Angles : An angle is the union of two non-
A
A collinear rays with a common initial point. The

B
two rays forming an angle are called arms of
the angle and the common initial point is called
D the vertex of the angle.
Symbolically it is represented as AB  CD or dks.k %

tc nks fdj.ksa ,d gh mHk;fu"B fcUnq ls izkjaHk gksrh
we can also say that CD  AB. gSa rks ,d dks.k curk gSA tks nks fdj.ksa dks.k cukrh gS mUgsa
ladsr :i esa bls AB  CD }kjk iznf'kZr djrs gSa vFkok ge dks.k dh Hkqtk dgrs gSa vkSj mHk;fu"B izkjafHkd fcUnq 'kh"k
dg ldrs gSa fd CD  AB gSA dgykrk gSA

The angle AOB denoted by AOB, is formed by (iv) Straight Angle: If measure of an angle is
rays OA and OB and point O is the “vertex” of equal to 180°, then it is a straight angle.
the angle.
Ítq dks.k %;fn fdlh dks.k dh eki 180º d cjkcj gks
fdj.kksaOA vkSjOB }kjk cuk gqvk dks.k
AOB dksAOB rks ;g Ítq dks.k dgykrk gSA
}kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fcUnq
O dks.k dk 'kh"kZ gSA
A A B
O
q = 180° ( “AOB is a straight angle)
(v) Reflex Angle: If measure of an angle is more
than 180° but less than 360°, then it is a reflex
O angle.
B
o`gÙk dks.k;fn%fdlh dks.k dh eki 180º ls vf/d
 Types of Angles/dks.k ds izdkj ijarq 360º ls de gks rks ;g o`gÙk dks.k dgykrk gSA
r
(i) Acute Angle: If the measure of an angle is
less than 90°, it is an acute angle. B
si
U;wu dks.k
;fn%
fdlh dks.k dh eki 90º ls de gks rks ;g
O
U;wu dks.k gksrk gSA
an by
A
A 180° < q < 360° ( AOB is a reflex angle)
n
 Pairs of Angles/dks.kksa dk ;qXe
ja
R s
(i) Adjacent Angles: Two angles are called ad-
jacent angles if:
a th
O
B
vklÂ dks.k %
nks dks.k vklÂ dgs tkrs gSa ;fn
0° < q < 90° (AOB is an acute angle)  They have the same vertex,
(ii) Right Angle : If measure of an angle is equal
ty a
to 90°, then it is a right angle. muds 'kh"kZ leku gksa

ledks.k %;fn fdlh dks.k dh eki 90º d s cjkcj gks rks  They have a common arm,
di M
;g ledks.k gksrk gSA mudh ,d Hkqtk mHk;fu"B gks

A
 Uncommon arms are on either side of the
common arm.
xSj&mHk;fu"B Hkqtk,¡] mHk;fu"B Hkqtk ds nksuksa vksj g
O B A
q = 90° (AOB is a right angle)
(iii) Obtuse Angle: If measure of an angle is more
than 90° but less than 180°, then it is a obtuse C
angle.
A
O
vf/d dks.k %;fn fdlh dks.k dh eki 90ºls vf/d B
ijarq180º ls de gks] rks og vf/d dks.k dgykrk gSA  In the figure, AOC and BOC have a com-
A mon vertex O. Also, they have a common
arm OC and the distinct arms OA and OB,
lie on the opposite side of the line OC.
fn;s x;s fp=k esa]
AOC vkSjBOC dk ,d mHkfu"B
O
B 'kh"kZO gSA mudh ,d mHk;fu"B Hkqtk OC vkSj
xSj&mHk;fu"BOA Hkqtk
vkSjOB Hkh js[kk
OC ds foijhr
90° < q < 180° ( AOB is an obtuse angle)
fn'kkvksa esa fLFkr gSA

(ii) Complementary Angles : If sum of two (v) Vertically opposite Angles : If arm of two
angles is equal to 90°, then the two angles are angles form two pairs of opposite rays, then the
called complementary angles. two angles are called as vertically opposite
iwjd dks.k ;fn
% nks dks.kksa dk ;ksx
90º gks] rks ;s nksuksa angles.
dks.k lEiwjd dks.k dgykrs gSaA 'kh"kkZfHkeq[k dks.k
;fn nks %
dks.kksa dh Hkqtk foijhr
fdj.kksa ds nks ;qXe cukrh gksa] rks nksuksa dks.k 'kh"kkZfH
C
D
dgykrs gSaA
A D
yº
xº
A O
B
 BAD and  DAC are complementary
C B
angles, if xº + yº = 90°
(iii) Supplementary Angles: If sum of two  In other words, when two lines intersect,
angles is equal to 180°, then the two angles are two pairs of vertically opposite angles are
called supplementary angle. formed. Each pair of vertically opposite
r
angles are equal.
lEiwjd dks.k ;fn
% nks dks.kksa dk ;ksx
180º gks] rks ;s
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tc nks js[kk,¡ izfrPNsn djrh gSa rks
si
nksuksa dks.k iwjd dks.k dgykrs gSaA
C 'kh"kkZfHkeq[k dks.kksa ds nks ;qXe curs gSaA 'kh"kkZfHkq
an by
dh izR;sd ;qXe cjkcj gksrs gSaA
In the figure, two lines AB and CD intersect
n
yº xº 
D A B
at O. We find that AOC and BOD are ver-
BAC and DAC is supplementary angles, tically opposite angles
ja
R s
if xº + yº = 180° fp=k esa nks js[kk,¡
AB vkSjCD fcUnq
O ij izfrPNsn djrs gSaA
(iv) Linear Pair of Angles: Two adjacent angles
a th
are said to form a linear pair of angles, if their So, AOC = BOD
noncommon arms are two opposite rays. Similarly, BOC and AOD are vertically
dks.kksa dk jSf[kd ;qXe % dks.k] dks.kksa dk
nks vklÂ opposite angles.
ty a
jSf[kd ;qXe rc cukrs gSa tc mldh nks vleku Hkqtk,¡ nks blh izdkj] BOC vkSjAOD 'kh"kkZfHkeq[k dks.k gSaA
foijhr fdj.k gksaA
BOC = AOD
di M
So,
C
(vi) Corresponding Angles : When two parallel
lines are intersected by a transversal. They form
0 º 60
12 º pairs of corresponding angles.
A O B
 In figure, OA and OB are two opposite rays laxr dks.k % tc nks lekarj js[kk,¡ ,d fr;Zd js[kk }kjk
AOC & BOC are the adjacent angles. izfrPNsfnrdh tkrh gS rks os laxr dks.kksa ds ;qXe cukrh gSaA
Therefore, AOC and BOC form a linear pair.
Lines l and m are intersected by the transver-
fn;s x;s fp=k esa]
OA vkSjOB foijhr fdj.ksa gSa]
AOC sal n. Then 1 = 5, 4 = 8, 3 = 7 and 2
vkSj BOC vklÂ dks.k gS blfy, AOC vkSj = 6 .
BOC jSf[kd ;qXe cukrs gSaA
js[kk,¡l vkSjm fr;Zd js[kkn }kjk izfrPNsfnr dh xbZ gSa] rks
A
 If a ray stand on a line, the sum of the adja-

cent angles so formed is 180°. 1 = 5, 4 = 8, 3 = 7 vkSj2 = 6.
;fn dksbZ fdj.k fdlh js[kk ij iM+h gks rks bl izdkj cus n
vklÂ dks.kksa dk ;ksx

180º gksrk gSA
4 1
Note:- Conversely, if the sum of two adjacent 3
l
2
angles is 180°, then their non-common arms
8 5
are two opposite rays. m
6
blds foijhr] ;fn nks vklUu dks.kksa dk ;ksx
180º gS]
7
rks mudh xSj mHk;fu"B Hkqtk,a nks foijhr fdj.ksa gSaA

(vii) Alternate Angles : When two parallel lines Note: Conversely, if a transversal intersects two lines
are intersected by a transversal, they form pairs in such a way that a pair of alternate interior
of Alternate Angles. Each pair of alternate angles is equal, then the two lines are parallel.
angles are equal. blds foijhr ;fn dksbZ fr;Zd js[kk nks js[kkvksa dks bl
izdkj izfrPNsn djrh gS fd ,dkarj var%dks.kksa dk ,d
,dkUrj dks.k %tc nks lekarj js[kk,¡ ,d fr;Zd js[kk }kjk ;qXe cjkcj gks rks nksuksa js[kk,¡ lekarj gksrh gSaA
izfrPNsfnr dh tkrh gS rks os ,dkarj dks.kksa ds ;qXe cukrh gSaA
(viii) Consecutive Interior Angles : When two
,dkarj dks.kksa ds izR;sd ;qXe cjkcj gksrs gSaA parallel lines are intersected by a transver-
n sal, they form two pairs of interior angles.
The pairs of interior angles so formed are
supplementary
4 1
l
Øekxr vkarfjd dks.k %
tc nks lekarj js[kk,a ,d
3 2 fr;Zd js[kk }kjk izfrPNsfnr gksrh gSa rks vkarfjd dks.kksa ds
8 nks ;qXe curs gSaA bl izdkj cus vkarfjd dks.k iwjd gksrs gSaA
5
m
7 6
r
4 1
si
l
3 2
In the given figure alternate interior angles 8
an by
5
3 = 5 and 2 = 8 and alternate exte- m
7 6
rior angles 1 = 7 and 4 = 6.
n
fn;s x;s fp=k esa ,dkarj var%dks.k
3 = 5 rFkk
2 = Pair of interior angles are:
ja
8 vkSj ,dkUrj oká dks.k 1 = 7 rFkk4 = 6 2 + 5 = 180° & 3 + 8 = 180°
R s
a th
ty a
di M
A

TRIANGLE/f=kHkqt
5. The angle between perpendicular drawn by a
vertex to opposite side and angle bisector of
the vertex angle is half of difference between
other two remaining vertex angles.
Hkqt ds xq.k/eZ 'kh"kZ
Properties of triangle/f=k ls foijhr Hkqtk ij Mkys x, yEc vkSj 'kh"kZ dks.k ds
1. Sum of all three angles of a triangle is always lef}Hkktd ds chp dk dks.k 'ks"k nks 'kh"kZ dks.kksa ds varj
180º, i.e. A + B + C = 180º. dk vk/k gksrk gSA
fdlh Hkh f=kHkqt ds rhuksa dks.kksa180ºdkgksrk
;ksx gSA A
vFkkZr~ A + B + C = 180º
A
B D E C
c b
AD  BC and AE is angle bisector of A
B – C
B a C Then DAE =
2
r
2. If a side of triangle is produced, then the exte- 6. (i) Sum of any two sides of a triangle is
si
rior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the always greater than the third side, i.e.
two interior opposite angles. fdlh f=kHkqt dh nks Hkqtkvksa dk ;ksxiQy rhljh Hkqtk ls
an by
;fn f=kHkqt dh
fdlh Hkqtk dks c<+k;k tkrk gS rks bl izdkj ges'kk cM+k gksrk gSA vFkkZr~
cuk cká dks.k nks foijhr vkarfjd dks.kksa ds ;ksxiQy ds a+b>c
n
cjkcj gksrk gSA b+c>a
c+a>b
ACD = CAB + ABC
ja
A
R s
A
a
a th
c b
q B C
ty a
 a
B D
C (ii) Difference of any two sides of a triangle is
3. In a triangle the angle between internal bisector always smaller than the third side.
di M
of a base angle and external bisector of the other fdlh f=kHkqt dh nks Hkqtkvksa dk varj rhljh Hkqtk ls
base angle is half of the remaining vertex angle.
ges'kk NksVk gksrk gSA vFkkZr~
A |a – b| < c
According to this property BEC = .
2 |b – c| < a
fdlh f=kHkqt esa ,d vk/kj dks.k ds vkarfjd lef}Hkktd |c – a| < b
vkSj nwljs vk/kj dks.k ds cká lef}Hkktd ds chp cuk A
dks.k 'ks"k 'kh"kZ dks.k dk vk/k gksrk gSA
A
bl xq.k ds vuqlkjBEC = b
2 c
E
A
/2
A
B C
a
7. (i) Angles opposite to the equal sides of a tri-
angle are equal.
B C
4. In ABC, the side BC produced to D and angle fdlh f=kHkqt dh cjkcj Hkqtkvksa ds lkeus ds dks.k cjkcj
bisector of A meets BC at E then gksrs gSaA
(ii) The angle opposite to the greater side is
ABC + ACD = 2 AEC. always greater than the angle opposite to
ABC esaHkqtkBC dksD rd c<+k;k x;k gS vkSj
A dk the smaller side.
l ef}Hkktd HkqtkBC l s fcUnq
E i j feyrk gS] rks cM+h Hkqtk ds foijhr dk dks.k ges'kk NksVh Hkqtk ds
ABC + ACD = 2 AEC foijhr dks.k ls cM+k gksrk gSA

8. A (i) If the heights of the two triangles is same,

the ratio of their area is proportional to
the ratio of their base.
c b ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa dh Åpkb;k¡ leku gks] rks buds {ks=kiQy
dk vuqikr] buds vk/kj ds vuqikr ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
A P
B C
a
(a) Sine Rule : Ratio of side and sine of
opposite angle of a triangle is equal to
double of circum radius.
T;k dk fu;e % fdlh f=kHkqt esa Hkqtk vkSj mlds foijhr B D C Q S R
dks.k dh T;k dk vuqikr f=kHkqt dh cká f=kT;k ds If AD = PS, then
nksxqus ds cjkcj gksrk gSA Ar (ABC) : Ar (PQR) = BC : QR
(ii) If the base of the two triangles is the
a b c same, the ratio of their areas is propor-
= = = 2R
sinA sinB sinC tional to the ratio of their heights.
r
(b) Cosine Rule : If two sides and angle ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa ds vk/kj leku gks] rks buds {ks=kiQy
dk vuqikr] budh Å¡pkb;ksa ds vuqikr ds lekuqikrh
si
between sides are given, then we can find
the opposite side by Cosine Rule. gksrk gSA
dks&T;k dk fu;e % ;fn nks Hkqtk vkSj Hkqtkvksa ds
an by
P
chp dk dks.k fn;k gks] rks dks&T;k ds fu;e ls ge A
foijhr Hkqtk Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
n
b2 + c 2  a2 a2 + c 2 – b2
ja
cosA = , cosB =
R s
2bc 2ac
B D C Q S R
a th
a 2 + b 2 – c2 If BC = QR, then
cosC = Ar (ABC) : Ar (PQR) = AD : PS
2ab
9. Area of Triangle (b) Area of ABC = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) ,
ty a
1 where s = semi-perimeter and a, b, c are

(a) Area of triangle ABC = × base × height the lengths of the sides of the triangle.
2
ABC dk {ks=kiQy tgk¡ s
di M
1 = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)

f=kHkqt
ABC dk {ks=kiQy
= × vk/kj × Å¡pkbZ
2 = v¼Z ifjeki vkSja, b, c f=kHkqt ds Hkqtkvksa dh
Note : To calculate area of ABC, we take
yackb;k¡ gSaA
any of the side as base and the perpen-
A
dicular from the vertex to the base is
called the height. In triangle ABC,
uksV % f=kHkqt
ABC dh x.kuk ds fy, ge fdlh Hkh Hkqtk c b
dks vk/kj vkSj 'kh"kZ ls vk/kj ij Mkys x, yEc dks
Å¡pkbZ ekurs gSaAABCf=kHkqt
esa]
A B C
a
E
F (c) Area of ABC/ f=kHkqt
ABC dk {ks=kiQy
A
B C
D c b
AD  BC, BE  AC and CF  AB.
1 1
Area of DABC = × BC × AD = × BE × B
2 2 a C
AC
1 1 1 1
= × CF × AB = ab sinC = bc sinA = ac sinB
2 2 2 2

Centres of triangle/f=kHkqt ds dsUæ

(b) External Angle bisector theorem
oká dks.k lef}Hkktd izes;
1. Angle bisector/dks.k lef}Hkktd The external bisector of an angle of a triangle
 If line AD is such that BAD =CAD, then divides the opposite side externally in the ra-
AD is the interior bisector of the angle A. tio of the sides containing the angle.
;fn js[kk AD bl izdkj gS fd BAD =CAD, fdlh f=kHkqt ds fdlh dks.k dk oká lef}Hkktd foijhr
rks AD vkarfjd dks.kA dk f}Hkktd dgykrh gSA Hkqtk dks dks.k dks cukus okyh nksuksa Hkqtkvksa ds vuqikr e
A okár% foHkkftr djrk gSA
P
A
BD AB
=
CD AC
B D
C
C
Incentre/vUr%dsUæ
B
r
D 1.
(a) Internal Angle bisector theorem (a) The point of intersection of the internal bisector
si
vkarfjd dks.k lef}Hkktd izes; of the angles of a triangle is called the incentre.
vUr%dsUnz % f=kHkqt dh vkarfjd lef}Hkktdksa dk izfrPNsn
an by
The Internal bisector of an angle of a triangle
divides the opposite side internally in the ratio fcUnq var%dsUnz dgykrk gSA
n
of the sides containing the angle, i.e.  A A
fdlh f=kHkqt ds fdlh dks.k dk vkarfjd lef}Hkktd foijhr BIC =
2
+
2
or 90º +
2
Hkqtk dks dks.k dks cukus okyh nksuksa Hkqtkvksa ds vuqikr esa
ja
R s
 B B
var%foHkkftr djrk gSA AIC =
2
+
2
or 90º +
2
a th
BD AB  C C
= AIB = +
2
or 90º +
2
CD AC 2
A
Note:-
ty a
A
(i) F E
di M
a b B C
D
(b) Incentre divides each angle bisector in the ra-
tio of length of sum of two adjacent side and
opposite side.
B C
x D y var%dsUnz izR;sd dks.k lef}Hkktd dks nks laxr Hkqtkvksa
AD = angle bisector of A. vkSj foijhr Hkqtk ds vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
AD2 = ab – xy. A
A
F E b
c I
A
 
B C
a b D
a
Here, AD, BE and CF are angle bisectors
(ii)
of A, B and C respectively.
;gk¡ AD, BE vkSjCF Øe'k%A, B vkSjC ds
lef}Hkktd gSaA
B D C AI : ID = b + c : a
2ab Cos BI : IE = a + c : b
AD 
ab CI : IF = a + b : c

(c) Inradius/var%f=kT;k (a) If O be the circumcentre, then

(i) Inradi us of a t ri angle/ f=kHkqt dh var%f=kT;k ;fn O ifjdsUnz gks] rks
A
 Area / {ks=kiQy
= =
s Semi - perimeter / v¼Z & ifjeki
(ii) Inradius of a right-angled triangle O
ledks.k f=kHkqt dh var%f=kT;k B C
p+ b – h  In acute-angled triangle ABC,

=
2 U;wudks.k f=kHkqt
ABC esa
BOC = 2A, COA = 2B &AOB = 2C
 In a right-angled triangle, ABC,
p
h ledks.k f=kHkqt
ABC esa
A
r
b B C
si
O
(iii) Inradius of an equilateral triangle
leckgq f=kHkqt dh var%f=kT;k
an by
a
=
side
BOC = 2A = 180º
COA = 2B = 180º – 2C
n
=
2 3 2 3 AOB = 2C = 180º – 2B
A  In an obtuse-angled triangle ABC,
ja
vf/ddks.k f=kHkqt
ABC esa]
R s
60º A
a th
a a
60º B C
B a C O
ty a
(iv) If triangle is not right angled then find out

di M
inradius by following relation

BOC = 2(180º – A)
;fn f=kHkqt ledks.k ugha gS rks var%f=kT;k fuEu laca/ ls COA = 2B & BOA = 2C
fudkyrs gSaA (b)  In a acute triangle, the circumcentre is
rs = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) always inside the triangle.

fdlh U;wudks.k f=kHkqt esa ifjdsUnz ges'kk f=kHkqt ds
2. Circumcentre/ifjdsUæ vanj gksrk gSA
The point of intersection of the perpdndicular
bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called
the circumcentre. Circumcentre
fdlh f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa ds yEc lef}Hkktdksa ds izfrPNsn
fcUnq dks ifjdsUnz dgrs gSaA
A
A  In a right-angled triangle, the circumcentre

is mid-point of the hypotenuse.
D F fdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt esa ifjdsUnz ges'kk d.kZ dk eè;
O
fcUnq gksrk gSA
B C
E
Circumcentre
OD  AB and AD = BD Mid point of
OE  BC and BE = EC hypotenuse
OF  AC and CF = FA

 In an obtuse-angled triangle, the circumcentre  2(r + R) = a + b

is always outside the triangle and will be at
the front of the angle which is obtuse. Where a and b are the base and perpen-
fdlh vf/d dks.k f=kHkqt esa ifjdsUnz ges'kk f=kHkqt ds dicular of right angle triangle.
ckgj vkSj vf/d dks.k ds lkeus gksrk gSA tgk¡ a rFkkb ledks.k f=kHkqt ds vk/kj rFkk yEc gSaA
 Note : Distance between circum-centre and
Circumcentre incentre in any triangle is R 2 – 2Rr .
fdlh Hkh f=kHkqt esa ifjdsUnz rFkk var%dsUnz ds chp

dh nwjh= R 2 – 2Rr
(c) Circumradius/ifjf=kT;k Where, R = circum-radius/ifjf=kT;k
The radius of the circumcircle of a triangle is
called the circumradius. It is denoted by R. r = inradius/var%f=kT;k
fdlh f=kHkqt ds ifjo`Ùk dh f=kT;k] ifjf=kT;k dgykrh gSA bls
R }kjk fu:ifr fd;k tkrk gSA 3. Excentre/cfgdsUnz
r
 The circumradius of any triangle ABC
si
The intersection point of internal angle bisec-
fdlh Hkh f=kHkqt
ABC dh ifjf=kT;k
tor of one angle and bisectors of other two op-
an by
Multiplication of all three sides abc
= posite exterior angles. ,d dks.k ds vkUrfjd lef}Hkktd
= 4 × Area of the triangle 4 rFkk vU; nks ckg~; foijhr dks.kksa ds lef}Hkktdksa ds izfrPNsn
n
A fcUnq dks cfgdsUnz dgrs gSaA
ja
R s
c A
b
O
a th
rc rb
B a C
B C
ra
ty a
 The circumradius of a right-angled triangle

ledks.k f=kHkqt dh ifjf=kT;k
di M
E
Hypotenuse h
= =
2 2 A
(a) BEC  90 –
2
A
h (b) ex-radii:
b O
  
B ra  ; rb  ; rc 
p C s–a s–b s–c
 The circumradius of an equilateral triangle rs s(s – b)(s – c)

(c) ra = =
leckgq f=kHkqt dh ifjf=kT;k s–a s–a
A
Side a
= = abc
3 3 where, S 
2
A
(d) (area)  r ra rb rc
a a
O (e) ra + rb + rc = 4R + r
B a C (f) r a rb + rb rc + rc ra = S2
(g) ra2 + rb2 + rc2 = (4R + r)2 – 2S2

4. Centroid/dsUnzd (d) 3(AB2 + BC2 + CA2) = 4(AD2 + BE2 + CF2)

A
The polint of intersection of the medians of the (e)
triangle is called the centroid. It is denoted by G.
fdlh f=kHkqt dh ekfè;dkvksa dk izfrPNsn fcUnq dsUnzd dgykrk E
gSA blsG }kjk fu:fir djrs gSaA
(a) Apollonius Theorem/viksyksfu;l izes;
A B C
D
If ABC is RAT
AD & CE are medians
4 (AD2 + CE2) = 5 AC2
AD2 + CE2 = 5 ED2
AD2 + CE2 = AC2 + ED2
B D C A
AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD² + CD²) OR (f)
Length of median AD
1
r
D E
= 2AC2 + 2AB2 – BC2 c
2 O b
si
(b) If AD, BE and CF are medians of ABC and G is
the centroid, then
an by
;fn AD, BE vkSjCF, ABC dh ekfè;dk gS vkSj
G B a
C
dsUnzd gks] rks BE & CD are medians
n
A If medians are r. (BE  CD) then,
AB2 + AC2 = 5 BC2
ja
or, b2 + c2 = 5 a2
R s
F E AO = BC = a.
G
(g) AB2 + PC2 = AC2 + BP2
a th
A A
B D C
AG BG CG 2 P
ty a
= = = M
GD GE GF 1 Or
(c) The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater
di M
than twice the median drawn to the third side. B C B C

O P
f=kHkqt dh fdUgha nks Hkqtkvksa dk ;ksxiQy rhljh Hkqtk ij AP2 + MC2 = AC2 + MP2
[khaph xbZ ekfè;dk ds nksxqus ls vf/d gksrk gSA (h) If the area of ABC = x, AD, BE and CF are
A three medians and G is centroid, then
;fn ABC dk {ks=kiQy
= x gks]
AD, BE vkSjCF rhu
ekfè;dk,¡ vkSj
G dsUnzd gks] rks
F E A A
O
x x
x x
B D C 2 2 3 G3
A
x
AB + AC > 2AD ...(1)
3
AB + BC > 2BE ...(2) B D C B C
AC + BC > 2CF ...(3)
Adding (1), (2) and (3) A
2 (AB + AC + BC) > 2(AD + AE + CF)
x x
AB + AC + BC > AD + BE + CF
F 6 6 E
Sum of sides (perimeter) ia slways greater than x G x
sum of all median. 6 6
Hkqtkvksa dk ;ksxiQy (ifjeki) ges'kk ekfè;dkvksa ds x x
6 6
;ksxiQy ls vf/d gksrk gSA B D C

(i) Area of triangle formed by joining mid points

1
5. Orthocentre/yEcdsUnz
of two sides and centroid is th of area of Point of intersections of the altitudes of a tri-
12 angle is called the orthocentre of the triangle.
triangle.
It is gener ally denoted by H.
fdlh
nks Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcUnqvksa vkSj dsUnzd dks feykus ls f=kHkqt
cus ds 'kh"kZ yEcksa ds izfrPNsn fcUnq dks f=kHkqt dk yE
1 dsUnz dgrs gSaA bls lkekU;r%
H ls fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA
f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy ewy f=kHkqt ds {ks=kiQy
Hkkx gksrk
dk
12 A
gSA
F E
1
Ar OFE = Ar OFD = Ar OED = Ar ABC H
12
A
F E D
O B C
All the three altitudes of a triangle pass
through a point (orthocentre)
r
B C
D fdlh f=kHkqt ds rhuksa 'kh"kZ yEc ,d gh fcUnq (yEc
si
OFE  OCB dsUnz) ls gksdj xqtjrs gSaA
(According to Mid point theorem FE || BC so (a)  In an acute-angled triangle the orthocentre
an by
is always inside the triangle.
that EFO = OCB, OEF = OBC)
fdlh U;wudks.k f=kHkqt esa yEc dsUnz ges'kk f=kHkqt ds
(j) The line segment joining the mid points of two Hkhrj gksrk gSA
n
sides divides the line joining of vertex in be-
tween line to the centroid in the ratio 3 : 1.
ja
R s
nks Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcUnqvksa dks feykus okyk js[kk[kaM Hkqtkvksa
ds eè; ds 'kh"kZ dks dsUnzd ls feykus okyh js[kk dks 3 % 1 ds H
a th
vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA

A
ty a
 In a right-angled triangle the orthocentre is

on the vertex of the triangle at which tri-
angle is the right-angled.
di M
G E
F fdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt esa yEc dsUnz ledks.k cukus okys
f=kHkqt ds 'kh"kZ ij fLFkr gksrk gSA
O
H I
B C
D
AG : GO = BH : HO = CI : IO = 3 : 1
Note:
G is the Mid point of AD and FE
G Hkqtk
AD vkSjFE dk eè; fcUnq gSA H
 In an obtuse-angled triangle the orthocentre
(k) If three medians of a triangle are given then is always outside of the triangle and will be
A
at the back of the angle which is obtuse.

;fn fdlh f=kHkqt dh rhu ekfè;dk,¡ nh xbZ gksa] rks vf/ddks.k f=kHkqt esa yEc dsUnz ges'kk f=kHkqt ds ckgj
4 vkSj vf/d dks.k ds ihNs dh vksj gksrk gSA
Area of  = (Area of triangle considering me-
3
dians as side)
4
f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy
= (ekfè;dkvksa dks Hkqtk ekurs gq,
3
f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy)
H

(b)  BHC = 180º –A Congruence & Similarity in Triangle/

CHA = 180º –B
AHB = 180º –C
f=kHkqt esa lokZxlerk vkSj le:irk
CONGRUENCE/lokZxlerk
It is true for all types of triangle.
 Symbol 
;g lHkh izdkj ds f=kHkqtksa ds fy, lR; gSA
A  Same Shape.
H  Conditions: SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS, RHS

F E
SIMILARITY/le:irk
 Symbol (~)
B D C
r
 Shapes and sizes are both the same.
si

 BHD =Cand CHD =B  Conditions: AA, SSS, SAS
an by
 CHE = Aand  AHE = C
(A) Properties of Similar triangles/le:i
 AHF = Band BHF = A
f=kHkqt ds xq.k
n
 (i) BFH  CEH ABC and PQR are similar, then
ja
If
R s
BH × HE = CH × HF ;fn ABC vkSjPQR le:i gksa] rks
a th
ALSO,
P
BH × HE = CH × HF = AH × HD A
(ii) BD × DC = AD × DH r q
ty a
c b
BE × EH = CE × EA
di M
CF × FH = AF × FB B a C Q p R
(iii) (AB + BC + CA) > (AD + CF + BE)
a b c
(i) = =
 sides >  Altitudes p q r
Note: (ii) Ratio of corresponding sides
Relation between Orthocenter, centroid and cir- laxr Hkqtkvksa dk vuqikr

cumcenter/yEc dsUæ] dsUæd vkSj ifjdsUæ ds chp laca/
= Ratio of perimeter/ifjeki dk vuqikr
In any triangle, orthocenter, centroid and cir-
cumcenter are co-linear and centroid divides = Ratio of semi-perimeter(s)/v¼Z&ifjeki dk vuqikr
the line in 2:1 as in figure/fdlh Hkh f=kHkqt esa yEc
A
=
dsUæ] dsUæd vkSj ifjdsUæ lajs[kh; gksrs gS rFkk dsUæd js[kk Ratio
dks of corresponding medians/ laxr
2%1 ds vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA ekfè;dkvksa dk vuqikr
= Ratio of inradius/vUr%f=kT;k dk vuqikr
2 1
H G C = Ratio of circumradius/cká f=kT;k dk vuqikr
(iii) Ratio of area = (Ratio of corresponding sides)2

Orthocenter Centroid circumcenter
{ks=kiQy dk vuqikr
= (laxr Hkqtkvksa dk vuqikr)
2

(B) In a right-angled triangle ABC, if a perpendicular In ABC,

(CD) is drawn from the vertex which is right
angle (C) to the hypotenuse (AB), then AD AE
(c) If DE || BC, then =
fdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt
ABC esa]
;fn 'kh"kZ
(C) tks fd ledks.k DB EC
gS] ls d.kZ
(AB) ij yEc (CD) Mkyk tkrk gS] rks
(d) or if
AD AE
= , then DE || BC
DB EC
B
(e) Some of the results desired from this theo-
x
rem, we will use, are as follows :
c
a D bl izes; ls fuEufyf[kr ifj.kke izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSa]
y ftUgsa ge iz;ksx djrs gSa %
p
AD AE
(i) =
C b A BD EC
AD AE DE
(i) (a) a2 = x × c (ii) = =
AB AC BC
(b) b2 = y × c (iii) ADE  ABC
r
(ii) p2 = x × y 2 2 2
(iii) a×b=p×c Ar(ΔADE)  AD   AE   DE 
si
(iv) =  =  = 
Ar(ΔABC)  AB   AC   BC 
1 1 1
(D) Mid-Point Theorem/eè;fcUnq izes;
= 2  2
an by
(iv) 2
p a b
In other words,/nwljs 'kCnksa esa] (a) (i) The line segment joining the mid-points
n
(i) (a) BC2 = BD × AB of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to
the third side and is half of the third side.
(b) AC2 = AD × AB
ja
fdlh f=kHkqt dh fdUgha nks Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcUnqvksa dks
R s
(ii) CD2 = BD × AD
feykus okyk js[kk[kaM rhljh Hkqtk ds lekarj vkSj rhljh
(iii) BC × AC = CD × AB
Hkqtk dk vk/k gksrk gSA
a th
1 1 1 (ii) A line drawn parallel to the one side of a

(iv) = 
CD 2
BC 2
AC 2 triangle and the length of the line is half of
that of the side, the line will pass through
ty a
(C) Basic Proportionality Theorem the mid-points of the other two sides.
(Thales Theorem)/vk/kjHkwr vkuqikfrdrk izes; fdlh f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk ds lekarj [khaph xbZ dksbZ js[kk
(FksYl izes;)
di M
vkSj js[kk dh yackbZ Hkqtk ls vk/h gks rks js[kk vU; nks
(a) A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle
Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcUnqvksa ls gksdj xqtjsxhA
divides other two sides in the same ratio. A
fdlh f=kHkqt ds ,d Hkqtk ds lekarj [khaph xbZ dksbZ js[kk
vU; nks Hkqtkvksa dks leku vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrh gSA D E
(b) If a line divides any two sides of a triangle
in the same ratio, the line must be parallel
to the third side. B C
(b) If D and E are mid-points of AB and AC,
;fn dksbZ js[kk fdlh f=kHkqt dh fdUgha nks Hkqtkvksa dks
respectively, then
leku vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrh gS rks og js[kk rhljh ;fn D vkSjE Øe'k% js[kk
AB vkSjAC ds eè; fcUnq gksa] rks
A
Hkqtk ds lekarj gksuh pkfg,A BC

DE || BC and DE =
A 2
BC
(c) DE || BC and DE = , then D and E are
2
D E the mid-points of AB and AC respectively.
In this case
BC
;fn DE || BC vkSjDE = ] rksD vkSjE Øe'k%
B C 2
AB vkSjAC ds eè; fcUnq gSaA bl fLFkfr esa

If (a, b, c) be a Pythagorean triplets, then (ak,

AD AE DE 1
(i) = = = a b c 
AB AC BC 2 bk, ck) or  , ,  will also be the
k k k 
AD AE Pythagorean triplet.
(ii) = =1
DB EC ;fn (a, b, c) ik;Fkkxksfj;u fVªiysV gks]
(ak,rks
bk, ck)
(iii) ADE  ABC a b c 
;k  k , k , k  Hkh ik;Fkkxksfj;u fVªiysV gkasxsA
Ar(ΔADE) 1  
(iv) = Following Pythagorean triplets are frequently
Ar(ΔABC) 4
used in the examinations.
 fuEu ik;Fkkxksfj;u fVªiysV ijh{kkvksa esa cgqrk;r iwNs tkrs gSaA
In Acute angled triangle/U;wudks.k f=kHkqt esa
 (3, 4, 5), (6, 8, 10), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20),
The sum of the squares of any two sides of the (15, 20, 25)
triangle is greater than the square of the third side.  (5, 12, 13), (10, 24, 26)
f=kHkqt ds nks Hkqtkvksa ds oxks± dk ;ksxiQy rhljh Hkqtk
 ds 24, 25), (14, 48, 50), (3.5, 12, 12.5),
(7,
oxZ ls vf/d gksrk gSA (21, 72, 75)
r
 (8, 15, 17)  (9, 40, 41)
(a) AB2 + BC2 > AC2
si
 (11, 60, 61)
(b) BC2 + AC2 > AB2
1,1, 2  1, 3, 2 
an by
 
(c) AC2 + AB2 > BC2
2 2
 (2n, n – 1, n + 1)
In Right Angled Triangle/ledks.k f=kHkqt esa
n

 n 2 +1 n 2 – 1 
Pythagoras Theorem : In a right triangle, the   , ,n
 2 2
ja
square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum 
R s
of the square of the other two sides.  (2ab, a2 – b2, a2 + b2)
InnksObtuse angled triangle/vf/d dks.k
a th
ik;Fkkxksjl izes; % fdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt esa d.kZ dk oxZ

'ks"k
Hkqtkvksa ds oxks± ds ;ksxiQy ds cjkcj gksrk gSA f=kHkqt esa
If a, b and c be three sides of a right-angled The sum of the square of two smaller sides is less
ty a
triangle, then according to the Pythagoras than the square of the third side (the largest side).
Theorem, nks NksVh Hkqtkvksa ds oxks± dk ;ksx rhljh Hkqtk (lcls cM+h
;fn a, b vkSjc fdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt dh rhu Hkqtk,¡ gksa] rksHkqtk) ds oxZ ls de gksrk gSA
di M
ik;Fkkxksjl izes; ds vuqlkj AB2 + BC2 < AC2

A Scalene Triangle/fo"keckgq f=kHkqt
perpendicular= b
e =c
us Perimeter, Semi-perimeter and Area of scalene
oten
p
hy triangle
90º
fo"keckgq f=kHkqt dk ifjeki] v¼Z&ifjeki vkSj {ks=kiQy
B base =a C A
a2 + b2 = c2
Pythagorean Triplets : A set of three integers
A
c b
a, b, c which satisfy Pythagoras Theorem (a2 +
b2 = c2) or are the sides of aright-angled tri-
angle is called Pythagorean triplets.
B C
a
ik;Fkkxksfj;u fVªiysV % rhu iw.kk±dksa
a, b vkSjc dk lewg tks
Perimeter/ ifjeki = a +b+c
ik;Fkkxksjl izes;a(2 + b2 = c2) dks larq"V djs ;k fdlh
a +b +c
ledks.k f=kHkqt dh Hkqtk gks] ik;Fkkxksfj;u fVªiysV dgykrk gSA
Semi-perimeter/ v¼Z&ifjeki(s) =
2
The smallest Pythagorean triplet is (3, 4, 5). Area of ABC/f=kHkqtABC dk {ks=kiQy
lcls NksVh ik;Fkkxksfj;u fVªiysV (3] 4] 5) gSA = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)

Isoceles Triangle/lef}ckgq f=kHkqt Equilateral Triangle/leckgq f=kHkqt

 Area of an Equilateral Triangle / leckgq f=kHkqt dk
Perimeter, semi-perimeter and Area
3
ifjeki] v¼Z&ifjeki vkSj {ks=kiQy {ks=kiQy
= a2
4
A  Height of an Equilateral Triangle / leckgq f=kHkqt
3
 dh Å¡pkbZ
= a
2
a a  If P is a point inside an equilateral triangle ABC,
the sum of altitudes from the point P to the sides
AB, BC and AC equal t o t he medi an of t he ABC.
D ;fn fdlh leckgq f=kHkqtABC ds vanj P dksbZ fcUnq PgS rks
B C ls Hkqtk AB, BC vkSjAC ij Mkys x, yEcksa dk ;ksxiQy
b
ABC dh ekfè;dk ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
Perimeter/ifjeki = AB + BC + CA = 2a + b.
r
A
Semi perimeter/v¼Z&ifjeki
si
AB + BC + CA b
s= =a + F
an by
2 2 a cm
h3
h2 E
n
4a2  b2
AD =
2 h1 P
ja
B C
R s
b D
Area of ABC/ABC dk {ks=kiQy
= 4a 2  b 2 Let the altitudes from point P to side BC, AC
4
a th
and AB be h1, h2 and h3 respectively and the

1 2 side of the triangle be a, then
a Sin 
= ekuk fcUnq
P ls Hkqtkvksa
BC, AC vkSjAB ij Mkys x, yac
2
ABC is an isosceles triangle (AB = AC) If P is Øe'k%h1, h2 vkSjh3 gSa rFkk f=kHkqt dha gS]
Hkqtk
rks
ty a
a point on the side BC and DP || AC & EP

|| AB then, 3a
h1 + h2 + h3 = = Height of equilateral Tirangle
di M
2
DP + EP = AB = AC
• If P is a point inside the triangle and
PF || AB, PD || AC, PE || CB. then,
A PD + PE + PF = AB = BC = CA.
A
F
D E
E P
A
B B C
P C D

CIRCLE/o`Ùk C1 C2
1. Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angle at O1 O2

the centre.
r r r r
o`Ùk dh cjkcj thok,¡ dsUnz ij cjkcj dks.k cukrh gSaA
A B P Q
A
If C1 and C2 are equal circles and AO 1B =
D PO2Q, then AB = PQ.
O
5. Equal chords of a circle are equidistance from
centre. If AB = PQ, then OL = OM
B
C fdlh o`Ùk dh cjkcj thok,¡ dsUnz ls leku nwjh ij gksrs gSaA
;fn AB = PQ gks] rks
OL = OM
If AB = CD, then AOB = COD
r
2. The angles subtended by the chords of a circle A
si
at the centre are equal, then the chords are
equal. L
O
an by
;fn thokvksa }kjk dsUnz ij cuk, x, dks.k cjkcj gks rks B
thokvksa dh yackbZ Hkh cjkcj gksrh gSA
n
P Q
M
ja
A
R s
6. If two chords are equidistant from the centre,
O the chords are equal.
a th
;fn nks thok dsUnz ls cjkcj nwjh ij gks rks thok dh yackbZ
D leku gksrh gSA
B
If OL = OM, then AB = PQ
ty a
C
A
di M
If AOB = COD, then AB = CD

3. Equal chords of two equal circles subtend equal
L
angles at their centres.
nks cjkcj o`Ùkksa dh cjkcj thok,¡ muds dsUnz ij cjkcj B
O
dks.k cukrh gSaA
P Q
M
C1 C2
7. A perpendicular from the centre of a circle to
O1 O2 a chord bisects the chord.
r r r r
o`Ùk ds dsUnz ls thok ij Mkyk x;k yEc thok dks lef}Hkkftr
djrk gSA
A
A B P Q
If OL  AB, then AL = LB.
If C1 and C2 are equal circles and AB = PQ, then
AO1B = PO2Q.
4. The angles subtended by the chords of equal
O
circles at their centres are equal, then the
chords are equal.
;fn nks leku o`Ùkksa dh thokvksa }kjk muds dsUnz ij cuk, A L B
x, dks.k cjkcj gksa rks thok,¡ cjkcj gksrh gSA

8. If OL  AB, then AL = LB and OLB is a right- If APB = , then

angled triangle, i.e. OL2 + LB2 = OB2
P
;fn OL  AB gS] rks
AL = LB vkSj OLB ,d ledks.k
f=kHkqt gS] vFkkZr~
OL + LB2 = OB2
2
O
2
O A B
–
d r
Q
A L B
AOB = 2 and AQB =  – .
9. The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the (b) The angles in the major segment and the
centre is double the angle sutended on it at any minor segment are supplementary.
point on the remaining part of the circle on the
same side in which the centre lies. nh?kZ o`Ùk[kaM vkSj y?kq o`Ùk[kaM esa dks.k vuqiwjd gks
12. The angle of a semicircle is a right angle.
fdlh o`Ùk ds pki }kjk dsUnz ij cuk;k x;k dks.k o`Ùk ds
v¼Zo`Ùk esa cuk dks.k ledks.k gksrk gSA
r
mlh vksj 'ks"k Hkkx esa fdlh fcUnq ij cuk, x, dks.k dk
P
si
nksxquk gksrk gSA
If APB = , then AOB = 2.
an by
P A B
O
n
O
ja
If AB bs a diameter and P any point on the
R s
2 circumference, then
A B ;fn AB O;kl vkSjP ifjf/ ij dksbZ fcUnq gks rks
a th
APB = 90º
 ACB + OAB
13. The tangent at any point on a circle is
= ACB + OBA = 90º
perpendicular to the radius drawn through the
x +  = 90º
ty a
point of contact.
C
o`Ùk ds fdlh fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk] Li'kZ fcUnq ls gksdj [khaph
di M
xbZ f=kT;k ij yEc gksrh gSA

O
2xº
0 0 O
A B
10. The angle in the same segment of a circle are
equal i.e.
fdlh o`Ùk ds ,d gh o`Ùk[kaM esa cus dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSaA l m
P
Q 
P R If the lm is a tangent, O is the centre and P is
the point of contact, then OP  lm.

A
;fn lm ,d Li'kZ js[kk gS]

O dsUnz gS vkSj
P Li'kZ fcUnq gS]
rksOP  lm.
A B
14.
APB = AQB = ARB
11. (a) If AB is a chord, O is the centre and P and 

Q are any points in the major and the minor
segments of the circle respectively, then
;fn AB thok] O dsUnz vkSj
P rFkkQ Øe'k% nh?kZ o`Ùk[kaM
vkSj y?kq o`Ùk[kaM esa nks fcUnq gSa] rks   180 – 2

15. Two tangent PA and PB are drawn from an external A
point P on a circle, whose centre is O, then

O dsUnz okys fdlh o`Ùk esa okáPfcUnq
ls nks Li'kZ js[kk,¡ P
B
PA rFkkPB [khaph xbZ gSA
C
Q R
A
90º–
P O
90º– Perimeter=2×AQ=2a
19. A chord is drawn through the point of contact
B of a tangent, then the angles which the chord
(a) PAO  PBO makes with the tangent is equal to the angle
(b) PA = PB made by that chord in the alternate segment.
(c) PAO = PBO = 90º Li'kZ js[kk ds Li'kZ fcUnq ls gksdj ,d thok [khaph xbZ gS rks
(d) APO = BPO thok }kjk Li'kZ js[kk ij cuk;k x;k dks.k thok }kjk ,dkarj
16. PA and PB are two tangents, O is the center of [kaM esa cus dks.k ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
r
the circle and R and S are the points on the
si
circle, then R
Q
O dsUnz okys fdlh o`Ùk esa okáP fcUnq
ls nks Li'kZ js[kk,¡
PA O
an by
rFkkPB [khaph xbZ gSRvkSj
rFkkS o`Ùk ij nks fcUnq gSa %
P
n
l m
A
M Let MPQ = , then
18
ja
PRQ = 
0º
R s
–
2
P S O 90º– R and let lPR = , then PQR = 

90
20. PA × PB = PC × PD
a th
º+

N B
B A
Let APB = 2, then P

ty a
C
AOB = 180º – 2 D
ARB = 90º –  21. If PC be a tangent, then

di M
ASB = 90º +  ;fn PC Li'kZ js[kk gks] rks

AOB = 2MON PA × PB = PC2
17. If a quadrilateral ABCD circumscribe a circle
then B
;fn prqHkqZt
ABCD ds vanj ,d o`Ùk cuk gks] rks A
A D
P C
22. A
D
P
B C
A
AB + CD = BC + AD
18. A cricle externally touch side BC of a ABC at C
B
P, AB produced at Q and AC produced at R. If PA × PB = PC × PD
AQ = a cm, then what is perimeter of ABC ?
AP 2  PD 2  CP 2  BP 2
,d o`Ùk ABC dh HkqtkBC dks ckg~r% fcUnq P, AB r
2
dks c<+kus ij fcUnq
Q rFkkAC dks c<+kus ij fcUnq
R ij If APD = 90º
Li'kZdjrk gS ;fn AQ = a lseh gks rks
ABC dk ifjeki BC 2  AD2
r
Kkr dhft,A 2

23. If radius = r and O is the centre of a circle 26. Length of the common tangent :
;fn r f=kT;k vkSj
O o`Ùk dk dsUnz gks] rks
mHk;fu"B Li'kZ js[kk dh yackbZ
(a) Diameter/O;kl (AB) = 2r
(a) When two circles of radii R and r are sepa-
rated such that the distance between their
centres is d, then
O
A B tc R rFkkr f=kT;k ds nks o`Ùk muds dsUnzksa ds chp
dh nwjhd }kjk vyx fd;s x;s gksa] rks
(b) Circumference/ifjf/ = 2r

(c) Area/{ks=kiQy
= r2 R
r
24. Semi-circle/v¼Zo`Ùk d
A O B
r
Length of the Direct common
si
tangent /vuqLi'kZ mHk;fu"B js[kk dh yackbZ
Diameter/O;kl = 2r
an by
(a)
(b) Perimeter/ifjeki = r(2 + ) = d 2 – (R – r )2
n
r 2 Length of the Transverse common
(c) Area/{ks=kiQy
=
tangent/vuqizLFk mHk;fu"B js[kk dh yackbZ
ja
2
R s
25. Sector/o`Ùk[kaM
(If AOB = )
a th
= d 2 – (R  r )2
(a) Perimeter/ifjeki = r(2 + )
(b) When two circles of radii R and r touch
   each other externally, then
(b) Area/{ks=kiQy
= r ×  2

ty a
 360º 
tc R rFkkr f=kT;k ds nks o`Ùk ,d&nwljs dks oká;r%
A Li'kZ djrs gksa] rks
di M
O q R
r
r
B
(c) Minor segment/y?kq f=kT;[kaM
(If AOB = )
A Distance between the centre = R + r
dsUnzksa ds chp dh nwjh
A
Length of the direct common tangent/

O
vuqLi'kZ mHk;fu"B js[kk dh yackbZ
= 2 Rr
B
(d) Area (Shaded part)/Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy
= Note : In all of the above cases if R = r, then
length of the direct common tangent = d = dis-
r 2    tance between the center.
  sin  
2  180º  uksV % mi;qZDr lHkh n'kkvksaR =esa
r gks]
;fn rks
vuqLi'kZ
mHk;fu"B js[kk dh yackbZ
= d = dsUnzksa ds chp dh nwjhA

27. Common Chord/mHk;fu"B thok (c) When radii of both the circles are equal,
then R = r.
(a) Two circles of radii R and r intersects and
AB is the common chord, then
tc nksuksa o`Ùk dh f=kT;k leku R
gks]
= rrks
R rFkkr f=kT;k ds nks o`Ùk ,d&nwljs dks izfrPNsn djrs A

gksa rFkk
AB mudh mHk;fu"B thok gks] rks r r
Q
R A O P
r r r
O P
Q B
OP = 4R 2 – AB2
B
O and P are the centers AB is common OP
OQ = PQ =
chord, 2
r
O rFkkP dsUnz vkSj
AB mHk;fu"B thok gS (d) When radii of both the circles are equal and
si
AB the both the circles pass through the cen-
AQ = BQ = tres of the other circle, i.e. R = r
an by
2
tc nks o`Ùkksa dh f=kT;k cjkcj gks rFkk nksuksa o`Ùk ,d&nwlj
 AB 2   AB 2  d s d s Un z ls g k s d j x q t j r s g k s a vFk k Z r ~
n
OP = R2 –  2
+ r – 
 2   2  R=r
ja
AQO =AQP = 90º A
R s
r r
a th
(b) When/tc OAP = 90º i.e.

The tangent of a circle at point A or B pass O Q P
through the centre of the other circle.
fcUnq
A vFkokB ij o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk nwljs o`Ùk ds
ty a
dsUnz ls gksdj tk,xh B

di M
OPA is an equilateral triangle.

A
OPA ,d leckgq f=kHkqt gSA
R r
OP = r, AB =
3r
O Q
P  OBPA is a rhombus.
28. Cyclic Quadrilateral/pØh; prqHkqZt
B If all the four vertices of a quadrilateral lie on
the circumference of a circle, then the quadri-
OP = R2  r 2
lateral is called a cyclic quadrilateral.
R2 ;fn fdlh prqHkqZt dh pkjksa 'kh"kZ fdlh o`Ùk dh ifjf/ ij
OQ =
A
2
R r 2
fLFkr gksa rks prqHkqZt] pØh; prqHkqZt dgykrk gSA
r2 A D
QP =
R2  r 2
2Rr
AB = or
R2  r 2
2Rr
AB =
OP B C
 Properties of a Cyclic Quadrilateral  (v) If the sides of a cyclic quadrilateral is a, b, c

pØh; prqHkqZt dh fo'ks"krk,¡ and d, then
If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then ;fn pØh; prqHkqZt dh Hkqtk,¡

a, b, c rFkkd gksa rks]
;fn ABCD ,d pØh; prqHkqZt gks] rks Area of the cyclic quadrilateral
(i) The sum of the opposite angles is 180º. pØh; prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy
foijhr dks.kksa dk ;ksxiQy
180º gksrk gSA
= s (s – a )(s – b )(s – c )(s – d )
A D
a b c d
where s =
2
29. If circles are concentric/

B C ;fn o`Ùk ldsUnzh; gksa
A + C = 180º
r
B + D = 180º
si
(ii) Exterior angle at a vertex = opposite interior
angle. If BC is extended to E, then A = DCE.
r1 O
an by
fdlh 'kh"kZ dk oká dks.k
= foijhr var% dks.kA ;fn
BC
r2
dks rd c<+k;k tk, rks
E A = DCE
n
A C B
A D
ja
R s
Lenght of AB = 2AC = 2 r12 – r22
a th
30. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC . A

B C E circle through B touching AC at the middle
(iii) Ptolemy's Theorem : If ABCD is a cyclic point and intersect AB at P. Then AP : AB ?.
quadrilateral, then
ty a
ABC ,d lEkf}ckgq f=kHkqt gS ftlesa

AB = AC gSA ,d o`Ùk
VkWYeh dk izes; %ABCD
;fn ,d pØh; prqHkqZt gS] rks
tks B ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA vkSj
AC dks eè; fcUnq ij Li'kZ
di M
A D
rFkkAB dks fcUnqP ij izfrPNsn djrk gS rks
AP : AB \
B C
AB × DC + BC × AD = AC × BD P
Q
(iv) A
B C
B
A
AQ 2  AB  AP
C D
1
1  2  AP  AP 
If one diagonal of cyclic quadrilateral bisects 2
other diagonal then
;fn pØh; prqHkqZt dk ,d fod.kZ nwljs fod.kZ dks AP  1  1
lef}Hkkftr djs rks AB 2 4
2
AB × BC = CD × AD

31. Two parellel chords are drawn in a circle of 33. Two chords AB and CD of a circle with centre
diameter 30 cm. The lengths of one chord is O, intersect each other at P. If AOD = xº. and
24 cm and the distance between the two chords
BOC = yº. Then the value of APC is:
is 21 cm. the length of the other chord is
O dsaæ okys ,d o`Ùk dh nks thok,¡
 AB vkSjCD ,d nwljs
30 lseh O;kl okys ,d o`Ùk esa nks lekukarj thok,¡ •haph
dksP ij dkVrh gSaA ;fn
AOD = x° vkSjBOC = y°
tkrh gSaA ,d thok dh yEckbZ 24 lseh rFkk nksuksa thokvksa
gSrc APC dk eku gS%
ds chp dh nwjh 21 lseh gSA nwljh thok dh yackbZ gS
A
xº
A 12 cm E 12 cm B D
O
15 yº
O 21 cm P
15 C
C F D
r
B
(x  y )
si
APC = 180º –
2
an by
34. Two chords AB and CD of a circle with centre
OE = 152 – 122  9 cm O, intersect each other at P. If AOC = xº and
n
OF = 21 – 9 = 12 cm BOD = yº. Then the value of BPD is:
O dsaæ okys ,d o`Ùk dh nks thok,¡
 AB vkSjCD ,d nwljs
ja
CF = 152 – 122  9 cm dksP ij dkVrh gSaA ;fn
AOC = x° vkSjBOD = y°
R s
CD = 2 × 9 = 8 cm gSrc BPD dk eku gS%
a th
32. In a circle of radius 17 cm, two parellel chords

of length 30 cm and 16 cm are drawn. If both
the chords are on the same side of the centre, O
ty a
then the distance between the chords is: xº yº

A
17 lseh f=kT;k okys ,d o`Ùk esa 30 lseh vkSj 16 lseh
yº/
2
di M
xº/2
yackbZ dh nks lekukarj thok,¡ •haph tkrh gSaA ;fn nksuksa thok,¡
P
dsaæ ds ,d gh vksj gksa] rks thokvksa ds chp dh nwjh gS% C B
(x  y )
BPD =
2
35 Chords are intersecting at an external point.
thok,a ,d ckgjh fcanq ij çfrPNsn dj jgh gSaA
O
17
B
A 17 15 cm B A
A
E
C 8 cm F D P
xº yº
O
C
OE = 17 – 15  8 cm &
2 2
D
OF = 17 2 – 8 2  15 cm
(x – y )
BPD =
EF = OF – OE = 15 – 8 = 7cm 2

36. I and O are respectively the incentre and

circumcentre of a triangle ABC. The line AI 39. C
produced intersects the circumcircle of
triangle ABC at the point D. If angle
ABC = xº , BID = yº & BOD = zº then find O
x z
the value of ?
y
I vkSj O Øe'k% f=kHkqt
ABC ds var%dsaæ vkSj ifjdsUæ gSaA
A B
cM+hjs•k AI f=kHkqt ds ifjo`Ùk dks Dfcanq
ij çfrPNsn E
djrh gSA ;fnABC = x° BID = y° & BOD = z°
x z D
gS rks y dk eku Kkr dhft,A
A If CD = 2b, AB = 2a,
EO = c
a 2  b2  c 2
r
r
I O 2
2
si
/ yº zº
xº
40. A
an by
B C
n
D
z x z
BAD  In BAI, y  
ja
2 2 2
R s
xz
a th
 2
y
D
37. B C
a
ty a
E
di M
r AB × AC + DE × AE
= AE2
b
Where, AE is angle
bisector of BAC
r 2  ab
41.
38. L
r3 Q
r2 r1
c2 c1 P xº
c3
A
S O P
r1, r2 & r3 yº
are always R
in G.P M
If xº & yº is given then,
r2  r1 .r3
QSR = 180 – (x + y)

42. AB is diameter of circle If BAC is given]

DAC = 90º – 2 BAC
B
If DAC is given
A x
BAC = DAC – 90º
b
P 44.
C D
a S R
Q

x  90 –
2
43. 
Q P
r
A B
If PQ || SR then SQR
si
makes isosceles triangle
an by
SQR = , QSR = QRS
C D
n
ja
R s
a th
ty a
di M
A

Quadrilateral/pr qZHkqt A S D
C P R
D
B Q C
If P, Q , R , S are the mid-point of the side
AB, BC, CA and DA, respectively, then
A B ;fn P, Q , R , S Øe'k%Hkqtkvksa
AB, BC, CA vkSj
(a) Sum of interior angles of a quadrilateral = 360º DA ds eè; facanq gks rks%
prqH kqZt ds var%dks.kksa dk =;ksxiQy
360º (i) PQRS is a parallelogram
i.e., A + B + C + D = 360º PQRS ,d lekUrj prqHkqZt gksxk
(b) If diagonals of the quadrilateral intersect
r
(ii) If the area of the quadrilateral is x, then
each other at 90º, then
si
x
;fn fdlh prqHkqZt ds fod.kZ ,d&nwljs90º
dksij Area of t he parallelogram PQRS =
2
izfrPNsn djs rks]
an by
AB2 + CD2 = BC2 + AD2 ;fn prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy
x gks rks lekUrj prqHkqZt
n
C x
D PQRS dk {ks=kiQy
=
2
ja
R s
(e) If BO and CO are the angle bisectors of
angles B and C, respectively, then
a th
; fn BO r FkkCO Øe'k%B v kSjC d s dks.k

A B lef}Hkktd gks rks%
ty a
(c) Area of quadrilateral/prqHkq

Zt dk {ks=kiQy A D
D C
di M
O
E
F
B C
A B 1
BOC  (A  D)
2
1
= × diagonal × (sum of perpendicular (f) If ABCD is any quadrilateral, A, B, C, D are
2
areas, then
dropped on it)
A
A1 × A2 = A3 × A4
1
= × fod.kZ× (fod.kZij Mkys x, yEcksa dk ;ksx) B
2 A
(d) The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-
A1
point of the adjacent side of the quadrilateral
will be a parallelogram of half area. A3 A4
p rqHkZqt dh vklUu Hkqtk ds eè;&fcanq dks feykus ls cuus
okyk prqHkZqt vk/s {ks=kiQy dk lekarj prqHkZqt gksxkA A2
D C

Square/oxZ
D a C
(a) All sides are equal and parallel.

lHkh Hkqtk,¡ cjkcj vkSj lekarj gksrh gSaA a d a
(b) All angles are right angles.
lHkh dks.k ledks.k gksrs gSaA
(c) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other A a B
at right angle. (g) Diagonal/fod.kZ= side 2 = a 2
fod.kZ cjkcj ,oa ,d&nwljs dks ledks.k ij lef}Hkkftr djrs gSaA
(d) Straight lines joining the mid points of (h) Perimeter/ifjeki = 4 × side = 4a
adjacent sides of any square forms a square. (i) If P be a point inside a square ABCD, then
oxZ dh laxr Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcUnq dks feykus ls cuus PA2 + PC2 = PB2 + PD2
okyh vkÑfr oxZ gksrh gSA ;fn P oxZ ds vanj dksbZ fcanq gks rks
r
PA2 + PC2 = PB2 + PD2
si
R D C
D C P
an by
n
S Q
ja
R s
A B
Rectangle/vk;r
a th
A P B (a) Opposite sides are parallel and equal.

foijhr Hkqtk,¡ lekarj ,oa cjkcj gksrh gSaA
ty a
(b) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other

P, Q, R, and S are mid points and PQRS is a
but not at right angles.
square.
di M
fod.kZ cjkcj rFkk ,d&nwljs dks lef}Hkkftr djrs gSa

P, Q, R vkSjS eè;&fcUnq gSa PQRS
rFkk ,d oxZ gSA ijarq ledks.k ij ughaA
(e) Side of a circumscribed square is equal to (c) Perimeter = 2(l + b) where l = length and b =
the diameter of the inscribed circle. breadth
fdlh o`Ùk ds vanj cus oxZ dh Hkqtk o`Ùk ds O;kl ds ifjeki = 2(l + b) tgk¡l = yackbZ vkSj
b = pkSM+kbZ gSA
cjkcj gksrh gSA (d) Area/{ks=kiQy= AB × BC = l × b

(e) Diagonal/fod.kZ= (l2 + b2)
(f) Of all the rectangles of given perimeter the
D C D C square will have the maximum area.
fn;s gq, ifjeki okys lHkh vk;rksa esa ls oxZ dk {ks=kiQy
A
E F vf/dre gksrk gSA

O (g) Bisector of the four angles enclose a square
pkjksa dks.kksa ds lef}Hkktd ,d oxZ cukrs gSaA
A B A B (h) When the rectangle is inscribed in a circle,
it will have the maximum area when it is a
square.
(diagonal)2 d 2
(f) Area = (Side)2 = (a)2 = = o`Ùk ds vanj cus vk;r dk {ks=kiQy vf/dre gksxk tc
2 2
;g ,d oxZ gksrk gSA

(i) If P is a any point inside the rectangle then, D C

AP² + PC², = BP² + PD²
S
;fn P vk;r ds vanj dksbZ fcanq gks rks R
AP² + PC², = BP² + PD²
P
R C
D Q
y
A B
P
AS, BP, CQ and DR are angle bisectors
x therefore, PQRS is a rectangle.
A Q B AS, BP, CQ vkSjDR dks.k lef}Hkktd gSaA blfy,
P PQRS ,d vk;r gSA
(f) Each diagonal divides the parallelogram into
two triangle of equal area.
A B izR;sd fod.kZ lekarj prqHkqZt dks nks cjkcj {ks=kiQy ds
r
f=kHkqtksa esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
si
or D C
D
an by C
n
(j) ABCD is any Rectangle or Square.
P is a point inside it,
ja
R s
W, X, Y, Z are areas, then
A B
W + X = Y + Z.
a th
Area of ABC = Area of ADC.

A B (g) A parallelogram inscribed in a circle is
always a rectangle.
W
o`Ùk ds varj cuk gqvk lekarj prqHkqZt ges'kk vk;r gksrk
ty a
gSA
Y Z
di M
P
X
D C
D C
Parallelogram/lekarj prqHkZt
(a) Opposite sides are parallel and equal. A B
foijhr Hkqtk,¡ lekarj ,oa cjkcj gksrh gSA
(b) Diagonals may or may not be equal.
(h) A parallelogram circumscribed about a
fod.kZ cjkcj gks Hkh ldrs gS ;k ugha Hkh gks ldrs gSA
circle is always a rhombus.
(c) Diagonals may or may not bisect each other
A
at right angles. o`Ùk ds ifjr% cuk lekarj prqHkqZt ges'kk le prqHkqZt gksrk gSA
fod.kZ ,d&nwljs dks ledks.k ij izfrPNsn dj Hkh ldrs D C
gSa ;k ugha Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
(d) Sum of any two adjacent angles = 180º
fdUgha nks laxr dks.kksa dk ;ksxiQy
180º gksrk gSA
(e) Bisectors of the four angles enclose a
rectangle.
pkjkssa dks.kksa ds lef}Hkktd vk;r cukrs gSaA A B

Therefore ABCD is a rhombus. (e) In a parallelogram the sum of the square of

blfy, ABCD ,d leprqHkqZt gSaA the diagonals = 2 × (sum of the squares of
the two adjacent sides.)
D R C lekarj prqHkqZt esa] nksuksa fod.kks± ds oxksaZ
= dk ;ksxiQy
2 × (nks laxr Hkqtkvksa ds oxks± dk ;ksxiQy)
S D C
Q
A P B
1
(i) Area of PQRS = × Area of ABCD
2
(j) (a) Area of parallelogram = Base × Height A B
lekarj prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy
= AB × h AC2 + BD2 = 2(AB2 + AD2)
(f) P is any point inside parallelogram
D C
r
A1 + A2 = A3 + A4
A B
si
h A1
an by A4 A2
n
A B P
(b) Area of parallelogram = AB × AD sin A3
ja
lekarj prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy
R s
(c) Area of Parallelogram D C
a th
= 2 s(s – a)(s – b)(s - d) (g) If PQRS is a parallelogram

b RO = a, OU = b, UT = c then,
A B
a2 = b (b + c)
ty a
a
di M
d a c
P S
U
D C b
b
abd O
Where, s 
2 a
(d) Area of b1 × h1 = b2 × h2
Note : Height of parallelogram is inversely Q R
proportional to the base. (h) If AE is the angle bisector of BAD and
EC = x
A
x=b–a
A B
h2 A E x B
a
h1
b2
D b1 C c
D b

Rhombus/leprqZHkqt Trapezium/leyEc prqHkZqt

(a) Opposite sides are parallel and equal. (a) A trapezium can be divided into smaller
ones by drawing a line parallel to the parallel
foijhr Hkqtk,¡ lekarj ,oa cjkcj gksrh gSA sides.
(b) Opposite angles are equal. lekarj Hkqtkvksa ds lekukarj ,d js•k •hapdj NksVs
foijhr dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSaA leyEc prqHkqtksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
D b C
(c) Diagonals bisect each other at right angle,
but they are not necessarily equal. x
M N
fod.kZ ,d&nwljs dks ledks.k ij lef}Hkkftr djrs gSa
y
ysfdu vko';d ugha fd os cjkcj gksaA
(d) Diagonals bisect the vertex angles. a B
If the line divides the non-parallel sides in
fod.kZ] 'kh"kZ dks lef}Hkkftr djrs gSaA the ratio of x : y then the length of the line
(e) Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180º ;fn dksbZ js•k xSj&lekukarj Hkqtkvksa
x : y dks
ds
A + B = 180º vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrh gS rks js•k dh yackbZ
ax  by
r
fdUgha nks laxr dks.kksa dk ;ksxiQy
180º gksrk gSA EF =
xy
si
(f) Figure formed by joining the mid-points of
(b) The line joining the mid-points of the
the adjacent sides of a rhombus is a oblique (nonparallel) sides is half the sum
an by
rectangle. of the parallel sides and is called the
median. i.e. x = y
leprqHkqZt dh Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcUnqvksa dks feykus ls
frjNh (xSj&lekukarj) Hkqtkvksa ds eè;&fcanqvksa dks feykus
n
cuh vkÑfr vk;r gksrh gSaA okyh js•k lekukarj Hkqtkvksa ds ;ksx dh vk/h gksrh gS
D R C vkSj ekfè;dk dgykrh gSA ;kuh
x=y
ja
1
R s
1
EF = × (AB + DC), NM = (AB – DC), M &
2 2
S
a th
Q N are midpoints of diagonals

(c) Diagonals intersect each other
proportionally in the ratio of lengths of
parallel sides.
A B
P fod.kZ ,d nwljs dks lekukarj Hkqtkvksa dh yackbZ ds
ty a
Therefore, PQRS is a rectangle.

vuqikr esa lekuqikrh :i ls dkVrs gSaA
(g) Area of a rhombus/le prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy D C
di M
1
(i) = × product of diagonals (fod.kks± dk
2 O
xq.kuiQy)
1 A B
= × d1 × d2 AO DO AB
2 = = (by similarity property)/
CO BO CD
D C le:irk ds xq.k ls
d1
(d) Area of AOD = Area of BOC
O (e) AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + BC2 + 2(AB × CD)
(f) Area of trapezium/leyEc prqHkZqt dk {ks=kiQy
d2
A
1
A a B = × (sum of parallel sides × height)
2
1
(ii) Area of ABCD/ABCD dk {ks=kiQy = × (AB + CD) × h
2
= a2sin D C
(iii) d12  d22 = 4a2
d1.d2 h
(iv) Heigh of rhombus (H) = d12  d22
A B

Isosceles Trapezium/le leyEc prqHkZqt

D b C
POLYGONS/cgqHkqt
A polygon is a ‘n’ sided closed figure formed by
line segments.
cgqHkqt] js[kk[kaMksan}kjk
Hkqtkvksa
cuk }kjk cuh can vkÑfr
A a B
gksrh gSA
(a) AD = BC
(b) DAB = CBA (a) Sum of all internal angles of a polygon of n
(c) Diagonals are equal, AC = BD/fod.kZ cjkcj sides = (n – 2) 180°
gksrs gS]
AC = BD n Hkqtkvksa okys cgqHkqt ds lHkh vkarfjd dks.kksa dk
(d) If a trapezium is inscribed in a circle it has
to be one isosceles trapezium. ;ksxiQy= (n – 2) 180°
;fn leyEc prqHkZqt dks ,d o`Ùk ds vanj cuk;k tkrk (b) Sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of n
gSA rks ;g ,d lef}ckgq leyEc prqHkqZt gksrk gSA
(e) ADC + DAB = ABC + BCD = 180° sides = 360°
(f) The length in terms of a and b, of a parallel n Hkqtkvksa okys cgqHkqt ds lHkh oká dks.kksa dk ;ksxiQy
r
line segment (i.e. EF) through the
intersection of diagonals of the isosceles = 360°
si
trapezium is (c)Each interior angle of a regular polygon of
(n  2)180
leyEc prqHkqZt ds fod.kksZ ds izfrPNsn ls gksdj xqtjus n sides =
an by 2ab n
okys lekUrj js[kk [kaM
(EF) dh yEckbZ= n Hkqtkvksa okys cgqHkqt dk izR;sd vkarfjd dks.k
n
a b
D a C (n  2)180
=
n
ja
E (d) Each exterior angle of a regular polygon of
R s
F
360
a th
b n sides =
n
A B
360
Kite/irax n Hkqtkvksa okys cgqHkqt dk izR;sd oká
= dks.k
n
Diagonal of a polygon/cgqHkqt dk fod.kZ
ty a
A quadrilateral is called a kite, it have two

pairs of equal and adjacent.
,d prqHkZqt dks irax dgk tkrk gS] blesa leku vkSj If you join any 2 (non-adjacent) vertex of a
di M
vklUu ds nks ;qXe gksrs gSaA polygon then that is a diagonal.

B
;fn ge fdlh cgqHkqt ds nks vlaxr 'kh"kks± dks feyk,¡ rks
;g fod.kZ dgykrk gSA
A C
(e) No. of diagonals in a polygon of n sides
n Hkqtkvksa okys cgqHkqt ds fod.kks± dh =la[;k
n (n  3)
2
(f) Area of a regular polygon of n sides where
D
a2 180
(a) Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal. length of each side is a : n cot
A
4 n
laxr Hkqtkvksa ds nks ;qXe cjkcj gksrs gSaA
(b) The diagonals intersect at right angles. n Hkqtkvksa okys le cgqHkqt dk {ks=kiQy tgk¡ izR;sd Hkqtk
fod.kZ ledks.k ij çfrPNsn djrs gSaA
(c) The longer diagonal bisects the shorter a2 180
diagonal. dh yackbZ
a gS %n co t
yack fod.kZ NksVs fod.kZ dks lef}Hkkftr djrk gSA 4 n
1 (g) Perimeter of regular polygon = n × a
(d) Area = × product of diagonals.
2 le cgqHkqt dk ifjeki= n × a
1 where a is the length of the side
= × AC × BD
2 tgk¡n Hkqtk dh yackbZ gSA

(h) No. of side in a regular polygon (i) Ratio of the measure of an interior angle of
le cgqHkqt esa Hkqtkvksa dh la[;k a polygon of n-sides to the measure of its
n 
360º exterior angle is given by  – 1 : 1
= 2(x  1) 2 
=
exterior angle
n le cgqHkqt ds var% vkSj oká dks.kksa dh
Hkqtk okys
interior angle n 
where x = eki dk vuqikr =  2 – 1 : 1
exterior angle  
r
si
an by
n
ja
R s
a th
ty a
di M
A

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan MENSURATION
MENSURATION 2D
02
(f}foeh; {ks=kfefr)
Tirangle/f=kHkqt or Area =
1
× side × corresponding height
2
General properties of a triangle/ f=kHkqt ds lkekU;
1
xq.k =
2
×b×h
Let ABC be a triangle and a, b, c be its sides,
r
then
ekuk]ABC , d f=kHkqt gS vkSj

a, b, c bldh Hkqtk,¡ gSa] rks
si
A
b
an by h
n
c b
ja
R s
B a C
a th
1
(c) Area = × bc sinA
(i) Perimeter/ ifjeki = a + b + c 2
a+b+c 1
ty a
(ii) Semi-perimeter (s)/ v¼Z&ifjeki = =

2
× ca sinB
2
di M
It is denoted by s. 1
= × ab sinC
2
(iii) Area : The area of a triangle is denoted by the
symbol  and can be calculated by the follow- A
ing three methods :
{ks
=kiQy f=kHkqt
% dk {ks=kiQy
 }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS c
vkSj fuEufyf[kr rhu fof/;ksa }kjk Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA b
(a) Area/{ks
=kiQy
= s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
B a C
1 1
A
(b) Area = × base × height = ×b×h

2 2  If 2 sides of  are given then maximum area
is always of a Right Angled Triangle.
;fn f=kHkqt dh nks Hkqtk,a nh xbZ gSa] rks vf/dre {ks=kiQy

ges'kk ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dk gksxk]
h
If a , b are two sides of a triangle
1
b Max Area = ab
2
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected gSSelection fnyk,axs 33

Equilateral Triangle/leckgq f=kHkqt then,
r 1
A (i) 
R 2
a a Area of incircle 1
(ii) Area of circumcircle = 4
B C
a (iii) The ratio of r : S : R  1 : 2 3 : 2
3a
(i) Semi-perimeter/v¼Zifjeki(s) =  In equilateral triangle/leckgq f=kHkqt esa
2
3a Radius of smaller circle 1

(ii) Height/ÅapkbZ
(h) = 
Radius of bigger circle 3
2
3 2 h2
(iii) Area/{ks=kiQy
r
= a =
4 3
si
a h
(iv) (a) Inradius/vUr% f=kT;k
(r) = =
2 3 3
an by πa2
(b) Area of the incircle/vUr% o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy
=
n
12
a
(a) Circumradius/ifjf=kT;k(R) =
ja
(v)
R s
3
(b) Area of circumcircle/ifjo`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy
=  At each corner of a equilateral triangular field of
a th
a 2
2h side 'a' cm a cow is tethered by a rope of length r1,
= r2 and r3 cm, then the area grazed by the cows is:
3 3
(vi) If the lengths of the perpendiculars drawn a lseh- Hkqtk ds leckgq f=kHkqtkdkj [ksr ds izR;sd
r1, dksus ij
ty a
from a point inside an equilateral triangle to

r2 rFkkr3 lseh- yEckbZ dh jfLl;ksa ls ,d xk; dks cka/k tkrk
its sides are P1, P2 and P3, then
gS rks xk; }kjk pjs x, [ksr dk {ks=kiQy%
di M
;fn fdlh leckgq f=kHkqt ds vanj fdlh fcUnq ls bldh

Hkqtkvksa ij Mkys x, yacksa dh
P1,yackbZ
P2 vkSjP3 gks] rks A
3a r3
(a) P1 + P2 + P3 = = h (height)
2 60º
(b) Area of the equilateral triangle
(P1 + P2 +P3 )2
=
3
 In equilateral 
60º 60º
If r = inradius (var%f=kT;k) B C
r1 r2
R = circumradius (ifjf=kT;k)
S = Side of equilateral triangle
a
A
(leckgq f=kHkqt dh Hkqtk)  2

= (r1 + r22 + r32 )
6
Then the area ungrazed by the cows is:
xk; }kjk ugha pjs x, [ksr dk {ks=kiQy%
3a 2  2
 – (r1 + r22 + r32 )
4 6

Regular Hexagon/le"kV~Hkqt (k) Hexagonal form by a rectangle of 2a length and

Area and Perimeter of Regular Hexagon 3a breadth
le"kV~Hkqt dk {ks=kiQy ,oa ifjeki 2a yEckbZ rFkk

3a pkSM+kbZ okys vk;r ls le"kV~Hkqt
If side of Regular Hexagon is ‘S’ dk cuuk

(a) Perimeter of Regular Hexagon = 6S
a/2 a a/2
3 3 2 3 3
(b) Area of Regular Hexagon = S 2
a
2
a
2
3a
3 2
(c) Area of Regular Hexagon = d1 , where d1 is 3 3
2 2
a
2
a
the smaller diagonal
a/2 a a/2
3 3 2 2a
(d) Area of Regular Hexagon A = d2 , where d2
8
r
Isosceles Triangle/lef}ckgq f=kHkqt
is the larger diagonal
si
3
(e) Inradius of Regular Hexagon = S
2 If ABC be an isosceles triangle such that AB =
an by
le"kV~Hkqt dh var%f=kT;k AC = a and BC = b then,
(f) Circumradius of Regular Hexagon = S ;fn ABC ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt bl çdkj gks fd
AB =
n
le"kV~Hkqt dh ifjf=kT;k AC = a vkSjBC = b gS] rks
ja
(g) Inradius/var%f=kT;k
: Circumradius/ifjf=kT;k A
R s
= 3:2
a th
(h) Area of circumcircle/ifjo`Ùk

dk {ks=kiQy %
area a a
h
of Hexagon/ le"kV~Hkqt dk {ks=kiQy
: Area of
incircle/var%o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy
ty a
B C
b
3 3 3a²
di M
 a² : a² :  (i) AB = AC = a
2 4
 4 : 6 2 : 3 (ii) B = C
(i) Number of Diagonals in Regular Hexagon (iii) Perimeter = 2a + b

le"kV~Hkqt esa fod.kks± dh
= 9la[;k
b
(j) Regular Hexagon from equilateral :- (iv) Area = 4a 2 – b 2
4
leckgq f=kHkqt ls le"kV~Hkqt 1
= Area of hexagon : area of equilateral ABC or Area  a² sin
2
=6:9=2:3
b² 4a² – b²
A
A (v) h a² – 
4 2
or h  a²
2R
a²
(vi) circumradius; R 
4a² – b²
a
b (2R  a)(2R – a)
B a C R

(vii) Isosceles-right triangle/lef}ckgq ledks.k f=kHkqt h  Hypotenuse 

(v) Circumradius (R) = =
2  2 
P = perimeter  a(2  2 )
(vi) If triangle is isosceles right angle, then two sides
1 will be equal and hypotenuse
area  a²
2 ;fn f=kHkqt lef}ckgq ledks.k gks] rks nks Hkqtk,¡ cjkcj gksaxh
P²
vkSj d.kZ
= 2 × equal side
 p²
= (3 – 2 2)
2(6  4 2) 4
h2
(vii) Area of right angle triangle = sin2
4
Where, H  Hypotenuse (d.kZ) and,   one

of the angle is acute of right angle triangle.
a a 2 ledks.k f=kHkqt dk dksbZ ,d dks.k U;wudks.k gSA
` Area of Largest Square inside a Triangle/f=kHkqt ds vUnj
r
lcls cM+s oxZ dk {ks=kiQy
si
 Side of Largest Square inside a Triangle whose
a
base is ‘B’ and height is ‘H’
Right-Angled Triangle/ledks.k f=kHkqt fdlh f=kHkqt ds vanj lcls cM+s oxZ dh Hkqtk] ftldk vk/kj
an by
n
B H
B vkSj Å¡pkbZ
H gks=
A BH
ja
R s
a th
h
p
ty a
B b C
di M
(i) AB2 + BC2 = AC2

or, p2 + b2 = h2  Side of Largest square inside a right angled
triangle whose sides are : b, p, h Where, h is
p= h2  b2 , b = h 2  p 2 and hypotenuse of the triangle
ledks.k f=kHkqt ds vanj lcls cM+s oxZ dh Hkqtk] ftldh
h = p2  b2 Hkqtk,¡
b, p, h gksa] tgk¡
h f=kHkqt dk d.kZ gS
Note :
A
(i) Use pythagorean triplets
(ii) Perimeter = p + b + h
A
x h
1 E
(iii) Area of the triangle = ×p×b p D
2
x x
p b h
(iv) Inradius (r) =
2
B x F C
 Perpendicular  Base  Hypotenuse  b
= 2  b . p.h  b.p 
= x
b  p 2  bp
2
 b  p 

Circle/o`Ùk
11. Area enclosed by two concentric circle
(nks ladsUnzh; o`Ùkksa }kjk ?ksjk x;k {ks=kiQy)
Basics of Circle (o`Ùk ds ewyHkwr fl¼kar)
r R
If R and r are radii of two concentric circles, then

1. (o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy)
Area of Circle = r
;fn R vkSjr nks ladsUnzh; o`Ùkksa dh f=kT;k,¡ gSa] rks
2. Circumference of Circle (o`Ùk dh ifjf/) = 2r
(i) Area enclosed by two circle = R2 – r2
r 2
3. Area of Semi-circle (o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy) = nks o`Ùkksa }kjk ?ksjk x;k {ks=kiQy
= (R2 – r2)
2
= (R + r)(R – r)
4. Circumference of Semi-circle (o`Ùk dh ifjf/) = r + 2r
(ii) Width of path/jkLrs dh pkSM+kbZ
=R–r
r
outer circumference – inner circumference
si
=
2
12. Distance moved by a rotating wheel in one
5.
an by
Area of quadrant of circle
revolution is equal to the circumference of
the wheel.
n
1 2
o`Ùk ds prqFkk±'k dk {ks=kiQy
= r ,d ?kwers gq, ifg;s }kjk ,d pDdj esa r; dh x;h nwjh
4
o`Ùk dh ifjf/ ds cjkcj gSA
ja
6. Circumference of quadrant of circle
R s
13. The number of revolutions completed by a
r
o`Ùk ds prqFkk±'k dk ifjf/
=
2
+ 2r rotating wheel in one minute.
a th
,d ?kwers gq, ifg;s }kjk ,d feuV esa iwjs fd;s x;s pDdjksa
dh la[;k
r Distance moved in one minute
ty a
Circumference
1 1 1
di M
14.   , where a, b, c are radii

c a b
r
r 2 
7. Area of sector/f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
=
360º
2 r
8. Length of the Arc AB (l ) =
360º c
pki AB dh yackbZ a
O
r
A

15. r  ( 2 – 1)R
A B
l
1
9. Area of Sector/ f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
= lr
2
10. Area of sector = Area of AOB
f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
= f=kHkqt
AOB dk {ks=kiQy
r 2  1 2
=  r sin 
360º 2

Quadrilateral/prqHkqZt
(ii) A circle of radius R circumscribed the square, then
R f=kT;k dk dksbZ o`Ùk oxZ ds ifjr% cuk gks] rks
(A) Quadrilateral/prqHkqZt
General Properties of a quadrilateral R
Let ABCD is a quadrilateral, then
;fn ABCD ,d prqHkqZt gks] rks
A D
M a
Diameter = Diagonal
L a
 2R = 2a  R =
2
(e) If side of square = a
B C a
Radius of incircle (r) =
(a) Perimeter = AB + BC + CD + DA 2
r
a
1 Radius of circumcircle (R) =
si
(b) Area = × BD × (AL + CM) 2
2
1 r r

an by
= × One diagonal × (Sum of the perpendiculars R
2 2
drawn from other verties to that diagonal)
A B
n
1
= × ,d fod.kZ × (nwljs 'kh"kks± ls bl fod.kZ ij Mkys
2
x, yEcksa dk ;ksxiQy)
ja
R s
(c) Area of the quadrilateral formed by joining
the mid-points of the adjacent sides will be
a th
the half of the original quadrilateral. D

C
prqHkqZt dh laxr Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcUnqvksa dks feykus ls
cuus okys prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy ewy prqHkqZt ds {ks=kiQy dk smaller square 1
Side of
ty a
(f) =
vk/k gksrk gSA Side of bigger square 2
di M
(B) Square/oxZ A B
(a) Perimeter/ifjeki = 4 × Side = 4a

(b) Area = (Side)2 = a2
(c) Area of AOB = Area of BOC = Area of COD
a2
= Area of DOA =
4
(d) (i) A circle of radius r is inscribed in the square, C D
then radius
Side (g) (i) Find the area of the largest square that can
oxZ ds vanjr f=kT;k dk dksbZ o`Ùk cukrgks]
= rks be drawn inside a circle of radius R.
2
ml lcls cM+s oxZ dk {ks=kiQy Kkr djsa R f=kT;k
ftls ds
A
A D
o`Ùk ds vUnj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
A B
r
O

O
B C C D
a

(h) If one of the diagonal or the perimeter be- (m) Side of square is given as 'a'
come x times then the area will become x2 oxZ dh Hkqtk
'a'
times or increases by (x2 – 1) times.
;fn ,d fod.kZ ;k ifjeki x xquk gks tk, rks {ks=kiQy
x2 xquk
gks tkrk gS ;k(x2 – 1) xquk c<+ tkrk gSA
(i) For two squares/nks oxks± ds fy,
r
(i) Ratio of sides = Ratio of diagonal
= Ratio of perimeter
(ii) Ratio of area = (Ratio of sides)2
= (Ratio of diagonal)2
= (Ratio of perimeter)2 3a 2
(j) Find the area of the largest square that can be Ungrazed area =
14
drawn inside a semi-circle of radius R.
ml lcls cM+s oxZ dk {ks=kiQy Kkr djsa
R f=kT;k
ftls ds v/ (n) Total area of three equilateral triangle inscribed
in a semicircle of radus 'r' cm
Z&o`Ùk ds vUnj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
r
rhu leckgq f=kHkqtksa dk {ks=kiQy 'r'tks
lseh-
fdlh
f=kT;k ds
v/Z o`Ùk esa cus gq, gSA
si
r
an by r
n
r r
4 2
Area of square = r
ja
5 r r
R s
(k) Find the area of the largest square that can be
drawn inside a quadrant of radius R. 3 3
a th
ml lcls cM+s oxZ dk {ks=kiQy Kkr djsa ftls R f=kT;k ds prqFkZ

Area  r2
4
o`Ùk•aM esa cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
(o)
Q
ty a
If side of square = ‘a’

Radius of yellow circle
C B
di M
a
=
16
Radius of Blue circle
P a
O A =
6
r2 Radius of Red circle
Area of square =
2 3a
(l) =
8
Q Yellow
C
A

Blue
D
B

Red
O

A P
2
Area of square = r2
5

(C) Regular Octagon/lev"VHkqt

(p)
If side of square is 'a'.
Area of :
 Area  2a²(1  2)
πa 2 3 2
Blue Region = – a Regular octagon form by square of side x.
3 4
3 πa 2 (a) x  a(1  2)
Yellow Region = a2 –
4 12
2
(b) Side of octagon
2 πa – 3 a 2
Red Region = a –
6 4 a  x ( 2 – 1)
Red D C
a
a
45° a
Yellow Yellow 45°
r
a a
si
an by
a a
n
A B
(D) Parallelogram/lekarj prqHkqZt

ja
R s
Blue
When the opposite sides are parallel, the
a th
quadrilateral is called a parallelogram.

 3 2  4
Area of leaf = a – 2 ;fn foijhr Hkqtk lekukarj gks] rks prqHkqZt] lekarj prqHkqZt
2
a  = a2
14 
(q)
7 dgykrk gSA
ty a
(a) In Parallelogram ABCD, let side AB = a cm and

BC = b cm, then
di M
lekarj prqHkqZt
ABCD esa] ;fnAB = a lseh vkSj
BC = b
lseh gS] rks
b
h2
a h1 a
a² 4 (i) AB = CD and BC = AD
(r) Area of shaded region  ( – 2)  a²
A
2 7 (ii) Each diagonal AC or BD divides the

parallelogram in the congruent triangles.
çR;sd fod.kZ
AC vFkokBD lekarj prqHkqZt dks lok±xle
f=kHkqtksa esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
(iii) AC2 + BD2 = AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2
= 2(AB2 + BC2)
= 2(a2 + b2)
(iv) Perimeter = 2(a + b)

(b) (i) Area = Base × Height

1
= a(side) × (distance between the (e) (i) Area = × d1 × d2
side and its parallel side) 2
= a × h1 = b × h2 (ii) Area = Base × Height
(ii) Area of all triangle of same base and Area of AOB = Area of BOC = Area of COD
between the parallel lines are the same. = Area of AOD
leku vk/kj vkSj lekarj Hkqtkvksa ds eè; cus izR;sd
f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy leku gksrk gSA A D
(iii) The length of one diagonal is d.
Then,
b
O
A D
a d a
B C
r
B
(F) Rectangle/vk;r
C
b
si
Area of parallelogram ABCD
If each angle of a quadrilateral is 90º and length of the
= 2 s (s  a )(s  b )(s  d ) opposite sides are equal, then it is called a rectangle.
an by
where s =
a b d ;fn fdlh prqHkqZt dk izR;sd dks.k 90º gks vkSj foijhr
Hkqtkvksa dh yackbZ cjkcj gks rks ;g vk;r dgykrk gSA
n
2
Let ABCD is a rectangle such that AB = a and
(E) Rhombus/leprqHkqZt
ja
BC = b, then
R s
;fn ,d vk;r ABCD bl izdkj gS fd AB = a vkSjBC =
If each side of a parallelogram is equal, the
gS] rks
a th
b
parallelogram is called a rhombus.
;fn fdlh lekarj prqHkqZt dh izR;sd Hkqtk cjkcj gks] rks A D
lekarj prqHkqZt leprqHkqZt dgykrk gSA
ty a
In rhombus ABCD, O
a
di M
A D
d1 B b C
d2
(a) AB = CD = a and BC = AD = b
O (b) The diagonals bisect each other,
(i) AC = BD = a 2  b2
B C a2  b2
(ii) AO = OC = OB =
2
a
(c) Perimeter = 2(length + breadth)
A
Let the side BC = a, AC = d1 and BD = d2, then = 2(a + b)

(a) AB= BC = CD = DA = a (d) Area = Length × Breadth = ab
(b) Diagonals bisect each other at right angle. (e) Area of AOB = Area of BOC
fod.kZ ,d&nwljs dks ledks.k ij izfrPNsfnr djrk gSA ab
= Area of COD = Area of DOA =
4
1
(c) Side = a = d12  d 22 (f) (i) Radius of the maximum possible circle
2
vf/dre laHkkfor o`Ùk dh f=kT;k
or, 4a2 = d12  d 22 Breadth b
= =
(d) Perimeter = 4a 2 2

A D (iii) Area of the path of uniform width d along the

length and the breadth
yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ ds vuqfn'k ,dleku
d dspkSM+kbZ
iFk dk
b {ks=kiQy
= (l + b – d)d
A C
B a C
(ii) Radius of the circle circumscribed the
l
rectangle ABCD be R, then
vk;r ABCD ds ifjr% cus o`Ùk dh f=kT;k
R gks] rks
a2  b2 B
R= D
2 b
(i) (a) A carpet has fix width
A D tc dkjisV dh pkSM+kbZ fuf'pr gks
r
a O
si
b 3
B
an by
C
n
3 b
(g) If the length of the rectangle will become x
times and breadth will become y times, the area
ja
of the rectangle will become xy times. 3
R s
;fn vk;r dh yackbZx xquh vkSj pkZM+kbZ
y xquh gks tk,] rks 1
a th
vk;r dk {ks=kiQyxy xquk gks tk,xkA

(h) Path around or in a rectangle/ vk;r ds ifjr% Let carpet of width w covers floor of dimension l × b
vFkok vk;r ds vanj iFk ekukw pkSM+kbZ dk dkjisV
l × b vk;ke dh iQ'kZ dks <drk gSA
ty a
(i) Area of the path of uniform width d all around

outside the rectangle ABCD  Area of carpet/dkjisV dk {ks=kiQy
= Area of floor/
iQ'kZ dk {ks=kiQy
 lc × w = l × b
vk;r ABCD ds ifjr% ,d leku pkSM+kbZ
d okys jkLrs
di M
dk {ks=kiQy
= 2d(l + b + 2d) Length of carpet required/vko';d dkjisV dh yEckbZ
P S lb
lc 
A d D w
(b) Let in rectangular tiles of dimension (x × y)
d b d cover the floor of dimonsion (l × b)
l ekuk(x × y) vk;ke dh vk;rkdkj VkbZYl
(l × b) vk;ke dh
B dC iQ'kZ dks <drh gSA
Q R
(ii) Area of the path of uniform width 'd' all around  Area of n tiles/n VkbZYl dk {ks=kiQy
= Area of floor/
inside the rectangle ABCD iQ'kZ dk {ks=kiQy
A
vk;r ABCD ds vanj ,d leku pkSM+kbZd okys jkLrs dk

{ks=kiQy
= 2d(l + b – 2d) n×x×y=l×b n
lb
xy
A D
d (c) If floor covers by minimum number of square
P S tiles exactly fit then side of square tile is HCF
b d d of length and breadth of floor.
Q R ;fn iQ'kZ dks U;wure la[;k dh oxkZdkj VkbZYl }kjk iwjh rjg
d
B C
ls <dk x;k gS rks oxkZdkj VkbZy dh Hkqtk iQ'kZ dh yEckbZ
l
rFkk pkSM+kbZ dk e-l-i- gksrh gSA

MENSURATION 3D
03
( f=kfoeh; {ks=kfefr
)
A. Cuboid/?kukHk 9. Mak i ng box by rect angular sheet . (vk;rkdkj 'khV
ls [kqyk fMCCkk cukuk)
we can make an open rectangular box by cutting
off equal squares at four corners and the
remainder is folded up.(pkjksa dksuksa ls cjkcj oxZ
dkVus ds ckn 'ks"k dks eksM+dj ge ,d [kqyk vk;rkdkj
fMCck cuk ldrs gSa)
r
si
x x Folded up
x x x
1.
an by
Curved Surface Area/Lateral Surface Area (ik'oZ
b b–2x
n
l–2x
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQYk) x x
x x
ja
= 2 (l + b) h
l
R s
2. Area of 4 walls (pkj nhokjksa dk {ks=kiQYk)
= (Perimeter
of Floor × Height)/(iQ'kZ dk ifjeki× ÅapkbZ ) Volume of rectangular box (vk;rkdkj fMCcs dk
a th
3. Total Surface Area (dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy)

= 2 (lb + bh + hl) vk;ru) = (1–2x) (b–2x)x
4. Volume of Cuboid (?kukHk dk vk;ru)= l x b x h 10. In digging related questions ([kqnkbZ ls lEcfU/r
iz'uksa esa)
ty a
5. Diagonal of Cuboid ( ?k uk Hk dk fo d.kZ )

= l 2  b2  h2 Volume of earth taken out ([kksnh xbZ feV~Vh dk
di M
Length of longest rod that can be placed in the vk;ru) = Volume of cuboid (?kukHk dk vk;ru)
room. (fdlh dejs esa j[kh tk ldus okyh lcls cM+h11. In the Questions related to melting and
recasting volume remains constant
NM+ dh yEckbZ) (fi?kykus vkSj nksckjk cukus ls lECkfU/r iz'uksa esa vk;ru
6. (l+b+h)2 = l2+b2+h2+2 (lb+bh+hl)
(sum of dimensions) 2 = (Diagonal) 2 + Total fu;r jgrk gS)
Surface Area./ (foekvksa dk ;ksxiQy)2
= (fod.kZ)2 + 12. Increase and decrease in water level (ty Lrj esa
(dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQYk) o`f¼ ;k deh)
7. Volume of hollow cuboid ([kks[kys ?kukHk dk vk;ru)
= lbh – (l–2x) (b–2x) (h–2x), Find water level
A
where x is the thickness of walls of the Increase in Initial water level

water level h
cuboid.(tgk¡ x ?kukHk dh nhokj dh eksVkbZ gS)
8. Volume of water from cuboidal cross section
pipe in t time. (?kukHkkdkj Økl lsD'ku ikbi tls Volume of extra cubiod (vfrfjDr ?kukHk dk vk;ru)
le; esa fudys ikuh dk vk;ru) = xlt
= lbh = xlt
= area of base × (vt) = lbvt
= x × 100 cm3
(If this fills a tank then put it equal to volume
of tank) (;fn ;g fdlh Vadh dks Hkjs rks bls Vadh ds 
x
m
3
vk;ru ds cjkcj dj nsrs gSa) 1000

B. Cube/?ku (i) Curved Surface Area/Lateral Surface Area (ik'oZ

i`"Bh; {ks=kiQYk)
= 2rh + 2Rh = 2h (R+r)
(ii) Total Surface Area (dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQYk)
= 2h
(R+r) +2 (R2–r2)
(iii) Volume of hollow cylinder ([kks[kys csyu dk vk;ru)
= r2h
(iv) Volume of material of hollow Cylinder ([kks[kys
csyu eas mi;ksx fd, x, inkFkZ dk vk;ru)
= (R2 –r2) h
A cuboid in which (,slk ?kukHk ftleas)
l=b=h (v) Mass (weight) of hollow cylinder ([kks[kys csyu
(a) Curved Surface Area/Lateral Surface Area (ik'oZ dk nzO;eku (Hkkj))
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQYk)
= 4a2 = density × volume of material. (?kuRo× inkFkZ dk
(b) Total Surface Area/(dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQYk)

= 6a2
vk;ru)
 Increasing/Decreasing water level of a
(vk;ru)
r
(c) Volume = a3
cylindrical tank (csyukdkj Vadh ds ty Lrj eas
(fod.kZ)=
si
(d) Diagonals 3a o`f¼@deh)
C. Cylinder/csyu
an by xlt
n
ja
R s
h height increase
due to filed water
a th
Initial Height
r
ty a
Concept: xlt = Volume of extra cylinder (vfrfjDr

csyu dk vk;ru)
di M
= r2h
(a) Curved Surface Area/Lateral Surface Area (ik'oZ
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQYk)
= 2rh In above xlt may by volume of
any object and Cylindrical tank
(b) Total Surface Area/(dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQYk)
= 2rh + may any prism
2r2
= 2r(r+h)
A sphere of R If n marbles If tank is
(c) Volume (vk;ru) = r²h radius dropped of r’ radius Cuboid
into the each. Dropped
cylindrical tank into the cylinder
Hollow Cylinder/[kks[kyk csyu
A
R r1 xlt
h
h
b
h
L
xlt = Lbh
4 3 2 4 3 2
R  r h n  r'  r h
3 3
R

 Fill an empty water tank by cylindrical pipe or W

empty a filled water tank by cylinder pump. Let
t is time to empty/fill the tank X
(csyukdkj ikbi }kjk fdlh [kkyh Vadh dks Hkjuk ;k

csyukdkj ikbi }kjk fdlh Hkjh gqbZ Vadh dks [kkyh djukA
ekuk Vadh dks [kkyh@Hkjus esa tyxk gSA)
le;
v
r
(ii) Spread in a Cuboid (?kukHk ds :i esa IkQSyk nsuk)
vt
b1
H
r
h1
L1
si
R (iii) Fill another well (,d nwljs dq,a eas Hkj nsuk)
Concept:
an by
n
Volume of water flowing throught pipe in 't'
h1
time( t le; esa ikbi }kjk cgrs ikuh dk vk;ru) =
ja
Volume of the tank (Vadh dk vk;ru)
R s
r2
a th
r2 (vt) = R2H
Let in 't' time water level decrease by H (ekuk] (iv) Fill a hemispherical hole (,d v/Z xksykdkj vkÑfr
t le; eas ty Lrj eas deh H gS) eas Hkj nsuk)
ty a
r2 (vt) = R2H

di M
r3
Concept: Volume of well (dq,a dk vk;ru) = Volume

of ambankment (pcwrjsa dk vk;ru)
H
v
Pump r2h = (i) [(r + w)2 – r2]× x
r
= (ii) l1b2h1
= (iii) r22h1
NOTE:
2 3
= (iv) r 3
3
Shape of pipe and tank may any other prism
A
but concept remain same.  Folding and revolving a rectangular sheet

(vk;rkdkj 'khV dks eksM+uk vkSj ?kqekuk)
(ikbi rFkk Vadh dk vkdkj dksbZ vkSj gks ldrk gS] ijUrq
fl¼kar ;gh gksxk) r
h=b
Folding h 2 r = l
Digging a well and earth taken out (dq,a dh [kqnkbZ

Along Length (l)
 r=
l
2
vkSj fudkyh xbZ feV~Vh) b h

r
(i) Spread all around it to form an embankement b
Along Breadth (b) h = l, 2 r = b r=
(blds pkjksa vksj pcwrjsa ds :i esa iQSyk nsuk) l
2

 Concepts related to formula of H R L H h


cylinder (csyu ds lw=kksa ij vkHkkjh fl¼kar)
(i)   or
h r l R r
(i) If curved surface area (C) and volume (V) are Let V is volume of larger cone and v is volume
given then ratio of radius to height (;fn ik'oZ of smaller cone (ekuk]V cMs+ 'kadq dk vk;ru rFkk
v
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
(c) rFkk vk;ru (v) fn, gks rks f=kT;k dk NksVs 'kadq dk vk;ru gS)
ÅapkbZ ls vuqikr)
1
r 8 V 2 R 2 H
 V 3 R2H
h c3   2
(ii) v 1 2 r h
(ii) If curved surface area (c) and height (h) are given r h
3
the volume of cylinder. (;fn ik'oZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQYk
(c) rFkk ÅapkbZ
(h) fn, gks rks csyu dk vk;ru) V H3 R 3 L3
(iii)   3  3
c2 v h3 r l
V
4 h
r
Example: 01
D. Cone/'kadq
si
A right circular cone is cut by two plane parallel
to the base into three parts with altitude ratio
a1: a2: a3 then ratio of their volume. (,d yEco`Ùkh;
an by 'kadq dks blds vk/kj ds lekUrj nks ryksa }kjk rhu Hkkxksa
n
esa ÅapkbZ;ksa ds avuqikr
1
: a2: a3 esa dkVk x;k gS] muds
vk;ruksa dk vuqikr gS%)
ja
l
R s
h
a th
1
V1 a1 h1
r 1
h2
V2 a2
ty a
h3
(a) Curved surface area (ik'oZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy)
= rl
di M
1
(b) Total surface area (dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy)
= r (r + l) V3 a3
1 2
(c) Volume/vk;ru  r h
3
(d) Slant height/frjNh ÅapkbZ

l  r 2  h2 V1 : V2 : V3 = h13 : h23 : h33
 All triangles formed by cutting cone are
= a13 : (a1 + a2)3 : (a1 + a2 + a3)3
('kadq dks dkVus ls cus
similar to each other.
Ratio of volume of three parts (rhu Hkkxksa ds vk;ru
lHkh f=kHkqt ,d nwljs ds le:i gksrs gSaA)
dk vuqikr)
O
A
V11 : V21 : V31 = a13 : (a1 + a2)3 – a13 : (a1 + a2 + a3)3 –

h l (a1 + a2)3
H L Note:
Ar B
(;fn mudh
If ratio of their altitude is 1 : 1 : 1
ÅapkbZ;ksa dk vuqikr 1 % 1 % 1 gks rks)
D
C R then a1 = a2 = a3 = 1
OCD  OAB  A  C  90, O  O V11 : V21 : V31 = 1 : 7 : 19

Example: 02 Curved surface area (ik'oZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy)

In above question if ratio of volume of three =  (R + r)l
parts is b1 : b2 : b3 then ratio of their heights- Total surface area (dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy)
=  l (R + r) +  (R2 + r2)
mi;ZqDr iz'u eas ;fn rhu Hkkxksa ds vk;ru dkbvuqikr
1
: b2 : b3 gks rks mudh ÅapkbZ;ksa dk vuqikr When l  h 2  (R – r )2

h13 : h23 : h33 = V1 : V2 : V3  Rotation of a right anlged triangle. (ledks.k
=b1 : (b1 + b2) : (b1 + b2 + b3) f=kHkqt ds ?kqekus ij cus 'kadq)
h1 : h2 : h3 = b11/3 : (b1 + b2)1/3 : (b1 + b2 + b3)1/3 A A A
c
 h11 : h21 : h31 = b11/3 : (b1 + b2)1/3 – b11/3 : (b1 +
b2 + b3)1/3 – (b1 + b2)1/3 c b c b B b
r
V’1 = b1 B a B a C C
si
V’2 = b2 Along
an by Base r= c Perpendicular r=a Hypoteneous
n
V’3 = b3 h=a h=c
A l=b B l=b
A
c
ja
h1
R s
C B
B h2
a th
Note: B C C
If ratio of volume of all parts is 1 : 1 : 1 then For radius = rb = ac
ratio of heights h11 : h21 : h31 (;fn muds vk;ruksa sum of volume of
dk vuqikr 1 % 1 % 1 gks rks ÅapkbZ;ksa
h11 : h21 : h31 dk two cones
ty a
vuqikr ) = 1 : 21/3 – 1 : 31/3 – 21/3 1 a 2c2

= 
di M
3 b
Frustrum/fNUUkd  Rolling up a sector (f=kT;[kaM dks ?kqekus ij cuk 'kadq)
When a cone cut parallel to base, lower portion is
When a sector is rolled up in such a way that
called frustum. (tc ,d 'kadq dks blds vk/kj ds lekUrj the two binding radii are joined together then
dkVk tkrk gS rks uhps okyk Hkkx fNUud dgykrk gSA) a cone generates. (tc fdlh f=kT;[kaM dks bl izdkj
?kqek;k tkrk gS fd bldh nks f=kT;k,a tqM+ tkrh gS] rks ,d
r 'kadq dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA)
 A right angled sector of radius a cm is rolled
up into a cone( a lseh f=kT;k ds ,d ledks.kh;
A
l
h f=kT;[kaM dks ?kqekdj cuk 'kadq)
r
90º
l
Volume of frustum (fNUud dk vk;ru) Rolled Up h

r
4 = 
2
r
2
1 r1
 (R 2  r 2  Rr )h
3

 2r1 
r r
 r1  & l  r E. Sphere/xksyk
2 4
 Height of cone ('akdq dh ÅapkbZ)

(h)
2
 l 2 – r1
r
r2
2 15r
 r – 
16 4
 Curved surface area of cone ('akdq dk ik'oZ

i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy)
= Area of sector f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQy
(a) Surface ar ea (i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy)
= 4r2
4

r 2 (b) Volume (vk;ru) = πr 3
4 3
 Volume of cone 'kadq dk vk;ru Let v1 and v2 be volume and S1 and S2 be area
r
2
of two sphere then ekukv1 rFkkv2 vkSjS1 rFkkS2
si
1 r 15r
    nks xksys ds vk;ru vkSj {ks=kiQy gSaA
3 4 4
an by
3/2 2/3
3
v1  S1  S1  v1 
15r (c)   or  
 v 2  S2  S2  v 2 
n
192

F. Hemisphere/v¼Zxksyk
A semicircular sector of radius r cm is rolled
ja
R s
( r lseh f=kT;k ds fdlh v/Zo`Ùkkdkj
into a cone.
f=kT;[kaM dks ?kqekus ls cuk 'kadq)
a th
180º l
ty a
Rolled Up h
2r
di M
2
= r
r1 (a) Curved surface area (ik'oZ iq"Bh; {ks=kiQYk)
 Height of cone 'kadq dh ÅapkbZ
(h) = 2r2
(b) Total surface area (dqy iq"Bh; {ks=kiQy)

2
 12 – r1 = 3r 2
(vk;ru)
2
r (c) Volume
= r2 –
4
3r 2 3
= = r
2 3
 Concepts related to volume (vk;ru ls lEcfU/r
Curved surface area of cone ('kadq ik'oZ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy)
A

fl¼kar)
= Area of sector (f=kT;[kaM dk {ks=kiQYk) Sphere Hemisphere Hollow Sphere Hemispherical Shell
πr2
= R r
2 r
r
 Volume of cone ('kadq dk vk;ru)
1 12 1 r2 3r πr 3 4
V  r 3 V
2 3
r V
4
 (r  x )3 – r 3  V
2
(R 3 – r 3 )3
= πr h = π × × = 3 3 3  3
2 3 4 2 8 3

Height of cylinder/csyu dh Å¡pkbZ

Combination of 3-D Objects
= Diameter of sphere/xksys dk C;kl
=2r
f=kfoeh; vkÑfr;ksa dk la;kstu Volume of Cylinder : Volume of Sphere

csyu dk vk;ru % xksys dk vk;ru
 Melting and Recasting (fi?kyus rFkk nksckjk cuus ls 4 3 4
= πr 2 (2r) :
πr = 2 : = 3 : 2
lEcfU/r) 3 3
 If a 3-D object melts and recasts into (iii) A maximum cylinder inside cube then
another 3-D object then volume remain ?ku ds Hkhrj
vf/dre vk;ru dk csyu
constant.
(;fn dksbZ f=kfoeh; vkÑfr dks fi?kykdj nksckjk ,d
nwljh f=kfoeh; vkÑfr cukbZ tkrh gS rks vk;ru fu;r
jgrk gSA)
 A solid maximum 3-D object inside another 3- h
D object
r
fdlh f=kfoeh; vkÑfr ds Hkhrj vf/dre vk;ru dh
si
nwljh f=kfoeh; vkÑfr
an by
(i) A maximum cone inside a cylinder a
csyu ds Hkhrj vf/dre vk;ru dk 'kadq
Radius of cylinder/csyu dh f=kT;k
n
1 a
= × edge of cube =
ja
2 2
R s
Height of cylinder/csyu dh Å¡pkbZ
a th
= edge of cube/?ku dh dksj= a

Volume of cube/?ku dk vk;ru : Volume of
h
2
cylinder /csyu dk vk;ru a

ty a
= a3 : π   a
2
di M
22 1
=1:
× = 14 : 11
7 4
(iv) A maximum sphere inside a cube then
Volume of cylinder/csyu dk vk;ru : Volume of
?ku ds Hkhrj vf/dre vk;ru dk xksyk
cone/'kadq dk vk;ru
1
= πr2h : πr2h = 3 : 1
3
(ii) A cylinder just encloses a sphere then
csyu ds vUnj xksyk
A
a
Diameter of sphere/xksys dk O;kl
(2r) = edge of
h=2r cube/?ku dh dksj= a
Volume of cube/?ku dk vk;ru : Volume of
3
4 a
sphere/xksys dk vk;ru= a3 : π 
3 2
r = 21: 11

(v) A maximum cube inside a sphere (vii) maximum cylinder inside a cone
fdlh xksys ds Hkhrj vf/dre vk;ru dk ?ku fdlh 'kadq ds Hkhrj vf/dre vk;ru dk csyu
Diagonal of cube/?ku dk fod.kZ = Diameter of
O
sphere/xksys dk O;kl
A B
r
h
R
D
2r
3 a = 2r  a =
3 C
r
Volume of sphere/xksys dk vk;ru: Volume of  OCD   OAD
si
cube/?ku dk vk;ru (AA A  C  90º , O common)
an by
3
4 3  2r  OC CD
 r :  
3  3 OA AB
n
4 22 8 H R
  :
ja
3 7 3 3 
R s
H–h r
 11 3 : 7
a th
(viii)A maximum cube inside cone

(vi) A maximum sphere inside a cone
'kadq ds Hkhrj vf/dre vk;ru dk ?ku
fdlh 'kadq ds Hkhrj vf/dre vk;ru dk xksyk
ty a
O
O
di M
h l A B
l B a
A
R a
D R
D
r
C C
then  OCD  OBA
OCD  OAD (AA)
A
OD CD
  OC CD
OA BA 
OA AB
l r

h–R R H R

H – a a/ 2
 lR  hr – Rr
2a a
hr [ A B   ]
R  2 2
l r

G. Prism/fizTE+k (iii) H e x a g o n a l Pr i sm :/ "kV~dks.kh; fizTE+k

A prism is a solid that has two faces that are
parallel and congruent and there faces (Polygon)
join by vertex to vertex. A prism has a polygon as
its base and vertical side perpendicular to the base.
fçTE+k ,d Bksl gksrk gS ftlds nks iQyd lekukarj vkSj
lokZaxle gksrs gSa vkSj muds iQyd (cgqHkqt) 'kh"kZ ls 'kh"kZ h
ls tqM+rs gSaA fçTE+k esa vk/kj ds :i esa ,d cgqHkqt gksrk gS

vkSj ÅèokZ/j Hkqtk vk/kj ds yEcor gksrh gSA
(a) Curved surface area of a prism = Perimeter of
base × height a
fçTE+k dk oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy ¾ vk/kj dk×ifjeki
Å¡pkbZ
6 3 2
(b) Total surface area of a prism = curved surface C. S. A = 6ah, T. S. A. = 6ah + 2×  a 
 4
r
area + 2 × area of base 
fçTE+k dk dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy ¾ oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy6 
si
3
V a2 h
$ 2 × vk/kj dk {ks=kiQy 4
an by H. Pyramid/fijkfeM
(c) Volume of a prism = area of base × height
fçTE+k dk vk;ru ¾ vk/kj dk {ks=kiQy
× Å¡pkbZ
n
(i) Equilateral triangular prism: Triangular Pyramid/f=kHkqtkdkj fijkfeM
leckgq f=kHkqtkdkj fçTE+k%
ja
)
R s
t (h
Slant
height (l )
igh
a th
He
Slant
Edge
ty a
h
di M
a
Circum In radius (r)
radius (R)
a
3 2 (a) Curved surface area of Pyramid/fijkfeM dk
C. S. A = 3ah, T. S. A = 3ah + 2× a
4 oØ i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
3 2 1
V a h = × Perimeter of base × slant height/
4 2
(ii) Square Prism:/oxkZdkj fizTE+k 1
× vk/kj dk ifjeki × frjNh Å¡pkbZ
2
Total surface area of Pyramid/fijkfeM dk dqy
A
(b)
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
h = Curved surface area + area of base/oØ
i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
+ vk/kj dk {ks=kiQy
(c) Volume of a Pyramid/fijkfeM dk vk;ru
1 1
a
= × area of base × height / × vk/kj dk
C. S. A = 4ah, T. S. A = 4ah + 2a2 3 3
V = a2h {ks=kiQy
× Å¡pkbZ

(i) Equilateral triangular Pyramid (iii) Rectangular Pyramid/vk;rkdkj fijkfeM

leckgq f=kHkqtkdkj fijkfeM There are two slant height/nks frjNh Å¡pkbZ gksrh gSA
1
C. S. A   3a  l
2 l2
h
1 3 2
T. S. A   3al  a l1
2 4
l/2 b
b/2
1 3 2 l
V  a h
3 4 First slant height/ i g yh fr jN h Å¡ pk b Z
2 2
 a   b
l h2  r 2  h2    (11 )  h2   
 (2 3)   2
r
Second slant height/ nwljh frjNh Å¡pkbZ
S.E (Slant edge)
si
2
 h2  R 2 1
an by
(12 )  h2   
2
2
n
 a 
 h2   1 
 3  C. S. A  2  l  l1  2   b  l 2
2 2
ja
(ii) Square Pyramid/oxkZdkj fijkfeM
R s
1
T. S. A = C. S. A + lb & V   lb  h
2
a th
(iv) Hexagonal pyramid/"kV~dks.kh; fijkfeM
SE
ty a
h l Slant
edge
di M
h
Slant
a/2 height
a a
C. S. A 
1
 4a  l a 3a
2
2
1 1
T. S. A   4al  a 2 C. S. A = × 6al
2 2
T. S. A = C. S. A + Area of base/vk/kj dk {ks=kiQy
A
1
V  a2  h 1 3 2
3 = 6 al + 6 × a
2 4
a
2 1 6 3 2
l 2
h   V= × a ×h
 2 3 4
2
 3 
Slant height/frjNh Å¡pkbZ
2
2 (l) = h +  a 
 a   2 
(Slant edge)  h2   
 2 Slant edge/frjNh dksj= h2 + a 2

I. Tetrahedron/leprq"iQyd
(a) C. S. A. = Area of 3 equilateral triangle
rhu leckgq f=kHkqtksa dk {ks=kiQy
3 2
= 3× a
a 4
(b) T. S. A = Area of 4 equilateral triangle
pkj leckgq f=kHkqtksa dk {ks=kiQy
3 2
a 2  4
4
a  3 a2
R=
3  a 
2
2
Height/Å¡pkbZ
2
(c) (h)  a –  a
: There are four equilateral faces.  3  3
r
pkj leckgq iQyd gSaA (d) Volume/vk;ru (V)
si
: All edge are equal in length i.e. 1
× Area of base/vkèkkj dk {ks=kiQy
× height/Å¡pkbZ
an by
=
lHkh fdukjs yackbZ esa cjkcj gSa vFkkZr~] 3
n
: slant edge is same as side of base 1 3 2 2 2 3
  a  a a
frjNh dksj vk/kj dh Hkqtk ds cjkcj gSA 3 4 3 12
ja
R s
a th
ty a
di M
A

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
Co-Ordinate Geometry
04
funZs'kkad T;kfefr
 Rectangular coordinate system- There are two (b) If R (x,y) divides the line segment externally in
the ratio m:n
mutually perpendicular lines, called coordinate ;fn R (x,y) js•k•aM dksm : n ds vuqikr esa cká :i ls
axes./vk;rkdkj funZs'kkad ç.kkyh& nks ijLij yacor js•k,¡ foHkkftr djrk gS
gksrh gSa] ftUgsa funZs'kkad v{k dgk tkrk gSA
mx 2 – nx1 my 2 – ny1
then , x = ,y =
m–n m–n
+Y P Q R
(x 1 , y1 ) (x 2 , y2 ) (x, y)
r
x-cordinate
x m
or abscissa y y-cordinate
si
or ordinate
n
Note: If point is mid point then m = n = 1
;fn fcanq eè;fcanq gksmrks
an by
–X +X =n=1
Origin
( 0, 0
)
x 2  x1 y 2 + y1
n
x = ,y =
2 2
Mirror Image/niZ.k çfrfcEc
ja
–Y
R s
Distance formula/nwjh dk lw=k
(a) Mirror Image of (x, y) with respect to x – Axis is (x, – y)
a th
x – v{k ds ifjr% (x, y) dk niZ.k çfrfcEc (x, –y) gSA

(a) Distance of point (x, y) from origin/ewy fcanq ls(b) Mirror Image of (x, y) with respect to y – Axis is (– x, y)
y– v{k ds ifjr% (x, y) dk niZ.k çfrfcEc (–x, y) gSA
ty a
fcanq(x, y) dh nwjh= x 2  y2
(c) Mirror Image of (x, y) with respect to origion is (–x, – y)
ewy fcanq ds ifjr%
(x, y) dk niZ.k çfrfcEc (–x, –y) gSA
di M
(b) Distance between two points (x1 , x1) and (x2 ,

y2)/ nks fcanqvksa
(x1 , x1) rFkk(x2 , y2) ds chp dh nwjh y–Axis
Py (–x, y) P(x, y)
–x x
= (x 2 – x1 )2  (y 2 – y1 )2
y
Section formula/lsD'ku iQkWeZwyk P(x, y)

x-Axis
(0,0)
(a) The coordinate of a point which internally –y
divides the line joined by the point (x1 y1) and
(x2 , y2) in the ratio m : n is then, P0 (–x, –y) Px (x, –y)
ml fcanq dk funZs'kkad tks(xfcanq

y1) rFkk(x2 , y2) ls Note:
A
1
Mirror Image of a point with respect to a
tqM+us okyh js•kmdks : n ds vuqikr esa vkarfjd :i ls straight line/fdlh lh/h js•k ds ifjr% fdlh fcanq dk
foHkkftr djrk gS] rc gS] niZ.k izfrfcEc
use concept that perpendicular distance from point
mx 2 nx1 my 2 ny1 to mirror equal to perpendicular distance from
x ,y
mn mn image to mirror and both tare in same straight line.
vo/kj.kk dk mi;ksx djsa fd fcanq ls niZ.k rd yacor nwjh
m n
* izfrfcEc ls niZ.k rd yacor nwjh ds cjkcj gS vkSj nksuksa ,d
(x 1 , y1 ) R (x, y) (x 2 , y2 ) gh lh/h js•k esa gSaA

Angle between tow lines of slope m1 and m2 is θ than

m1 –m2
(
tanθ = + 1+ m m
1 2 )
If line are parallel then θ= 0º If lines are perpendicular then θ = 90º
m1 –m2 m1 – m2
tan0º = 0 = m1 = m2 90º =  =
1+ m1 m2 1 + m1m2
1+ m1 m2 = 0 m1 .m 2 = –1
Point of intersection of two lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
r
si
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
If = = If = = If = =
an by
a 2 b2 c2 a2 b 2 c2 a2 b 2 c2
n
lines are overlapping each other lines are parallel lines are intersecting
ja
R s
 Solution No Solution One Solution
a th
Slope of line (m)/js[kk dh iz.kork Triangle/f=kHkqt

ty a
Tangent (tan) of angle between line and +ve x –axis

A (x1 , y1 )
js•k vkSj+ve x –v{k ds chp ds dks.k dh Li'kZ T;k
(tan)
di M
n
ta
m )=
e(
lin
Slope of vertical
eo
f c b
line (m) = tan 90º op
Sl
=∞
l
ta
i z on = 0
o r 0º
90º f H an
θ p eo )=t B (x2 , y2 ) a C (x3 , y3 )
o
S l e (m
m = –ve li n
 Area of ABC / ABC dk {ks=kiQYk
1
 | x1 (y 2 – y 3 )  x 2 (y 3 – y1 )  x 3 (y1 – y 2 )|
(a) Slope of line/js•k dh izo.kZrk
in general from ax + 2
A
by + c = 0
 Coordinates of its centroid/dsUnzd ds funsZ'kkad
 Coefficient of x  a
then m = –  = –   x + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 
 Coefficient of y   b = 1 , 
 3 3 
(b) Slope of line passing through (x1 , y1) and (x2 , y2)
is /(x1 , y1) vkSj(x2 , y2) ls xqtjus okyh js•k dh izo.kZrk  Coordinates of its incentre/vUr% dsUnz ds funsZ'kkad
 y 2 – y1   ax + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 
m = x –x   1 , 
 2 1   a+b+c a+b+c

  The coordinate of point of intersection of two

Coordinates of its circumcentre/ifjdsUnz ds funsZ'kkad
li nes a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2= 0 is
 x1 Sin 2A  x 2 Sin 2B  x 3 Sin 2C  nksjs[kkvksa
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 rFkka2x = b2y + c2= 0 ds
,

Sin 2A  Sin 2B  Sin 2C izfrPNsn fcUnq dk funsZ'kkad
= 
 y1 Sin 2A  y 2 Sin 2B  y 3 Sin 2C 
   b1c2 – b2c1 c1a2 – c2a1 
 Sin 2A  Sin 2B  Sin 2C   , 
 a1b2 – a 2 b1 a1b2 – a 2 b1 
Coordinates of its orthcentre/yEcdsUnz
ds funsZ'kkad
 Perpendicular distance of a line ax + by + c=0
from a point (x, y) is
 x1 tanA  x2 tanB  x3 tanC y1 tanA  y2 tanB  y3 tanC
 ,  js[kkax + by + c = 0 dh fcUnq
(x, y) ls yEcor nw
jh
tanA  tanB  tanC tanA  tanB  tanC
| ax1  by1  c |
 The equation of a line passing through points =
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
a 2  b2
r
fcUnqvksa  The perpendicular distance between parallel
(x1, y1) vkSj(x2, y2) ls gksdj xqtjus okyh js[kk dk
si
lehdj.k line ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is:
lekarj js[kkax + by + c1 = 0 rFkkax + by + c2 = 0 ds
y – y1  
an by
 y 2 – y1 
 x 2 – x1 
(x – x1 )
chp yEcor nwjh
n
c1 – c2
=
a 2 + b2
ja
R s
a th
ty a
di M
A

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan ALGEBRA
05 ALGEBRA/ch”kxf.kr
 Square Formula:-  Factor Formula
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab or (a–b)2 + 4ab 1. (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
2. (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab or (a+b)2 – 4ab
2. (x – a) (x – b) = x2 – (a + b)x + ab
3. a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
4. a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab 3. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a+b+c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
5. a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
6. (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2 (a2 +b2) Special Case 1: If a = b = c
7. (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
2 2 then a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = 0
a+b a – b
r
8. ab =   – 
 2   2  thus a3 + b3+ c3 – 3abc = 0
si
9. (a2 – ab + b2) (a2 + ab + b2) = a4 + a2b2 +b4
10. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca) Remember
an by
11. a2 + b2 + c2 = (a + b + c)2 – 2 (ab + bc + ca)
If a = b = c then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
12. 2 (ab + bc + ca) = (a + b + c)2 – (a2 + b2 + c2)
n
13. (b + c) (c + a) (a + b) + abc = ( a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) Special Case 2: If a + b + c = 0 then
14. a2(b – c) + b2 (c – a) + c2 (a – b) = – (b – c) (c – a) (a – b)
ja
15. a(b2 – c2) + b (c2 – a2) + c (a2 – b2) = (b – c) (c – a) (a – b) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0
R s
16. a3(b – c) + b3 (c – a) + c3 (a – b)
= – (b – c) (c – a) (a – b) (a + b + c) Remember
a th
 Cube Formula:- If a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
Special Case 3: a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc

ty a
1. (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3 ab2 + b3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)

2. a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b)
3. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) 1
di M
= (a + b + c)[(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 ]

4. (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2 b + 3 ab2 – b3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b) 2
5. a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab (a – b)
6. a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) What if two number are equal and third number
7. a4 – b4 = (a2)2 – (b2)2 = (a2 + b2) (a2 – b2) is one more than the numbers than.
= (a2 + b2) (a + b) (a – b)
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = a + b + c
Special Case 1: If a2 – ab + b2 = 0 then a3 + b3 = 0
Special Case 2: If a2 + a + 1 = 0 then a3 – 1 = 0 or a3 = 1 Special Case 4:
a b a2 + b2 + c2 – ab–bc–ca
Special Case 3: If + = 1 then a3 + b3 = 0
b a
= 1/2 [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] = 3d2
A
1 1 1
Special Case 4: If –  then a3 + b3 = 0 Where a,b,c are in A.P and common difference is d.
a b a–b
a b Special Case 5:
Special Case 5: If + = – 1 then a3 – b3 = 0
b a
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
a b 1
Special Case 6: If +  then a3 – b3 = 0 = 1/2 (a+b+c) [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2] = 9bd2
b a a b
1 Where a,b,c are in A.P. and common difference
Special Case 7: If ab (a + b) = 1 then – a 3 – b3  3
3
a b
3 is d and middle term is b.

 Function and invers function  Cube Formula:-

1 1
 Square formula:- If x   a&x –  b
x x
1 1
If x  a&x – b 3
x x 1  1  1
 x3    x   – 3 x  
2 2 x3  x  x
2  1
1  1
 x  2  x   – 2  x –   2
x  x  x 1  1 
3
1
Remember  x3 –   x –   3 x  
x3  x  x
1 Remember
 x2 +  a 2 – 2  b2  2
x2
1
2  x3   a 3 – 3a
1  1  x3
 x4 + =  x4 +  –2
x4  x4 
1
 x3 –  b3 – 3a
2
x3
r
1  1 
 x8 + =  x4 + 4  – 2
x8  x  1
si
Special case 1: If x   3 then
1  1 
2
x
x  x  –2
an by
x  x  3
x3 
x3
 3   –3 3 3 3–3 3 0
n
2 2
 1  1
 x    x –   4 Remember
 x  x
ja
2 2 1 1
3 then x 3   0 or x 6  –1
R s
 1  1  If x  
 x –   x   – 4 x x3
 x   x
a th
Remember 1
If x   2 then x = 1,
x
1
x   b2  4
x 1
ty a
If x   –2 then x = –1
1 x
x–   a2 – 4
di M
x 1 1  1  1   1
 x+ = a  x5 + 5 =  x2 + 2   x3 + 3  –  x + 
First equation may be given by following type- X x  x  x   x
1
x  3 or x 2 – 3x  1  0 1 1  1  1   1
x  x– = a  x5 – 5 =  x2 + 2   x3 – 3  –  x – 
x x  x  x   x
x2  1
or 3
x 1 1  1 
2
 x+ = a  x6 + 6 =  x3 + 3  – 2
1 1 x x  x 
Special case 1 : If x   2 then x 2  2  0
x x
4 4
or x + 1 = 0 or x = – 1 1 1  1  1   1
 x+ = a  x 7 + 7 =  x 4 + 4   x3 + 3  –  x + 
x x  x  x   x
A
1
Remember  If x   2 then x 4  1  0
x 1 1  1  1   1
 x+ = a  x7 – 7 =  x4 + 4   x3 – 3  +  x – 
1 1 x x  x  x   x
Special case 2 : x    b2  4 & x –   a2 – 4
x x
1 1  1 1
1 1  x+ = k  x 2 – 2 =  x +   x –  = ± k k2 – 4
xn  n
 a then x n – n   a 2 – 4 x x  x  x
x x
1 1 1 1  1  1
If x n –  b then x n  n   b2  4  x– = k  x 2 – 2 =  x +   x –  = ± k k2 + 4
x n
x x x  x  x

b b2  Quadratic Equation/f}?kkr lehdj.k

 ax + = k  a 2 x 2 + 2 = k 2 – 2ab
x x
1. An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c=0, is called
quadratic equation.
b b2
 ax – = k  a 2 x 2 + 2 = k 2 + 2ab
dksbZ
ax2 + bx + c = 0 izdkj dk lehdj.k f}?kkr
x x
lehdj.k dgykrk gSA
b b
 ax  = k then ax – =  k ² – 4ab
2. Roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
x x
b b lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 ds ewy

 ax – = k  ax + = ± k 2 + 4ab
x x
– b  b2 – 4ac
3 given by  =
b b 2a
 ax + = k  a 3 x 3 + 3 = k 3 – 3kab
x x
2
r
b b 3 and β = –b – b – 4ac
 ax – = k  a 3 x 3 – 3 = k 3 + 3kab 2a
si
x x
3. If andare the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c=0
 Componendo & Dividendo
a x
an by ;fn  vkSj lehdj.k ax2 + bx + c = 0 ds ewy gks rks
n
If  then
b y
(i) Sum of roots/ewyksa dk ;ksxiQy
ja
ab xy
R s

a–b x–y –b – Coefficient of x
a th
(  β)  
Special case: a Coefficient of x 2
2ab
If x  then
ab (ii) Product of roots/ewyksa dk xq.kuiQy
ty a
x  2a x  2b
di M
 2 c Constant term
x – 2a x – 2b ( . β)  
a Coefficient of x 2
x y x – y x  y
   2  Or 4. If the roots andare known then the equation
x– y x y x – y
is given by x2 – (+)x +(.)= 0
1 2(a + b)
If x +
1
=
a+ b
+
a– b
then x + = ;fn ewy rFkk Kkr gksa rks lehdj.k
x a– b a+ b x (a – b)
1 x2 – (+)x +(.)= 0 gksxkA

= A 3 a2 + B 3 a + C
  3
a2 – 3 a + 1  5. Maximum and Minimum value of a quardratic
A
equation/f}?kkr lehdj.k ds vf/dre rFkk U;wure eku

1 1
A=0;B= ;C =
a +1 a +1 F (x) = ax2 + bx + c
1
= A 3 a2 + B 3 a + C
 3 2
a + 3 a +1 4ac – b2
F(x)min = When a < 0 ;
4a
1 –1 4ac – b2
 A=0;B= ;C = F (x)max = When a > 0
a –1 a +1 4a

Nature of Roots
If b²–4ac = 0 If b²–4ac > 0 & If b²–4ac > 0 & If b²– 4ac<0

(Roots are real a perfect not a perfect (Root are
& equal) square (Roots square (Roots imaginary)
are real, are real,
unequal & unequal &
rational) irrational)
 Sum of Series/Js.kh dk ;ksxiQYk 4. Sum of the cubes of first 'n' natural numbers.
r
1. Sum of first 'n' natural numbers
izFken izkÑfrd la[;kvksa ds ?kuksa dk ;ksxiQy
si
2
n(n + 1)  (n + 1) 
1 + 2 + 3 +.........+ n = 13 + 23 + 33 +...........+n3 = n 
an by
2  2 
izFken izkÑfrd la[;kvksa Sum of even integers/le iw.kkZadksa dk ;ksxiQy
n
5.
2 + 4 + 6........... + 2n = n (n + 1)
ja
n(n + 1)
dk ;ksxiQYk
R s
1 + 2 + 3 +.........+ n =
2 6. Sum of odd integers/fo"ke iw.kkZadksa dk ;ksxiQy
a th
2. Sum of the squares of first 'n' natural numbers. 1 + 3 + 5 + +............(2n – 1) = n2
izFken izkÑfrd la[;kvksa ds oxksaZ dk ;ksxiQy  Division Algorithm/foHkktu ,YxksfjFe

ty a
1. Dividend/HkkT;
= Divisor/Hkktd × Quotient/
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
2 2 2
1 + 2 + 3 +..........+ n = 2
HkkxiQy
+ Remember/'ks"kiQy
di M
6
Dividend – Remainder
3. Sum of the squares of 'n' natural numbers. 2. Divisor/Hkktd=
Quotient
n izkÑfrd la[;kvksa ds oxksaZ dk ;ksxiQy 3. Remainder/'ks"kiQy
= Dividend/HkkT;
– (Divisor/
Hkktd× Quotient/HkkxiQy
)
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
=
6
A

SURDS AND INDICES/dj.kh vkSj ?kkrkad
 Indices/?kkrkad (b) Finite series in product type/xq.kk okys iz'uksa eas

ifjfer Js.kh
= Power is greater than 1/?kkr ges'kk
1 ls vf/d
gksrh gS Ex. a a a a
 Surds/dj.kh Solution: count square root = 4
= Power is less than 1/?kkr ges'kk 1 ls de gksrh gS 24 = 16
Ex. 5 7/3,
Hence 7 is indices and 1/3 is surds/
 Ans is a15/16
57/3 eas7 ?kkrkad gSa 1/3
rFkkdj.kh gS
 Laws of Indices/?kkr ds fu;e Ex 7 7 7 7 7 7
r
1. am × an = am+n 2. am ÷ an = am–n
3. (am)n = amn 4. (ab)n = anbn = 763/64 ( 26 = 64)
si
1 (c) Infinite series in addition or subtraction from/
5. = a –n
an tksM+ vFkok ?kVko ds :i eas vifjfer Js.kh
a
n
an
an by
n
n n
6.   = n =a ÷b a ± a ± a ± ....
 b b
There are two type of questions/blesa nks izdkj ds
ja
a –n bm
iz'u gksrs gSa
R s
7. =
b –m an
(i): Factorise 'a' into two successive integers
a th
5. m/n n m
a = a a dks nks Øekxr iw.kkZad ds :i esa xq.ku[kafMr djsa
0
7. a = 1 (a  o) If it is addition series then answer is greater
8. a1 = a one and/;fn Js.kh tksM+ dh gS rks cM+k okyk iw.kkZad
ty a
9. ap/q = (ap)1/q
mÙkj gksxk rFkk
10. ax = ay x = y
di M
11. ax = by a = b If it is subtraction series then answer is smaller

 Series/Js.kh one./;fn Js.kh ?kVko dh gS rks NksVk okyk iw.kkZad mÙkj gksx
(a) Infinite series in product type/xq.kk okys iz'uksa eas 56+ 56+ 56+.... = 8 [56 = 8×7, larger is ans]
Ex.
vifjfer Js.kh
Ex. 90 – 90 – 90.... = 9 [90 = 10×9, smaller is ans]
Ex. a a a....
(ii) If 'a' can not factorise into two succesive
Solution of this question is a/bl iz'u dk mÙkj
integers/;fn a dks nks Øekxr iw.kkZad ds :i eas
ges'kka gksrk gS
xq.ku[kafMr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS rks
A
Ex. a b a b....
1 + 4a ± 1
then a ± a ± a ± .... =
2
Solution: let a b a b.... = x
1 + 4 × 5 +1 21 +1
Ex. 5 + 5 + 5 + .... = =
Then a bx = x 2 2
Squaring both side a bx = x 2 1 + 4 ×1 – 1 5 –1

Again squaring both side a2 bx = x4 Ex. 1 – 1 – 1 – .... = =
2 2
 x3 = a2 b  x = (a2b)1/3

 Square root expression inside square ;fn la[;kvksa dk varj leku gks (;gka
7–5=9–7=
root./oxZ ewy ds vanj oxZ ewy dk izlkj 5 – 3 = 11 – 9) rks ftu nks la[;kvksa dk xq.kuiQy lcls
In this type question try to make a square of NksVk gksxk og lcls cM+h rFkk ftu nks dk xq.kuiQy
expression inside square root./bl izdkj ds iz'uksa esa lcls cM+k gksxk og lcls NksVh gksxhA
oxZ ewy ds Hkhrj ds O;atd dk oxZ cukus dh dksf'k'k djsaA
7×5 = 35, 9×7 = 63, 5×3 = 15, 11×9 = 99
2 2
Ex. 5+2 6 =  3 +  2 +2 3 × 2  Greatest is 5 – 3 and smallest is 11 – 9
2
=  3+ 2  = 3+ 2 (iii) 8 + 3, 9 + 2, 7 + 4, 6 + 5
 If square root in denominator./;fn gj Here sum of numbers are equal (8+3 = 9+2 =
7+4 = 6+5 = 11) then greatest of product of
esa oxZ ewy gksA number terms will be greatest and smallest will
In this type questions rationalise terms by be smallest.
multiply and divide by conjugate terms/bl izdkj
ds iz'uksa esa inksa dk ijes;hdj.k la;qXeh inksa ls xq.kk;gka
rFkkla[;kvksa ds ;ksxiQYk cjkcj gksrs
(8+3 =gSa
r
9+2 =
Hkkx djds djsaA 7+4 = 6+5 = 11) rks ftu nks la[;kvksa dk xq.kuiQy
si
Remember this short formula: lcls NksVk gksxk og lcls NksVh rFkk ftu nks dk xq.kuiQy
bl y?kq lw=k dks ;kn j[ksa%
an by
lcls cM+k gksxk og lcls cM+h gksxhA
a+ b a– b a+b
n
 + = 2  8×3 = 24, 9×2 = 18, 7×4 = 28, 6×5 = 30

a– b a+ b a – b
Smallest and greatest value/U;wure rFkk Greatest is 6 + 5 and smallest is 9+ 2
ja

R s
vf/dre eku  Irrational equation/vifjes; lehdj.k
a th
There are three type questions/blesa rhu izdkj

There are two type of questions
ds iz'u iwNs tkrs gSa
(i) 2, 3 3, 4 4, 6 6
blesa nks izdkj ds iz'uksa gksrs gSa
ty a
When number and power of number are same.

(i) a+ b = 3+2 5
tc la[;k rFkk la[;k dh ?kkr leku gksA
di M
 We compare (number)LCM of 2, 3, 4 & 6 then convert both side in same manner and
ge (la[;k) 2, 3, 4 & 6 dk y- l-
ls rqyuk djsxsa the compare
[ Here LCM of surds 2, 3, 4, 6 is 12]
(21/2)12, (31/3)12, (41/4)12, (61/6)12,
nksuksa i{kksa dks ,d leku djus vkSj fiQj rqyuk djsaA
= 26 , 34 , 62
= 64, 81, 64, 36  a+ b = 3+ 20  a = 3 and b = 20
6
 Smallest is 6 and greatest is 3
3 (ii) If there are different irrational terms
(ii) 7 – 5, 9 – 7, 5 – 3, 11 – 9 ;fn vifjes; in fHkUu gks rks
If difference of number same (Here 7 – 5 = 9 – 7
= 5 – 3 = 11 – 9) then smallest of product of a 5 + b 3 +c 2 +d = 3 5 – 7 2 +5
A
numbers will be greatest and greatest of product

of number will be smallest Compare LHS and RHS,
a = 3, b = 0, c = – 7, d = 5

 Arithmetic & Geometric Progresion  Geometric Progresion/xq.kk

sÙkj Js.kh
lekarj vkSj xq.kksÙkj Js.kh Sequence/vuqØe= a + ar + ar2 +.........
Where a be the first term and r is the common
 Arithmetic Progresion/lekarj Js.kh ratio of the sequence of a G.P. then-
tgkafdlh xq.kksÙkj Js.kh ds vuqØeadkizFkein rFkk
Sequence/vuqØe= a + (a + d) + (a + 2d)+......... r gSrks
lkokZuqikr
Where a be the first term and d is the common (i) nth term of a G.P.
xq.kks
Ùkj Js.kh dkn okain an = ar(n–1)
difference of the sequence of an A.P, then- (ii) The sum of the first n terms of a G.P.
tgkafdlh lekUrj Js.kh ds vuqØe dka izFke in rFkk xq.kksÙk
j Js.kh izFken inksa dk ;ksxiQYk
d lko ZUrj gS rks a(1 – r n )
Sn  ; r  1 and r  1
1– r
(i) nth term of an A.P.
a(r n – 1)
lekarj Js.kh dkn okain Sn  ; r  1 and r  1
r –1
r
tn = a + (n –1)d If the common ratio is equal to 1, then the sum
si
(ii) The sum of the first n terms of an A.P. of the first n term of the GP is given by/;fn
ikr ,d ds cjkcj gks rks xq.kksÙkj Js.kh dsnizFke
lkokZuq inksa
lekarj Js.kh izFke
n inksa dk ;ksxiQYk
n
Sn =
an by
[2a + (n – 1)d]
dk ;ksxiQYkSn = na
(iii) Three consecutive terms/rhu Øekxr in
n
2
(iii) Three consecutive terms/rhu Øekxr in a
= a, ar, ar2 or , a, ar
ja
r
= a – d, a, a + d
R s
(iv) Four consecutive terms/pkj Øekxr in
(iv) Four consecutive terms/pkj Øekxr in
a th
a a
= a–3d, a–d, a+d, a+3d = a, ar, ar2 , ar3 or , , ar, ar 2
r2 r
ty a
di M
A

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan TRIGONOMETRY
06 TRIGONOMETRY/f=kdks.kfefr
1. Trigonometric Ratios/f=
kdks.kfefr vuqikr 2. Relations Between Trigonometric Ratios
Y f=kdks.kfefr vuqikr ds chp lEcU/
P
1
(i) (a) sin=
cosec 
h
p
1
(b) cosec=
0
r
sin 
A X
b M
si
(c) sin. cosec = 1
Consider an acute angle YAX =  with initial
an by
side AX and terminal side AY. Let P be any point 1
on the terminal side AY. PM perpendicular from (ii) (a) cos=
sec 
n
P on AX to get the right angled trianlge AMP in
which PAM = . 1
ja
(b) sec=
R s
cos 
ekuk,d U;wudks.k ftleas izkjfEHkd
YAX =  gSA AX
a th
rFkkvfUre HkqtkAYgSA AYij dksbZ fcUnq

Hkqtk PgSA
PM (c) cos. sec = 1
fcUnqPls Hkqtk
AXij yEc bl izdkj gS fd dks.kAMP
ledks.k gS ftleasPAM = gSA (iii) (a) tan=
1
ty a
cot 
Perpendicular / yEc p
di M
(i) Sin= = 1
Hypotenuse / d .kZ h (b) cot =
tan 
kj
Base / vkèk b (c) tan. cot= 1
(ii) Cos= =
Hypotenuse / d .kZ h
sin 
(iv) (a) tan =
cos 
Perpendicular / y ECk p
(iii) Tan = =
Base / v kèkkj b (b) sin = tan . cos
Hypotenuse / d .kZ h sin 

A
(iv) Cosec = = (c) cos =

Perpendicular / y Ec p tan 
cos 
Hypotenuse / d .kZ h (v) (a) cot =
(v) Sec =  sin 
Base / v kèkkj b
(b) cos = cot . sin
Base / v kèkkj b
(vi) Cot= Perpendicular / yECk p cos 
(c) sin =
cot 

3. Trigonometric Ratios of Some Special Angles/dqN fo'ks"k dks.kksa ds f=kdks.kfefr vuqikr

Values of the trigonometric ratios for some special angles are given below:
dqN fo'ks"k dks.kksa ds fy, f=kdks.kfefr vuqikrksa ds eku uhps fn, x, gSaa
Angle 0 
p
  
0º 30 º = 45º = 6 0º = 90º =
6 4 3 2
Ratio
0 1 1 2 1 3 3 4
sin 0 = 0 = = = =1
4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
3 1 1
cos 0 1 0
2 2 2
sin 90 1
sin 0 0 sin 30 1/2 1 sin 45 1/ 2 sin 60 3 /2 =
tan 0 = = 0 = = = =1 = = 3 cos 90 0
r
cos 0 1 cos 30 3 /2 3 cos 4 5 1/ 2 cos 60 1/ 2
=  (not defined)
si
1
cosec 0 =  2 2
2
1
0 3
an by
(not defined)
2
n
sec 0 1 2 2  (not defined)
3
ja
 1
R s
cot 0 (not defined) 3 1
3
0
a th
4. Trigonometric Ratios of Some Special B. sec 2   1  tan 2 

Angles/dqN fo'ks"k dks.kksa ds f=kdks.kfefr vuqikr
ty a
sec2  tan2   1
di M
(i) sin (90º – ) = cos 
(ii) cos (90º – ) = sin  (sec   tan ) (sec   tan )  1
(iii) tan (90º – ) = cot 

(sec   tan )  k, then (sec   tan )  1 / k
(iv) cot (90º – ) = tan 
(v) sec (90º – ) = cosec  C. cos ec 2     cot2 
(vi) cosec (90º – ) = sec 

cos ec 2  – cot2   1
A
5. Trigonometric Identities/ f=kdks.kfefr

(cos ec   cot ) (cos ec  cot )  1
loZlfedk,a
A. sin2   cos 2   1 If (cosec  cot)  p,
s in   1 c o s 2  1
then (cos ec   cot) 
p
cos   1  sin2 

6. Trigonometric Ratios in Terms of other Trigonometric Ratios

f=kdks.kfefr vuqikr nwljs f=kdks.kfefr ds :i eas
sin 0 cos 0 tan 0 cot 0 sec 0 cosec 0
q
tan 0 1 sec 2 0
q–1 1
sin 0 sin 0 1 – cos2 0
q 2 2
1 + tan 0q 1 + cot q
0 sec q0 cosec q
0
1 cot q
0 1 cosec20q – 1
cos 0 1 – sin 2 0
q cos 0
1 + tan 2 0q 1 + cot2 0
q sec q
0 cosec q
0
q
sin 0 2
q
1 – cos 0 1 1
tan 0 tan 0 sec2 0
q –1
r
1 – sin 2 0q q
cos 0 c ot q
0 cosec2 0
q– 1
si
1 – sin 0
q
2 cos q
0 1 1 2
cot 0 cot 0 q– 1
cosec 0
an by
2 2
sin 0
q q
1 – cos 0 q
tan 0 q–1
sec 0
n
1 1 1 + c ot 2 0
q cosec 2 q0
sec 0 1 + tan q
0 2 sec 0
1 – sin 2 0q 0
cos q q
cot 0 cosec – 1
2
ja
R s
1 1 1 + tan 0
q
2 q
sec 0
cosec 0 1 + cot2 0
q cosec 0
a th
2
q
sin 0 1 – cos q
0 0
tan q sec2 0
q–1
7. Sign of Trigonometric Ratios (i) First Quadrant/izFke prqFkZk'ka

ty a
f=kdks.kfefr vuqikrksa ds fpUg All trigonometric ratios are positive/

di M
lHkh f=kdks.kfefr vuqikr /ukRed gksrs gSaA

Y (ii) Second Quadrant/f}rh; prqFkZk'ka
sin and cosec are positive./sin vkSjcosec
/ukRed gksrs gSaA
II I
(iii) Third Quadrant/r`rh; prqFkZk'ka
sin0 and All positive tan and cot are positive.tan vkSjcotèkukRed
cosec0 positive gksrs gSaA
X’ X (iv) Fourth Quadrant/prqFkZ prqFkZk'ka
O
A
cos and sec are positive./cos vkSjsec/ukRed

tan0 and cot0 cos0 and sec0
positive positive gksrs gSaA
Remember: I II III IV
III IV All sin tan cos
Note:-
sin(–) = – sin, tan(–) = – tan,
Y’
sec(–) = sec cos(–) = cos,
cot(–) = –cot, cosec(–) = –cosec 

9. Trigonometric Ratios of Some Special 11. Max/Min Values of Trigonometric Func-

Angles/dqN fo'ks"k dks.kksa ds f=kdks.kfefr vuqikr
tions/f=kdks.kfe
fr iQyuksa ds vfèkdre@U;wure eku
A. m sin n cos
3 –1
(i) sin 15º =
2 2
= cos 75º (i) Maximum value/vfèkdre eku = m2 + n2
3 1 (ii) Minimum value/U;wure

eku = – m2 + n2
(ii) cos 15º = = sin 75º
2 2 B. asin2 bcos2
5 –1 (i) Maximum value/vfèkdre eku = Max [a,b]
(iii) sin 18º = = cos 72º
4 (ii) Minimum value/U;wure
eku= Min [a,b]
10  2 5
C. asin2 bcosec2
(iv) cos 18º = = sin 72º
4 atan2 bcot2
acos2 bsec2
r
10 – 2 5
(v) sin 36º = = cos 54º (i) Minimum value/U;wure
eku= 2 ab , when a  b
4
si
(ii) Minimum value/U;wure
eku= (a + b), when a  b
5 1
an by
(vi) cos36º = = sin 54º D. sinn cosn
4
When, n is odd/tc n fo"ke gks]
n
1º 2– 2 1
Maximum value/vfèkdre eku= +
(vii) sin 22 
2 2 (i)
ja
2n
R s
1º 2 2 1
eku= –
a th
(viii) cos 22 
2 2 2n
When, n is even/tc n le gks]
10. When sum or Difference Between the
Angles are Given/tcdks.kksa ds eè; varj 1
ty a
(i) Maximum value/vfèkdre eku= +

2n
;k mudk ;ksx Kkr gks%
di M

eku= 0
A. If A + B = 90°, then
12. (a) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
tanA tan B = 1
(b) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
sinA sec B = 1
(c) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
cosA cosec B = 1
(d) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
cotA cot B = 1
sin²A + sin²B = 1 tan A  tan B

(e) tan (A  B ) 
1tan A tan B
cos²A + cos²B = 1
A
B. If A + B = 45º = 225º tan A  tan B

(f) tan (A  B) 
1  tan A tan B
(1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = 2 or
(1–CotA). (1 – CotB) =2 cot A cot B – 1

(g) cot (A  B) 
C. If A + B = 135°, then cot B  cot A
(1 – tanA) (1 – tanB) = 2 or cot A cot B  1

(h) cot (A – B) =
(1+CotA). (1 + CotB) =2 cot B – cot A

 2 tan A  C  D C – D
18. (a) sin C + sin D = 2 sin  cos 
13. (a) sin 2A = 2sinA. cosA =  2   2   2 
 1  tan A 
(b) cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A = 2cos2A–1 = 1 –
C  D  C – D 
1 – tan2 A (b) sin C – sin D = 2 cos   sin  
 2   2 
2sin2A = 1 tan2 A
C  D  C – D 
 2 tan A  (c) cos C + cos D = 2 cos   cos  
(c) tan 2A   2   2   2 
 1 – tan A 
 cot2 A – 1  C  D  D– C
(d) cot 2A    (d) cos C – cos D = 2 sin   sin  
 2 cot A   2   2 
If 4< 60º
A
r
2 tan
A A 2
14. (a) sinA = 2 sin cos = 1
si
2 2 1 tan 2 A 19. (a) sin. sin2 . sin4 = sin 3
2 4
(b) cosA  cos

2
an by
A
– sin2
A A
 2 cos 2 – 1  1 – 2 sin ²
A
1
n
2 2 2 2 (b) cos. cos2 . cos4 = cos 3
4
1 – tan ²A / 2
ja

1  tan²A / 2
R s
(c) tan. tan2 . tan4= tan3
a th
A For all values of A.

2 tan
2
(c) tanA =
2 A
1 – tan 1
2 20. (a) sin (60o–A) sin A sin (60o + A)  sin 3A
ty a
4
2 A 2 A
1 – cosA = 2 sin and 1 + cosA = 2 cos
di M
(d)
2 2 1
(b) cos (60o – A) cos A cos (60o + A)  cos 3A
15. (a) sin 3A = 3sinA – 4 sin3 A 4
(b) cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cosA

(c) tan (60o – A) tan A tan (60o + A) = tan 3A
3
 3 tan A – tan A 
(c) tan 3A =  2  tan A  tan B  tan C – tan A tan B tan C
 1 – 3 tan A  21. tan (A  B  C) 
1 – (tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A )
 cot3 A – 3 cot A 
(d) cot 3A =  2  At A  B  C = 180 o  
 3 cot A – 1 
A
16. (a) sin (A + B). sin (A – B) = sin2 A – sin2 B (i) tan A + tan B + tan C = tanA tanB tanC
2 2
= cos B–cos A
(ii) Sin2A + Sin2B + Sin2C = 4SinA SinB SinC
(b) cos (A + B). cos (A – B) = cos2 A – sin2 B
= cos2 B – sin2 A (iii) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
17. (a) 2sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
At A + B + C = 90º = /2
(b) 2cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A–B)
(c) 2cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A–B) CotA + CotB + CotC = CotA CotB CotC.
(d) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A+B)

Important Facts Useful for Solving Question 18. cos ec 4 cot4 

on Trigonometry/f=kdks.kfefr ds iz'uksa dks gy  cos ec 2  cot ²
djus esa enn djus okys egRoiw.kZ rF;  1  2 cot2   2cosec² – 1
1. sin4   cos 4   1 – 2 sin2  cos2  Cos   Sin  1  tan   

19.   tan  –  
Cos  – Sin  1 – tan  4 
2. sin6   cos6   1 – 3 sin2  cos2 
20. a Cos – b Sin = x
3. If Cos+ Cos2+ Cos3=1 a Sin + b Cos = c
then Sin6 – 4Sin4 + 8Sin2 = 4
 x   a²  b² – c²
4. If Sin+ Sin2 + Sin3=1
21. a Sec + b tan = c
then Cos6– 4 Cos4+ 8Cos2 = 4 a tan + b Sec = x
5. (1  tan   sec ) (1  cot  – cosec )  2  x   c2  b2 – a 2
22. a Sec – b tan = c
r
6. (1  cot   sec ) (1  tan  – cos ec )  2
a tan – b Sec = x
si
7. (sin   cos   1) (sin   cos  – 1)  2 sin  cos 
 x   c2  b2 – a 2
8.
an by
sec   tan  – 1
tan   sec   1
 sec   tan  
1  sin 
cos 

cos 
1 – sin  23. Sec + tan =
a
n
b
sin  – cos   1 1 ab
ja
9.   sec   tan  Cosec + Cot =
R s
sin   cos  – 1 sec  – tan  a–b
24. (i) (a) sin1º.sin2º.sin3º.sin4º..........sin180º = 0
a th
1  sin cos
10.   2 sec (b) sin1º.sin2º.sin3º.sin4º...........to
cos 1  sin
(greater than sin 180º) = 0
(ii) (a) cos1º.cos2º............cos90º = 0
Sin 1 – Cos
ty a
11.  (b) cos1º.cos2º........to (greater than cos90º) = 0

1 + Cos Sin (iii) (a) tan1º .tan2º..........tan89º = 1
di M
(iv) Sin2+ Sin2(+ x) +..........

Cot Cosec – 1
12.  Total terms
Cosec  – 1 Cot + Sin2 [90 –  + x)]+ Sin2 (90 – ) =
2
Ex.
1 1. Sin2 5º + Sin2 10º + Sin2 15º + ...........+ Sin2
13. Sec – tan = k i.e., Sec + tan =
k 85º + Sin2 90º
Total terms 17 1
1 k   1  9
 Coces  Cot  2 2 2
1– k 2. Sin2 5º + Sin2 6º +...........+ Sin2 84º + Sin2 85º
Total terms 85 – 5  1 81 1
1 – Cos      40
14. (Cosec – Cot )2 = , 0º 90º 2 2 2 2
A
1  Cos 
x2  1
(v) If sec tan = x, then sec =
tan 1  cot 2 2x
15  tan 1 . cot 2
tan(90 – 1 )  cot(90 – 2 ) (vi) If sin + cos = x, then sin – cos = 2 – x2
(vii) If sin + cosec = x, then sinn + cosecn = x
16. tan (1  sec 2) (1  sec 4 ) (1  sec 8)  tan 8
(viii) If tan + cot = x, then tann + cotn = x
17. sec 4  – tan 4   sec 2   tan 2   1  2 tan 2  (viv) It should be noted that/;kn j[ksaA
sin2 = (sin)2, sin3 = (sin)3, cos3 = (cos)3, etc.
= 2sec² – 1

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan HEIGHT AND DISTANCE
Height and Distance

07
m¡pkbZ vkSj nwjh
 The height and distance problems are solved If one of the angle of a right-angled triangle is
with the help of trigonometric ratios of angle 45º, then the other acute angle will also be 45º
of elevation in a right-angled triangle. and the ratio of the sides will be as shown below :
Å¡pkbZ ,oa nwjh ds iz'u ledks.k f=kHkqt ds mÂ;u dks.k
;fndsfdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt dk ,d dks.k45º gS] rks nwljk U;wu
f=kdks.kfefr vuqikr dh enn ls gy fd;s tkrs gSaA dks.k Hkh 45º gksxk vkSj Hkqtkvksa dk vuqikr bl çdkj fn•k;k
Object
tk,xk%
A Horizontal line
Angle of depression
r
Line of sight
si
45º
2
1
an by
Angle of Elevation
B C
n
Observer
Trigonometric ratios are

45º
1
ja
AB BC
R s
sin = , cos = ,
AC AC  30º-60º Relation
a th
AB AC
tan = , sec = In more than 50% of height and distance
BC BC problems in which two right-angled triangles
AC BC are formed, angles of elevation or angles of
cosec = , cot =
AB AB depression will be 30º and 60º.
ty a
 In most of the problems of height and distance, Å¡pkbZ vkSj nwjh dh 50 izfr'kr ls vf/d iz'uksa esa ftlesa nks
we come across the two special right-angled ledks.k f=kHkqt curs gSa] mUu;u dks.k ;k voueu dks.k
di M
30º
traingles as follow :
vkSj60º gksaxsA
ÅapkbZ vkSj nwjh dh vf/dka'k iz'uksa esa] gesa nks fo'ks"k ledks.k
In these height and distance problems in which
f=kHkqt feyrs gSa tks bl çdkj gSa% two angles of elevation or angles of depression
(i) Angle of elevation is 30º or 60º. are 30º or 60º. In these problems two right-
,sls f=kHkqt ftlesa mÂ;u dks.k
30º ;k 60º gksrk gSA angled triangles will be formed. If one of the
side of these two right angled triangle is com-
(ii) Angle of elevation is 45º mon or of equal length, the other side will be
,sls f=kHkqt ftlesa mÂ;u dks.k
45º gksrk gSA in the ratio 1 : 3.
If one of the angle of a right-angled triangle is Å¡pkbZ vkSj nwjh ds ,sls iz'u ftuesa nks mUu;u dks.k ;k voueu
30º, the other acute angle must be 60º and the dks.k30º ;k 60º gksrs gSaA ,sls iz'uksa esa nks ledks.k f=kHkqt curs
ratio of the sides will be shown as follows : gSaA ;fn bu nks ledks.k f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk mHk;fu"B ;k leku
A
;fn fdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt dk ,d dks.k30º gS] rks nwljk U;wu yackbZ dh gks] rks nwljh Hkqtk 1% 3 ds vuqikr esa gksxhA
dks.k60º gksxk vkSj Hkqtkvksa dk vuqikr bl çdkj fn•k;k
tk,xk% (a)
3
60º 30º
2 2
1 3
60º 30º
30º 60º 1
3
3 1

(b) A
3 h
1
02 01
30º 60º D
B C d
3 d = h(cot1 – cot2)
OR
(c)
For this we will see the relation between AB
and CD in different cases.
3 blds fy, ge AB vkSj CD ds eè; fofHkÂ fLFkfr;ksa esa
laca/ ns[krs gSaA
60º 30º (a) A
1 3
r
1
si
45º 30º
D
an by
B C
1 3 –1
3
(b)
n
A
(d)
1
ja
R s
60º 30 1
º
3
a th
60º 30º
B D
1 C 2
3 3
1 A
ty a
(c)
30 º
3
di M
1
(e)
60º 45º
60º
B 1 C  1  D
3 1-
3  3

(f) A
(d)
1 1
30º
60º
1
60º
30º
3 3 30º 15º
A
B C D
3 2
3  A
3
 In most of the problems, of this type

bl izdkj ds vf/dka'k iz'uksa esa] h
(i) If AB will be given, then CD is asked
;fn AB fn;k gks] rks
CD dh yackbZ iwNh tkrh gSA 2
(ii) If CD will be given, then AB is asked. B C D
x y
;fn CD fn;k gks] rks
AB dh yackbZ iwNh tkrh gSA
h2 = y2 – x2

 If both angles of elevation are complementary A

C
;fn nksuksa mÂ;u dks.k lEiwjd gksa rks
h2 = xy or h = xy H1 H2
(90º – )
B D
h x
(90º– ) (ii) Height of the point of intersection of the lines

x joining from foot of one to top of the other from
horizontal line is h.
 ,d ds ikn dks nwljs ds 'kh"kZ ls feykus okyh js[kkvksa ds

izfrPNsn fcUnq dh {kSfrt js[kk ls hÅ¡pkbZ
gks rks
h h Or h
r
1 1 1
02 02 = +
h H1 H 2
si
02 01
a a
a = h (cot2 + cot1)

an by
n
H1 H2
ja
01
R s
h h
a th
a
(iii) If both angles of elevation are not
02 complementary, then we will solve these
problem by using the right-angled triangles ABC
ty a
a cot 2 and BCD.

h=
cot 2 – cot 2
di M
 In this type, we will study the question in which

;fn nksuksa mÂ;u dks.k lEiwjd u gks rks ge ,sls iz'uksa dks
the figure will be formed as shown below : nks ledks.k f=kHkqtksa
ABC vkSj BCD dk iz;ksx djrs gq,
bl izdkj esa ge ,sls iz'uksa dk vè;;u djsaxs ftlesa fp=k gy djrs gSaA
fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls curs gSaA
A A
C C
H1 H2
B D
B
A
D
(i)  +  = 90º or both the angle of elevation are x
complementary.  To solve this type of question, we can use
following methods.
 +  = 90º ;k nksuksa mÂ;u dks.k lEiwjd gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ds iz'uksa dks gy djus ds fy, ge fuEufyf[kr
fofèk;ksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa &
x2 = H1H2 or x = H1H 2 First Methods : In this method we use the two
right-angled triangles separately.
çFke fof/ % blesa ge nks ledks.k f=kHkqt vyx&vyx ekurs gSaA

Second Method : Given ADB =1, and ADC = 2

 cot   cot  
H  h 
C
 cot  – cot  
h
B
a A
02 01
A D
x
In most of the problems of this type

H-h
P 0 H
bl izdkj ds vf/dka'k iz'uksa esa &
(i) If h will be given, x is asked
;fn h fn;k x;k g ksxk rks tk,xk
x iwNk h
(ii) If x will be given, h is asked H+h
;fn x fn;k x;k g ksxk rks
h iwNk
tk,xk
r
si
a tanθ1
=
h tanθ2  tanθ1 and
H

an by
h = x (tan2 – tan1)
The angle of elevation of a cloud at height h
n
above the level of water in a lake is  and the
angle of the depression of its image in the lake C
ja
is . Then the height of the cloud above the
R s
surface of the lake is:
,d >hy esa ikuh ds Lrj lsh Å¡pkbZ ij ckny dk
a th
mUu;u dks.k gS vkSj >hy esa mldh Nfo dk voueu

dks.k gSA rc >hy dh lrg ds Åij ckny dh ÅapkbZ gS%
ty a
di M
A

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan NUMBER OF SYSTEM
08 NUMBER SYSTEM/la[;k i¼fr

Number
l a[;k
Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers

okLrfod la[;k d kYifud la[;k
Rational Number Irrational Numbers Complex Numbers

ifj es; la[;k v ifjes; la[;k l feJ la[;k
r
si
Integers Fractions (Decimals)
iw
.kkZad fHkUu (n'keyo)
an by
n
Positive Integers Zero Negative Integers
/ ukRed iw.kkZad ' kwU; udkjkRed iw.kkZad
ja
R s
a th
Non-Negative Non-Positive
xS
j udkjkRed j /ukRed
xS
ty a
Whole Numbers Natural Numbers

di M
iw
.kZ la[;k izkÑfrd la[;k
Prime Number Unity Composite Numbers

v HkkT; la[;k , dkad HkkT; la[;k
A. Factor/xq.k
u[kaM (ii) Total number of odd factors
N = ap×bq×cr×ds×........
dqy fo"ke xq.ku[kaMksa dh la[;k
Where, a, b, c, and d are prime number. (q+1) (r+1) (s+1)...... where a = 2
tgkaa, b, c, vkSjd vHkkT; la[;k gSaA Ex. 240 = 24×31×51
A
(i) Total number of factors of a number odd factors of 240 = (1+1) (1+1) = 2×2 = 4
fd lh la[;k ds dqy xq.ku[kaMksa dh l[a;k (iii) Total number of even factors
(p+1) (q+1) (r+1) (s+1)....... dqy le xa.ku[kaMksa dh la[;k

For example : Total number of factors of p (q+1) (r+1) (s+1)...... = Total factor–odd factors
gj.k%300 ds dqy xq.ku[kaMksa dh l[a;k
mnk Ex. 1200 = 24×31×52
300 = 2² × 31 ×5² = (2+1) (1+1) (2+1) Even factors = 4(1+1) (2+1) = 4×2×3 = 24
= 3×2×3 = 18 [or even factors = 5×2×3 – 2×3 = 24]

(iv) Sum of factors of a given number (vi) Sum and number of factors satisfying other con-
fd lh nh gqbZ la[;k ds xq.ku[kaMksa dk ;ksxiQy ditions
= (a0+a1+...+ap) (b0+b1+...+bq) (c0+c1+...+cr)..... ,slsxq.ku[kaMksa dh la[;k rFkk ;ksxiQYk tks nwljh n'kkvksa
dks lrq"V djrs gSaA
p 1 q 1 r 1
a –1 b –1 c –1
 
a –1 b –1 c –1
Ex. 7056 = 24×32×72 (a) Sum of factors of a number which are divisible
Sum of factors of 7056 by (b1×c1)
= (2° + 21 + 2² + 2³ + 24) (3° + 31 + 3²) (7° + 71 + 72)
(b1 × c1) ls foHkkT; la[;k ds xq.ku[kMksa dk ;ksxiQy
5 3 3
2 –1 3 –1 7 –1
= 2 –1  3 –1  7 –1 = (a0+a1+.....+ap) (b1+b2+...bq) (c1+b2+...cr)
(b) Sum of factors of a number which are divisible
31 26 342 by (a2×b3).
=  
1 2 6
(v) Sum of even and odd factors of a number
(a2 × b3) ls foHkkT; la[;k ds xq.ku[kMksa dk ;ksxiQy
fd lh la[;k ds le vkSj fo"ke xq.ku[kaMksa dk ;ksxiQYk= (a2+a3+...+ab) (b3+b4+...+bq) (c1+c2+...+cr)
r
(a) Sum of even factors/le xq.ku[kaMksa dk ;ksxiQy So that every individual term of the expansion,
si
= (a1+a2+...+ap) (b0+b1+..bq) (c0+c1+...+cr) there is a minimum of a2×b3.
an by
 a q 1 – 1  b q 1 – 1 c r 1 – 1 (d) Sum of perfect square factors of a number
 – 1  
 a 1  b –1 c –1
fd lh la[;k ds iw.kZ oxZ xq.ku[kaMksa dk ;ksxiQy
n
a p 1 – a bq 1 – 1 cr 1 – 1
   = (a0+a2+a4+....) (b0+b2+....) (c0+c2+....)
a –1 b –1 c –1
ja
= Every power only
R s
Ex. Sum of even factors of 270 = ?
270 ds lexq.ku[kaMksa dk ;ksxiQy Ex. Find the sum and the number of factors of 2400
a th
1
270 = 2 × 3 × 5 3 1 such that the factors are divisible by 15.
Sum of even factors 2400 ds ,sls xq.ku[kaMksa dh la[;k rFkk ;ksxiQYk Kkr
= (21) (30 + 31 + 3² + 3³) (50 + 51)
dhft, tks 15 ls foHkkT; gksA
ty a
= 2 × 40 × 6 = 480
or 2400 = 25 × 52 × 31
di M
 211 – 1   331 – 1   51 1 – 1  Factors which are divisible by 15 should com-

=  – 1  3 – 1   5 – 1  pulsorily have 31 an 51 in it.
 2 –1
 Sum of factors divisible by 15
80 24
= 2   480 = (20 + 21 + 23 + 24 + 25) (31) × (51 × 52)
2 4
= 63 × 3 × 30
(b) Sum of odd factors/fo"kexq.ku[kaMksa dk ;ksxiQy
= 5670
= a0 (b0+b1+...bq) (c0+c1+....+cr)
where a = 2 and consequently the number of factors which
b q 1
c –1 r 1 are divisible by 15
 
b –1 c –1 = 6 × 1 × 2 = 12
A
Ex. Sum of odd factors of 360 = ?

Ex. Find the number of factors of 1080 which are
360 ds fo"ke xq.ku[kaMkas dk ;ksxiQYk perfect squares.
360 = 2³ × 3² × 51
1080 ds ,sls xq.ku[kaMksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft, tks iw.kZ
Sum of odd factors
= 20 (30 + 31 + 32) (50 + 51) oxZ gkssA
= 1 × 13 × 6 = 78
1080 = 2³ × 3³ × 51
or
32 1 – 1 51 1 – 1 26 24 The number of perfect square factors of 1080
=    = 78 are the terms in expansion = 4
3 –1 5 –1 2 4

B. Remainder/'ks"kiQYk (ii) Remainder of Factor/xq.ku[kaMksa ds 'ks"kiQy

The remainder is the integer left over after di- A dividend is divided by a divisor and there is
viding one integer by another to produce an in- a remainder. If factor of divisor divides same
teger quotient dividend then assume dividend as the remain-
,d iw.kkZad dks fdlh nwljs iw.kkZad ls Hkkx nsus ij iw.kkZad

der.
fdlh HkkT; dks fdlh Hkktd }kjk Hkkx fn;k tkrk gS rks
HkkxiQy izkIr djus ds ckn 'ks"k cps iw.kkZad dks 'ks"kiQy
dgrs gSaA dqN 'ks"kiQy izkIr gksrk gSA ;fn Hkktd dk xq.ku[kaM mlh
HkkT; dks foHkkftr djs rks HkkT; dks 'ks"kiQy eku ysaA
Divisor Hkktd Dividend HkkT;Quotient HkkxiQy
××× Ex. On dividing a certain number by 72 we get 11
Remainder as remainder what will be the remainder.
'ks"kiQYk
fdlh fuf'pr la[;k dks 72 ls Hkkx nsus ij 'ks"kiQy
Concept of Negative Remainders/udkjRed
r
11 izkIr gksrk gS] 'ks"kiQy D;k gksxk ;fn&
'ks"kiQy dh vo/kj.kk
si
(i) If the same number is divided by 8
Remainder by definition are always non-nega-
mlh la[;k dks8 ls foHkkftr fd;k tk,
an by
tive but we use negative remainder in calcula-
tion for avoid long calculations. (ii) If double of the number is divided by 6
n
ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj 'ks"kiQy ges'kk xSj udkjkRed gksrk gSA
la[;k ds nksxqus 6dks
ls foHkkftr fd;k tk,
ja
ijUrq yEch x.kuk ls cpus ds fy, ge udkjkRed 'ks"kiQy
R s
(iii) If square of the number is divided by 9
dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA mlh la[;k ds oxZ dks9 ls foHkkftr fd;k tk,
a th
Ex. 29 % 9 = + 2 because 29 is 2 surplus

(iii) Successive Division/Øekxr foHkktu
29dks 9 ls Hkkx nsus ij 'ks"kiQYk
+ 2 cprk gSA
ty a
When a number N is divided successively by a

D;ksafd ;g27 ls nks vf/d gSA
and b, remainder obtained are c and d respec-
di M
(29 = 9 × 3 +2) tively. Which mean first we divide N by a and

= –7 because 29 is 7 deficient then the quotient obtained is divided by b.
vFkok]29 dks 9 ls Hkkx nsus ij 'ks"kiQy

–7 cprk tc fdlh la[;k N dks a rFkkb }kjk Øekxr :i ls
gSA D;kasfd36;gls 7 de gSA Hkkx fn;k tkrk gS rks 'ks"kiQy Øe'k%
c rFkkd izkIr
(29 = 9 × 4 – 7) gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ gksrk gS fd igys
N dks
gea ls
Special Case: Hkkx nsrs gS vkSj fiQj izkIr HkkxiQy
b ls foHkkftr
dks
(i) If two numbers are each divided by the same
djrs gSaA
divisor, the remainder are respectively 'r1' and
'r2'. If the sum of the two number be divided
A
by the same divisor, the remainder is 'r3'. Then

a N x
;fn nks la[;kvksa esa ls izR;sd dks leku HkkTkd ls Hkkx
×
fn;k tk, rks 'ks"kiQYk Øe'k% r1 rFkkr2 izkIr gksrs gSaA
c
;fn nksuksa la[;kvksa ds ;ksxiQy dks Hkh mlh Hkktd ls d x y
Hkkx fn;k tk, vkSj 'ks"kiQy
r3 izkIr gks rks] ×
Divisor/Hkktd= r1 + r2 – r3 d

Ex. A number on being divided by 3 and 4 succes-

sively leaves the remainder 1 and 2 respectively.  a n – bn 
(d) Remainder   = 0 for all value of n
Find the remainder when the same number is  (a – b) 
divided by 10.
 836 – 236 
fdlh la[;k dks 3 rFkk4 }kjk Øekxr :i ls Hkkx fn, Ex. Re  0
 6 
tkus ij 'ks"kiQYk Øe'k%1 rFkk2 izkIr gksrs gSaA mlh
la[;k dks10 Hkkx nsus ij izkIr 'ks"kiQy Kkr dhft,A  a n – bn 
(e) Remainder   = 0 when n is even.
Reverse the position of remainder and quotient  (a  b) 
and start question backward.
 724 – 424 
'ks"kiQy RkFkk HkkxiQy dh fLFkfr dks myVk Ex.
dj nssa
Re vkSj
 =0
 11 
iz'u dks ihNs ls gy djuk 'kq: djsaA
(a  1)n
(f) Remainder = 1 for all value of n
Quotient Remainder a
3 1 74 25 74  74  .... 1  1  1  ....
r
Ex.   1
4 2 73 73 73
si
0 For smallest (g) Remainder [(a – 1)n/a] = 1 when n is even.
number = (a – 1) or –1 when n is odd
an by
Ex. 34282 % 35 = (–1)282 % 35 = 1 % 35 = 1
3 7 1 34281 % 35 = (–1)281 % 35 = – 1 % 35 = 35 –1 = 34
4 2 2 3×2+1 C. Rules of divisibility/foHkkT;rk ds fu;e
n
0 4×0+2 (i) Divisibility by 2: A number is divisible by 2 if
ja
the last digit of the number is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
R s
3 19 1 2 ls foHkkT;rk% dksbZ2la[;k
ls foHkkT; gksxh ;fn la[;k
4 6 2 3×6+1 dk bdkbZ vad0, 2, 4, 6 vFkok8 gksA
a th
1 4×1+2
(ii) Divisibility by 3: A number is divisible by 3 if the
For second
smallest number sum of the digits of the number is divisible by 3.
3 ls foHkkT;rk% dksbZ3la[;k
;s foHkkT; gksxh ;fn la[;k
Some important rules for remainder/'ks"kiQy ds
ty a
ds vadksa dk ;ksx3 ls foHkkT; gksA

dqN egRoiw.kZ fu;e (iii) Divisibility by 4: A number is divisible by 4 if the
di M
(a n  bn ) last two digits of the number are divisible by 4.

(a) Remainder = 0 when n is odd
(a  b) 4 ls foHkkT;rk% dksbZ4la[;k
foHkkT; gksxh ;fn la[;k ds
vfUre nks vad4 ls foHkkT; gksA
 8371  5371  (iv) Divisibility by 5: A number is divisible by 5 if
Ex. Re    0 [Here13  8  5]
 13  the last digit of the number is 0 or 5.
ls foHkkT; gksxh ;fn la[;k
(a n  b n  c n )
(b) Remainder
(a  b  c)
= 0 when n is odd dk bdkbZ vad0 vFkok5 gksA
(v) Divisibility by 6: A number is divisible by 6 if
 361  261  461  the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
Ex. Re  0 6 ls foHkkT;rk% dksbZ la[;k 6 ls foHkkT; gksxh ;fn
 9 
la[;k2 rFkk3 nksuksa ls foHkkT; gksA
A
 a n  bn  cn  .....  (vi) Divisibility by 7: Multiply last digit by 2 and

(c) Remainder =   = 0 if (a + b + c +...) subtract from remaining number. Repeat this
 (a  b  c) 
process until number become less then check
are in Arithmetic progression and n is odd divisibility of 7.
 1673  1773  1873  1973  7 ls foHkkT;rk% la[;k ds vfUre vad 2dksls xq.kk djsa
Ex. Re =  
 9  vkSj 'ks"k la[;k ls ?kVk nsaA ;g izfØ;k rc rd nksgjk,a tc
 n = 73 (odd), 16+17+18+19 = 70 and 16, 17, rd fd la[;k NksVh uk gks tk, vkSj fiQj lkr dh
18 and 19 are in A.P.
foHkkT;rk tkapsaA

(vii) Divisibility by 8: A number is divisible by 8 if the Ex. Find the units digit in each of the following
last 3 digits of the number are divisible by 8. cases.
foHkkT; gksxh ;fn la[;k ds fuEufyf[kr izR;sd n'kk esa bdkbZ vad Kkr dhft,A
vfUre 3 vad 8 ls foHkkT; gksA (i) (187)282 × (529)321 × (343)236
(ii) (789)315 + (232)644 + (528)253
(viii) Divisibility by 9: A number is divisible by 9 if
(iii) (982)481 – (219)241
the sum of the digits is divisible by 9.
(i) Divide last 2 digits of power by 4 and put re-
9 ls foHkkT;rk% dksbZ la[;k 9 ls foHkkT; gksxh ;fn la[;kmainder as a power of unit place digit.
ds vadksa dks ;ksx
9 ls foHkkT; ?kkr ds vafre2 vadksa dks
4 ls foHkkftr djds izkIr
(viv) Divisibility by 11: If the difference between the 'ks"kiQy dks bdkbZ vad dh la[;k dh ?kkr ds :i esa j[krs
sum of the digits at odd place and sum of the
digits at even places is equal to zero or multiple gSaA
of 11. 72 × 91 × 34 9 × 9 × 1  1
(ii) 93 + 24 + 81  9 + 6 + 8  3
11 ls foHkkT;rk% ;fn la[;k ds fo"ke LFkkuksa ds vadksa ds
(iii) 21 – 91  12 – 9  3
;ksx dk la[;k ds le LFkkuksa ds vadksa ds ;ksx ls varj 'kwU;
[If first number is less than add 10 in it]
r
;k 11 dk xq.kt gks rks la[;k
11 ls foHkkT; gksxhA [;fn izFke la[;k NksVh gks rks10 blesa
tksM+] nsa
si
(ix) Divisibility by 12: A number is divisible by 12 if
the number is divisible by both 3 and 4.
E. LCM and HCF/y-l-i- vkSj e-l-i
12
an by
ls foHkkT;rk% dksbZ12 la[;k
ls foHkkT; gksxh ;fn
la[;k 3 rFkk4 nksuksa ls foHkkT; gksA
Product of two numbers/nks la[;kvkssa dk xq.kuiQy
LCM × HCF
=
n
 Product of "n" numbers/"n" la[;kvksa dk xq.kuiQy
D. Unit Digit/bdkbZ vad
ja
= HCF(n–1) × LCM
R s
The unit's digit of an expression can be calcu- (1) L.C.M. of Fractions/fHkUuksa dk y-l-i-
lated by getting the remainder while the expres-
a th
sion is divided by 4. L.C.M. of Numbnerators

=
fdlh O;tad ds bdkbZ vad dh x.kuk mldks pkj ls Hkkx H.C.F. of Denominators
nsus ds ckn izkIr 'ks"kiQy ls djrs gSaA (2) H.C.F. of Fractions/fHkUuksa dk e-l-i-
ty a
Ex. What will be the unit's digit of (382)575?

H.C.F. of Numberators
(382)575dk bdkbZ vad D;k gksxk\ =
di M
L.C.M. of Denominators
Step/pj.k 1:
Divide last 2 digits of power by 4 and find out (3) H.C.F. and L.C.M. of polynomials.
remainder. cgqinksa dk e-l-i- rFkk y-l-i-
?kkr ds vfUre2 vdksa dks
4 ls Hkkx nsdj 'ks"kiQYk (a)
izkIrH.C.F. of two or more polynomials is the
djrs gSaA "Common factor of highest degree".
4 75 18
nks ;k nks ls vf/d cgqinksa dk e-l-i- ¶vf/dre ?kkr
4 dk mHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaM¸
35 (b) L.C.M. of two or more polynomials is the
32
3 "Common multiple of least degree".
nks ;k nks ls vf/d cgqinksa dk y-l-i- ¶U;wure ?kkr dk
A
Step/pj.k 2:
Put remainder as a power of unit place number mHk;fu"B xq.kt¸
and find out answer.
1st polynomial × 2nd polynomial
'ks"kiQy dks bdkbZ vad dh la[;k ds ?kkr ds :i esa j[kdj
(c) L.C.M. =
H.C.F.
mÙkj izkIr djrs gSaA
23 = 8 1st polynomial × 2nd polynomial
(d) H.C.F. =
Note: In Step 1, if remainder is 0 is then put L.C.M.
power equal to 4.
pj.k 1 esa ;fn 'ks"kiQy
0 gks rks ?kkr 4
dks
j[krs gSaA (e) L.C.M. × H.C.F. = Product of two polynomial

LCM : y-l-i- (3) Sum of digits/vadksa dk ;ksxiQYk

Ex. Find out sum of all digits from 1 to 100.
1 ls 100 rd dh la[;k esa iz;qDr lHkh vadksa dk ;ksxiQYk
Kkr dhft,A
Find the smallest no. Which when divided Unit place digit/bdkbZ vad
 10 (1 + 2 +.........+9)
by x, y, z leaves remainder “r” in each case.
og U;wure la[;k Kkr dhft, tksx,y,z ls iw.kZr% Hkkx = 450
nsus ij izR;sd n'kk esar'ks"k izkIr gksA Second place digit/ ngkbZ vad 10 (1 + 2
+............+ 9) = 450
Third place digit/lSdM+k
1
Total = 450 + 450 + 1 = 901
 Least number to be added or subtracted to given
number so it becomes divisible of a divisor.
HCF : e-l-i-
fdlh nh gqbZ la[;k eas lcls NksVh la[;k bl izdkj
tksM+uk@?kVkuk fd ;g fdlh Hkktd ls foHkkftr gks tk,A
r
Ex. What is least number to be added to 42072 to
si
get a number which is divisible by 93?
42072 eas og dkSu&lh U;wure la[;k tksM+h tk, fd izkIr
an by
Find the largest no. Which when
divided by x, y, z leaves remainder “r”
in each case. la[;k 93 ls foHkkftr gks tk,\
og U;wure la[;k Kkr dhft, tksx,y,z ls
n
Hkkx nsus ij izR;sd n'kk esa 'ks"kiQy
r izkIr gksrk 93 42072 452
gksA 372
ja
R s
487
465
a th
222
186
36
So least number to be added is/blfy,] lcls NksVh
ty a
F. Counting of Numbers/la[;kvksa dh fxurh tksM+h tk ldus okyh la[;k

93 – 36 = 57
di M
(1) Counting a Digit/vadksa dh fxurh  Prime Number/vHkkT; la[;k

Ex. How many times 5 will come from 350 to 600. Except 1 each natural number which is divisible
350 ls 600 ds chp 5 fdruh ckj vk,xkA by only 1 and itself is called a prime number.
Sol. 1 dks NksM+dj izR;sd izkÑfrd la[;k tks
1 fliQZ
rFkk [kqn
I Place II Place III Place
350 – 400 5 10 × ls gh foHkkT; gks] vHkkT; la[;k dgykrh gSA
400 – 500 10 10 1 To check whether a number is prime number or
500 – 600 10 10 99 not, first take the square root of the number.
(500 alread count)
Ans.155 Round of the square root to the immediately
(2) Digits required to write counting. lower integer. Then check divisibility of number
fxurh dks fy[kus ds fy, vko';d vadA by all prime below it. If number is not divisible
A
Ex. How many digits required to write counting from by any prime number then number is prime
1 to 400? number.
1 ls 400 rd dh fxurh dks fy[kus ds fy, vko';d dksbZ la[;k vHkkT; gS ;k ugha] ;g Kkr djus ds fy,]
vadksa dh la[;k fdruh gS\ lcls igys la[;k dk oxZ ewYk ysa] oxZ ewy dks mlls NksVs
Single digits 1 to 9  9 number × 1 digit per
number = 9 iw.kkZad ds :i esa fy[k ysaA mlds ckn la[;k dh foHkkT;rk
Double digits 10 to 99  90 number × 2 digits
per number = 180
dh tkap mlls NksVh lHkh vHkkT; la[;kvksa }kjk djsaA ;fn
Three digits 100 to 400  301 number × 3 fdlh Hkh vHkkT; la[;k ls foHkkT; ugha gksrh rks ;g
digits per number = 903
Ans: 9+180+903 = 1092 Digits
vHkkT; la[;k gSA

Ex. 137 is prime number or not? dh rqyuk

 Comparison of Fraction./fHkUuksa
137 vHkkT; la[;k gS ;k ugha\ It is advisable to compare two fraction by cross
multiplication.
137  11  prime number less than or equal
to 11 are 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11, 137 is not divisible
dh rqyuk frjNs xq.ku[kaM fof/ }kjk djus dh
fHkUuksa
by any of there. Hence it is prime numbers. lykg yh tkrh gSA
Ex. The greatest value among the fractions.
11 ls NksVh ;k cjkcj vHkkT; la[;k,a
2, 3, 5, 7 rFkk11
fuEufyf[kr esa ls lcls cM+h fHkUUk dkSu&lh gSA
ls fdlh ds Hkh }kjk foHkkT; ugha gS blfy,
gS]137 bueas
2 1 5 3
;g ,d vHkkT; la[;k gSA , , , is :
7 3 6 4
Ex. What is average of prime number from 80 to
100? 2 1
6 < 7
7 3
80 ls 100 rd dh vHkkT; la[;kvksa dk vkSlr D;k gS\ 1 5
6 < 15
100 = 10  Prime number less than 10 are 2, 3 6
3, 5, 7 Hence, even number and ending with 5 5 3
r
20 > 18,
will not prime numbers so only check divisibility 6 4
si
of 3 and 7.
5
So is greatest fraction.
ls de dh vHkkT; la[;k,a 2, 3, 5, 7 gSa
] bl izdkj
an by
10 6
le la[;k vkSj 5 bdkbZ vad okyh la[;k,a vHkkT; la[;k,a b
 Special case of a numbers
n
3 vkSj7 dh foHkkT;rk tkpsaA
ugha gksxhaA blfy, fliQZ c
b
izdkj dh la[;kvksa ij vk/kfjr fo'ks"k fLFkfr
ja
Prime number are 83, 89 and 97. a
R s
c
vHkkT; la[;k,a83, 89, 97 gSa
A (a) If denominator of a number same as multiplier
a th
83 + 89 + 97 269 ;fn fdlh la[;k dk gj mlds xq.kt ds leku gks rks

Ans: = = 89.67
3 3 994
Ex. 999 × 999
 Some points about prime numbers. 999
ty a
Same
vHkkT; la[;k,a ls lEcfU/r dqN egRowi.kZ fcUnqA Add 5 in 994 so it becomes 999
994 esa5 tksM+us ls 999
;g gks tkrh gS
di M
(i) Prime number between 1 to 100 are

(994 + 5)
1 ls 100 ds chp dh vHkkT; la[;k,a 999
999
× 999
(1 to 50  15, 50 to 100  10) = (999 + 1) × 999

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, = 999000
Now substrate 5
47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97
= 999000 – 5 = 998995
(ii) If a and b are any two odd primes then a2 + b2
(b) If difference between numerated and denomi-
and a2 – b2 is composite numbers.
nator is 1.
;fn a rFkkb nks
fo"ke vHkkT; la[;k,a gSa + b2 rFkk
a2rks ;fn va'k vkSj gj ds chp dk varj1 gks rks
HkkT
; la[;k,a gksxhaA
A
a2 – b2 1 791
Ex. + 999 × 99
Co-Prime Numbers/lg&vHkkT; la[;k,a 8 792
791 1
Two natural numbers are called co-prime (rela- Here 792 – 791 = 1 so we can write =1 –
792 792
tively prime) number if they have no common
factor other than 1. 1  1 
= +  999 +1 –  × 99
8  792 
nks izkÑfrd la[;k,a lgvHkkT; ;k lkis{k vHkkT; dgykrh gS
;fn 1 d s flok, muds dksbZ vkSj mHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaM u=gksA
1
+ 99000 –
99
= 99000
8 792
Ex. (3,8), (9,10),(12,17)

(c) dkj
Series Type/Js.kh iz Ex. 0.535353............
53
1 2 4 =
Ex. 999 + 999 + ........... + 999 99
5 5 5
Ex. 0.28383............  = 0.283
1+ 2 + 3 + 4 Let x = 0.2838383............
999 × 4 + 10 x = 2.838383................ ............(1)
5
1000 x = 283.838383......... ............(2)
(4 × 5) / 2 Subtract (1) from (2)
= (400 – 4) + 990 x = 281
5
281
= 3996 + 2 = 3998 x=
990
1 2 10
Ex. 99 + 99 + ......... + 99 Ex. 0.5 73
11 11 11
573 – 5 568
= =
10 990 990
= 99 ×10 + = 995
2
r
Ex. 0.38 7
 Bar Type Questions/ckj okysiz'u 387 – 38
si
=
Ex. 0.7777.........  = 0. 7 900
an by
Let x = 0.777............ 349
10 x = 7.777............ =
900
n
Subtract (1) from (2)
Ex. 0.00 3
7
ja
9x = 7  x = 3 1
R s
9 = = .
900 300
a th
ty a
di M
A

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan TIME AND DISTANCE
09 TIME AND DISTANCE/le; vkSj nwjh

SPEED, TIME AND DISTANCE  Distance is usually measured in meters (m),
Definition : The speed of a body is defined as kilometer (km) or mile, yards or feet.
the distance covered by it in unit time. nwjh dks lkekU;r% ehVj] fdyksehVj] ehy vFkok ;kMZ esa ekirs gSaA
ifjHkk"kk % bdkbZ le; esa r; dh xbZ nwjh dks pky dgrs
 gSaA
Speed is usually measured in km/h, mile/
Basic Formulae hr or m/sec.
pky dks lkekU;r% fdeh@?kaVk] ehy@?kaVk vFkok eh@lsdaM e
Distance njw h ekirs gSaA
Speed = /pky =
Time le; Conversion of Units/ek=kdksa dk :ikarj.k
Distance njw h 1. 1 h = 60 min = 60 × 60 = 3600 sec.
Time = /le; =
Speed pky 2. 1 km = 1000 m
r
Distance = Speed × Time 3. 1 mile = 1.606 km or 1 km = 0.6214 mile of
nwjh= pky × le; 5 mile = 8 km
si
Two frineds left Delhi for Goa at 5 a.m. One 4. 1 yard = 3 ft
friend who went by train reached Goa in 24
an by
hours and other friends who went by Aeroplane 1000
5. a km/hr = a × m/sec
reached in 3 hours. 60 × 60
n
nks fe=k fnYyh ls xksok ds fy, iwokZÉ 5 cts fudyrs gSaA ,d 5
fe=k jsyxkM+h ls 24 ?kaVs esa vkSj nwljk gokbZ tgkt ls 3 ?kaVs =a× m/sec
ja
18
esa xksok igq¡prk gSA
R s
We know that speed of aeroplane is more than 60 × 60
a m/sec = a × km/hr
a th
train so time taken by train is more than that 1000

of aeroplane.
18
ge tkurs gSa fd gokbZ tgkt dh pky jsyxkM+h ls vf/d =a× km/hr
5
gksrh gSA blfy, jsyxkM+h }kjk gokbZ tgkt ls vf/d le;
ty a
Ex. A man go a certain distance with x km/hr and

fy;k x;kA
comes back with a speed of y km/hr. If he takes
di M
It can be infer from above explanation that

t hour to go and come back. Find the distance?
Speed 
1
(When distance is constant) ,d vkneh x fdeh@?kaVk ds lkFk ,d fuf'pr nwjh r; djrk
Time gS vkSjy fdeh@?kaVk dh xfr ls okil vkrk gSA ;fn mls
1 tkus vkSj okil vkus esa
t ?kaVk yxrk gSA nwjh Kkr dhft,\
mi;qZDr ls ;g Li"V gS fd pky

le;
(tgk¡ nwjh fu;r
 xy 
gS) Then distance/nwjh
= x + y×t
 
If two athlete run for constant time then
distance covered by the athlete whose speed is Ex. A man go a certain distance with x km/hr and
more would be more. he comes back with a speed of y km/hr. If he
;fn nks /kod fu;re le; ds fy, nkSM+s rks ftldh pky takes t hours more to come back than go. Find
vf/d gksxh og vf/d nwjh r; djsxkA the distance.
A
It can be infer from above explanation that ,d vkneh x fdeh@?kaVk ds lkFk ,d fuf'pr nwjh r; djrk
distance  time taken (when speed is constant) gS vkSj ogy fdeh@?kaVk dh xfr ls okil vkrk gSA ;fn og
mi;qZDr fooj.k ls Li"V gS fd tkus ls okil vkus esat ?kaVs vf/d ysrk gSA nwjh dk irk
nwjh fy;s x;s le; (tc pky fu;r gks) yxk,aA
Units of Measurement/eki ds ek=kd Then distance/nwjh
 Time is usually measured in second (sec),
=  xy  × (difference between time)
 
minutes (min) or hours (hr).
x – y
le; dks lkekU;r% lsdaM] feuV vFkok ?kaVs esa ekirs gSaA

 The difference between time can be solved by From above explanation, it is clear that when
the following tricks distance is constant, average speed is free from
 le ; ds varj dks fuEufyf•r rjdhcksa ls gy fd;k tk ldrk distance. It means three is no need of distance
gS or question can be solved through any sup-
posed distance.
Same important cases in speed
mi;qZDr fooj.k ls ;g Li"V gS fd tc nwjh fu;r gks rks vkSlr
Early, early case '–' (subtraction)
Late, Late case '–' (subtraction) pky nwjh ls Lora=k gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ nwjh dh dksbZ vko';drk ugh
Early, Late case '+' (Addition) gksrh gS vFkok iz'u dks gy djus ds fy, nwjh dks dqN eku
fy;k tkrk gSA
Late, Early case '+' (Addition)
Note : In such type of question we can take any
Average Speed value of distance but the ratio of distance which
we will take while solving the question must be
Amar went to Gaziabad from Delhi by 60 km/ in the same ratio as given in the question.
hr and then he went to Dadri by 80 km/hr.
What is his average speed? ,sls l okyksa esa vki dksbZ Hkh nwjh ys ldrs gSa ysfdu okLrfod
nwjh
vej fnYyh ls xkft;kckn 60 fdeh@?kaVs vkSj fiQj og nknjh dk tks vuqikr gksuk pkfg, ogh vuqikr gesa loky gy
80 fdeh@?kaVk dh pky ls tkrk gSA mldh vkSlr pky D;k gS\djrs oDr ysuk iM+sxkA
r
Basically fr&II
Case-II/fLFk
si
When time is constant
Total covered distance tc le; fu;r gks
an by
Average speed = Total taken time S1 S2
d qy r; dh xbZ njw h
n
t t
vkSlr pky = d qy fy;k x;k le; D1 = S1 × t D2 = S2 × t
Average speed/vkSlr pky =
ja
R s
There are three variables viz speed, time and
D1 + D 2 S t + S 2t t (S 1 + S 2 ) S 1 + S 2
distance. Any two out of three should have = 1 = 
t +t t +t 2t 2
a th
been given to solve the question.

;g k¡ rhu pj&pky] le; vkSj nwjh gksrs gSaA iz'u dks gy djus When
ds time is constant, average speed is free
from time. It means when time is constant
fy, rhu esa ls dksbZ nks pj fn;s gksus pkfg,A tc le; fu;r gks] rks vkSlr pky le; ls Lora=k gksrh gSA
In above question only speed is given so it is
ty a
vFkkZr tc le; fu;r gks

not possible to solve question.
mi;qZDr iz'u esa fliZQ pky nh xbZ gS blfy, bldks gy djuk Average speed/ vkSlr pky
di M
laHko ugha gSA =

Sum of the speed
Cases for Average Speed Number of speeds / observations
vkSlr pky dh fLFkfr;k¡ p kyksa dk ;kxs
1. When distance is constant p kyka@s i; Z
o s{k.kksa dh l[a ;k
tc nwjh fu;r gks Note : In such type of question we can take any
2. When time is constant value of time but the ratio of time which we will
tc le; fu;r gks take while solving the question must be in the
Case-I/fLFkfr&
I same ratio as given in the question.
When distance is constant , sls lokyksa esa vki dksbZ Hkh le; ys ldrs gSa ysfdu okLrfod
tc nwjh fu;r gks le; dk tks vuqikr gksuk pkfg, ogh vuqikr gesa loky gy
A
D djrs oDr ysuk iM+sxkA

A S1 B S2 C  Question based on Average Speed with Stoppage
D D
t1 = S t2 = S Bgjko ds lkFk vkSlr pky ij vk/kfjr iz'u
1 2
When stoppage time is taken into consider-
Average speed/vkSlr pky =
ation while calculating average speed, it is said
D+D 2D 2S1S2 average speed with stoppage.
= =
D D 1 1  S1 + S2
+ D +  tc vkSlr pky dh x.kuk djrs gq, Bgjko ds le; dks Hkh
S1 S2  S1 S2 
'kkfey djrs gSa rks bls Bgjko ds lkFk vkSlr pky ds dgrs gSaA

D1 D2 BASIC CONCEPT OF TRAINS

A P B jsyxkM+h laca/h iz'uksa dh ewyHkwr ladYiuk
Here,
S1  Speed of train starting from A  Distance = Speed × Time
( A ls 'kq: gksus okys Vªsu dh xfr) nwjh= pky × le;
S2  Speed of train starting from B  Difference between Meeting and Crossing
( B ls 'kq: gksus okys Vªsu dh xfr) feyus vkSj ikj djus ds chp varj
 Speed/pky  Relative Speed/lkis{k pky
T  Time after which they meet each other.
S = (SA – SB) [Same Direction] (leku fn'kk)
(le; ftlds ckn os ,d&nwljs ls feyrh gS)
S = (SA + SB) [Opposite Direction] (foijhr fn'kk)
T1  Time taken by the train 1 to reach at its
destination after crossing each other. Distance njw h
Time = ] le; =
(Vªsu 1 }kjk ,d&nwljs dks ikj djus ds ckn vius xarO; rd Speed pky
igq¡pus esa fy;k x;k le;) Generally, Length of the train is given in m and
Speed is given in km/hr.
T2  Time taken by the train 2 to reach at its So, always focus on the units.
r
destination after crossing each other. vr% lnSo bdkbZ ij è;ku nsaA
(Vªsu 2 }kjk ,d&nwljs dks ikj djus ds ckn vius xarO; rd
si
Basic points which will help in solving questions
igq¡pus esa fy;k x;k le;) 1. When a train crosses a man (stationary), crosses
an by
a man walking @ 2km/hr or crosses a man
D  Total distance form A to B. walking @ 10 km/hr.
(A ls B rd dh dqy nwjh) tc ,d jsyxkM+h ,d O;fÙkQ (fLFkj) dks ikj djrh gS] 2
n
On this concept three types of questions are fdeh@ ?kaVk dh pky ls pyus okys ,d O;fÙkQ dks ikj djrh
asked in the exams and they are based on the
gS ;k 10 fdeh@?kaVk dh pky ls pyus okys ,d O;fÙkQ dks
ja
given formula below :
ikj djrh gSA
R s
bl vo/kj.kk ij ijh{kk esa rhu izdkj ds iz'u iwNs tkrs gSa In every case : D = LT (Length of the train)
tks uhps fn;s x;s lw=kksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSaA
a th
(jsyxkM+h dh yackbZ)
(a) T = T1  T2 Here, D refers to the distance which the train
has covers extra with respect to the man.
;gkaD jsyxkM+h dh nwjh ls lanfHkZr gS tks jsyxkM+h O;fÙkQ d
ty a
S1 T2
(b) S = T1 lanHkZ esa vfrfjÙkQ r; djrh gSA
2
2. Distance covered by the train when the train
di M
(c) D = S1T1 + S2T2 crosses an object:

Buses are leaving bus terminal after every 10 fdlh oLrq dks ikj djus esa jsyxkM+h }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjh
minutes (T1) But, a person who is moving to- D = LT + LO
wards the terminal meets the bus after every 8 Where:
minutes (T2). LT = Length of Train
çR;sd 10 feuV(T1) ckn clsa cl VfeZuy ls fudyrh gSa LO = Length of Object
ysfdu] ,d O;fÙkQ tks VfeZuy dh vksj c<+ jgk gS og gj 8tgk¡
feuV (T2) ds ckn cl ls feyrk gSA LT = jsyxkM+h dh yackbZ
LO = oLrq dh yackbZ
Speed of man T1 – T2 3. Train 1 crosses Train 2
= D = L1 + L2
Speed of bus T2
S = S1 – S2 (Same Direction)
A
S1 + S2 (Opposite Direction)
Speed of Train T1 – T2 4. Train 1 Train 2
=
Speed of Sound T2 L1 L2
S1 S2
Here,/;gka] A person sitting in Train 1 crosses Train 2.
T1 = Time after which buses leaves the terminal. D = L2
T1 = le; ftlds ckn clsa VfeZuy ls fudyrh gSaA S = S1 – S 2
Train 1 crosses a person sitting in Train 2.
T2 = Time after which it meets with the person.
D = L1
T1 = le; ftlds ckn clsa O;fDr ls feyrh gSaA
S = S1 – S 2

COMMON STATEMENTS USED IN Circular track/o`Ùkh; iFk

RACE BASED QUESTIONS CASE 1:
nkSM+ vk/kfjr iz'uksa esa iz;qDr lkekU;tcdFku

Same direction and opposite direction
nkSM+us dh fn'kk leku rFkk foijhr gks
 In a race of 1 km, A beats B by 100 metre. L meters L meters
1 fdeh dh nkSM+A,esa
B dks 100 ehVj ds varj ls gjkrk gSA
100 m
B A
A B A:B x
A x
1000 m 900 m Speed 10 : 9 B B A
T T
 In a race of 1 km, A beats B by 10 sec.  Meet first time each other at any point on the
1 fdeh dh nkSM+A,esa
B dks 10 lsdaM ds varj ls gjkrk gSA track in opposite direction /foijhr fn'kk esa nkSM+rs gq,
r
iFk ds fdlh fcanq ij igyh ckj feyus ds fy, fy;k x;k le;
×
si
B A L
A B A:B = sec.
(x + y)
an by
1000 m 1000 m
T (T + 10) sec. Where x m/s, y m/s are speeds of A and B
n
 In a race of 1 km, A can give B a start of 100 resptectively. L = length of the track in meter
metre. tgk¡A rFkkB dh pky Øe'k%x ehVj@lsdaM rFkk
y ehVj@lsdaM
1 fdeh dh nkSM+A,esaB dks 100 ehVj dh 'kq:vkr nsrk
ja
 gSA
L iFk dh yEckbZ ehVj esa gSA
R s
gSA  Meet first time each other at any point on the
track in same direction /leku fn'kk esa nkSM+rs gq, iFk
a th
A, B
100 m
ds fdlh fcanq ij igyh ckj feyus ds fy, fy;k x;k le;
A B
L
A B
ty a
= sec
(X – Y)
1000 m 900 m
T sec T sec  Meet each other exactly at the starting point in
di M
 A can give B a start of t minutes : This same or opposite direction/leku vFkok foijhr fn'kk
statement implies that A will start t minutes esa nkSM+rs gq, iFk ds izkjfEHkd fcanq ij feyus ds fy, fy;k x;k
after B starts from the starting point.
le;
A, B dks t feuV dh 'kq:vkr nsrk gS % bl dFku dk vFkZ
gS fd 'kq:vkrh fcUnqBlsds t feuV ckn A 'kq: djrk gSA L L
= LCM  ,  sec
 In a race of 1 km, A gives B a start of 150 metre x y
and still wins by 10 sec. CASE 2: When three persons A, B and C are
1 fdeh dh nkSM+A,esaB dks 150 ehVj dh 'kq:vkr nsrk gS running around a circular track of length L mts
vkSj fiQj Hkh 10 lsdaM ds varj ls thr tkrk gSA with speeds of x, y and z m/s in the same
150 m direction,
tc rhu O;fDr A, B rFkkC fdlh L ehVj yEckbZ dsa o`Ùkkdkj
A
A B B A
A B iFk ij x ehVj@lsdaM]
y ehVj@lsdaM rFkk
z ehVj@lsdaM dh
1000 m 850 m pky ls nkSM+rs gSA
T sec (T + 10) sec Meet each other at any point on the track
 Dead Heat : A dead heat situation is when all iFk ds fdlh fcanq ij feyus esa fy;k x;k le;
participants reach the finishing point at the
same instant of time.  L L 
= LCM  ,  sec
MsM ghV ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS ftlesa lHkh izfrHkkxh var fcUnq  (x – y) y – z 
ij ,d gh le; ij igq¡prs gSaA

10 BOAT AND STREAM/uko vkSj /kjk

Important Formulae : egRoiw.kZ lw=k
Definition & Formulae/ifjHkk"kk rFkk lw=k
Given below are a few important formulas with
There are a variety of subconcepts that are re- the help of which you can solve the questions
lated to answering questions based on boat and based on boat and streams.
streams concept. Given below are the four terms uhps dqN egRoiw.kZ lw=k fn, x, gSa ftudh lgk;rk ls vki uko
which are important for a candidate to know to
vkSj ty/kjk ij vk/kfjr ç'uksa dks gy dj ldrs gSaA
understand the concept of streams.
Candidates must learn these formulas by heart
uko vkSj /kjkvksa dh vo/kj.kk ij vk/kfjr ç'uksa ds mÙkj nsus
to ensure they are able to answer the simple
ls lacaf/r fofHkUu mi&vo/kj.kk,a gSaA uhps pkj 'kCn fn, formula
x, based questions correctly and do not
gSa tks ,d ijh{kkFkhZ ds fy, /kjkvksa dh vo/kj.kk dks le>us
end up losing marks for direct questions.
ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA mEehnokjksa dks bu lw=kksa dks fny ls lh•uk pkfg, rkfd ;g
r
 Stream : The moving water in a river is called a stream. lqfuf'pr gks lds fd os ljy lw=k vk/kfjr ç'uksa dk lgh mÙkj
nsus esa l{ke gSa vkSj lh/s ç'uksa ds fy, vad ugha xaokrs gSaA
si
/kjk %unh esa cgrs ty dks /kjk dgrs gSaA
Speed of boat in still water = B
Upstream : If the boat is flowing in the opposite
an by

direction to the stream, it is called upstream. In this
'kkar ty esa uko dh pky
case, the net speed of boat is called upstream speed. Speed of the stream = S
n
ÅèoZizokg
;fn%uko /kjk ds foijhr fn'kk esa cg jgh gS] rks /kjk dh pky
1. Downstream Speed of boat = (B + S)
bls ÅèoZizokg dgk tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa uko dh dqy xfr dks
ja uko dh vuqizokg pky

R s
ÅèoZizokg xfr dgrs gSaA
2. Upstream Speed of boat = (B – S)
a th
 Downstream : If the boat is flowing along the

direction of the stream, it is called downstream. uko dh ÅèoZizokg pky
In this case, the net speed of boat is called 3. Speed of boat in still water
downtream speed.
'kkar ty esa uko dh pky
ty a
vuqizokg% ;fn uko /kjk ds fn'kk esa cg jgh gS] rks bls
vuqizokg dgk tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa uko dh dqy xfr dks 1
di M
= (Downstream speed + Upstream speed)

vuqizokg xfr dgrs gSaA 2
 Still Water : Under this circumstance the water 4. Speed of the stream//kjk dh pky
is considered to be stationary and the speed of
1
the water is zero. = (Downstream speed – Upstream speed)
2
'kkar ty % ,slh fLFkfr esa ty dks fLFkj ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ty
Points to Remember/Lej.kh; rF;
dh xfr 'kwU; gksrh gSA
1. If the total time taken by the boat to row a
The questions from this topic may seem to be
distance of D and reach back to its initial
confusing until a candidate is aware of the
position is T then,
above-mentioned terms and how they may be
used for answering the questions. ;fn uko }kjk D dh nwjh r; djus vkSj viuh çkjafHkd fLFkfr
esa okil vkus esa fy;k x;k dqy le;T gS] rks
A
bl fo"k; ds ç'u rc rd Hkzfer djus okys çrhr gks ldrs gSa tc

rd fd dksbZ mEehnokj mi;ZqÙkQ 'krks± ls voxr u gks (a) vkSjDistance
ç'uksa between the two places is
dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, mudk mi;ksx dSls fd;k tk ldrk gSA nks LFkkuksa ds chp dh nwjh
This topic basically deals with calculating the
T B 2 – S 2 
speed of anything in the water when it flows along D=
with the flow of water or in the opposite direction. 2B
;g fo"k; ewy :i ls ikuh ds çokg ds lkFk ;k foijhr fn'kk
(b) Average speed of the boat =
 B 2 – S2 
esa cgus ij ikuh esa fdlh Hkh pht dh xfr dh x.kuk djus ls 2B
lacaf/r gSA uko dh vkSlr pky

2. If it takes T hours more to go to a point upstream Then, speed of man in Still water
than downstream for the same distance. Then,
rks] fLFkj ty esa euq"; dh xfr
;fn leku nwjh ds fy, /kjk ds çfrdwy fdlh fcanq ij tkus esa
/kjk ds vuqdwy tkus dh rqyukTesa ?kaVs vf/d yxrs gSa] rks = S  T2 + T1 
 T2 – T1 
T B 2 – S 2  4. If the time taken by the boat to row same dis-
Distance/nwjh
=
2S tance in downstream is T1 and in upstream is T2.
;fn uko }kjk vuqçokg esa leku nwjh dks ikj djus esa fy;k x;k
3. If a boat travels a distance downstream in T1 le; T1 gS vkSj /kjk ds çfrdwy TesagSA
2
hours and returns the same distance upstream
in T2 hours. Then, the ratio of speed of the boat to the speed
of stream
;fn ,d uko /kjk ds vuqdwy ,d nwjhT1 ?kaVs esa r; djrh gS rks] uko dh xfr dk /kjk dh xfr ls vuqikr
vkSj leku nwjh /kjk ds çfrdwy
T2 ?kaVs esa okil vkrh gS
B  T2 + T1 
= S= T –T
 2 1
r
si
an by
n
ja
R s
a th
ty a
di M
A

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan RATIO
RATIO, PROPORTION & PARTNERSHIP

11 vuqikr] lekuqikr rFkk lk>snkjh
Ratio/vuqikr Proportion/lekuqikr
a a c
is the ratio of a to b is written as a:b and read When two ratio are equal,  , then a, b, c, d
b b d
are said to be in proportion and a, b, c and d are
"a is to b". Where 'a' is called the 'antecedent'
said to be first, 2nd, 3rd and 4th proportion
and 'b' is called the 'consequent'.
a c
a respectively. /tc nks vuqikr cjkcj]  gks rks
a, b,
a rFkkb dk vuqikr gS ftls a : b fy[krs gS rFkk
a vuqikr b d
r
b
lekuqikr esa gksrs gSa,rFkk
c, d b, c vkSjd dks Øe'k% izFke]
b i<+rs gS tgk¡
a dks iwoZorhZbrFkk
dks ifj.kkeh dgk tkrk gSA f}rh;] r`rh; vkSj prqFkZ vuqikr dgrs gSA
si
Condition:/'krZ Case-1: When 3 numbers are given/tc rhu la[;k,
an by
1. (i) If ad = bc then
a c
=
nh xbZ gSA
n
x:a::b:c
b d
ab
First proportion/izFke vuqikr
x=
ja
a c c
R s
(ii) If ad > bc then >
b d a:x::b:c
a th
a c ac
(iii) ad < bc If > Second proportion /f}rh; vuqikr x =
b d b
a:b::x:c
a c
ty a
2. If = then
b d ac
Third proportion/r`rh; vuqikrx =
b
di M
b d a:b::c:x
(a) =
a c
bc
4th proportion/prqFkZ vuqikr
x=
a b a
(b) =
c d Case-2: When 2 numbers are given./tc 2 la[;k,
nh xbZ gSA
a+ b c+d
(c) = a:b::b:c
b d
a b
a–b c–d First proportion/izFke vuqikr 
= b c
(d)
b d
b2
a
A
a+b c+d c
(e) =
a–b c–a a b
mean proportion/eè; vuqikr 
a c b c
(f) = =k
b d  b  ac
 a = bk, c = dk (k method) a b
3rd proportion/r`rh; vuqikr 
a b b c
(g) For continued proportion = =k
b c b²
 c
 b = ck & a = bk  a = (ck) k = ck 2 a

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan RATIO
 Proportion After addition/dqN tksM+us ds ckn (B) When the investment and the time period is
different/tc fuos'k dh /ujkf'k rFkk le; vUrjky
vuqikr
Let x be a number which is added to a, b, c and d
vYkx&vyx gks rks
to make them proportional then/;fn x og la[;k gS Let there be three partners, one invests I1 for t1
time, second invests I2 for t2 time and third
ftls a, b, c rFkkd esatksM+us ls os lekuqikrh gks tkrs gS rks
invests I3 for t3 time. The profit is shared in the
bc – ad ratio
x = (a  d) – (b  c)
ekuk rhulk>snkj gS] igykI1 /ujkf'k t1 le;] nwljkI2 /
 Proportion After Subtraction/dqN ?k
Vkus ds ujkf'kt2 le; rFkk rhljkI3 /ujkf'k t3 le; ds fy, fuosf'kr
ckn vuqikr djrk gSA muds ykHk fuEufyf[kr vuqikr esa forfjr gksxsa
Let x be a number which is subtracted to a, b, c I1 × t1 : I2 × t2 : I3 × t3.
and d to make them proportional then (C) Different Amounts Invested In Different Time
;fn x og la[;k gS ftls a, b, c rFkkd esa?kVkus ls os Periods/tc vyx&vyx /ujkf'k vyx&vyx le; vof/
lekuqikrh gks tkrs gS rks ds fy, fuosf'kr fd;s tk;s
r
ad – bc Let’s say in a partnership between A and B, A
si
x =
(a  d) – (b  c) invests Rs. Ia for a time period of ta.
an by
But B invests Rs. Ib1 for a period of tb1 time and
Partnership/lk>snkjh Rs. Ib2 for a period of tb2 time. In this case the
n
profit will be divided between A and B in the ratio
(A) Different Investments, Same Time Period Of
ekukA rFkkB ds chp fdlh lk>snkjh esa A }kjkIa :i;s ta
Investing/tc fuo s'k dh /ujkf'k vYkx&vyx gks rFkk
ja
le;ko f/ ds fy, fuosf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA ijarq]B }kjkIb1
R s
fuos'k dk le;kUrjky leku gks rks
:i;s tb1 le;ko f/ ds fy, rFkk Ib2 :i;s tb2 le;ko f/ ds fy,
a th
If the amount invested by the partners are I1, I2,

I3 then the profit is distributed in the ratio I1 : I2 : I3. fuosf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA bl n'kk A esarFkkB ds chp ykHk dk
;fn lk>snkjksa }kjk fuosf'kr /ujkf'k
I1, I2, I3 gks
rks muds ykHk forj.k fuEufyf[kr vuqikr esa gksxkA
I1 : I2 : I3 vuqikr esa forfjr gksxsa Ia × ta : (Ib1 × tb1 + Ib2 × tb2)
ty a
di M
A

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan ALLIGATION
12 ALLIGATION/,fyxs'ku
MIXTURE bl izdkj ds iz'uksa esa fdlh LFkku dh dqy tula[;k] iq#"kksa rFkk
In this type of questions, the ratio of the ingre- efgykvksa dh tula[;k esa o`f¼@deh dh izfr'kr nj nh xbZ
dients in the first vessel and the ratio of the in- gksrh gSA rFkk LFkku dh dqy tula[;k esa o`f¼@deh vFkok
gredients in the second vessel are given. After izfr'kr o`f¼@deh Hkh nh xbZ gksrh gSA iq#"kksa dh tula[;k esa
that, the ratio of the ingredients is also given in
the new mixture made by pouring or mixing the
izfr'kr o`f¼@deh dks ckbZa vksj] efgykvksa dh tula[;k esa
mixture of both the vessels in a third vessel. The izfr'kr o`f¼@deh dks nkbZa vksj rFkk dqy tula[;k eas izfr'kr
ratio of the ingredients in the first vessel is writ- o`f¼@deh dks eè; esa fy[krs gSaA ,fyxs'ku dh lgk;rk ls
ten on the left side, the ratio of the same ingre- izkjEHk esa iq#"kksa rFkk efgykvksa dh tula[;k dk vuqikr Kkr dj
dient in the second vessel is written on the right
and the ratio of the same ingredient in the third ysrs gSaA
r
vessel is written in the middle. After using the
alligation method, we get the ratio in which the % inc./dec. (Male) % inc./dec. (Female)
si
first and the second mixture were mixed or the
ratio of the amount of the same ingredient in
an by
the first and second vessel.
bl izdkj ds iz'uksa esa igys ik=k esa vo;o ds vuqikr rFkk
% inc./dec. in
Overall Population
n
nwljs ik=k esa vo;o ds vuqikr fn, gksrs gSaA rRi'pkr~ nksuksa
ik=kkas ds feJ.k dks ,d rhljs ik=k esa Mkyus vFkok feykusInitial
ls
ja
number Initial number
R s
:
cus u;s feJ.k esa Hkh vo;o dk vuqikr fn;k gksrk gSA igys of male of female
ik=k esa vo;o ds vuqikr dks ckbZa vksj] mlh vo;o ds nwljs
a th
ik=k esa vuqikr dks nkbZa vksj rFkk rhljs ik=k esa mlhIn vo;o
this type of questions, the increase/decrease
ds vuqikr dks eè; esa fy[krs gSaA ,fyxs'ku fof/ dk iz;ksxpercentage in the expenditure, savings and in-
come of a family/person is given. Increase/de-
djrs gh gesa igys rFkk nwljs feJ.k dks fdl vuqikr esa
ty a
crease percentage in expenditure is written on

feyk;k x;k Fkk vFkok igys rFkk nwljs esa mlh vo;o dh the left, increase/decrease percentage in savings
di M
ek=kk dk vuqikr izkIr gksrk gSA is written on the right and increase/decrease
1
ST
MIXTURE 2
ND
MIXTURE percentage in income is written in the middle.
With the help of allegation, we find out the ratio
OVERALL of expenditure and savings in the beginning.
MIXTURE
bl izdkj ds iz'uksa esa fdlh ifjokj@O;fDr ds [kpZ] cpr rFkk
Quantity-1 Quantity-2 vk; esa izfr'kr o`f¼@deh nh xbZ gksrh gSA [kpZ esa izfr'kr
PERCENTAGE o`f¼@deh dks ckbZa vksj] cpr esa izfr'kr o`f¼@deh dks nkbZa
In this type of questions, the total population of
vksj rFkk vk; esa izfr'kr o`f¼@deh dks eè; esa fy[krs gSaA
a place, the percentage rate of increase/decrease ,fyxs'ku dh lgk;rk ls izkjEHk esa [kpZ vkSj cpr dk vuqikr
in the population of males and that of females are Kkr dj ysrs gSaA
A
given. And the increase/decrease or increase/

decrease percentage in the total population of the % inc./dec. in % inc./dec. in
place is also given. The increase/decrease per- Expenditure Saving%
centage in the population of males is written on
the left, the increase/decrease percentage in the % inc./dec. in
population of females is written on the right and Income
the increase/decrease percentage in the total
population is written in the middle. With the help :
Expenditure Saving
of allegation, we find out the ratio of the initial
population of males and females.

SIMPLE INTEREST bl izdkj ds iz'uksa esa fdlh vo;o dh nks vyx vyx ek=kkvksa
dk Ø; ewY; fn;k gksrk gS rFkk ;g iwNk tkrk gS fd budks fdl
In this type of question the given principal is
invested in two different schemes/banks/indi-
vuqikr esa feykdj fdlh fuf'pr ewY; ij cspus ls dqN
viduals at two different rates of interest. After a fuf'pr izfr'kr ykHk@gkfu gksrh gSA fn, x, izfr'kr ykHk@gkfu
certain time the total amount is received. How dh enn ls feJ.k dk Ø; ewY; Kkr dj ysrs gSaA rRi'pkr~ igys
much amount was invested in both the schemes/ Ø; ewY; dks ckbZa vksj] nwljs Ø; ewY; dks nkbZa vksj rFkk feJ.k
banks/individuals, it is to be found. With the help ds Ø; ewY; dks eè; esa fy[kdj igys rFkk nwljs feJ.k dks
of given principal, time and amount received, fdl vuqikr esa feyk;k x;k Fkk] Kkr dj ysrs gSaA
calculate the gross interest rate. The rate of in-
terest on the amount invested in the first scheme Cost Price 1 Cost Price 2
/ bank / individual is written on the left side,
the rate of interest on the amount invested in Cost Price of Mixture
the second scheme / bank / individual is writ-
ten on the right and the gross interest rate is
written in the middle. With the help of allega- Quantity (1) : Quantity (2)
r
tion, we find out the ratio of the distributed prin-
In the second type of question, cost price or the
cipal.
si
quantity of either two different components or
bl izdkj ds iz'u esa fn, x, ewy/u dk nks vyx&vyx two types of any one component is given. The
an by
;kstukvksa@cSadksa@O;fDr;ksa eas fuos'k nks vyx vyxfirst C;kt component
dh or type is sold at a certain
njksa ij fd;k tkrk gSA dqN fuf'pr le; ds i'pkr~ dqy profit/loss percentage and the second component
n
or type is sold at a certain profit/loss percent-
èkujkf'k izkIr gksrh gSA nksuksa ;kstukvksa@cSadksa@O;fDr;ksa esa fdruh
age. Overall there is a profit/loss of a certain
/ujkf'k fuosf'kr dh xbZ] ;g Kkr djuk gksrk gSA fn, x, amount or percentage. While using allegation, the
ja
R s
ewyèku] le; rFkk izkIr feJ/u dh lgk;rk ls ldy C;kt nj profit/loss percentage on the first element or
Kkr dj ysrs gSaA igyh ;kstuk@cSad@O;fDr esa fuosf'kr /ujkf'k type is written on the left side, the profit/loss
a th
percentage on the second element or type is writ-

ij C;kt dh nj dks ckbZa vksj] nwljh ;kstuk@cSad@O;fDr esaon the right side and the total profit/loss
ten
fuosf'kr /ujkf'k ij C;kt dh nj dks nkbZa vksj rFkk ldy percentage in the middle. From which the ratio
C;kt nj dks eè; esa fy[krs gSaA ,fyxs'ku dh lgk;rk ls forfjr of the cast price/quantity of the first and sec-
ty a
ewyèku dk vuqikr Kkr dj ysrs gSaA ond components or types is obtained.

nwljs izdkj ds iz'u eas ;k rks nks vyx&vyx vo;o vFkok
di M
Rate of Rate of fdlh ,d vo;o ds nks izdkjksa dh ek=kk vFkok Ø; ewY;

Interest (1) % Interest (2) % fn;k gksrk gSA igys vo;o vFkok izdkj dks fdlh fuf'pr
izfr'kr ykHk@gkfu rFkk nwljs vo;o vFkok izdkj dks fdlh
Gross Rate of Interest fuf'pr izfr'kr ykHk@gkfu ij cspk tkrk gSA dqy feykdj
dqN fuf'pr èkujkf'k vFkok izfr'kr dk ykHk@gkfu gksrh gSA
Principal 1 : Principal 2
,fyxs'ku dk iz;ksx djrs le; igys vo;o vFkok izdkj ij
izfr'kr ykHk@gkfu dks ckbZa vksj] nwljs vo;o vFkok izdkj
PROFIT AND LOSS
ij izfr'kr ykHk@gkfu dks nkbZa vksj rFkk dqy izfr'kr ykHk@gkfu
In this type of questions, the cost price of two
different quantities of an ingredient is given and
dks eè; esa fy[krs gSaA ftlls igys rFkk nwljs vo;o vFkok
izdkjksa ds Ø; ewY;@ek=kkvksa ds vuqikr izkIr gks tkrs gSaA
A
it is asked, in what ratio we should mixed both

the quantities so that by selling the mixture at
Profit/Loss (1)% Profit/Loss (2)%
certain price there would be profit or loss of cer-
tain percentage. Find out the cost price of the
mixture with the help of given profit/loss per- Over all Profit/Loss %
centage. After that, by writing the first cost price
on the left side, second cost price on the right
Cost Price (1) : Cost Price (2)
side and cost price of the mixture in the middle,
find the ratio in which the first and second mix-
Or Or
Quantity (1) : Quantity (2)
ture were mixed.

DISCOUNT
In this type of question, the marked price of the Average 1 Average 2
total quantity of an article and the discount per-
centage on the first and second part of the to-
tal quantity is given. The total discount percent- Total Average
age is also given. The first discount percentage
is written on the left side, the second discount 1st Number : 2nd Number
percentage is on the right and the total discount
percentage is written in the middle. The ratio
of the marked price of the first and the second In these types of questions, how many runs a
part is found by using alligation. bowler gives for each wicket (bowling average),
bl izdkj ds iz'u eas fdlh oLrq dh dqy ek=kk dk vafdr ewY; is given. Gets a certain number of wickets by
giving a certain number of runs in the 'next in-
rFkk dqy ek=kk ds igys rFkk nwljs Hkkx ij NwV izfr'kr nhnings'.
xbZ Due to which his bowling average becomes
gksrh gSA igyh rFkk nwljh NwV dks feykdj dqy NwV izfr'kr Hkh lower/higher. We have to find the num-
slightly
r
nh xbZ gksrh gSA igyh NwV izfr'kr dks ckbZa vkssj] nwljh ber ofNwV
wickets taken by the bowler before or af-
izfr'kr dks nkbZa vksj rFkk dqy NwV izfr'kr dks eè; esa fy[krs
ter 'this innings'. First of all, find the bowling
si
average of 'the next innings'. Also find the bowl-
gSaA ,fyxs'ku dk iz;ksx ls igys rFkk nwljs Hkkx ds vafdr ewY;
an by
ing average after 'this innings' with the help of
dk vuqikr Kkr gks tkrk gSA given increase/decrease. The bowling average
n
before the 'given innings' is written on the left
DISCOUNT(1)% DISCOUNT(2)% side, the bowling average of 'this innings' on the
ja
right side and the bowling average after 'this in-
R s
OVERALL nings' on the middle. With the help of allegation,
DISCOUNT % find the ratio of the number of wickets before
a th
'this innings' and after 'this innings'.

Marked Price 1 : Marked Price 2 bl izdkj ds iz'uksa esa dksbZ xsanckt izR;sd fodsV ds fy, fdrus
ju nsrk gS (xsanckth vkSlr)] fn;k x;k gksrk gSA ^vxyh ikjh*
ty a
AVERAGE
eas dqN fuf'pr ju nsdj dqN fuf'pr fodsV izkIr djrk gSA
In this type of questions separate averages of
ftlls mldk xsanckth vkSlr dqN de@vf/d gks tkrk gSA ^bl
di M
two groups of fixed number of member/person/

ikjh* ls igys vFkok ckn esa xsanckt }kjk fy, x, fodsVksa dh
element are given. And the total gross average is
also given. The number of members/individuals/ la[;k Kkr djuh gksrh gSA lcls igys ^vxyh ikjh* dk xsanckth
elements in the first and second group is to be vkSlr Kkr djrs gSaA nh xbZ deh@o`f¼ dh lgk;rk ls ^bl ikjh*
found. Write the average of the first group on ds ckn dk xsanckth vkSlr Hkh Kkr djrs gSaA ^nh xbZ ikjh* ds
the left, the average of the second group on the igys ds xsanckth vkSlr dks ckbZa vksj] ^bl ikjh* ds xasnckth
right and the gross average in the middle. With
vkSlr dks nkbaZ vksj rFkk ^bl ikjh* ds ckn ds xsanckth vkSlr
the help of allegation, the ratio of the number of
members/individuals/elements in the first and dks eè; esa fy[krs gSaA ,fyxs'ku dh lgk;rk ls ^bl ikjh* ls
second group is found. igys rFkk blds ckn ds fodsVksa dh la[;k dk vuqikr Kkr dj
bl izdkj ds iz'uksa esa fuf'pr lnL;@O;fDr@vo;o la[;k ds ysrs gSaA
A
nks lewgksa ds vyx&vyx vkSLkr fn, gksrs gSaA rFkk dqy ldy
Bowling Bowling
vkSlr Hkh fn;k gksrk gSA igys rFkk nwljs lewg esa Average 1 Average 2
lnL;ksa@O;fDr;ksa@vo;oksa dh la[;k Kkr djuh gksrh gSA igys
lewg ds vkSlr dks ckbZa vksj] nwljs lewg ds vkSlr dks nkbZa vksj
Total Average
rFkk ldy vkSlr dks eè; esa fy[krs gSaA ,fyxs'ku dh lgk;rk
ls igys rFkk nwljs lewg esa lnL;ksa@O;fDr;ksa@vo;oksa dh la[;k
dk vuqikr Kkr dj ysrs gSaA Wicket 1 : Wicket 2

TIME & DISTANCE

In this type of questions, a certain distance is Average Speed (1) Average Speed (2)
covered in two parts or by two mediums with
different speeds. The average speed of the total
Average Speed
distance or the total time taken to cover the to-
tal distance is given. The time taken to cover
both the different distances is to be found. The Time 1 : Time 2
speed with which the first distance is covered is
written on the left side, the speed with which
the second distance is covered on the right and
the total average speed is written in the middle.
With the help of alligation, the ratio of the time
taken to cover both the distances is known.  An improtant formula in mixture
bl izdkj ds iz'uksa eas fdlh fuf'pr nwjh nks Hkkxksa esa vFkok nks
ekè;eksa }kjk vyx&vyx pkyksa ls r; fd;k tkrk gSA dqy nwjh feJ.k ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ lw=k
r
dh vkSlr pky vFkok dqy nwjh ds lkFk dqy le; fn;k x;k
si
gksrk gSA nksuksa vyx&vyx nwfj;ksa dks r; djus esa fy, x, le;Left quantity / 'ks"kek=kk
dks Kkr djuk gksrk gSA igyh nwjh dks ftl pky ls r; fd;k Total quantity / dqy ek=kk
an by
x;k mls ckbZa vksj] nwljh nwjh dks ftl pky ls r; fd;k x;k
n
mls nkbZa vksj rFkk dqy vkSlr pky dks eè; esa fy[krs gSaA
n

 Fkkfir ek=kk
Replaced quantity / izfrL
1–
,fyxs'ku dh lgk;rk ls nksuksa nwfj;ksa dks r; djus esa fy, x,=  Total quantity / dqy ek=kk 

ja
le; dk vuqikr Kkr gks tkrk gSA
R s
a th
ty a
di M
A

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan AVERAGE
13 AVERAGE/vkSlr
Average/vkS
lr  Important Points:/egÙoiw.kZ fcanq
Average Formula/vkSlr dk lw=k  If in any series having common difference "d"
Total Sum of All Number and Average "k", "x" numbers are added in
= forward or backward, then
Number of Item in the Set
;fn fdlh Js.kh ftldk lkoZUrjd rFkkvkSlr k gks vkSj
 For consecutive Natural Numbers:/Øekxr izkÑfrd la[;k, tksM+s rks
blesa vkxs ls vFkok ihNsx ls
la[;kvksa ds fy,
 Average of first n natural no./izFken izkÑfrd xd
New Avg. = k ±
2
(n  1)
la[;kvksa dk vkSlr
=
2  In series of even or odd having Avg. "k", when
r
 Average of Square of first n natural no./izFke we add "x" no. in forward or backward, Then
le vFkok fo"ke la[;kvkas dh Js.kh ftldk vkSlrk gS]
si
(n + 1)(2n + 1)
n i zkÑfrd la[;kvksa ds oxksZ dk=vkSlr mlesa ;fn ge vkxs ls vFkok ihNsxlsla[;k,a tksM+s rks
6

an by
Average of cube of first n natural no./izFken New Avg. = k ± x
n
n n  1 ²  In series of natural no. having Avg. "k", when
izkÑfrd la[;kvksa ds ?kuksa dk vkSlr
= we odd "x" no. in forward or backward, Then
4
ja
R s
 For Consecutive Even Numbers:/Øekxr le la[;kvksa k vkSlr okyh izkÑfrd la[;kvksa fdlh Js.kh esa ;fn vkxs
ds fy, ls vFkok ihNs lsx la[;k, tksM+h tk, rks
a th
 Average of first n even no./izFken le la[;kvksa

New Avg. = k ± x / 2
dk vkSlr = (n + 1)
 If there are 3 natural numbers and avg. of
ty a
 Average of Square of first n even no./izFken any two number when added with third no.
2 (n 1(2 n 1)) gives a, b, c. Then natural numbers.
le la[;kvksa ds oxksZ dk vkSlr
di M
=
3 ;fn 3 izkÑfrd la[;k,a gks vkSj fdlh nks la[;kvksa ds
vkSlr dks ;fn rhljh la[;k esa tksM+k tk, rks izkIr la[;k,
 Average of Cube of first n even no./izFken le
Øe'k%a, b rFkkc gks rks
ds ?kuksa dk vkSlr
la[;kvksa = 2n(n+1)²
 For Consecutive Odd Numbers:/Øekxr fo"ke la[;kvksa a + b + c 
Sum of no =   = k
ds fy,  2 
 Average of first n odd no./izFken fo"ke la[;kvksa First no.= 2a – k

dk vkSlr = n Second no.= 2b – k
 Average of Square of first n odd no./izFke n Third no. = 2c – k
A
(2 n 1)(2 n – 1)  If the average of n1 observations is a1, the

fo"ke la[;kvksa ds oxksZ dk vkSlr
=
average of n2 observations is a2 and so on,
3
then
 Average of Cube of first n odd no./izFken fo"ke
la[;kvksa ds ?kuksa dk =vkSlr
n(2n²–1) n1 izs{k.kksa dk vkSLkr
a1] n2 izs{k.kksa dk vkSLkr
a2] rFkk
vkxs Hkh blh izdkj gksa rks
 Average of consecuitive numbers/ Øekxr
la[;kvksa dk vkSlr Average of all the observations/lHkhizs{k.kksa dk
n1a1 + n2 a 2 + ....
First number + Last number vkSlr=
= n1 + n2 + ....
2

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan AVERAGE
 If average of n observations is a but the  We have n observations out of which some

average becomes b when one observation is observations (a1, a2, a3.... ) are replaced by
eliminated, then value of eliminated some other new observations and in this way,
observation = n (a – b) + b if the average increase or decreases by b, then
;fn n izs{k.kksa dk vkSLkr
a gks ijUrq ;fn ,d izs{k.k dks Value of new observations
foLFkkfir dj fn;k tk, rks vkSlrb gks tkrk gSA foLFkkfir ;fn gekjs ikl n isz{k.k gksa ftlesa ls dqN isz{k.kksa
(a1, a2,
izs{k.k dk eku
= n (a – b) + b a3.... ) dks dqN u, izs{k.kksa }kjk izfrLFkkfir dj fn;k tk,
 If average of n observations is a but the rFkk bl izfØ;k esa ;fn vkSlr esa
b dh o`f¼ vFkok deh
average becomes b when a new observation gks tk, rks u, izs{k.kksa dk eku
is added, then value of added observation
= a±nb
= n (b–a) + b
;fn n izs{k.kksa dk vkSLkr
a gks ijUrq ;fn ,d izs{k.k dks Where/tgka, a = a1 + a2 + a3 +......
vkSj 'kkfey dj fn;k tk, rks vkSlr b gks tkrk gSA rks Note: In this formula, the signs of '+' and '–'
'kkfey fd, x, izs{k.k dk eku depend upon the increment or decrement in
the average
r
= n (b – a) + b
 If the average of n students in a class is a, bl lw=k esa
'+' vFkok'–' dk fpUg vkSLkr eas o`f¼ vFkok
si
where average of passed students is x and deh ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
average of failed students is y, then
an by
;fn fdlh d{kk esan fo|k£Fk;ksa dk vkSlr
a gks] tgka Total runs given
 Bowling Average =
Total wickets taken
mÙkh.kZ fo|k£Fk;ksa dk x vkSj
vkSlrvuqÙkh.kZ fo|k£Fk;ksa dk
n
vkSlr y gks rks  Batting Average
ja
Number of students passed/mÙkh.kZ fo|k£Fk;ksa dh
R s
Total runs scored
n(a – y) = Total number of innings played
la[;k =
a th
(x – y)
ty a
di M
A

14 TIME & WORK/le; rFkk dk;Z
Z lw=k
Important Formulae/egRoiw.k A vkSjB feydj ,d dke dks x fnuksa
esa dj ldrs gSaA
B vkSjC feydj mlh dke dksy fnuks
a esa iwjk dj ldrs
Efficiency/dk;Z{kerk× Time/ le ; = Total

gSa] tcfdA vkSjC feydj mlh dke dksz fnuks
a esa iwjk
Work/dqy dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA ,d lkFk dk;Z djrs gq, os dk;Z dks fdrus
 If A can do a piece of work is x days and B fnuksa esa lekIr djsaxs\
can do a piece of work is y days, then both
of them working together will do the same 2xyz
days
work in (xy  yz  zx)
A fdlh dke dks x fnuks
a esa dj ldrk gS] tcfd B mlh  If a working Alone takes "a" days more than
dke dksy fnuksa esa dj ldrk gSA ;fn os ,d lkFk feydj A & B, and B working Alone takes "b" days
more than A & B. Then, Number of days,
dke djrs gSa] rks og dke fdrus fnuksa esa iwjk gksxk\ taken by A & B working together to finish a
job in
xy
days A vkSj B dh r qyuk esa
A dks ,d dke iwjk djus esaa
(x  y)
vf/d yxsaxs rFkkA vkSj B dh rqyuk esa
?kaVs B dks
 If A, B & C are working alone, can complete ,d dke iwjk djus esab ?ka
Vs vf/d yxsaxsA ,d lkFk
a work in x, y and z days, respectively, then dk;Z djrs gq, os dk;Z dks fdrus fnuksa esa lekIr djsaxs\
they will together complete the work in
A, B rFkkC fdl h dk;Z dks Øe'k%
x, y rFkkz fnuksa ab days
esa dj ldrs gSaA ,d lkFk dk;Z djrs gq, os dk;Z dks  If M1 men can do W1 work in D1 days working
fdrus fnuksa esa lekIr djsaxs\ H1 hours per day and M2 men can do W2 work
in D2 days working H2 hours per day, then
M1 O;fDr W1 dk;Zdks izfrfnuH1 ?ka Vs djrs gq,D1
xy
(xy + yz + zx)
days fnuksa
esa lekIr dj ldrs gSaA rFkk
M2 O;fDr W2 d k;Z dks
izfrfnuH2 ?kaVs djrs gq,D2 fnuksa esa lekIr dj ldrs gSaA
 If A & B working together, can finish a piece rks
of work is x days, B & C in y days, C & A in z
days. The, A + B + C working together will M1 × D1 × H1 M2 × D2 × H2
=
finish the job in W1 W2
Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan PERCENTAGE
15 PERCENTAGE /izfr'kr
Percentage Value/izfr'kr eku Formula to Calculate Percent

izfr'kr dh x.kuk gsrq lw=k
1 1 1 4
= 50% =9 % = 16%  If we have to find y% of x, then
2 11 11 25
;fn gesax ds y% dk eku Kkr djuk gks rks
1 1 1 1 3 y
= 33 % =8 % = 15% y %of x  x 
3 3 12 3 20 100
1 1 9 3 1  Conversion of Per cent into Fraction

= 25% =7 % = 37 %
r
4 13 13 8 2 izfr'kr dk fHkUu esa ifjorZu
si
Expressing Per cent (x%) into fraction.
1 1 1 5 5
= 20% =7 % = 62 % (x%) dk fHkUu
esa ifjorZu
an by
5 14 7 8 8
x
Required fraction/vko';d izfr'kr =
n
1 2 1 2 2 2 100
= 16 % =6 % = 66 %
6 3 15 3 3 3
 If two subsequent increase/decrease of X% and
ja
R s
Øekxr o`f¼@deh
Y%. Then/;fn X% rFkkY% dh nks
1 2 1 1 7 1
= 14 % =6 % = 87 % gks rks
a th
7 7 16 4 8 2
 XY 
1 1 1 15 2 Net Change    X  Y  %
= 12 % =5 % = 8%  100 
ty a
8 2 17 17 25
di M
1 1 1 5 2
= 11 % =5 % = 40%
9 9 18 9 5
1 1 5 1
= 10% =5 % = 5%
10 19 19 20
A

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan PROFI AND LOSS
PROFIT & LOSS AND DISCOUNT

16 ykHk vkSj gkfu rFkk cV~Vk
1. Gain/ykHk
= Selling price/foØ; ewY;(S.P.) – Cost 6. In % Gain Condition/izfr'kr ykHk dh fLFkfr esa
price/Ø; ewY;(C.P.)  % Gain 
SP = CP  1 + 
2. Loss/gkfu= Cost price/Ø; ewY;(C.P.) – Selling  100 
price/foØ; ewY;(S.P.) 7. If % Loss Condition/izfr'kr gkfu dh fLFkfr esa
3. If the rate of gain or loss are given then  % Loss 
;fn ykHk vFkok gkfu dh nj nh xbZ gks rks SP = CP  1 – 
 100 
(a) Selling price/foØ; ewY; CP (100 – Discount%)
r
8. =
 loss%   gain%  MP (100  Profit/ Loss%)
si
= C.P.  1 –  or  1 + 
 100   100  9. If two items are sold at same price, each at Rs.
x one at a profit of P% and other at a loss of P%,
an by
(b) Cost Price/Ø; ewY; Then
x #i;s rFkk ,d dks ykHk
;fn nks oLRkq, leku ewY; P%
n
S.P. S.P.
=
 gain % 
or
 loss %  vkSj nwljh dks gkfu
P% ij csph tk, rks
1 +  1 – 
ja
 100   100  P2
R s
Loss = %
(c) The gain or loss is always calculated from the 100
a th
cost price. 11. If CP is same, Then/;fn Ø; ewY; leku gks rks

y kHk vFkok gkfu dh x.kuk ges'kk Ø; ewY; ij dh tkrh gSAChange is SP % = Change in Profit/Loss %
4. If/; fn SP > CP then Gain/y kHk = S.P. – C.P. foØ; ewY; eas izfr'kr ifjorZu
= ykHk@gkfu esa izfr'kr ifjorZu
ty a
12. If mp of two articles is same, then

Gain ×100
% Gain =
;fn nks oLrqvksa ds vafdr ewY; leku gks rks
di M
C.P.
Difference between SP = Difference between
5. If/;fn SP < CP then Loss/gkfu= S.P. – C.P.
discount
Loss ×100 foØ; ewY; esa varj
= NwV esa varj
% Loss =
C.P.
A

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan SIMPLE & COMPOUND INTEREST
SIMPLE & COMPOUND INTEREST

17
lk/kj.k vkSj pØo`f¼ C;kt
Simple Interest/Lkkèkkj.k C;kt
S.I. = Simple Interest/lk/kj.k C;kt
P = Principal/ewy/u
15.7625%
R = Rate/nj
46.41%
T = Time/le;
r
P ×R×T S.l. ×100
S.I. = P=
si
100 R×T
Important Points/egRoiw.kZ fcUnq
an by
S.l. ×100 S.l. ×100 
R = T=  In CI Amount will double in "N" years then,
P×T P ×R
;fn pØo`f¼ C;kt ij feJ/u "N" o"kksaZ esa nksxquk
s gks tk, rk
n
Instalment for simple interest/lk/kj.k C;kt ds 69
N= + 0.35
ja
fy, fd'r r
R s
 Difference between CI and SI for two years
pØo`f¼ rFkk lk/kj.k C;kt ds chp nks o"kksaZ ds fy,
a th
  x  R 1  x R 2  vUrj

A  x   x    x    ...... 2
  100   100    R 
(CI – SI)2 year = P 
ty a

 100 
Where, A = Total amount paid/dqy Hkqxrku fd;k Difference between CI and SI for three years
di M
x;k feJ/u pØo`f¼ rFkk lk/kj.k C;kt ds chp rhu o"kksaZ ds fy,
vUrj
x = Value of each instalment/izR;sd fd'r dk eku
2 3
 R   R 
(CI – SI)3 year = 3P    P 
P×n×R  100   100 
Also A = P +
100 Instalment for compound interest/pØo`f¼ C;kt
Where, P is the principal/tgk¡ P ewy/u gS ds fy, fd'r

n is the number of instalments R is the rate of  x x x 
P + + ...... 
interest.  R   R 
2

n
R  
1 + 1+
  
100    1 +  
n fd'rksa dh la[;k rFkk
R C;kt nj gSA 100   100  
A

 
Compounded interest/pØo`f¼ C;kt x = value of each instalment/izR;sd fd'r dk eku
t Total amount paid in instalments/fd'r ds :i esa
 r 
A  P 1 


100 
Hkqxrku fd;k x;k dqy feJ/u
n
 R 
A = Amount/feJ/u P = Principle/ewy/ur = rate/ A  P 1 
 100


nj t= time/le; n = Number of instalments/fd'rksa dh la[;k

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan STATISTICS
18 STATISTICS/lkaf[;dh
Mean/ekè; Median/ekfè;dk
The arithmetic mean of a given data is the sum The value of the middlemost observation,
of all observations divided by the number of obtained after arranging the data in ascending
observations. For example, a cricketer's scores or descending order, is called the median of the
in five ODI matches are as follows: 12, 34, 45,
data.
50, 24. To find his average score we calculate
the arithmetic mean of data using the mean MsVk dks vkjksgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr djus ds ckn eè;re izs{k.k
formula: dks ekf/dk dgrs gSaA
fdlh fn, x, MsVk dk ekè; çs{k.kksa ds ;ksxiQYk dks izs{k.kksa dh
For example, consider the data: 4, 4, 6, 3, 2. Let's
la[;k ls foHkkftr djus ij izkIr gksrk gS mnkgj.k ds fy,] ikap arrange this data in ascending order: 2, 3, 4, 4,
,dfnolh; eSpksa esa ,d fØdsVj ds Ldksj 12] 34] 45] 50] 24 6. There are 5 observations. Thus, median =
r
gSaA mldk vkSlr Ldksj Kkr djus ds fy, ge ekè; lw=k dhmiddle value i.e. 4.
si
lgk;rk ls MsVk dk lekUrj ekè; Kkr djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuk4, 4, 6, 3, 2 dksbZ MsVk gS bls lcls
Mean/ekè; igys vkjksgh Øe2, 3, 4, 4, 6 esa O;ofLFkr djrs gSaA5 dqy
an by
Sum of all observations / lHkh i{sz k.kkas dk ÕkksxiQYk izs{k.k gSaA bl fy, ekfè;dk
= eè;re eku vFkkZr~4 gSA
n
=
Number of observations / izs{k.kksa dh la[Õkk Case 1: Ungrouped Data/voxhZÑr MsVk
Mean/ekè; = (12 + 34 + 45 + 50 + 24)/5 Step 1/pj.k 1 : Arrange the data in ascending or
ja
R s
Mean/ekè; = 165/5 = 33 descending order.
Mean is denoted by x (pronounced as x bar). MsVk dks vkjksgh Øe vFkok vojksgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr djsaA
a th
ekè; dks x }kjk iznf'kZr djrs gSaA Step 2/ pj . k 2 : Let the total number of
Types of Data/MsVk ds izdkj
observations be n.
Data can be present in raw form or tabular form.
ty a
Let's find the mean in both cases. ekuk izs{k.kksa dh dqynla[;k

gSA
MsVk dksraw MsVk rFkk
tabular ds :i eas iznf'kZr dj ldrs To find the median, we need to consider if n is
di M
gSaA nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa ekè; Kkr djsa even or odd. If n is odd, then use the formula:
Raw Data/jkW MsVk ekfè;dk Kkr djus ds fy,] gesa ;g ns[kuk gksxknfd
le gS
Let x1, x2, x3, . . . , xn be n observations. ;k fo"ke ;fn n fo"ke gS] rks lw=k dk iz;ksx djsa%
ekukx1, x2, x3, . . . , xn dksbZ
n izs{k.k gSaA
th
We can find the arithmetic mean using the mean  n +1
Median/ekfè;dk=   observation/izs{k.k
formula.  2 
ge fuEUkfyf[kr ekè; lw=k dk mi;ksx djds lekUrj ekè; Kkr
Case 2: Grouped Data/oxhZÑr MsVk
dj ldrs gSaA
When the data is continuous and in the form of a
x + x 2 + ... + x n frequency distribution, the median is found as
Mean, x = 1
n shown below:
A
Frequency Distribution (Tabular) Form tc MsVk fujarj vkSj ckjackjrk forj.k ds :i esa gksrk gS] rks
ckjackjrk forj.k (lkj.kh) MsVk
ekfè;dk fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls Kkr dh tkrh gSA
When the data is present in tabular form, we use
the following formula: Step 1: Find the median class./ekfè;dk oxZ Kkr djsaA
tc MsVk lkj.kh ds :Ik esa fn;k x;k gksrk gS] rks ge fuEu lw=k
Let n = total number of observations i.e.  fi
dk mi;ksx djrs gSa% ekukn = dqy izs{k.k dh la[;k vFkkZr~
 fi
Note: Median Class is the class where (n/2) lies.
x1f1 + x 2 f2 + ... + x n fn
Mean, x =
f1 + f2 + ...f n ekfè;dk oxZ og oxZ gS tgka
(n/2) fLFkr gksrk gS

Join Telegram- Maths by Aditya Ranjan STATISTICS
Step 2: Use the following formula to find the Note: A data may have no mode, 1 mode, or more
median. than 1 mode. Depending upon the number of
ekfè;dk Kkr djus ds fy, fuEUk lw=k dk iz;ksx djsasA modes the data has, it can be called unimodal,
bimodal, trimodal, or multimodal.
n
–c dksbZ MsVk fcuk fdlh cgqyd ds] ,d cgqyd vFkok ,d ls
Median/ekfè;dk= l + [ 2 ]×h vf/d cgqyd okyk gks ldrk gSA MsVk esa fdrus cgqyd gSa
f
blds vk/kj ij gh ge bls ,dy cgqyd] f}&cgqyd] f=k&cgqyd
where/tgka vFkok cgq&cgqyd dgrs gSaA
l = lower limit of median class/ekfè;dk oxZ dh fupyh The example discussed above has only 1 mode,
lhek so it is unimodal.
c = cumulative frequency of the class preceding mQij ds mnkgj.k esa fliQZ ,d cgqyd gS blfy, ;g ,dy
the median class/lap;h vko`fÙk cgqyd gSA
f = frequency of the median class/vko`fÙk@ckjackjrk Case 2: Grouped Data/oxhZÑr MsVk
When the data is continuous, the mode can be
h = class size/oxZ dh eki
found using the following steps:
Mode/cgqyd
r
tc MsVk fujarj gksrk gS] rks fuEu pj.kksa dk mi;ksx djds
cgqyd dks Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
si
The value which appears most often in the given
data i.e. the observation with the highest Step 1: Find modal class i.e. the class with
an by
frequency is called a mode of data. maximum frequency.
og eku tks fn, x, MsVk esa lcls vf/d ckj fn[kkbZ nsrsk gScgqyd oxZ vFkkZRk~ vfèkdre ckjackjrk okyk oxZ Kkr dhft,A
n
Step 2: Find mode using the following formula:
;kuh mPpre vko`fÙk okys MsVk cgqyd dgykrk gSA
fuEufyf[kr lw=k dk mi;ksx djds cgqyd Kkr dhft,%
Case 1: Ungrouped Data/voxhZÑr MsVk
ja
R s
fm – f1
For ungrouped data, we just need to identify the Mode/cgqyd = l +[ ]× h
observation which occurs maximum times. 2fm – f1 – f2
a th
where,/ tgk¡
voxhZÑr MsVk ds fy,] gesa dsoy ml izs{k.k dh igpku djus
l = lower limit of modal class,/cgqyd oxZ dh fupyh
dh vko';drk gS tks vf/dre ckj gksrk gSA
lhek
Mode/ cgqyd = Observation with maximum
ty a
fm = frequency of modal class,/cgqyd oxZ dh ckjackjrk

frequency/vf/dre vko`fÙk okyk isz{k.k f = frequency of class preceding modal class,/
1
di M
For example in the data: 6, 8, 9, 3, 4, 6, 7, 6, 3,

cgqyd oxZ ds iwoZorhZ oxZ dh ckjackjrk
the value 6 appears the most number of times.
f2 = frequency of class succeeding modal class,/
Thus, mode = 6.
cgqyd oxZ ds mÙkjorhZ oxZ dh ckjackjrk
mnkgj.k ds fy, MsVk 6] 8] 9] 3] 4] 6] 7] 6] 3 esa 6 lcls
h = class width/oxZ dh pkSM+kbZ
vf/d ckj fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA blfy, cgqyd ¾ 6
A

Maths Formula Book by Aditya Ranjan

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About Aditya Ranjan

eSa mu lHkh yksxksa dk vkHkkjh gw¡ ftUgksaus bl iqLrd dks r

Book dks cukus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA

& vkfnR; jatu

• LINES & ANGLE 01 – 05

• CUBOID & CUBE 43 – 44

• CONE & FRUSTRUM 46 – 48

• SPHERE & HEMISPHERE 48 – 48

• PRISM, PYRAMID & TETRAHEDRON 51 – 53

• INDICES AND SURDS 61 – 61

• ARITHMETIC & GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION 63 – 63

• LCM & HCF 78 – 79

9. TIME & DISTANCE 82 – 85

• RACES & CIRCULAR MOTION 85 – 85

10. BOAT & STREAM 86 – 87

17. SIMPLE & COMPOUND INTEREST 99 – 99

18. STATISTICS 100 – 101

ADVANCED ALGEBRA TRIGONOMETRY

MATHS ch”kxf.kr f=kdks.kfefr

funsZ'kkad la[;k i¼fr

Points, Line & Angle/fcUnq] js[kk vkSj dks.k

(c) Line Segment: A line segments has two end

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected gSSelection fnyk,axs1

(iii) Parallel Lines : Two straight lines are paral-

vr% AB || CD.  Two or more lines are said to be coplanar if

A collinear rays with a common initial point. The

Symbolically it is represented as AB  CD or dks.k %

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected gSSelection fnyk,axs2

U;wu dks.k gksrk gSA

to 90°, then it is a right angle. muds 'kh"kZ leku gksa

;g ledks.k gksrk gSA mudh ,d Hkqtk mHk;fu"B gks

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected gSSelection fnyk,axs3

 If a ray stand on a line, the sum of the adja-

vklÂ dks.kksa dk ;ksx

rks mudh xSj mHk;fu"B Hkqtk,a nks foijhr fdj.ksa gSaA

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected gSSelection fnyk,axs4

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected gSSelection fnyk,axs5

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected gSSelection fnyk,axs6

8. A (i) If the heights of the two triangles is same,

1 where s = semi-perimeter and a, b, c are

1 = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected gSSelection fnyk,axs7

Centres of triangle/f=kHkqt ds dsUæ

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected gSSelection fnyk,axs8

(c) Inradius/var%f=kT;k (a) If O be the circumcentre, then

p+ b – h  In acute-angled triangle ABC,

(iv) If triangle is not right angled then find out

inradius by following relation

rs = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) always inside the triangle.

A  In a right-angled triangle, the circumcentre

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected gSSelection fnyk,axs9

 In an obtuse-angled triangle, the circumcentre  2(r + R) = a + b

fdlh Hkh f=kHkqt esa ifjdsUnz rFkk var%dsUnz ds chp

 The circumradius of a right-angled triangle

 The circumradius of an equilateral triangle rs s(s – b)(s – c)

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected gSSelection fnyk,axs10

4. Centroid/dsUnzd (d) 3(AB2 + BC2 + CA2) = 4(AD2 + BE2 + CF2)

than twice the median drawn to the third side. B C B C

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected gSSelection fnyk,axs11

(i) Area of triangle formed by joining mid points

vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA

 In a right-angled triangle the orthocentre is

at the back of the angle which is obtuse.