Textbook Kalk - Full - Comp.

ENGLISH FOR SHIPPING BUSINESS
A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.
SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU PELAYARAN

JAKARTA
English for
Shipping Business
An Intermediate English Reference for Shipping Officers
SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU PELAYARAN JAKARTA

English for Shipping Business
Penulis:
A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.Tesl., M.Pd.
Penerbit:
KPN STIP Jakarta
Redaksi:
Jln. Marunda Makmur Cilincing
Jakarta Utara 14150
Tel. 021-88991760
Fax. 021-44834345
Email: koperasi.stip@gmail.com
Percetakan:
CV. Multi Sentra Tama
Jln. Kramat Jaya N.22 Blok C Kav.12
Jakarta Utara 14260
Tel. 021-43921273
Fax. 021-43921271
Email: amir14.mst@gmail.com
Cetakan Pertama, Januari 2021
Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang

Dilarang memperbanyak karya tulis ini dalam bentuk dan dengan cara
apapun tanpa ijin tertulis dari penerbit
FOREWORD
The purpose of this book is for a self-study reference in general, and for a guideline to
the learners of a shipping business English course in the management level, ranging
from college students majoring in shipping management department to shipping
company junior manager level.
This book was designed on the format basis of linguistical system and language skills
instead of content-based materials. Therefore, it will hopefully be flexible and
applicable for the learners to select any subjects relevant to their own needs and self-
study references.
In regards to the terms of shipping and maritime aspects, the contents are written and
compiled in line with the competence requirements contained not only in STCW 2010 as
well as IMO Model Course, but also any special shipping textbooks such as Elements of
Shipping by Alan Branch & M.Robarts, (Routledge; 2016). A modification has also been
made by providing several essential English grammars and psychological aspects of
learning required for adult-learning. This is done because most learners of English for
Specific Purposes like shipping and maritime studies generally realise that a broad
understanding of English is required in order to meet specific professional objectives.
Language is basically a means of communication, and should be treated alive and up-to-
date. Therefore, this book will always be revised at a regular period in order to
accommodate any future demands. There is no single way to language learning but it
needs constant practice and strong will.
Bumi Marunda, 17 January 2021
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
1. Reading : English: A Requirement in STCW .................................................... 1
2. Grammar : Parts of Speech, Level of Expressions .............................................. 3
3. Speaking : Greetings ........................................................................................ 4
4. Vocabulary : Shipping Terms I ............................................................................. 5
CHAPTER II
1. Reading : Aspects of English Learning ............................................................ 6
2. Grammar : Basic Sentence Pattern ................................................................. 7
3. Vocabulary : Shipping Terms II ....................... .................................................... 8
4. Writing : Parts of Business Letter ................................................................ 10
CHAPTER III
1. Reading : Effective Communication ............................................................... 12
2. Grammar : Simple Present & Pr.Continuous Tenses ........................................ 14
3. Speaking : Introduction .................................................................................... 17
4. Writing : Opening Phrases I ........................................................................... 18
CHAPTER IV
1. Reading : Types of Vessels ......................................................................... 21
2. Grammar : Noun Phrases ............................................................................... 23
3. Speaking : Tell me about yourself .................................................................... 25
4. Vocabulary : Ship’s Operation ............................................................................ 26
CHAPTER V
1. Reading : Business & Management ............................................................. 27
2. Grammar : Present Perfect & Pr.Perfect Cont.Tense ......................................... 28
3. Vocabulary : Merchant Ships ............................................................................. 30
4. Writing : Opening Phrases II .......................................................................... 31
CHAPTER VI
1. Reading : Shipping Industry & Shipping Management .................................... 34
2. Grammar : Definite & Indefinite Articles ............................................................ 39
3. Speaking : Talking about Jobs ....................................................................... 40
4. Vocabulary : Job Description of Ship’s Crews ................................................... 41
CHAPTER VII
1. Reading : Ship’s Cargo .................................................................................. 43
2. Grammar : Zero Artcles & Geopgraphic Names ................................................ 45
3. Vocabulary : Types of Cargo ............................................................................. 48
4. Writing : Making Enquiry ............................................................................. 49
iv
CHAPTER VIII
1. Reading : Cabotage ...................................................................................... 52
2. Grammar : Simple Past & Past Contiuous Tense .............................................. 55
3. Speaking : Asking & Giving Direction ............................................................. 59
4. Writing : Reply to Enquiry ............................................................................ 59
CHAPTER IX
1. Reading : Containerisation ............................................................................ 62
2. Grammar : Responsible & Function ................................................................... 64
3. Speaking : Excuse & Farewell ......................................................................... 66
4. Writing : Description of Ports ..................................................................... 67
CHAPTER X
1. Reading : Harbour ......................................................................................... 68
2. Grammar : Passive Voice ............................................................................... 72
3. Vocabulary : Shipping Terms - III .................................................................... 74
4. Writing : Voyage Report ............................................................................. 76
CHAPTER XI
1. Reading : Chartering ...................................................................................... 78
2. Grammar : Developing Sentences ................................................................... 79
3. Speaking : Formal Meeting Phrases ............................................................... 82
4. Writing : Note of Protest ............................................................................... 84
CHAPTER XII
1. Reading : STCW 2010 Manila Amendments ................................................... 86
2. Grammar : Assessment I – Elementary Level ................................................... 90
3. Speaking : Phrases for Meeting ...................................................................... 93
4. Vocabulary : Definition on STCW I / 1 ................................................................... 94
CHAPTER XIII
1. Reading : Ports & Port Management ............................................................... 96
2. Grammar : Present & Past Participles ............................................................. 100
3. Vocabulary : Definition on STCW I / 2 ............................................................... 102
4. Writing : Application Letter ........................................................................... 104
CHAPTER XIV
1. Reading : Shipping Markets ......................................................................... 105
2. Grammar : Relative Clause ............................................................................ 107
3. Vocabulary : Shipping Terms IV ......................................................................... 111
4. Writing : Phrases for Application Letter ........................................................... 112
CHAPTER XV
1. Reading : Warehousing ................................................................................. 115
2. Grammar : Condional Clause ......................................................................... 117
3. Speaking : Common Expression for Discussion ................................................ 119
4. Vocabulary : Shipping Terms V ........................................................................... 122
v
CONTENTS BASED ON LANGUAGE ASPECTS: KALK
CH. READING GRAMMAR SPEAKING VOCABULARY WRITING
English: Parts of Speech,

Shipping Terms
I Requirement in Level of Greetings
I
STCW Expressions
Aspects of English Basic Sentence Shipping Terms Parts of
II
Learning Pattern II Business Letter
Simple Present &
Effective Opening
III Pr.Continuous Introduction
Communication Phrases I
Tenses
Tell me about
IV Types of Vessels Noun Phrases Ship’s Operation
yourself
Present Perfect &
Business & Opening
V Pr.Perfect Merchant Ships
Management Phrases II
Cont.Tense
Shipping Industry
Definite & Talking about Job Description
VI & Shipping
Indefinite Articles Jobs of Ship’s Crews
Management
Zero Artcles &
VII Ship’s Cargo Geopgraphic Types of Cargo Making Enquiry
Names
Simple Past &
Asking & Giving
VIII Cabotage Past Contiuous Reply to Enquiry
Direction
Tense
Responsible & Excuse & Description of
IX Containerisation
Function Farewell Ports
Shipping Terms
X Harbour Passive Voice Voyage Reports
III
Developing Formal Meeting
XI Chartering Note of Protest
Sentence Phrases
STCW 2010
Assessment I – Phrases for Definition on
XII Manila
Elementary Level Meeting STCW I / 1
Amendments
Ports & Port Present & Past Definition on Application
XIII
Management Participles STCW I / 2 Letter
Phrases for
Shipping Terms
XIV Shipping Markets Relative Clause Application
IV
Letter
Common
Shipping Terms
XV Warehousing Condional Clause Expression for
V
Discussion
vi
CHAPTER I
1. Reading : English: A Requirement in STCW

2. Grammar : Parts of Speech, Level of Expressions
3. Speaking : Greetings
4. Vocabulary : Shipping Terms I
1. Reading Comprehension: English: A Requirement in STCW

English Language seems to be a compulsory for ship officers and engineer officers now with the
consideration that it has been a requirement on STCW 2010 in Chapters II, III, and IV - Code A.
These chapters describe and resume a clear mandatory of English with brief conclusion as follow:
• Adequate knowledge of written and spoken English emphasizing on nautical or technical
terminologies is compulsory for Navigational, Engineer Watchkeeping Officers and
Radio Officers / Operators.
• A concise and precise understanding Helm Orders in English is strongly recommended
for Navigational Watchkeeping Ratings.
• Use the IMOStandard MarineCommunicationPhrases and useEnglish in writtenand oral
form.
The Requirement of English Language in STCW 2010:

1.1. Code A.II / 1 (page 104):
Minimum standard of competence for officers in charge of a navigational watch on ships of 500 gross
tonnage or more.
(Function: Navigation at the Operational Level & Competence: Use IMO SMCPs and English in Written
and Oral form)
Adequate knowledge of the English language to enable the officers:
➢ To use charts and other nautical publications.
➢ To understand meteorological information and messages concerning ship’s safety and
operation.
➢ To communicate with other ships, coast station and VTS centres.
➢ To perform the officer’s duties with a multilingual crew.
➢ To use and understand the IMO SMCP.
Evaluation Criteria:
✓ English language nautical publications and messages relevant to the safety of the ship are
correctly interpreted and drafted. (Written)
✓ Communication is clear and understood. (Spoken).
1.2. Code A.II / 4 (page 133):

Minimum standard of competence for Ratings forming part of a navigational watch.
(Function: Navigation at the Support Level & Competence: To steer the ship and comply with Helm
Orders in English language)
Adequate knowledge of the English language to enable the ratings:
➢ To steer the ship and comply with Helm Orders in English language.
✓ Communication is clear and concise at all times and orders are acknowledged in a seamanlike
manner. (Spoken).

1
1.3. Code A.III / 1 (page 144):
Minimum standard of competence for officers in charge of an engineering watch in a manned engine-
room or designated duty engineers in a periodically unmanned engine-room.
(Function: Marine Engineering at the Operational Level & Competence: Use English in Written and Oral
form)
➢ To use engineering publications.
➢ To perform engineering duties.
✓ English language publications relevant to engineering duties are correctly interpreted.
(Written)
✓ Communication is clear and understood. (Spoken)
1.4. Code A.III / 6 (page 172):

Minimum standard of competence for Electro-Technical Officers.
(Function: Electrical, Electronic and Control Engineering at the Operational Level & Competence: Use
English in Written and Oral form)
➢ To use engineering publications.
➢ To perform engineering duties.
✓ English language publications relevant to engineering duties are correctly interpreted.
(Written)
✓ Communication is clear and understood. (Spoken)
1.5. Code A.IV / 2 (page 184):

Minimum standard of competence for GMDSS Radio Operators.
(Function: Radio communications at the Operational Level & Competence: Transmit and receive
information using GMDSS subsystems and equipment and fulfilling the functional of GMDSS)
Adequate knowledge of the English language to enable the radio operators to have:
➢ To use of the International Code of Signals and IMO SMCP.
➢ The English language, both written and spoken, for the communication of information relevant
to the safety of life at sea.
✓ English language messages relevant to the safety of the ship and persons on board and
protection of the marine environment are correctly handled. (Written & Spoken)
1.6. Code A.V / 2 (page 209):

Minimum requirements for the training and qualification of Masters, Officers, Ratings and other
personnel on passenger ships.
(Function: Safety Training for Personnel providing direct service to passengers in passenger spaces&
Competence: Communication)
Ability to communicate with passengers during an emergency, taking into account:
➢ The language appropriate to the principal nationalities of passengers carried on the particular
route.
➢ The likelihood that an ability to use an elementary English vocabulary for basic instructions can
provide a means of communicating with a passenger in need of assistance whether or not the
passenger and crew member share a common language.
2
✓ English language messages relevant to the safety of the ship and persons on board and
protection of the marine environment are correctly handled. (Written & Spoken)
Discussion Items and Comprehension Questions:

1. Why is English Language mandatory for ship officers and engineers?
2. Explain the five needs that English contributes in STCW Code A.II/1.
3. What do you think about English enables the officers to perform duties on multilingual crew
vessels?
4. In what context that English is strongly recommended?
5. Describe the necessity of English for Engineers on board.
6. Why shall communication be clear and understood?
7. How do you define the English competence for Radio Operators?
8. What is meant by the messages are correctly interpreted and drafted?
2. Grammar: Parts of Speech & Level of Expressions

1. Noun : Concrete, Abstract, Countable, Uncountable
2. Pronoun : Subject, Object, Possessive, Relative, Reflexive
3. Adjective : Attributive (Quantitative) , Distributive (Qualitative)
4. Verb : Regular, Irregular, Linking, To be
5. Adverb : Time, Place, Manner, Purpose, Contrast, Reason, Result, Condition,
Comparison
6. Preposition : on, in, at, before, from, of, into, after
7. Conjunction : and, but, or, so, both…and, however
8. Interjection : Well !, All right !, Oh, Yes !, Of Course !
Level of Expressions:
Word
Phrase Sentence
Clause
1. Main Clause 2. Compound
(Independent Clause) 3. Complex
2. Subordinate Clause 4. Compound Complex
(Dependent Clause)
Grammar exercises and Discussion Items:

1. Indicate each part of speech that you can find in the text above.
2. Make the examples of part of speech in your own sentences.

3
3. Speaking: Greetings (Speaking Starter)
1. Good morning …. / Good afternoon …. / Good evening ….
Good morning … sir, / John / Mr.Tambunan
Evening Capt. !/ G’day buddy ! Hi ! / Hello Susan ….!
How are you …? / How are you this morning? How is your sister/ family?
2. I am just fine …. / I am very well, thanks
Just fine … / Very well … / Very good, thank you
We are fine../ All right, thanks / Not too bad / So …… So !
And how are you? / And you? / What about you?
3. How are you getting along / on? / How are you doing?
How is everything (with you now)? / How are things?
How have you been so far? / Is everything with you all right?
How is it going (on)?
4. I am not very well today / I am unwell.
Not very / so well ! / Terrible ! / Very bad !
I am not in the mood this morning
5. What’s the matter (with you)? / What’s the problem?
What happened to you? / What’s wrong?
What’s up? / What’s going on?
6. I have headache. / I have / catch a cold
I failed my test this morning
I lost my money last night.
7. Oh ! I am sorry for that ! / What a pity !
I am sorry to hear that, I hope you’ll feel better soon.
I hope it will be fine soon.
8. Nice day today, isn’t it? / Lovely evening, isn’t it? / Look like rain, doesn’t it?
Yes, it is. / No, I don’t think so.
Excuse me, what time is it?
Excuse me, are you a student of …… ?
Excuse me, are you from France? / You are an Irish, aren’t you?
Speaking exercises and Discussion Items:

1. Greet your friend next to you in English correctly!
2. Practice a real conversation with your partner starting with Greeting.
3. Write down your conversation above as written transcript.

4
4. Vocabulary: Shipping Terminologies – I
Definitions and clarifications
1. ABS -American Bureau of Shipping: A US Classification Society founded in 1862, based
private classification, or standards setting society for merchant ships and other marine
systems.
2. AGENCY FEE - A fee charged to the ship by the ship's agent, representing payment for
services while the ship was in port. Sometimes referred to as the attendance fee.
3. ARBITRATION - Method of settling disputes usually applied to a charter party.
4. ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT - The document containing all particulars relating to the terms of
agreement between the Master of the vessel and the crew. Also known as ship's or shipping
articles.
5. ATDNSHINC - Any Time Day or Night Sundays & Holidays Included (Chartering term).
6. AWIWL (Always Within Institute Warranties Limits) - For insurance purpose: the ship should
sail only within sea areas in which she is always insured. For instance the Bearing Sea is
outside these limits, while the southern part of it is almost always free of ice. Anyway the
underwriter is often asking an extra premium to enter it.
7. BAF - Bunker Adjustment Factor. A freight adjustment factor reflecting the current cost of
bunkers.
8. BAGGED CARGO - Various kinds of commodities usually packed in sacks or in bags, such as
sugar, cement, milk powder, onion, grain, flour, etc. Also referred to as break-bulk.
9. BARREL - 42 United States gallons (3.785lt) at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (15.5°)=159lt.
10. BAREBOAT CHARTER (Demise Charter) –

1). Vessel contract where charterers take over all responsibility for the operation of the vessel
and expenses for a certain period of time, and appoints his own master and crew and pays all
running expenses.
2). Method of chartering of the ship leaving the charterer with most all the responsibilities of the
owner, including the crewing and management of the vessel. This type of chartering is often
used to put the ship under a FOC.
Vocabulary Building:
Give concise definitions to the following terminologies and translate to Indonesian language.
1. Bareboat Charter
2. ATDNSHINC
3. Articles of Agreement
4. Bagged Cargo
5. ABS
6. Agency Fee
7. AWIWL

5
CHAPTER II
1. Reading : Aspects of English Learning

2. Grammar : Basic Sentence Pattern
3. Vocabulary : Shipping Terms II
4. Writing : Parts of Business Letter
1. Reading Comprehension: Aspects of English Learning

English Learning is affected by two factors; Linguistic Factors and Non-Linguistic Factors.
1. Linguistic Factors consist of:
➢ Nature of Difficulties (i.e. tense system).
➢ Bilingual Relationship (English & Mother Tongue: Singaporeans learn English more easily than
Indonesians do, as Indonesia is an EFL country, not ENL nor ESL country. Most Indonesians
learn English based on Instrumental Motivation)
➢ Learning Experience (the more experience, the more confident).
➢ Language Systems (macro factors: writing system, pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary).
➢ Language Skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing); Individual has more and less skills
than others.
2. Non-Linguistic Factors consist of:
➢ Learners (1. Linguistic Talent: speed & mastery, 2. Motivation: Instrumental-ESP or Integral-
pleasure, 3. Perseverance: patient & diligent in practice, 4. Intelligence, 5. Personality:
extrovert & introvert, 6. Memory: listen longer, 7. Emotion, 8. Age: 24-36-68, 9. Gender: women
generally have more linguistic talent.
➢ Teachers (Ability, Education, Talent)
➢ Methods (No single method fits all, the most essential is goal achievement)
➢ Materials / Subjects (Sequential Grading)
➢ Goals (Student Needs Fulfillment)
➢ Time (Flexible, Endless, Enjoyable)
➢ Class Size (Ideally max 20 students)
➢ Facilities (Complete, Modern, Multimedia)
➢ Social Culture (Positive, Supporting)
Other aspects which have a significant impact and contribution to the dominance of English in the world
may be considered as follow:
a). Languages of Government
1. English .................................... 74 states
2. French .................................… 25 states
3. Arabic ...................................... 19 states
4. Spanish ................................... 18 states
All other languages (including Russian and Chinese, both working languages of the UN General
Assembly) are used as official languages in less than 10 states each (Skutnabb-Kangas, 2000, p.300).
b). General Competency of University Graduates (Required by Global Market Demand)
1. Competency of English (Skills of Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing)
2. Competency of Operating Computer
3. Competency in ethos of work: discipline, honesty, carefulness, responsibility, emotion steadiness
4. Competency in cooperation with others
5. Competency in self-actualization

6
c). UNESCO’s Four Pillars of Education
1. Learning to know
2. Learning to do Addition:
3. Learning to be * Learning how to learn
4. Learning to live together * Learning throughtout life
d). Multiple Intelligence of Howard Gardner
1. Linguistic Intelligence 5. Interpersonal Intelligence
2. Musical Intelligence 6. Intrapersonal Intelligence
3. Kinesthetic Intelligence 7. Spatial-Visual Intelligence
4. Mathematical Intelligence 8. Natural Intelligence

1. Why is English Language dominant in the world?
2. Explain what know about the four pillars of education.
3. What is meant by Billingual relationship?
4. In what factors that English learning is strongly affected?
5. What do you know about Linguistic Intelligence?
6. Describe the factors that influence the English learning.
2. Grammar: Basic Sentence Patterns

There are four basic patterns in English sentences as follow:
1. Subject + Verb + ( Object ) + ( Adverb )

2. Subject + To be + Complement + ( Adverb )
3. There + To be + Subject + ( Adverb )
4. It + To be / Verb + Complement + Subject + ( Adverb )
Examples:
1. - The passenger died
S V
- The Chief Engineer checked the new engine ( S V O )
- I live at 40 Green Street London ( S V A )
- They have done the research for seven months ( S V O A )
2. - All the crew were very happy during the party ( C = Adj. )
S to be C A
- I am a maritime college student ( C = N )
- The master is in his cabin right now ( C = Adv. )
3. - There is a luxurious restaurant on board this vessel

there to be S A
- There are several deck cadets on the vessel
- There was a traffic accident in front of the post office yesterday

7
4. - It is important to learn English nowadays ( To Be )
it to be C S A
- It is true that education determines one’s future ( To Be )
- It seems easy to do that job ( Linking Verb )
- It becomes clear that she is innocent ( Linking Verb )
- It needs a lot of money to finance your study here ( Verb )
- It took one and half hours to repair the engine ( Verb )
Exercises :
Indicate the Subject, Verb and other elements of the sentences below according to the four Basic
Sentence Patterns and then try to translate them.
1. To love is to sacrifice.
2. The graduates of STIP should work in maritime sectors.
3. My father works in a foreign company in the city.
4. There are several longshoremen at the port.
5. The careless wasting of our natural resources is a great loss.
6. Please give in your assignment tomorrow.
7. It is obvious that man proposes but God disposes.
8. The passengers of the wrecked ship were hopeless.
9. Will there be a test tomorrow ?
10. It will be a great day for you when you are graduated from this Institute.
Find out 10 sentences in the textbook and indicate the types of the Basic Sentence Pattern being
discussed.
3. Vocabulary: Shipping Terminologies – II

1. BILL OF LADING (B/L) - Negotiable document certifying that the goods are shipped on board
ship, which acts as a receipt for the cargo and contains the terms of the contract of carriage.
2. BIMCO (the Baltic and International Maritime Council) - Information and support service
located in Copenhagen (Denmark) Founded in 1905, in 1995 it had 2650 members in 110
countries: shipowners, brokers, agents, P&I; clubs.
3. BV (Bureau Veritas) – French Classification Society located in Paris.
4. CABOTAGE - The carriage of goods or passengers for remuneration taken on at one point and
discharged at another point within the territory of the same country.
5. CABOTAGE POLICIES - Reservation of a country's coastal (domestic) shipping for its own flag
vessels.
6. CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRY - A document specifying the nation registry of the vessel.
7. CHANDLER - a person who deals in the selling of provisions, dried stores, etc.
8. CHARTER RATES - The tariff applied for chartering tonnage in a particular trade.

8
9. CHARTER PARTY - A contractual agreement between a ship owner and a cargo owner,
usually arranged by a broker, whereby a ship is chartered (hired) either for one voyage or a
period of time.
10. C.I.F. (Cost Insurance & Freight) - Selling terms of shipped goods. The sellers fix the carriage
contract and provide the buyer with a B/L, pay the shipment and the insurance until the port of
destination. See also INCOTERMS.
11. CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY - Private organisations that undertake inspections and provide
advise on the hull and machinery of a ship, also supervise ships during their construction and
afterwards in respect to their seaworthiness. Ships are then referred to as being 'in class'.
Although not compulsory, an unclassed ship will find it difficult to attract insurance.
12. CONSIGNEE - The person to whom cargo is consigned as stated on the bills of lading.
1. Charter Party
2. Cabotage Policies
3. Bill of Lading
4. Certificate of Registry
5. BIMCO
6. Classification Society
7. Cabotage
8. CIF

9
4. Writing (Shipping Documents): Parts of Business Letter
Parts of Business Letter
Characteristic of
1. Heading / Letterhead the Letter
(7 Cs)
3. Reference Line 2. Date Line

1. Clear:
To / From whom, the
4. Inside Address Message, words /
Stc, Writing / Typing
5. Attention Line
2. Concise:
Not Verbose, not too
6. Salutation long, Short but
confirmed.
3. Complete:
Covering all needed
7. Subject Line / Re-Line information.
4. Courteous:
Wise, Polite, not
arrogant
8. Body of the Letter 5. Correct:

True, Honest, good
in writing
6. Clean:
Tidy, no corrected
words
7. Careful:
9. Complimentary Close Well-concept
written, smartly-
composed
11. Enclosure 10. Signature
12. Carbon Copy (CC)

10
1. Heading / Letterhead:
All details of Company Profiles (Corporate); Name & Address (Personal)
2. Date Line:
a. 2 October 2007 (British English)
b. October 2, 2007 (American English)
Do not write like this: 02-10-2007 or 10-02-2007 (ambiguous)
3. Reference Line:
Letter code numbers and initials of persons concerned / signed.
4. Inside Address:
To whom or what company the letter is sent.
5. Attention Line:
Certain / Special person whom the letter is officially delivered, when the Inside Address is a
company name.(Attention: Mr. Robert Smith)
6. Salutation:
Dear Sir, (Personal – Male); Dear Sirs, (Company Name); Dear Madam, (Women) ; Dear Mr.
Smith (more personal), Miss / Ms / Mrs..
7. Subject Line / Re-Line:

Phrase version: The Main Message of the Letter.
8. Body of the Letter:

a. Opening Sentences (standard phrases)
b. Main Message
c. Closing Sentences (standard phrases)
9. Complimentary Close:
a. Yours Faithfully, (Formal – General)
b. Yours Sincerely (Formal – Personal)
10. Signature:
Signature of the person concerned / authorized
11. Enclosures:
Attachment or Addition Papers / Copies of the Letter
12. Carbon Copy (CC):

To other persons the letter is also sent.

11
CHAPTER III
1. Reading : Effective Communication

2. Grammar : Simple Present & Pr.Continuous Tenses
3. Speaking : Introduction
4. Writing : Opening Phrases I
1. Reading Comprehension: The Importance of Effective Communication

Communication is an essential part of human interaction. The benefits of effective communication are
many and obvious as they enhance all aspects of our personal and professional lives. Ineffective or
misunderstood communications in our personal lives may give rise to problems or embarrassment but
in our professional lives the results of misunderstandings may have much more serious results. In the
world of international shipping, with seafarers from many countries sailing on ships trading to all parts of
the world, effective communication between those on board and between ship and shore is vitally
important.
Although used in a slightly different context, a phrase from some British propaganda during WWII neatly
sums up the dangers of ineffective communications: ‘Careless talk costs lives’. That may be over-
dramatic in most cases where communications between seafarers or between ship and shore go awry
but it does illustrate the importance of effective communications and the real dangers if they go badly
wrong.
IMO analyses reports of casualties and accidents to see if there are any lessons to be learned for the
future. Many accidents are found to be due mainly to operational issues of proper procedure,
maintenance and design, rather than to proper implementation of regulations but effectiveness of bridge
resource management and particularly ineffective relationships between master, crew and pilot are
recurrent themes. Communication difficulties often occur in these areas due in part to cultural
differences but also due to language ‘barriers’. Some examples from recent analyses illustrate the
problems.
1. Tanker mooring accident

A 56,000 gt Bahamian flag tanker was berthing at an oil terminal in the UK when a mooring line parted
and struck the crew of a mooring boat causing serious injuries. The pilot had intended to run the breast
line ashore but not to make it fast until the ship was alongside and had believed that the master had
understood his intention. The master thought however that the line should be heaved tight and
instructed the mate on the forecastle accordingly. Because all verbal communications between the
master and crew were in Korean, a language he did not understand, the pilot did not know that his
intentions had been mistaken until the accident occurred. The accident was caused because of the
breakdown of communications between the pilot and the ship’s master.
2. Bulk carrier grounding

A 36,000 gt Panama flag bulk carrier was leaving port under pilotage when it ran aground. The pilot
was conning the vessel and giving instructions to the helmsman but his attention was distracted and he
failed to properly monitor the actions of the helmsman. The result was that he failed to hear the
helmsman’s replies and the ship swung out of the channel and aground. The accident was caused
because of the poor communications between the helmsman and pilot.
A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL.M.Pd.

12
3. Passenger ship fire
A small fire in some bedding spread throughout the ship and 158 people lost their lives. Escape routes
were filled with smoke and those unfamiliar with the ship needed the assistance of crew and signage to
find their way. The signs were not in a language familiar to those who were passengers on board so
provided an ineffective means of providing safety instructions. The officers and many of the crew did
not share a common language and the language of the crew was not the same as most of the
passengers. Although the fire was not related to poor communications between officers and crew, the
poor safety organization on board coupled with the inability of the officers to communicate with all of the
crew and the inability of the crew to communicate with the passengers, exacerbated the loss of life.
All three cases demonstrate, in their various ways, the need for effective communications to ensure
safe and efficient ship operation.
So what is communication? If it is so important, how do we ensure that when one person talks to
another, that the other person listens and understands? How do we know if the message (or sign) has
not only been heard (or read) but also understood? What can be done to limit the opportunities for
mistakes and to enhance the effectiveness of communications?
It is a self-evident fact that people speaking different languages can generally not converse at all and
even people speaking their own language can misinterpret spoken messages. Many will recall playing
games where a message passed through a series of people can become quite unrecognisable from the
original message after being re-worded or abbreviated by individuals passing a message one to the
other. And the reason these messages become garbled is probably because we probably have too
many ways of passing ideas one to another.
For effective communications, when the sender of a message communicates with the intended
recipient, there has to be a correlation between what the sender is thinking about and what the receiver
is thinking about. Text or words must therefore be used in a consistent way, and the first requirement
for communication is a set of messages that are used consistently.
If we know why we fail sometimes to send or receive the intended communications we can start to
address the problem. The most obvious solution to the problem of failure of communications through
different languages is, of course, to use the same one.

1. Why is communication important for human life?
2. How come accidents happen due to the ineffective communication?
3. In what context that communication difficulties often occur?
4. Resume briefly the accident of Bahamian-flag tanker during mooring activity.
5. What is your opinion about case no.3 of passenger ship fire?
6. How do you define the term of communication in this case?
7. What is the solution to the lack of communication through different languages?
Assignment:
Make a summary of the above text with your own words, at least 5 (five) sentences.

13
2. Grammar: English Tenses: Simple Present & Present Continuous
a. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Examples:
I always play football.
We often work for them.
It rains here a lot.
He teaches English
The simple present tense is used to indicate a generality - something that happens all the time. This
may be indicated by using words such as “often”, “never”, “usually”, “every day”, etc.
The simple present tense is formed by
1 - the stem of the verb (talk / work / rain / teach);
2 - the stem + s with third person singular (he talks / she works / it rains );
3 - the stem + es (pronounced [IZ]) with third person singular when the stem ends with “s”, “z” or “ch”
(presses / freezes / teaches).
Note:
the following verbs have only one form: can / could / may / might / must / will / would / should.
Study these sentences:
Where do you live? I live in Helsinki.
Where do you work? I work in an office.
When do you start? I start at nine.
When do you finish? I finish at four.
Do you like your work? Yes, I do.
Do you have many hobbies? No, I don't.
Erkki Ranta lives in Finland.
He works for the Coast Guard and likes his job.
Every morning he gets up early and starts his day at the Coast Guard Station.
Where does Erkki Ranta live? He lives in Finland.
Where does he work? He works at a Coast Guard Station.
Does he like his work? Yes, he does.
Does he have many hobbies? No, he doesn't.
THE SIMPLE PRESENT USE
is used when we speak of habits (what we do, for example, often, sometimes, always, never, every day
etc.) or for what is permanent (e.g. what we like, dislike, love, hate, know, understand; where we live;
what languages we speak etc.).
LIVE WATCH
I live. I watch.
You live. You watch.
He/she/it lives. He/she/it watches.
We live in Finland. We watch.
You live in Finland. You watch.
They live in Finland. They watch.
NOTE:
The ending -s or -es in the 3rd person singular.
The ending –es is used if the verb stem ends in –s -z -sh -ch -tch, -dg or –g pronounced (-dj).
EXAMPLES: watch/watches; wash/washes; manage/manages; kiss/kisses
14
THE SIMPLE PRESENT QUESTIONS
The use of the auxiliary verb do or does in questions + main verb without ending. With the 3rd person
singular does is used, in all other persons do is used to form questions.
Where do I live? Where do you live?
Where does he/she live? How does it (the machine) work?
THE SIMPLE PRESENT NEGATIONS
The use of do not or does not + main verb without endings in negations. With the 3 rd person singular
does not is used, in all other persons do not is used to form negations. The short forms don’t and
doesn’t may be used in everyday speech.
I do not (don’t) live in England.
You do not (don’t) live in England.
He/she/does not (doesn’t) live in England.
We/you/they do not (don’t) live in England.
Exercises:
a. Fill in the blanks with the verbs available to form the simple present tense.
1. We always ….….to France for our holidays. (to go)
2. The engineer……………..the bilge pump once a month. (to overhaul)
3. She usually ………the theatre on sundays. (to visit)
4. My father is a teacher at the Nautical institute; he……… engineering. ( to teach)
5. I ……. .soccer and my brother ………..hockey . (to play)
6. We always ..….....great attention to sailing yachts that...……….. the fairway. (to pay / to enter)
7. Any vessel that ……………... too fast or …………too close to other vessels will receive a
penalty. (to approach / berth)
8. The first mate ...…….....the cargo documents before the vessel…………(to fill in / to depart)
9. They usually ………. us permission to enter the channel that ……...into the harbour basins.
(to give / to lead)
10. This chemical agent is very dangerous, because it …………….. spontaneously and
…………severe pollution. (to ignite / to cause)
b. Write down your own 10 sentences with the verbs in simple present tense.
b. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Examples: I am doing it now.
He is talking about us.
We are working on it today.
Note:
the following verbs do not have an “ing-form”: can / could / may / might / must / will / would / should
What are you doing? I am listening to the weather forecast.
What is Captain James doing? The Captain is giving orders on the bridge.
What is John doing? He is watching the radar screen.
What are the deckhands doing? They are casting off from the quay.
The Marina is leaving the Port of Santander.
A pilot boat is approaching our vessel.
We are entering the main fairway.
You are proceeding at a dangerous speed.
15
USAGE:
The present continuous is used to indicate that the continuous action is happening right now. It can also
be used about an action that will happen in the very near future.
E.g. I am flying to London this evening.
The Present Continuous is formed by the present of the auxiliary to be + the ending -ing linked to the
main verb. S + to be p (am / is / are) + Verb-ing form.
I am entering fairway we are entering fairway
You are entering fairway You are entering fairway
He is entering fairway They are entering fairway
She is entering fairway
It is entering fairway
The following changes take place when adding the ending –ing:
• a verb ending in silent –e drops the vowel: come coming
• after a short vowel the consonant doubles: sit sitting
• -ie changes into – y at the end of a verb: lie lying
tie tying
BUT: cry crying
INTERROGATIVE FORM: are formed by reversing the order of the auxiliary and the main verb.
to be (am / is / are) + S + Verb-ing form ?
Example:
• Are you entering the fairway at Buoy No 3?
• Is the Diana heaving up anchor?
• Is the wind increasing?
• What speed are they making?
NEGATIVE FORM: are formed with to be (am / is / are) + not + Verb-ing form.
• We are not entering the fairway at Buoy No 3.
• The Diana is not heaving up anchor.
• The wind is not increasing.
Exercises:
a. Fill in the blanks with the verbs available to form the present continuous tense.
1. We ………. on holiday today. (to go)
2. The engineer …….... the bilge pump now. (to overhaul)
3. I must hurry, because I ………. behind schedule with my work. (to run)
4. We ………. to start discharging the cargo, because It ………. now. (to wait / to rain)
5. We………. speed, because we want to overtake the vessel that …..…ahead of us. (to
increase /to proceed)
6. The lookout..…..……the sailing yachts that ..…………the port. (to watch / to enter)
7. My parents ………………at my sister’s house; she…………through Europe with some friends.
(to stay / to travel)
8. The first mate ........the cargo documents, so we ………in one hour. (to fill in / to depart)
9. You ………….a collision course; instruction: you must alter course to the North.
(to steer)
10. The oil spill ……….environmental pollution along the coast where many tourists ………. their
holidays. (to cause/ to spend)

16
b. Write down your own 10 sentences with the verbs in present continuous tense.
3. Speaking: Introduction
1. Well, Everybody, / Ladies and Gentlemen,
Hi ! / Hello !
I’d like to introduce myself ……/ May I introduce myself ?
Let me introduce myself ……/ First of all, I’d like to ……
2. My name is …… / I am Anton Pasaribu
My complete name is ……and you can call me ……
My family name is ….. / My nickname is ……
Ok, I will spell my name …
3. I am a maritime college student. / I am a student / cadet of…..
I study at STIP Jakarta / I go to a state maritime college in …
I study at Gajahmada University for Post-Graduate program.
My major course is English literature / Educational Management
I am majoring in marine engineering / ship navigation / shipping management.
I am (sitting) in the third semester now. / I am in the second year
I like to study here because I want to be a …….
4. I come from .. (Japan) / I am from … (a small village in North Sumatera)
I have/come from a large/small family. / I have … brothers and ….sisters
I am the first in my family / I am a single child in my family
There are …… people altogether in my family.
My father is a ….. and he works at …… / My mother is ……(a house-wife)
My sister is a student; she is studying at a senior high school
5. I was born in … (Bandung) , on …. (August 14, 1990)

My brother was born in (Malang - East Java)
I am (twenty) years old now.
My younger sister is fifteen years of age now.
6. My hobbies are …… listening soft music and swimming.
My pleasure is …….
I like/love practicing English very much.
Most of my family members love reading.
7. That’s all about myself I think.
That’s all, thank you.
Well, is it enough for you?
I hope that will give you a slight of information about myself.

1. Introduce yourself to your friend next to you in English correctly!
2. Practice a real conversation with your partner starting with Introduction.

17
4. Writing (Shipping Documents): Opening Phrases I
Most opening phrases in a business letter have standard phrases that we are recommended to use
them in writing letters, especially for the formal scope. Some categories of standard opening phrases
commonly used in a daily English correspondence are as follow:
1. MEMBALAS:
➢ In reply to your letter of July 10, we would like to ....
➢ We reply to ....
➢ In answer to your ....
➢ In response to ....
➢ In compliance with ..../ In line with ......
2. MENUNJUK / MENYUSUL / SEHUBUNGAN DENGAN:

➢ With reference to your letter of March 23, we .....
➢ We refer to your special tracer .... and would inform you ...
➢ Referring to your .....
➢ Please be referred to ..../ Please refer to .....
➢ Regarding to ...../ In regard to ....
➢ In view of the importance of .....
➢ Following our letter ...../ We follow our .....
3. MENEGASKAN:
➢ This is to confirm that we have no responsibility ....
➢ In confirming our ....
➢ Confirming our previous talk .....
➢ We are pleased to confirm ...... / We confirm our letter .....
➢ We would like to confirm .....
4. TERIMA KASIH:
➢ We thank you for your letter of August 14 telling us ....
➢ It would be greatly appreciated if you could inform ....
➢ We shall be much obliged if you will ....
➢ We should like to extend our special appreciation to ....
➢ We are very grateful if you ..../ It is our gratefulness .....
➢ We wish to avail ourselves of this opportunity to extend our thanks to ....
➢ We tender our thanks for ..../ We write to thank you for your letter of ....
➢ We should feel obliged if you could let us know .....
5. MENYESAL / TERPERANJAT / TERGESA:

➢ We regret to tell you that we have to refuse ....
➢ Much to our regret we have to inform you that ....
➢ We are sorry to inform you that ....
➢ It is our great regret to advise you that ...
➢ We are surprised to hear from you that ...
➢ We hasten to answer your letter of ....
➢ We hurrily reply to your .....
18
6. MENERIMA SURAT / BELUM TERIMA JAWABAN:
➢ We have received your letter of ..../ We have your letter of ....
➢ We are pleased to receive ......
➢ This is to confirm receipt of your .....
➢ We are surprised at not receiving a reply to our letter ....
➢ We have not as yet received a reply from you ....
➢ We are without reply to our letter of .....
➢ As we still do not appear to have received a reply from you to our letter of ..., we shall ......
➢ We have had no further news from you whatsoever .....
➢ Because we have not heard from you .....
7. MENGUTARAKAN KEINGINAN / DESAKAN:

➢ We wish to inform you that ....
➢ We would like to tell you that ....
➢ We take this opportunity to inform you that ....
➢ We take the liberty of reminding you of letter ....
➢ You will not take it ill, we hope, when we again remind you ....
8. MELAMPIRKAN / TERLAMPIR:
➢ We enclose a copy of Sea Protest regarding ....
➢ Attached is a copy of our letter of ......
➢ Enclosed with this letter, we send you ....
➢ We have pleasure in sending you our letter attached with .....
Examples of Standard Opening Phrases on shipping documents:

1. We received your letter of April 2, 2001 telling us that our two boxes of cargo were shipped by
M.V.Ancol.
2. We wish to invite your urgent attention to our letter of 7 May on the above subject and regret to
say that we have had no further news from you whatsoever.
3. We regret to note that you appear to have ignored our letter of September 2, calling your
attention to our request about details of damage resulted from the engine-room fire on board
your ship.
4. As requested by our head office, please send your telex reply as to how the matter stands, and
ensure that shipment of said boxes be effected as soon as possible.
5. Attached is a copy of our letter sent to you on 21 June, the content of which is self-explanatory.
6. It will help us to know by return when we may expect to receive the goods ordered on March
14, 1999.
7. Please supply the following items as soon as possible and charge to our Agents’ account.
8. When we are looking through our records, we find that our claim amounting to US $ 1,000 is
still outstanding.

19
9. With reference to your letter of January 3, 2001, please note that the short-landed cargo you
advised has arrived here in good condition.
10. We thank you for your cable of February 20, informing us that you succeeded in locating the
missing boxes of our cargo.
11. We enclose a copy of the Sea Protest regarding the above damage.
Writing exercises and Discussion Items:

1. Translate some opening phrases and their examples into Indonesian language!
2. Practice a real shipping documents with your partner starting with opening phrases.
3. Write down your own composition by opening phrases.

20
CHAPTER IV
1. Reading : Types of Vessels

2. Grammar : Noun Phrases
3. Speaking : Tell me about yourself
4. Vocabulary : Ship’s Operation
1. Reading Comprehension: Types of Vessels

Vessels can be classified into several categories as follow:
The general cargo ship
During the last few decades shipping has seen a great deal of change. Until the 20 th century the most
important cargo ship was the break-bulk carrier, sometimes called the general cargo ship or freighter.
The cargo holds on these ships could carry almost any kind of cargo, both piece goods and bulk cargo.
The cargo was packed into drums, boxes, bags, bales and crates or on pallets. The ship was loaded
and unloaded using portside cranes and ship’s derricks that lifted the cargo through the hatches and
stored it into the holds. Cargo could also be secured by lashing and stored on deck.
The bulk carrier

Today modern commercial vessels are highly specialised, designed to carry specific types of cargo.
The names of the ships tell us what type of cargo they are designed to carry. The bulk carrier carries
bulk cargo, “loose” cargo, either “dry bulk” such as coal, grain, iron ore, fertilisers or “liquid bulk” such
as a range of chemicals including petroleum products. Bulk carriers have huge under-deck specialised
holds where the bulk products are poured and stored. Bulk carriers come in different sizes, from the so-
called “handysize” bulk carriers of about 25 000 DWT to very large carriers of up to 200 000 DWT.
The multi-purpose carrier

The MS Marina, the ship in our story, is a type of multi-purpose dry cargo carrier. “Multi-Purpose
Carriers” transport different kinds of cargo: break-bulk and/or pure bulk cargoes and/or containers, even
reefer containers for frozen meats or fruit. Many of these carriers are so- called geared vessels, they
are equipped with their own cargo cranes for loading and discharging. Hatch openings are designed to
fit standard container sizes. Removable between decks or (‘tweendecks) increase the number of
available holds. In the huge bulk holds there are removable bulkheads that help prevent the grain and
other bulk cargoes from shifting.
The container ship

It was in the 1960s that the first container ship was built and since then she has revolutionised shipping.
A container ship is designed to carry cargo in thousands of standard-size boxes - “containers”, either 20
ft units or 40 ft units. At the container terminals these ships can quickly load and discharge by means of
large quay-side cranes called portainers or gantry cranes. The cranes lift the containers off or onto the
quay or trucks and off or onto the ship’s deck. While a conventional dry cargo vessel may take 3-4 days
to load or discharge, a container ship can do the same in a matter of hours. Today container ships are
seen in ports all over the world and are gradually replacing the general cargo ships.
Seen from a distance the container ship has a very characteristic “flat” silhouette. The small
superstructure with the navigating bridge is at the stern of the ship and the many containers are stacked
fore of the bridge along the whole length of the vessel.

21
The reefer
The Refrigerated Cargo Carrying Vessels, reefers, are built to carry fruit, meat, vegetables and other
refrigerated food products that require refrigerating equipment to stay fresh during a sea voyage. The
cargo can be stowed on pallets in the refrigerated holds. Some reefers carry reefer containers. Perhaps
the most famous of these types of vessels are the banana carriers, trading between the Caribbean and
Europe.
The RORO vessel

Another special cargo vessel is known as the RORO, which means a roll-on, roll-off vessel. The RORO
ships have huge stern (or bow) doors which are lowered to make a bridge from the ship to the wharf.
On the RORO-vessel whole trucks can roll on and off very rapidly at ports. RORO is often used to carry
large numbers of cars/motor vehicles, which are rapidly loaded via a stern ramp. The wharf machinery
can also get into to the ship’s interior and collect cargo to bring it ashore.
The roll-on, roll-off vessel comes in two main types: the passenger RORO and the cargo RORO.
Modern car-passenger ferries take care of most passenger traffic on short-sea routes in the Baltic Sea
and the North Sea. It is probably the only type of cargo vessel that most people have travelled on. The
vehicles are driven on and off through a stern door (sometimes a bow door) and stored on the car deck
below the passenger accommodation areas. Since the Estonia disaster, when the bow visor gave way
in the heavy storm and the car deck was flooded, safety regulations on board car-passenger ferries
have become stricter and the door structures have improved.
The oil tanker

One of the most important vessels in the world's merchant fleets today is the tanker. The growth in size
of the tankers has been extremely rapid during recent years. Tankers carry liquid cargo, not only oil, in
tanks. The best known are the oil tankers. They come in two kinds: the crude carrier, which carries
crude oil, and the clean products tanker, which carries refined products such as petrol, gasoline,
aviation fuel, kerosene and paraffin. Tankers range in all sizes from small bunkering tankers of 1000
DWT, used for refuelling larger vessels, to the real giants the VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier) of 200
000 - 300 000 DWT and the ULCC ( Ultra Large Crude Carrier) of over 300 000 DWT.
In 1990, the United States enacted the Oil Pollution Act (OPA). It requires a gradual introduction of
tankers with double hulls, i.e. not just with double bottoms but also double on both sides. Full
compliance with the law is as far away as 2015. This stamp shows a picture of the modern double-
hulled Mobil Oil tanker ‘Eagle’, built 1993, of 284,493 DWT. However, most tankers trading worldwide
today are still single-hulled vessels.
The LNG carrier

(Liquefied Natural Gas) and the LPG carrier (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) are really a kind of tanker and
came in the nineteen-hundreds. LNG and LPG are not the easiest of cargoes to transport. In its natural
state, LNG is a gas; it must be pressurised into being liquid or kept as a liquid by reducing the
temperature in order to transport it. The shape of the LNG Carrier, with the huge round Moss tanks
seen along the deck, has led to the nickname of “Dinosaur Eggs Carriers”.
The LNG vessels carry explosive gas - kept at below freezing temperatures - as an unstable liquid. This
means that they carry extremely dangerous cargo. The vessels must be maintained very thoroughly
and safety measures on board have to be very strict.
The Lash
Another kind of cargo carrier is the Lash. LASH means lighter aboard ship (lighter = barge). The vessel
has a huge 500 ton crane on the main deck. The holds are divided into cells to make room for the
22
LASH barges which the crane plucks from the water at the stern of the ship, carries along the deck and
stows in the ship’s cells for the voyage. LASH barges are loaded at inland river and ocean ports. The
barges are then towed to meet the LASH mother vessel and lifted aboard. When the mother vessel
arrives at its port of destination the huge crane lowers the LASH barges into the water, where they are
then towed to their final destination. A Lash ship does not need to tie up to a port during discharging.
Heavy–lift ships
Another very special type of ship is the heavy-lift ship. This type is a little like the LASH. The heavy-lift
ship is designed to carry exceptionally heavy loads and unusual cargoes such as power plants, oil rigs,
generators, and yachts. The cargo (even small vessels) can be stowed aboard the ships by a lift-on lift-
off method using the ship´s own cranes or by a float-in float-out method where the mother ship is partly
submerged under water during loading and unloading the cargo she is to carry.

1. Describe the types of vessels according to the text above.
2. How do you define container ships?
3. What is meant by the Reefer?
4. Can you explain about the oil tankers?
5. What do you know about General Cargo Ships?
6. Describe what you know about the Ro-Ro Vessels.
7. What is definition of Heavy-Lift Vessels?
8. How do you explain about the Lash?
Assignment:
Make a summary of the above text with your own words, at least 5 (five) sentences on a piece of paper.
2. Grammar: Noun Phrase

Noun Phrase is a group of words ending with a noun which gives an idea or one meaning.
I. Modifier + Headword
II. Headword + Modifier
III. Combination I and II ( Mod + HW + Mod )
I. Modifier + Headword:
1. Determiner + Headword
a tree, the bridge, his ability, that ship, much water, one year, another meeting, Darwin’s
theory,
2. Adjective + Headword
a good university, our important problems, the beautiful island, observable facts,
3. Present Participle + Headword

the developing countries, the changing colour, a challenging problem, a sailing ship, falling
water,

23
4. Past Participle + Headword
a written test, the forgotten facts, the unexpected result, a beautifully-designed construction,
5. Noun Modifier + Headword
the bus station, the world food resources, a few reading books, the opening ceremony, the
swimming pool, harvesting time, the parking area, a non-smoking cabin,
II. Headword + Modifier

1. Headword + Prepositional Phrase
the colour of the sea, their motivation for learning, a letter from Canada, the organization of
a ship’s crew,
2. Headword + Adjective
someone special , something important, a village nearby, anything curious,
3. Headword + Present Participle
the man standing over there, most people working in the factory, the ships crossing the
channel,
4. Headword + Past Participle
the warship made in Germany, some points discussed before, the small stars seen from
the Earth,
5. Headword + To Infinitive
the food to eat today, several books to read, the applicants to interview, the cargo to
discharge at this port,
III. Modifier + Headword + Modifier:(Combination I & II)

- a smiling General from Asia
- soft skin powder made by Johnson’s
- a psychological approach to the problem
- a few contagious diseases caused by virus
- the careless wasting of our natural resources
- the government’s attempts to improve the socio-economic condition of the people.
- some crucial and complicated world problems existing in the twenty-first century.
Exercise: Find out some Noun Phrases in the passage or text (min. 10)
Examples of Noun Phrases on Maritime Texts

1. The good attitude needed for working on board ship.
2. Several high confidential shipping documents kept in the file holder.
3. The up-to-date Radar manual instruction books stored in the bridge.
4. Some expensive modern navigational equipment automatically driven by computer.
5. International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea.
6. The unpredictable tide existing when the tropical storms happen.
7. A pilot boat approaching to the vessel from the starboard side.
8. The newest urgent messages received from the US Coast Guard.
9. The useless broken cylinder liner caused by the third engineer’s carelessness.
10. Several ship officer certificates endorsed in Norwegian Marine Safety Bureau.

24
3. Speaking: Tell me about yourself
1. What’s your name, please?
Could you tell me your name, please ?
May I know your last/first name ?
Is that your family/nick name ?
What’s the man’s / woman’s name ?
2. How do you spell your last name ?
Sorry ..... ? / I beg your pardon ? / Pardon me ?
Could you repeat it, please ?
Say it again, please !
3. Where do you come from ? / Where are you from ?
Where do you live in Jakarta ?
What’s your address ?
Do you live here with your family ?
What’s your telephone number at home ?
4. What do you do ? / What are you ?
What’s your occupation ?
Are you a business man ?
What’s your nationality ?
What does your father do ? / What is your mother ?
Your brother is also a sailor, isn’t he ?
5. When were you born ?
When is your birthday ?
Are you married ?
Do you know if Tony is married ?
Where were you born ?
Where was she born ?
How old are you now ?
6. How many brothers and sisters do you have ?
Do you come from a large/small family ?
Are you the eldest in your family ?
Are a single child in your family ?
How many children do you have ?
7. Where do you work ?
What company do you work for ?
Where do you go to school ?
What is your major at school/college ?
What are you majoring in ?
What year/semester are you in now ?
How do you like your work / study ?
8. What is your hobby ?
What is your pleasure ?
What do you like/love best ?
Could you tell me something about your hobbies ?
Do you like reading novels ?

25
1. Make an interview to your friend as a new crew member on board!
2. Practice a real conversation with your partner based on a standard Introduction.
4. Vocabulary (Shipping Terms): Definitions of Ship’s Operation

1. Deep-Sea Liners are the ships sailing on regular routes and fixed timetable for oceangoing
voyage.
2. Short-Sea Liners are the ships sailing on regular routes and fixed timetable for domestic
voyage.
3. Passenger Liners are the ships sailing on regular routes and fixed timetable to carry
passengers and a small amount of cargo.
4. Ferries are the ships sailing on regular routes and fixed timetable, especially to carry
passengers and vehicles, across channels and narrow sea.
5. Deep-Sea Tramps are the ships sailing on irregular routes and unfixed timetable for
oceangoing voyage.
6. Short-Sea Tramps are the ships sailing on irregular routes and unfixed timetable for domestic
voyage / interensulair.
7. Coasters are the ships sailing on irregular routes and unfixed timetable, especially sailing on
coastal routes and up river to inland ports.
8. VLCC stands for Very Large Crude Carrier, a supertanker which is designed to carry Crude Oil
and has deadweight tonnage between 100.000 – 300.000 tons.
9. LNG Carriers stands for Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers, the special tankers which designed to
carry cargo of LNG.
10. Chemical Carriers the special tankers designed to carry chemical cargo.
1. Short-Sea Liners
2. Deep-Sea Tramps
3. Coasters
4. LNG Carriers
5. VLCC
6. Ferries
7. Passenger Liners

26
CHAPTER V
1. Reading : Business & Management

2. Grammar : Present Perfect & Pr.Perfect Cont.Tense
3. Vocabulary : Merchant Ships
4. Writing : Opening Phrases II
1. Reading Comprehension: Business and Management
Business is a word commonly used in many different languages; Traditionally, it means exchange or
trade for things people needed, and technically it is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and
services for a profit. Production is the creation of services or the changing of materials into products.
For example, the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Distribution is the time when the
products (car parts) need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. Sale is the exchange of a
product or service for money. Goods are products which people need (cars); meanwhile Services are
activities which a person or group performs for another person or organization (technicians or doctors).
In conclusion, business is a combination of all the activities; production, distribution, and sale, for the
creation of profit or economic surplus. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid.
Therefore, creating an economic surplus or profit is a primary goal of business activity.
Business Fields and Careers consist of management, marketing, accounting, finance, and data
processing.
Accounting is often called the “Language of Business” because of its ability to communicate financial
information about an organization. Accounting System includes collecting, recording, classifying,
summarizing, interpreting, and reporting of information on the financial status of an organization.
Revenues (Incoming Money) & Expenditures (Outgoing Money) are monitored, and transactions are
summarized in financial statements, reflecting the major financial activities of an organization. Balance
Sheet shows a financial position of a company at one point in time, and Income Statement shows it
over a period of time, known as two common financial statements. Accountants are the people who
specialize in the field of accounting, classified as: Public (work independently and provide services to
companies / individuals; CPA), Private (work solely for private companies), and Governmental
Accountants (work for governmental agencies / bureaus). By effective application of accounting
systems, accountants provide accurate and timely financial information that is necessary for
organizational decision making.
Management is composed of a team of managers who have charge of the organizations at all levels.
Management Functions are Planning, Organizing, Directing and Controlling. Planning, the first
management function, involves determining overall company objectives and deciding how these goals
can best be achieved. Organizing is the process of putting the plan into action, involving allocating
resources (esp. human), and including staffing (choosing the right person for the right job). Direction
and Supervision of employees involve guiding, teaching, and motivating workers to reach their potential
abilities. Effective direction or supervision by managers requires ongoing communication with
employees. Controlling is the evaluation of how well company objectives are being met. Managers
need interpersonal, organizational, and technical skills to perform these functions adequately and
efficiently. Effective Managers meet the company objectives through a successful combination of
these functions.

27
Managers perform various functions, but the most important and least understood aspects of their job
is proper utilization of people, as well as keeping employees motivated as an essential component of
good management. As work performance is closely related to motivation – a stimulus directing
workers’ behaviour – many managers believe workers will be motivated to work by satisfying their
fundamental needs, like a good salary, safe working conditions, and job security. Their absence
results in poor morale and dissatisfaction; and their presence results only in maintenance of existing
attitudes and work performance, but does not provide the primary motivation in highly industrialized
societies; at the professional or technical levels. Increased motivation is likely to occur when work
meets the needs of individuals for learning, self-realization, and personal growth. By responding to the
personal needs – the desire for responsibility, recognition, growth, promotion, and more interesting
work – employees will be motivated to perform more effectively. To appeal to the above needs,
innovative management approaches, like job enrichment and job enlargement, have been adopted in
many organizations. Job enrichment gives workers more authority in making decisions; job
enlargement increases their tasks by rotating positions or giving more responsibility. By improving the
quality of work life through satisfaction of fundamental and personal needs, managers attempt to direct
the behaviour of workers toward the company goal.

1. How do you define the term of Management?
2. Describe what you know about business.
3. What do you know about a range of services which might be covered by accounting?
4. What is meant by profit and revenue?
5. Which functions does a manager generally contribute and play within an organisation?
6. Give specific reasons why accounting play an important role in business.
7. Do you think that the job enrichment and job enlargement are different entities?
Assignment:
Make a summary of the above text with your own words, at least 5 (five) sentences on a piece of paper.
Don’t forget to write down your name on it.
2. Grammar: Present Perfect & Perfect Continuous Tense
a. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Examples:
I have forgotten my money, so I can’t pay you.
He has worked here for 5 years now and he still likes it.
We have been here for days now.
I have written down the message.
A vessel has entered the fairway at Mouro Lighthouse.
• The present perfect indicates that there is a connection between past and present. This
connection may be a result or a continuation of something that started in the past and is still
going on now.
• The Perfect Tense expresses what someone has done or what has happened. It tells us
about a period of time from the past until now. The result is still relevant now.

28
The present perfect is formed with the pattern:
S + have or has + past participle (V3)
the past participle of a regular verb is formed by stem + -ed (“worked”);

the past participle of an irregular verb can be looked up in the list.
I / we / you / they have been hav

-------------------------------------------------> lost
he, she, it has written
Study this text:

The Boatswain has received a number of orders because of the storm. As soon as the Third Officer
has come from his watch he goes to inspect the Boatswain’s work.
- “Have you checked all lashings on deck and doubled them?” he asks.
- “No, I haven’t, not yet, sir,” answers the Boatswain.
- “Have you secured all hatch covers?”
- “Yes, I have indeed, sir.
“ The deckhands have cleared away all loose gear from the deck. They have also tightened all the life
boat gripes. Finally they have made sure that all the cranes are secure ”, answers the Boatswain. The
Boatswain has done a thorough job as always.
Exercises:
a. Fill in the blanks with the verbs available to form the present perfect tense.
1. I …………….. here for years now, and I still like it! (to live)
2. She ....…...not….….. well lately. Therefore she …...…not …......at the office for days
now. (to feel / to be)
3. He ……………this job since December. (to have)
4. They ………………here for hours now - they’re still waiting! ( to be)
5. Have you seen my keys? I ……………them. ( to lose)
6. Since our departure the fuel consumption during the voyage ……….. . We ….....… not
……… . out yet what the cause is. (to increase / to find)
7. They …… ....not………... from him for weeks now. (to hear)
8. Who………………the fuel-flow to the engine? (to reduce)
9. It seems that we ………. . the wrong lubricant during our home voyage. (to use)
10. Oil products …………the environment for years now. (to pollute)
b. Write down your own 10 sentences with the verbs in present perfect tense.

29
b. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Examples:
I have been doing this since last week.
He has been talking about it for hours now.
We have been working very hard all day.
A vessel has been entering the fairway at Mouro Lighthouse.
The present perfect continuous is used to indicate how long an activity has been going on - and is still
going on.
The present perfect continuous is formed with the pattern:
S + have or has + been + ing
Exercises:
a. Fill in the blanks with the verbs available to form the present perfect continuous tense.
1. I …….…... on it for days; it’s nearly finished now! (to work)

2. She ..….... not ….….. well lately. (to feel )
3. They …..…… the cargo ever since the vessel berthed along the embankment yesterday.
(to discharge)
4. You ……….... for hours now, and you still haven’t convinced me! ( to talk)
5. Have you seen my keys? I ……… everywhere. ( to search)
6. The temperature …….…. steadily ever since we left. (to rise)
7. Look at your clothes! What……… you ……..…?! (to do)
8. He ……..… about it for days now. (to complain)
9. It seems that we …….... the wrong lubricant from the day that we departed. (to use)
10. This tanker ……...…the environment for days now. (to pollute)
b. Write down your own 10 sentences with the verbs in present perfect continuous tense.
Find out 10 sentences in the textbook and indicate the types of the Basic Sentence Pattern being
discussed.
3. Vocabulary (Shipping Terms): Definitions of Merchant Ships

1. Multideck Vessels are a traditional type of dry cargo ships, the holds are divided horizontally by
one or two tween decks, therefore the stowage of individual packages is easier.
2. Container Ships are the most modern type of dry cargo ship, which carry containers of
standard dimensions.
3. Refrigerated Ships Carry refrigerated cargo such as fruit, meat, fish put in the refrigerated
holds.

30
4. O.B.O. Ships are the ships which can carry both dry and liquid cargo (OBO = Ore, Bulk, Oil).
5. Oil Tankers are The most common type of liquid cargo carrier comprising: ULCC, VLCC,
Handy / Standard Tankers.
6. Passenger Ships are the ships which Carry passengers and general cargo, fewer in number
and type than cargo ships because of competition from air transport.
7. Cruise Ships are the ships similar in appearance to passenger liners, particularly operated for
tourism affairs.
8. Ferries are the most common type of passenger ships, designed to carry passengers and
vehicles, therefore they have doors at the bow or stern.
1. Refrigerated Ships
2. Multideck Vessels
3. Cruise Ships
4. Container Ships
5. Oil Tankers
6. Ferries
7. OBO Ships
4. Writing (Shipping Documents): Opening Phrases – II

Most opening phrases in a business letter have standard phrases that we are recommended to use
them in writing letters, especially for the formal scope. Some categories of standard opening phrases
commonly used in a daily English correspondence are as follow:
1. MEMBALAS :
➢ In reply to your letter of July 10, we would like to ....
➢ We reply to ....
➢ In answer to your ....
➢ In response to ....
➢ In compliance with ..../ In line with ......
2. MENUNJUK / MENYUSUL / SEHUBUNGAN DENGAN :

➢ With reference to your letter of March 23, we .....
➢ We refer to your special tracer .... and would inform you ...
➢ Referring to your .....
➢ Please be referred to ..../ Please refer to .....
➢ Regarding to ...../ In regard to ....
➢ In view of the importance of .....
➢ Following our letter ...../ We follow our .....

31
3. MENEGASKAN:
➢ This is to confirm that we have no responsibility ....
➢ In confirming our ....
➢ Confirming our previous talk .....
➢ We are pleased to confirm ...... / We confirm our letter .....
➢ We would like to confirm .....
4. TERIMA KASIH:
➢ We thank you for your letter of August 14 telling us ....
➢ It would be greatly appreciated if you could inform ....
➢ We shall be much obliged if you will ....
➢ We should like to extend our special appreciation to ....
➢ We are very grateful if you ..../ It is our gratefulness .....
➢ We wish to avail ourselves of this opportunity to extend our thanks to ....
➢ We tender our thanks for ..../ We write to thank you for your letter of ....
➢ We should feel obliged if you could let us know .....
5. MENYESAL / TERPERANJAT / TERGESA:

➢ We regret to tell you that we have to refuse ....
➢ Much to our regret we have to inform you that ....
➢ We are sorry to inform you that ....
➢ It is our great regret to advise you that ...
➢ We are surprised to hear from you that ...
➢ We hasten to answer your letter of ....
➢ We hurrily reply to your .....
6. MENERIMA SURAT / BELUM TERIMA JAWABAN:

➢ We have received your letter of ..../ We have your letter of ....
➢ We are pleased to receive ......
➢ This is to confirm receipt of your .....
➢ We are surprised at not receiving a reply to our letter ....
➢ We have not as yet received a reply from you ....
➢ We are without reply to our letter of .....
➢ As we still do not appear to have received a reply from you to our letter of ..., we shall ......
➢ We have had no further news from you whatsoever .....
➢ Because we have not heard from you .....
7. MENGUTARAKAN KEINGINAN / DESAKAN:

➢ We wish to inform you that ....
➢ We would like to tell you that ....
➢ We take this opportunity to inform you that ....
➢ We take the liberty of reminding you of letter ....
➢ You will not take it ill, we hope, when we again remind you ....
8. MELAMPIRKAN / TERLAMPIR:
➢ We enclose a copy of Sea Protest regarding ....
➢ Attached is a copy of our letter of ......
➢ Enclosed with this letter, we send you ....
➢ We have pleasure in sending you our letter attached with .....
32
Examples of Standard Opening Phrases on shipping documents:
1. We received your letter of April 2, 2001 telling us that our two boxes of cargo were shipped by
M.V.Ancol.
2. We wish to invite your urgent attention to our letter of 7 May on the above subject and regret to
say that we have had no further news from you whatsoever.
3. We regret to note that you appear to have ignored our letter of September 2, calling your
attention to our request about details of damage resulted from the engine-room fire on board
your ship.
4. As requested by our head office, please send your telex reply as to how the matter stands, and
ensure that shipment of said boxes be effected as soon as possible.
5. Attached is a copy of our letter sent to you on 21 June, the content of which is self explanatory.
6. It will help us to know by return when we may expect to receive the goods ordered on March
14, 1999.
7. Please supply the following items as soon as possible and charge to our Agents’ account.
8. When we are looking through our records, we find that our claim amounting to US $ 1,000 is
still outstanding.
9. With reference to your letter of January 3, 2001, please note that the shortlanded cargo you
advised has arrived here in good condition.
10. We thank you for your cable of February 20, informing us that you succeeded in locating the
missing boxes of our cargo.
11. We enclose a copy of the Sea Protest regarding the above damage.
1. Indicate the above examples which refer to certain opening phrases
2. Translate some opening phrases and their examples into Indonesian language!
3. Design and write down your own opening phrases, 3 sentences of each 8 opening phrases.

33
CHAPTER VI
1. Reading : Shipping Industry & Shipping Management

2. Grammar : Definite & Indefinite Articles
3. Speaking : Talking about Jobs
4. Vocabulary : Job Description of Ship’s Crews
1a. Reading Comprehension: Shipping Industry

I. INTRODUCTION
Shipping Industry, the industry devoted to moving goods or passengers by water. Passenger
operations have been a major component of shipping, but air travel has seriously limited this aspect of
the industry. The enormous increase, however, in certain kinds of cargo, for example, petroleum, has
more than made up for the loss of passenger traffic. Although raw materials such as mineral ores, coal,
lumber, grain, and other foodstuffs supply a vast and still growing volume of cargo, the transportation of
manufactured goods has increased rapidly since World War II.
II. HISTORY
Commercial shipping began perhaps with the activities of the Phoenician merchants who operated their
own vessels, transporting goods in the Mediterranean. The practices they developed were adopted by
the merchants of ancient Greece and Rome and were continued by the maritime powers through the
Middle Ages to modern times. The Venetians, from 1300 to 1500, owned a huge merchant fleet that
served the interests of the merchant traders and the city-state exclusively. From 1600 to 1650 the
Dutch ranked first in shipping activity, operating a globe-circling tramp service for merchants of western
Europe.
A. Advances in the 19th Century
Until the 19th century, ships were owned by the merchant or by the trading company; common-carrier
service did not exist. On January 5, 1818, the full-rigged American ship James Monroe, of the Black
Ball Line, sailed from New York City for Liverpool, inaugurating common-carrier line service on a
dependable schedule. A policy of sailing regularly and accepting cargo in less-than-shipload lots
enabled the Black Ball Line to revolutionize shipping.
Two technological developments furthered progress toward present-day shipping practices: the use of
steam propulsion and the use of iron in shipbuilding. In 1819 the American sailing ship Savannah
crossed the Atlantic under steam propulsion for part of the voyage, pioneering the way for the British
ship Sirius, which crossed the Atlantic entirely under steam in 1838. Iron was first used in the sailing
vessel Ironsides, which was launched in Liverpool in 1838.
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 was of great economic importance to shipping. Coinciding with
the perfection of the triple-expansion reciprocating engine, which was both dependable and economical
in comparison with the machinery of the pioneer vessels, the completion of the canal made possible
rapid service between western Europe and Asia. The first steam-propelled ship designed as an
oceangoing tanker was the Glückauf, built in Britain in 1886. It had 3,020 deadweight tons (dwt; the
weight of a ship's cargo, stores, fuel, passengers, and crew when the ship is fully loaded) and a speed
of 11 knots.
B. The 20th Century
Among the technological advances at the turn of the century was the development by the British
inventor Charles A. Parsons of the compound steam turbine, adapted to maritime use in 1897. In 1903

34
the Wandal, a steamer on the Volga River, was powered by the first diesel engine used for ship
propulsion. The Danish vessel Selandia was commissioned as the first seagoing motor ship in 1912.
After World War I significant progress was made especially in the perfection of the turboelectric drive.
During World War II, welding in ship construction supplanted the use of rivets. The keel of the first
nuclear-powered passenger-cargo ship, the Savannah, was laid in Camden, New Jersey, on May 22,
1958, and the ship was launched in 1960. In 1962 it was chartered to a private company for
experimental commercial use, but it did not prove financially successful.
III. NATURE OF THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY
Shipping is a private, highly competitive service industry. The activity of the industry is divided into
several categories, namely, liner service, tramp shipping, industrial service, and tanker operation, all of
which operate on certain well-established routes.
A. Trade Routes
Most of the world's shipping travels a relatively small number of major ocean routes: the North Atlantic,
between Europe and eastern North America; the Mediterranean-Asian route via the Suez Canal; the
Panama Canal route connecting Europe and the eastern American coasts with the western American
coasts and Asia; the South African route linking Europe and America with Africa; the South American
route from Europe and North America to South America; the North Pacific route linking western
America with Japan and China; and the South Pacific route from western America to Australia, New
Zealand, Indonesia, and southern Asia. The old Cape of Good Hope route pioneered by Vasco da
Gama and shortened by the Suez Canal has returned to use for giant oil tankers plying between the
Persian Gulf and Europe and America. Many shorter routes, including coastal routes, are heavily
traveled.
B. Coastwise Shipping
Technically, coastal shipping is conducted within 32 km (within 20 mi) of the shoreline, but in practice
ship lanes often extend beyond that distance, for reasons of economy and safety of operation. Under
the restriction known as cabotage, the U.S. and many other nations permit only vessels registered
under the national flag to engage in coastal trade. Among many small European countries cabotage
does not apply, and short international voyages are common. In coastal and short-distance shipping,
special-purpose ships are often employed, such as car ferries and train ferries.
C. Inland Waterways
A major part of all the world's shipping moves on inland waterways—rivers, canals, and lakes. Usually
such shipping employs smaller, lighter vessels, although in some cases oceangoing ships navigate
inland waterways, for example, the St. Lawrence Seaway route to the Great Lakes of North America.
Containerization, lighter-aboard-ship, and barge-aboard-ship operations have facilitated the shipping of
cargoes between oceangoing vessels and those of the inland waterways.
D. Liner Service
Liner service consists of regularly scheduled shipping operations on fixed routes. Cargoes are accepted
under a bill-of-lading contract issued by the ship operator to the shipper. Competition in liner service is
regulated generally by agreements, known as conferences, among the shipowners. These conferences
stabilize conditions of competition and set passenger fares or freight rates for all members of the
conferences.
E. Tramp Shipping
Tramps, known also as general-service ships, maintain neither regular routes nor regular service.
Usually tramps carry shipload lots of the same commodity for a single shipper. Such cargoes generally
consist of bulk raw or low-value material, such as grain, ore, or coal, for which inexpensive
35
transportation is required.Tramps are classified on the basis of employment rather than of ship design.
The typical tramp operates under a charter party, that is, a contract for the use of the vessel. The center
of the chartering business is the Baltic Exchange in London, where brokers representing shippers meet
with shipowners or their representatives to arrange the agreements. Freight rates fluctuate according to
supply and demand: When cargoes are fewer than ships, rates are low. Charter rates are also affected
by various other circumstances, such as crop failures and political crises.
Charter parties are of three kinds, namely, the voyage charter, the time charter, and the bareboat
charter. The voyage charter, the most common of the three, provides transport for a single voyage, and
designated cargo between two ports in consideration of an agreed fee. The charterer provides all
loading and discharging berths and port agents to handle the ship, and the shipowner is responsible for
providing the crew, operating the ship, and assuming all costs in connection with the voyage, unless an
agreement is made to the contrary. The time charter provides for lease of the ship and crew for an
agreed period of time. The time charter does not specify the cargo to be carried but places the ship at
the disposal of the charterer, who must assume the cost of fuel and port fees. The bareboat charter
provides for the lease of the ship to a charterer who has the operating organization for complete
management of the ship. The bareboat charter transfers the ship, in all but legal title, to the charterer,
who provides the crew and becomes responsible for all aspects of its operation. The leading tramp-
owning and tramp-operating nations of the world are Norway, Britain, the Netherlands, and Greece. The
carrying capacity of a typical, modern, well-designed tramp ship is about 12,000 dwt, and its speed is
about 15 knots. The recent trend is toward tramps of 30,000 dwt, without much increase in speed.
F. Industrial Carriers
Industrial carriers are vessels operated by large corporations to provide transportation essential to the
processes of manufacture and distribution. These vessels are run to ports and on schedules
determined by the specific needs of the owners. The ships may belong to the corporations or may be
chartered. For example, the Bethlehem Steel Corp. maintains a fleet of Great Lakes ore carriers, a
number of specialized ships that haul ore from South America to Baltimore, Maryland, and a fleet of
dry-cargo ships that transports steel products from Baltimore to the Pacific coast. Many oil companies
maintain large fleets of deep-sea tankers, towboats, and river barges to carry petroleum to and from
refineries.
G. Tanker Operation
All tankers are private or contract carriers. In the 1970s some 34 percent of the world tanker fleet, which
aggregates about 200 million dwt, was owned by oil companies; the remaining tonnage belonged to
independent shipowners who chartered their vessels to the oil companies. So-called supertankers,
which exceed 100,000 dwt, are employed to transport crude petroleum from the oil fields to refineries.
The refined products, such as gasoline, kerosene, and lubricating oils, are distributed by smaller
tankers, generally less than 30,000 dwt, and by barges.
1. How do you define the term of shipping industry?
2. What is meant by Coastwise Shipping?
3. What do you know about Liner service?
4. What route was Indonesia included in the international trade route?
5. Describe what you know about the types of Charter Party!
6. What is meant by Bareboat Charter?
7. How do you desbribe about tanker operation?
Assignment:
36
1b. Reading Comprehension: Shipping Management
What is ship management?
I: Jack Roberts, you’ve worked in ship management for the last 20 years, so I’m sure you won’t
mind if we describe you as an old-hand at the job! Can you tell us a bit about yourself to start
with?
JR: Well, I initially chose a career at sea because of my interest in sailing and all things nautical. I was
determined to learn the art of seamanship first hand and first went to sea in 1974 as a deck
cadet. I then spent several years in service, moving up the ranks, on many different types of
ships. Going to sea certainly broadened my horizons, gave me the chance to see the seven
seas, as it were. I didn’t know then that it would provide professional training for a lifelong
rewarding career. After a number of years at sea I decided that an entire life on the ocean waves
was maybe not what I wanted, and in 1985 made the move back to land, where I swiftly entered
the world of ship management. I have seen many changes in ship design, technological
equipment and management practices since my early days and as a result the job has always
remained fascinating and challenging.
I: How, then, would you define ship management?
JR: Well, that’s a good question. I suppose the first thing to say is that ship management is really an
umbrella term, covering various different types of management services and these are, in turn,
related to all aspects of daily vessel operations. The term describes an international business of
many characteristics including low margins, relatively low barriers of entry for ship management
companies, heavy paperwork, intense competition, high risks and a need to provide a round the
clock service. The ship manager must be able to tailor the service to the differing needs of the
ship owner, whilst maintaining efficiency and cost effectiveness in service delivery. In other words
ship management is the professional supply of a single or a range of services by a management
company separate from the vessel’s ownership.
I: Does that mean that the ship manager and ship owner are separate entities?
JR: Yes, indeed. The point I’m making is that the management company is separate from the ship
owner. This means, in effect, that the supplier of the services, in other words the management
company, is considered independent from the user working with his own staff and sometimes
from a separate company. The term separate means, in the strictest sense, that there is no
common shareholding interest between the ship owner and the manager. We could talk about
this particular point later perhaps.
I: Can you give some specific examples which typify the relationship between the owner and the
manager?
JR: Certainly, although it’s not as simple as definitions might suggest. The relationship depends very
much on the resources and needs of the owner in relation to the services provided by the
manager. Just to give a couple of examples then.
One example that we have is a situation in which the ship owner elects to retain control over a
number of critical functions in the management of his ships – such as the selection of senior
officers, safety auditing and the negotiation and management of dry docking – but will outsource
the remaining day-to-day management activities to the ship manager.
In another example the ship owner himself may retain a technical department to run a core fleet
of, let’s say, bulk carriers, but should he then acquire a fleet of specialist vessels he would need
to use a ship manager to provide the skills required for that specialist fleet – I’m talking about
maintenance skills as well as the sourcing of sea staff with skills and experience relevant to the
fleet in question. These are just two examples though. To sum it up, it’s actually the contract
between the manager and the owner which defines the exact relationship.

37
I: Moving on then, can you tell us more about the contract itself?
JR: Contracts vary, of course, and are again dependent on the needs and resources of the contracting
parties involved.
As I mentioned earlier, the manager provides a single or a range of services. The ship owner
elects to use a comprehensive range or possibly just one service from those offered by the
manager. The contract, then, governs the professional supply or in other words sets out the
terms by which the supplier – that’s our ship manager – provides services to the user in return for
a management fee. The ship manager is bound to a contractual set of terms and conditions. We
see this in several ways; the ship manager must ensure that the vessel always complies with
international rules and regulations, that it is run in a safe and cost efficient manner without threat
to the environment and that it is maintained so as to preserve as far as possible its asset value.
I: We began this interview by talking about a range of services which might be supplied by the ship
manager? What exactly are those services?
JR: Essentially the services in question comprise three main groups, namely technical management,
crew management and commercial management. There is also a fourth group that can be termed
ancillary services, but I won’t go into that in detail at the moment.
The main objective of technical management is safe, pollution free and cost efficient vessel
operation in accordance with international rules and regulations and also, to some extent, the
protection of asset value. Perhaps one of the most obvious examples of technical management is
regular vessel inspections.
Crew management is the provision of well-trained and suitably experienced crew of the
nationality required by the ship owner to ensure safe and efficient operation according, again, to
international regulations. Commercial management involves the provision of miscellaneous ship
broking services relating to the employment of a vessel, but I can come back to that point later.
I: Let’s look at risk for a moment. Is ship management a risky business? Which party, manager or
owner, runs the greater risk in your opinion?
JR: As I said right at the start, ship management entails high risks. As to which party runs the greater
risk, well, that’s debatable. Let’s take the ship owner first, since it’s often said that he is the prime
risk taker. His primary objective and success is dependent upon his ability to find profitable
employment for the ship and/or to realise a profit from the vessel’s resale for demolition or further
trading. By contrast the ship manager’s aim is to provide a service or services to assist the ship
owner in return for a fixed management fee. It would be unfair though to say that the ship
manager runs no risk. He might find himself in a situation whereby the owner has run into
financial difficulties and is unable to pay, or whereby there is a risk to his reputation due to
problems caused by insufficient funding. What I mean by this is that the risk is not borne entirely
by one party.
I: Well, it sounds like a fascinating field to work in. Jack Roberts, thank you for agreeing to speak to
us.
1. Describe what you know about Ship Management.
2. What do you know about a range of services which might be supplied by the ship manager?
3. Is ship management a risky business? Which party, manager or owner, runs the greater risk in
your opinion?
4. Give specific examples which typify the relationship between the owner and the manager.
5. Do you think that the ship manager and ship owner are separate entities?
Assignment:
38
2. Grammar: Definite & Indefinite Articles
1). DEFINITE ARTICLE: “THE “
Definite Article “THE“ is used for a specific noun, and the noun can be countable or
uncountable,singular or plural.
1. For a specific / particular noun :
❑ Ships of all types use this port ;the ship over there is an LNG carrier.
❑ The gentleman talking to the personnel manager is our new Master.
❑ The engine of my ship must be repaired at once.
2. For a unique object; only one in the world / context :
❑ The earth goes round the sun.
❑ The Chief Engineer is observing the rotation of the main engine in the engine room. ( refer
to a ship ).
❑ The theatre is on the main road, just after the National Bank. (refer to a district / region).
❑ Paris is the capital of France.
3. For secondly mentioned nouns :
❑ Colliers are designed to carry coal1. The coal2 is carried in bulk.
❑ I bought a new car1 yesterday. The car2 is made in Japan.
❑ I saw a film1 last night. The film2 was about a soldier1 and a beautiful suburban girl1.
The soldier2 was in love with the girl2, but the girl3 fell in love with a seaman1. Therefore
the soldier3 felt jealous to the seaman2 and forced the girl4 to get married.
4. For a noun in the superlative :
❑ The largest type of cargo ship is the ULCC.
❑ Where is the nearest bank from here ?
❑ One of the worst habit of modern youth is having a strong foreign-minded consumptive
manner.
5. For adjectives used as nouns :
❑ The rich become richer, the poor become poorer.
❑ My favourite film is the bold and the beautiful.
6. For things refer to invention, musics :
❑ Do you know when the telephone was invented ?
❑ Who designed the first marine boiler ?
❑ The bicycle is an excellent means of transport.
❑ Can you play the guitar and theviolin ?
2). INDEFINITE ARTICLE:“ A / AN “
Indefinite Article “ A / AN “ is used for a general (not specific) singular countable noun.“ AN ” is used
before a vowel-sound noun, and “ A “ before a consonant-sound noun.
1. For a general singular noun :
❑ There is a student in the classroom.
❑ A lorry containing dangerous chemical was stolen from a factory in London two days ago.
❑ A hotel ; an hour ; a university ; an umbrella ; an honest cadet ; an apple ; an
expensive car ; a merchant ship.

39
2. For expressions of Frequency & Measurement :
❑ People in Asia usually eat three times a day.
❑ From midnight tonight, petrol will cost an extra 1 p. a litre.
❑ We study English at the campus twice a week.
3. For exclamation sentences :
❑ What a lovely day !
❑ What an awful experience !
❑ What a talkative pretty female cadet !
4. To express what something/someone is like :
❑ A dog is a faithful animal.
❑ Jenny has got a big mouth but a sensual pair of lips.
❑ The Captain is an experienced skilled seafarer.
5. To express professions / jobs :
❑ Tom’s father is a retired Admiral in the Navy.
❑ I want to be an English teacher after resigning sailing.
❑ Is there anyone in this class a pure honest man ?
Exercise &Assignment:
Make 10 examples of Articles (5 each of Definite and Indefinite) based your own sentences.
3. Speaking: Talking about Jobs

1. What do you do / What are you?
What company do you work / join now?
What organization are you with?
What do you work for?
What is your position at the office?
What is your rank on board your vessel?
2. I am a seaman / a secretary / an engineer.

I work for PT. Humpuss Sea Transport division
I have been working at PT ...... for about …. years.
I am in the marketing section / technical division.
I am the Second Mate.
I am the Chief Engineer on MV …… of PT. ……
On board this vessel, I am a Chief Officer.
3. I am responsible for …… (maintenance of boilers)

I hold the responsibility of ….. (the safety equipment)
I have to supervise / manage / prepare ……
I handle the operation of......
I take care for ……
As a staff of marketing division, I am responsible to the Marketing Manager.
I am responsible to the Chief Officer for the stowage of cargo.

40
4. I usually get to work by… (car / bus).. at 8.00 am.
I often get back home from office at 6.00 in the evening.
On the way home, I occasionally drop myself at a café for a cup of coffee and for relaxing with
friends.
In case of busy work, sometimes I have to work overtime.
I usually sail to Europe once in two months.
My ship is a liner and always carries bulk cargo to ……
The voyage from ….. to ….. usually take about one week.
5. I like to work in this company because…..

I think I get a good salary here.
My salary is very reasonable.
The company has much care to any staffs / crew members.
I have two weeks on leave / holiday / vacation a year.
The company also gives me a healthy allowance.
The Human Resource Division always pays attention to our career promotion.
I will get a pension when I retire from the company.
6. My contract (at work) will last next year.

The company has decided to renew my contract.
I have a planning to move to another company.
I have been promoted to be …….
The manager asked me to continue my study for promotion.
Any staff will have the same opportunity for overseas study.
I decided to quit this job because the management has applied a gender and ethnical discrimination
here.

1. Make an interview to your friend as a new crew member on board!
2. Practice a real conversation with your partner based on a standard Introduction.
4. Vocabulary (Shipping Terms): Job Description of Ship’s Crews

1. Master (Captain) is the highest responsible officer, acting on behalf of the ship's owner and
has no watch in addition to officers.
2. Chief Officer is the head of deck department on board ship and responsible for handling the
cargo and become an immediate assistant of the Master.
(The cargo handling on board is the responsibility of the Chief Officer).
Detail jobs:
The Chief Officer (often called the Chief Mate in the United States) is the head of the deck
department on a merchant vessel, second-in-command after the ship's Master. The Chief
Mate's primary responsibilities are the vessel's cargo operations, its stability, and supervising
the deck crew. The mate is responsible for the safety and security of the ship, as well as the
welfare of the crew on board. Additional duties include maintenance of the ship's hull, cargo
gears, accommodations, the life saving appliances and the firefighting appliances. The Chief

41
Mate also trains the crew and cadets on various aspects like safety, firefighting, search and
rescue, and various other contingencies.
On most vessels, the Chief Officer and First Officer (or First Mate) are synonymous, but
passenger vessels often carry a separate First Officer who is junior to the Chief Officer.
3. Second Officer is a ship officer in the deck department who is responsible for navigation and
its equipment on board.
Detail jobs:
The Second Officer (or Second Mate) of a merchant vessel is usually in charge of navigation
and is the next licensed position above Third Officer and below Chief Officer. The second mate
typically stands the 12-4 navigation watch. That is, the Second Mate will stand watch from 1200
to 1600 at noon and again from 0000 to 0400 in the nights. The Second Mate is typically the
navigation officer aboard a ship. The navigation officer is responsible for maintaining the charts
and navigational equipment on the bridge. The duties also usually entail developing the voyage
plans under the direction of the ship's Master. In the United States system, it takes 360 days of
sea service as a licensed Third Officer before one can become a Second Officer.
The other duties of this position often depend upon the type of ship worked aboard. On oil
tankers, the second officer usually provides the Chief Mate with assistance in tank cleaning.
4. Third Officer is a ship officer in the deck department who is responsible for the lifesaving
equipment on board.
Detail jobs:
The Third Officer or Third Mate is the third officer of a merchant vessel. The most junior officer
of the ship, the Third Mate is usually the safety officer (responsible for firefighting equipment,
lifeboats, emergency systems) and is in charge of a (bridge or cargo) watch.
5. Deck Cadet (Apprentice) is a nautical school graduate, entitled to a seaman's book, but is not
an officer-proper. The cadet must first carry out a one-year training on board ships, executing
tasks of an officer-of-the-watch under the supervision of senior officers.
6. Boatswain (Bosun) is a ship petty officer in the deck department who is responsible to the
Chief Officer for maintenance and daily activities on deck.
A Boatswain, often (at least since 1868) is in charge of the unlicensed deck crew and is
sometimes also third or fourth mate.
7. Chief Engineer is the head of Engine department on board ship and responsible for the
smooth running of the whole propulsion power units.
The Chief Engineer on a merchant vessel is the official title of someone qualified to oversee the
engine department. The Chief Engineer commonly referred to as "The Chief" or just "Chief" is
responsible for all operations and maintenance that have to do with all engineering equipment
throughout the ship.
1. Boatswain
2. Third Officer
3. Chief Officer
4. Deck Cadet
5. Chief Engineer
6. Second Officer

42
CHAPTER VII
1. Reading : Ship’s Cargo

2. Grammar : Zero Artcles & Geopgraphic Names
3. Vocabulary : Types of Cargo
4. Writing : Making Enquiry
1. Reading Comprehension: Ship’s Cargo

a. Marine Cargo Types
There is a wide range of marine cargoes at seaport terminals operated. The primary types are these:
• Automobiles are handled at many ports.
• Break bulk cargo is typically material stacked on wooden pallets and lifted into and out of the hold
of a vessel by cranes on the dock or aboard the ship itself. The volume of break bulk cargo has
declined dramatically worldwide as containerization has grown.
• Bulk Cargoes, such as salt, oil, tallow, and Scrap metal, are usually defined as commodities that
are neither on pallets nor in containers, and which are not handled as individual pieces, the way
heavy-lift and project cargoes are. Alumina, grain, gypsum, logs and wood chips, for instance, are
bulk cargoes.
• Containers are the largest and fastest growing cargo category at most ports worldwide.
Containerized cargo includes everything from auto parts and machinery components to shoes,
toys, and frozen meat and seafood.
• Project cargo and heavy lift cargo may include items such as manufacturing equipment, factory
components, power equipment such as generators and wind turbines, military equipment or almost
any other oversized or overweight cargo too big or too heavy to fit into a container.
b. Air Cargo
Air cargo is commonly known as freight. There are many firms which collect freight from a shipper and
deliver it to the customer. Aircraft were first used for carrying mail as cargo in 1911, but eventually
manufacturers started designing aircraft for freight as well. There are many commercial aircraft suitable
for carrying cargo such as the Boeing 747 and the bigger An-124, which were purpose built to be easily
converted to a cargo aircraft. Such very large aircraft also employ quick loading containers known as
ULDs much like containerized cargo ships.
c. Freight Train
Trains are capable of transporting large numbers of containers which have come off the shipping ports.
Trains are also used for the transportation of steel, wood and coal. Trains are used as they can pull a
large amount and generally have a direct route to the destination. Under the right circumstances, freight
transport by rail is more economic and energy efficient than by road, especially when carried in bulk or
over long distances. The main disadvantage of rail freight is its lack of flexibility. For this reason, rail has
lost much of the freight business to road transport. Rail freight is often subject to transshipment costs
since it must be transferred from one mode to another in the chain; these costs may dominate and
practices such as containerization aim at minimizing these.
d. Van or Truck Cargo
There are many firms which transport all types of cargo, ranging from letters to houses to cargo
containers. A good example of road cargo is supermarket stock, as these require deliveries every day
to keep the shelves stacked with goods for sale. Retailers of all kinds rely upon delivery trucks, full size
semi trucks or smaller delivery vans.
43
Freight is a term used to classify the transportation of cargo and is typically a commercial process.
Items are usually organized into various shipment categories before they are transported. This is
dependent on several factors:
• The type of item being carried, i.e. a kettle could fit into the category 'household goods'.
• How large the shipment is, both in terms of item size and quantity.
• How long the item for delivery will be in transit.
Shipments are typically categorized as household goods, express, parcel, and freight shipments.
e. Less-than-truckload (LTL) freight

“Less than truckload” (LTL) cargo is the first category of freight shipment, and represents the majority of
“freight” shipments and the majority of business-to-business (B2B) shipments. LTL shipments are also
often referred to as "motor freight" and the carriers involved are referred to as "motor carriers". LTL
shipments range from 50 kg to about 7,000 kg (100 - 15,000 pounds), and the majority of times they will
be less than 2.5 m x 8.5 m (100" x 28’). The average single piece of LTL freight is 600 kg (1,200
pounds) and the size of a standard pallet. Long freight and/or large freight are subject to "extreme
length" and "cubic capacity" surcharges. Trailers used in LTL can range from 8.5 m to 16.0 m (28' to
53'). The standard for city deliveries is usually 14.5 m (48'). In tight and residential environments the 8.5
m (28') trailer is used the most. The shipments are usually palletized, shrink-wrapped and packaged for
a mixed-freight environment. Unlike express or parcel, LTL shippers must provide their own packaging,
as LTL carriers do not provide any packaging supplies or assistance. However, crating or other
substantial packaging may be required for LTL shipments in circumstances that require this criteria.
f. Truckload (TL) freight
In the United States of America, shipments larger than about 7,000 kg (15,000 pounds) are typically
classified as “truckload” (TL), given that it is more efficient and economical for a large shipment to have
exclusive use of one larger trailer rather than share space on a smaller LTL trailer. The total weight of a
loaded truck (tractor and trailer, 5-axle rig) cannot exceed 36,000 kg (80,000 pounds) in the U.S. In
ordinary circumstances, long-haul equipment will weigh about 15,000 kg (35,000 pounds); leaving
about 20,000 kg (45,000 pounds) of freight capacity. Similarly a load is limited to the space available in
the trailer; normally 14.5 m or 16.0 m (48 or 53 feet) long and about 2.5 m (100 inches) wide and 2.7 m
(106 inches) high. TL shipments usually travel as the only shipment on a trailer and deliver on exactly
the same trailer as they are picked up on.
Truckload (TL) carriers usually charge a rate per kilometer or mile. The rate varies depending on the
distance, geographic location of the delivery, items being shipped, equipment type required, and
service times required. In the TL market, there are thousands more small carriers than in the LTL
market; so the use of transportation intermediaries or “brokers” is extremely common.
General stowage
The Chief Mate is generally responsible for loading and discharging of the vessel. All cargo handling
gear on board needs frequent overhauling. If wires, blocks, chains, shackles, cargo hoses, hooks and
slings are not checked regularly, loading and discharging can become a risky affair or cause
unnecessary delay.
Carrying general cargo and its many separate items in drums, barrels, crates, bags, rolls, cases, boxes
and cartons often presents difficulty. Check that this packing is not damaged or deformed. When
loading general cargo, take special care not to waste loading space. Take into account the nature of the
cargo. Some merchandise gives off a strong pungent smell or moisture and is liable to contaminate
other goods. Cover contaminated goods with tarpaulins and separate them from other goods. Handle
fragile goods with caution. Do not stow heavy pieces of cargo on fragile ones; barrels of liquids may
leak and cause damage etc.

44
Dangerous Cargo
Today a great deal of the cargo carried on board ships falls under the category of dangerous goods.
Knowledge of the IMO classification of dangerous goods is vital and it is equally important always to
observe the IMDG Code when handling such goods. Explosives, flammable substances, poisonous or
noxious cargo, infectious substances, radioactive materials and corrosives all require special
precautions as to handling, stowing, segregation and labelling. So do goods that are liable to
spontaneous heating and combustion.
Always check the compatibility of IMO class goods and ensure proper segregation. Thus, for example,
flammable cargo must be stowed away from the engine room. Infectious substances must be separated
by one hold/compartment from foodstuffs.

1. Explain what you know about the various types of cargo.
2. What is meant by LTL freight?
3. Why is in cargo handling the role of Chief Mate’s knowledge of great importance?
4. How do you describe the term of dangerous cargo?
5. What is meant by air cargo?
6. What do you know about General Stowage?
7. How do you define the terms of freight train?
8. What is the significant difference between LTL and TL?
Assignment:
2. Grammar: Zero Articles & Geographic Names

NO ARTICLE / ZERO ARTICLES:
Zero Article is used for a general (not specific) plural countable noun and for uncountable / abstract
noun. Zero Article means that no article at all is preceded the noun described.
1. For a general plural noun :
❑ … Women live longer than … men.
❑ There are cadets on board this ship.
❑ It is very important for seafarers to learn English nowadays.
2. For general uncountable & abstract noun :

❑ Seawater can be purified to become freshwater.
❑ There is oil floating on the fairway.
❑ I don’t agree that honesty is always the best policy; diplomacy is sometimes more
important.
3. Before proper names :

❑ John will join MV.Calistho as a Third Mate in July.
❑ Easter is always on Friday.
❑ My brother has been studying English at Victoria University, Wellington New Zealand for
three months.

45
4. Refer to meals / general places :
❑ The cadets always have breakfast, lunch, and dinner in the messroom with all crews.
❑ What time do you usually go to school ?
❑ Rush-hours may result from too many people go to offices and schools at the same time
in the morning.
THE and No-Articles with Geographic Names:
NO Geographical Names “THE” is Not Used “THE” is Used
Asia ; Europe ; South America

1 Continents The Arctic ; The Antartic
; Africa
Greece ; Japan ; Kuwait ; The UK ; The USA ; The UAE,

2 Countries
Indonesia ; Germany Except : The Netherlands
Java ; Christmas ; Hawaii The Canaries ; The Philippines

3 Islands
(as a single island) (Group of islands)
London ; Dover ; Calais ;

4 Cities / Towns Except : The Haque
Jakarta ; New York
The Alps; The Himalayas;

Mt Semeru ; Mt Krakatao;
5 Mountains The Rocky Mountains
Mount Everest; Mt Blanc;
Except : The Eiger; The Jungfrau
Lake Michigan ; Lake Toba ;

6 Lakes ---
Loch Ness
The Pacific; The Atlantic; The South

7 Oceans / Seas ---
China Sea
The English Channel ; The Straits of

8 Channels / Straits ---
Gibraltar
Except : The Bay of …

9 Bays / Gulfs Raleigh Bay; Galway Bay The Persian Gulf ; The Mexican Gulf
; The Gulf of Oman
10 Rivers / Canals --- The Nile ; The Suez Canal
The Amazon Estuary ; The Nile

11 Estuaries / Current ---
Delta

46
Exercises 1 : Dialogue
Put an Article (A, An, The, or ) in the blanks where necessary
1. (Q): Excuse me, can you tell me where……1 nearest bank is?
(A): It’s on .…2 main road, just after ..…3 supermarket.
2. (Q): Who is the girl over there, talking to ……4 man with red hair ?
(A): Oh, That’s Sandra. She is one of ……5 girls I work with. She just started ……6 week
before last.
3. (Q): Are you voting for ……7 Government in ……8 next election ?
(A): Certainly not. This Government has only made ……9 rich richer and ……10 poor
poorer,
and they have done nothing so far to help ……11 unemployed find ……12 jobs.
4. (Q): I don’t agree that ……13 honesty is always ……14 best policy. Do you ?
(A): Definitely not. ……15 diplomacy is sometimes more important.
5. (Q): Did you have a good time during the holiday ?

(A): Yes, it was one of ……16 best we have ever had. ……17 hotel was comfortable, ……18
food was excellent and even ……19 beaches were clean and beautiful. We are going
back ……20 next summer.
Exercises 2 :
Put an Article (A, An, The, or ) in the blanks where necessary
1. Do you remember ……1 name of ……2 ship we visited at ……3 port two days ago.
2. Last night there was ……4 collision at ……5 Malacca Straits between ……6 Indonesian
cruiser and a Japanese tanker.
3. In a bad foggy weather, ……7 ships must be steered on a safe speed to prevent …… 8 collision
with another.
4. ……9 crisis of ……10 Persian Gulf was started since ……11 invasion of ……12 Iraq to ……13
Kuwait in 1991.
5. Two continents lying in ……14 Globe’s poles are ……15 Arctic and……16Antartic.
6. The highest mountain on ……17 Earth is ……18 Mount Everest in ……19 Himalayas; while
……20 deepest point in any ocean is the Mariana Trench in …… 21 Pacific Ocean,
between……22Phillipines and ……23 Palau island.
7. Scotland is a part of ……24 Britain. Along with England, Wales and ……25 Northern Ireland, it
makes up……26 UK.
8. Can you name ……27 Seven Wonders of ……28 world ? In ……29 Indonesia, we have ……30
Borobudur Temple.
Make 10 examples of your own sentences using the definite, indefinite, or zero articles.

47
3. Vocabulary (Shipping Terms): Types of Cargo
TYPES OF CARGO
BULK GENERAL
NON
LIQUID DRY CONTAINERISED REFRIGERATED
CONTAINERISED
HOW TO
NO. TYPE OF CARGO EXAMPLES TYPE OF SHIP
(UN) LOAD
Crude Oil, Fuel Oil, Pumped through

1. Liquid Bulk Tankers
LNG. pipes
Grain, Iron-Ore, Coal, Conveyor Belt,

2. Dry Bulk Bulk Carriers
Sugar Tube, Grabs
Many types of General

3. Containerised Container Ships Special Cranes
Cargo
Tobacco, Rubber, Tea,

4. Non-Containerised Multideck Vessels Cranes, Derricks
Rice
Meat, Fruit, Dairy-

5. Refrigerated Refrigerated Ships Cranes, Derricks
Produce
Summary:
Bulk Cargo: consist of a single commodity, usually carried loose in special ships, therefore
stowage presents few problems.
General Cargo: consist of a variety of goods, packed separately; stowage presents many
problems as each item has its own type of packaging and characteristics.

48
Description of Ship’s Cargo in Sentences:
1. (Subject)..Ship’s Cargo ..is basically divided into..Two..types. They are…Bulk Cargo..and
General Cargo…
2. (Subject)..Bulk Cargo ..is basically divided into..Two..types, They are…Dry Bulk Cargo..and
Liquid Bulk Cargo…
3. (Subject).General Cargo ..is basically divided into.Three.types, They are..Containerised, Non-
Containerised..and Refrigerated Cargo…
4. (Subject)..Liquid Bulk Cargo..for examples...Crude Oil, Fuel Oil, LNG.is carried by..Tankers…,
and this cargo is loaded and unloaded with.. Pumped Through Pipes …
5. (Subject).. Refrigerated Cargo..for examples... Meat, Fruit, Vegetables, Dairy Produce..is
carried by..Refrigerated Ships…, and this cargo is loaded and unloaded with.. Cranes and
Derricks …
6. (Subject).. Containerised Cargo..for examples... many types of general cargo..is carried by..
Container Ships…, and this cargo is loaded and unloaded with.. Special Cranes …
1. Liquid Bulk Cargo
2. Dry Bulk Cargo
3. Containerised Cargo
4. Non-Containerised Cargo
5. Refrigerated Cargo
4. Writing (Shipping Documents): Making Enquiries
MAKING ENQUIRIES
1. SAMPLE NO.1
Dear Sirs,
With reference to your advertisement in yesterday’s Times, would you please send us full detail, prices
and samples of your promotional gifts.
Yours faithfully,
Marketing Manager
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

49
2. SAMPLE NO.2
Dear Sirs,
Could you please send us a copy of your 2009 catalogue and details of any special trade discounts you
are offering. I would also like to know whether all your models are now covered by your standard two-
year guarantee.
Yours faithfully,
Marketing Manager
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. LANGUAGE FOCUS:
a. Replying to an advertisement (letter, enquiry, etc.)
* With reference to your advertisement in……
* With reference to your letter (enquiry) of ……
b. Requesting action (sending)

* Would / could you please send us ……
* Please send us ……
c. Requesting information
* We would like to know whether ……
4. PRACTICE EXERCISE:
Write sentences as directed. Show incomplete (unfinished) sentences by (…..)
1). Reply to an advertisement in the
* Daily Mail - last Monday
* Economist - last week
* Radio Times - last Tuesday
* Guardian - today
* Financial Times - yesterday
2). Ask a company to send you

* a catalogue and price list.
* a new price-list.
* free samples and price-list.
* full details and prices.
* a free brochure.

50
3). Ask for information about whether
* the price includes delivery charges.
* the filing cabinets are available in green.
* they could send the order by air.
* they have an office in Paris.
* You can pay in US dollars.
4). Write a letter to Trailfinders Travel Centre asking for full details and prices of flight to New
Zealand.
5). Write a letter to Fidelity asking for a free colour brochure, price lists and samples of their leaflets.
Also ask whether air freight can be arranged to your country. (Use your own name and company and
today’s date).
6). Write a letter to Allwood and Sons Ltd (22 Highland Way, Ashford, Kent) asking for full details and
prices of their radios and televisions. Also ask whether they can arrange for their instruction booklets to
be translated into the language used in your country.
7). Write a letter to one of your regular suppliers in England or America and ask for their latest
catalogue and price-list.
--------------------------
SAMPLE OF ANSWER KEY: NO.5
Dear Sirs,
With reference to your advertisement in yesterday’s edition of the Sunday Times, would you please
send us your colour brochure with full details and some samples of your quality print packages. I would
also like to know whether you can arrange air freight to.......
Yours faithfully,
Marketing Manager

51
CHAPTER VIII
1. Reading : Cabotage
2. Grammar : Simple Past & Past Contiuous Tense
3. Speaking : Asking & Giving Direction
4. Writing : Reply to Enquiry
1. Reading Comprehension: Cabotage

Cabotage is the transport of goods or passengers between two points in the same country. Originally
starting with shipping, cabotage now also covers aviation, railways and road transport. Cabotage is
"trade or navigation in coastal waters, or, the exclusive right of a country to operate the air traffic within
its territory. Cabotage is commonly used as part of the term "cabotage rights," the right of a company
from one country to trade in another country. In aviation terms, it is the right to operate within the
domestic borders of another country. Most countries do not permit cabotage by foreign companies,
although this is changing within Europe for member states of the European Union. Politically, cabotage
regulations restricting trade to domestic carriers are a form of protectionism. Justifications for cabotage
regulations include national security and the need to regulate public safety.
The Implementation of Cabotage Principle in Indonesia
Indonesia is an archipelago country comprises more than 18.000 islands. It is located in the crossroad
between the Asia and Australia continent and between the Pacific and Indian Ocean. Its territory is
spread from Sabang in the west to Merauke in the east, which is called as bounded pearls in the
eastern hemisphere.
Indonesia is heavily dependent on maritime transport for international as well as for domestic trade
especially because of her archipelagic nature. In this vein, maritime shipping provides essential links
between different parts of the country. In common use, the ships include large container ships, a variety
of ferries, passenger ships, sailing ships, and smaller motorized vessels. The development of shipping
and port services throughout the country has long been a priority of the Government of Indonesia.
Mostly influenced over the years, Indonesia’s maritime sector has evolved from a very extensive public
sector involvement and restrictive licensing and regulatory regime to a much more liberalized and
decentralized.
Since 1980’s, many vessel including vessel with foreign flag were providing their services in Indonesia.
This is since the demands on maritime services, especially in the shipping business, are high. However
national maritime companies are unable to fulfil it. Recent development shows that foreign company
and foreign vessel are the majority in Indonesian sea transportation. According to 2001 data, the
capacity of shares of domestic company is only 56. This is 4% compared to foreign armada which
reach up until 43, 6 %. The data shows us how reluctant our maritime industries to the foreigners. The
data went further stated that even most of national companies use foreign vessel to support their
business. National companies, for example, preferred to charter foreign vessel from foreign companies
rather than to own an Indonesian-flagged vessel. The background is the efficiency of cost and difficulty
of mechanism to owned Indonesian flag vessel.
In order to face the free trade era, such issues will obstruct the growth of national shipping industries.
Therefore, the Indonesian government since 2005 has implemented the cabotage principle to
encourage and to induce national companies in maritime industry, especially in the shipping industries.
The principle will mainly oblige every vessel and shipping companies to operate under Indonesian law
and regulations.
52
Cabotage Principle: A Brief Introduction
Cabotage principle is principle recognize in the maritime law, especially in the shipping. The principle
can be defined as that domestic shipping is entirely the right of the domestic state. Domestic state is
entitled to forbid and restrict foreign vessel to sail and to conduct business in the area of the state. In
this vein, in accordance with the sovereignty of each independent state, every vessel especially foreign
flag vessel has to obtain a permit to across and to enter the territory of a state.
The cabotage principle will ensure (1) the protection and to safeguard national maritime industries
development, (2) the support of national security, defence, and national economic. (3) the prevention of
dependency to foreign vessel and foreign companies, (4) working and business opportunities for the
local. Indonesia, under the Maritime Law No. 17 of 2008 (“Maritime Law”) reserves coastal trades for
Indonesian-flag vessels, provides operating subsidies for vessels used on selected inter-island routes,
construction subsidies for vessels used for domestic trades, and requires that crews be Indonesian
citizens.
Implementation of Cabotage Principle
As described above, based on Maritime Law and the Presidential Instruction No. 5 of 2005 concerning
the Empowerment of the Shipping Industries, Indonesia has implemented and adopted the cabotage
principle. This is clearly shown by article 8 of the Maritime Law which provides that “Sea activities in the
country shall be convened by the national sea transport companies, organizers of the special marine
transportation and shipping companies using the Indonesian flagged ship and by Indonesian crews.”
Based on the provision, every vessel which would like to conduct business in Indonesia, especially
inter-island transportation, shall be under Indonesian flag. Article 341 of the Maritime law clearly
stipulates that all foreign vessels involved in sea transportation in Indonesian waters may continue to do
so as they currently are doing until three years after the law comes into force, after which they must
operate under the Indonesian flag. It means that the principle will be fully applied on 1 January 2011.
However, it should be noted that the implementation of principle will not forbid any opportunities for the
foreign investors. Maritime Law still allows foreign companies to participate in local trade, providing they
do so in the form of joint venture with Indonesian partner/s. Maritime Law allows up to 49% overseas
investment in shipping ventures. After January 2011, foreign vessels which still operate in Indonesia
can be imposed by both administrative and criminal sanctions. Article 284 of the Maritime Law No. 17 of
2008 stipulate that the breach of the cabotage principle may be imposed by fines in the maximum
amount of Rp 600.000.000,00 (six hundred million rupiah) and imprisonment for the maximum of 5
(five) years.
Procedures to Replace Vessel’s flag
As described above, there are many vessels with foreign flag operate in Indonesia. Due to the
implementation of cabotage principle, those vessels are obliged to confer its nationality.
1. Requirements for Registering Vessel in Indonesian Flag
It is clearly stated under article 2 paragraph 1 of that vessels which can be registered in
Indonesian flag is:
a) Vessel with the measurement gross weight 7 (GT 7) or more;
b) Owned by Indonesian citizens or company established/incorporated under Indonesian law and
having domiciled in Indonesia.
2. Registering Vessel in Indonesia
In the case that the vessel is registered in foreign country and wishes to confer into Indonesia flag,
the provision governing the replacement of vessel’s flag/registration is Article 7 of Minister of
Transportation Regulation No. KM. 26 of 2006 (“Minister of Transportation Regulation”) concerning

53
the Simplification of System and Procedures of Vessels Procurement and the
Utilization/Replacement of Vessel’s Flag, which provides that:
“The owner of used vessel with foreign flag which will be replaced and registered as Indonesian’s
flag vessel must make a written and formal notification to the Director General of Sea
Transportation attached with:
a. Bill of Sale which legalize by Public Notary or by the public authority from the vessel’s flag
country of origin;
b. Protocol of Delivery and Acceptance;
c. Deletion Certificate issued by the vessel’s flag country of origin or if the certificate has not
been obtained, Statement Letter from vessel’s flag country of origin stated that there is no
objection whatsoever for the replacement of vessel’s flag into Indonesian’s flag;
d. Letter and Certificate of vessel issued by the vessel’s flag country of origin and
e. General Arrangement of vessel.
3. Registering Indonesian Vessel in the Port of Foreign State
In the case where the owner of the vessel wishes to replace the vessel’s flag in foreign port, it can
be conducted if:
a. The vessel will operate abroad directly;
b. The regulation in the origin vessel’s flag governs that vessel which already sold to foreign
citizen must be deleted immediately from the list of the origin vessel’s flag.
In this case, the prevailing law is Article 8 - 12 of Minister of Transportation Regulation which
provides that:
a. After the owner of the vessel made a written and formal notification, the Director General of
Sea Transportation will give an instruction of flag replacement and the authorization to use
the name and stipulation of sign call for Indonesian vessel to Port Administrator (Adpel) or
Head of Port Office (Kakanpel) or to the officer in the representation office Republic of
Indonesia in the place where the replacement of vessel’s flag conducted with copied to
vessel’s owner.
b. In the case where there is no representation office Republic of Indonesia in the place where
the replacement of vessel’s flag conducted, instruction of replacement will be given to
vessel’s safety Inspector Officer which assign by the Director General to conduct vessel’s flag
replacement abroad.
c. Instruction of replacement will be issued no more than 5 (five) days since the day of formal
notification received with all the required documents.
d. In accordance with the instruction of replacement, the Port Administrator (Adpel) or Head of
Port Office (Kakanpel) or to the officer in the representation office Republic of Indonesia in the
place where the replacement of vessel’s flag conducted:
i. Research on the completeness of documents;
ii. Measurement and inspection of nautical, technical, radio, and prevention of pollution from
the vessel;
iii. Measurement and inspection in foreign port conducted by the vessel’s safety Inspector
Officer in the representation office of Republic of Indonesia in the place where the vessel
to be present;
iv. Measurement and inspection in domestic port conducted by the vessel’s safety Inspector
Officer in the place where flag replacement conducted;
v. Measurement in this case are excepted if:
a) Vessel has obtained Letter of Measurement in accordance with International
convention concerning valid vessel’s measurement, which issued by the origin flag of
vessel or classification body admitted by the prevailing law and regulation and
b) Vessel’s owner delivers calculation sheet and general arrangement of the ship.
54
vi. In the case in the foreign port where the vessel will replace the flag there is no vessel’s
safety Inspector Officer, as the request from the vessel’s owner, Director General of Sea
Transportation will assign vessel’s safety Inspector Officer from the nearest representation
office of Republic of Indonesia where the ship to be present to conduct the measurement
and inspection;
e. Flag’s replacement can only be conducted if the results on the research of the documents has
in accordance with the prevailing law regulation;
Conclusion
Even though that the implementation of the principle will be fully entered into force at 1 January 2011,
there is major urgency to conduct flag replacement (for foreign flag vessel) at the soonest. It is since the
bureaucratic and the process of the replacement itself will take time. This is even the law stated that the
process will take no more than 5 (five) days after all documents and requirements are completed.

1. What do you know about the Implementation of Cabotage Principle in Indonesia?
2. What does article 8 of the Maritime Law No. 17 of 2008 say?
3. What is the basic definition of cabotage?
4. Explain the procedures how to replace the vessel’s flag.
5. Why is Indonesia heavily dependent on maritime transport for international as well as for
domestic trade?
6. How do you summarize the description of cabotage?
7. What will the cabotage principle ensure?
8. Why has the Indonesian government since 2005 already implemented the cabotage principle?
Assignment:
2. Grammar: Simple Past & Past Continuous Tense

a. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Last year I went for a holiday to Spain.
I stayed in a small hotel by the sea.
I swam in the sea and sunbathed on the beach.
In the evening I sat in an outdoor restaurant and watched the people.
I ate Spanish food and drank Spanish wine.
I enjoyed my holiday very much.
THE PAST TENSE – USE

The Past Tense is used about an action that happened at a definite time in the past. The action is not
connected to the moment of speaking - it is finished.
Sir Francis Drake grew up in Plymouth. He lived from 1540 to 1596. In 1577 he set out
on his famous voyage and sailed round the world. He returned to England in 1580 and
became one of the most famous Englishmen of his age.

55
THE PAST TENSE: REGULAR VERBS – PRONUNCIATION
The Past Tense of regular verbs has the ending –ed. The ending is pronounced in three ways:
1) after voiceless consonants p, k, f, s, sh, ch pronounced (t)
• wash washed (t)
• finish finished (t)
• watch watched (t)
• help helped (t)
• work worked (t)
2) after voiced consonants b, g, m, n, ©¯ , l ,r, v, z, (d)
• stab stabbed (d)
• enter entered (d)
• cry cried (d)
• move moved (d)
• manage managed (d)
• pull pulled (d)
3) after –t or-d (id)
• end ended (id)
• start started (id)
THE PAST TENSE: IRREGULAR VERBS

Many verbs are irregular. They take no ending –ed in the Past Tense. Three forms are usually given for
the irregular verbs: (See the List of Irregular Verbs)
The Infinitive The Past The Participle
write wrote written
The Second form is the Past Tense. Learn them by heart!
Examples: * Sir Francis Drake grew up in Plymouth.
* He set out on his voyage round the world in 1577.
THE PAST TENSE QUESTIONS

Where did you go? I went to Spain.
Where did you stay? I stayed in a small hotel.
Did you eat Spanish food? Yes, I did.
Did you speak Spanish? No, I didn't.
Did you meet any interesting people?
Yes, I met some very nice English people.

Did you see any interesting sights?
I saw an old church and a castle, but I didn't see much of the countryside.
Questions are formed with the auxiliary did + the basic form of the main verb.
Negations are formed with did not (didn’t) + basic form of the main verb.

56
Exercises:
a). Fill in the blanks with the verbs available to form the simple past tense.
1. When we were young we usually ….….to France for our holidays. (to go)
2. Last week they ……………..the bilge pump. (to overhaul)
3. Yesterday we ……..…the theatre and ..............a play by Shakespeare. (to visit / to see)
4. Until 2 years ago my father ................ engineering at the Nautical institute. ( to teach)
5. When we were young I ……. .soccer and my brother ………..hockey . (to play)
6. We..….....great attention to sailing yachts that...……….. the port. (to pay / to enter)
7. The vessel ……....... with the embankment because she .............. the quay too fast. (to
approach / berth)
8. The first mate ...…….....the cargo documents before the vessel…………(to fill in / to depart)
9. They ………. us permission to enter the channel that ……...into the harbour basins.
(to give / to lead)
10. This liquid ………….. spontaneously which …………an oil spill that ................ the area. (to
ignite / to cause / to pollute)
b). Write down your own 10 sentences with the verbs in simple past tense.
b. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Examples: I was doing it for you.
He was talking about us.
We were working very hard.
Note: the following verbs do not have an “ing-form”: can / could / may / might / must / will / would /
should

Yesterday evening Nelly watched TV from seven o´ clock until ten. While she was
watching TV , the phone rang. It was John: He asked her out.
USAGE:
The past continuous is used to indicate that the action was going on at the moment in the past, or that
someone was in the middle of doing something. For a completed action we use the Simple Past.
The Past continuous is also often used to describe the background activity against which something
suddenly happened.
The Past Continuous is formed by the past of the auxiliary to be + the ending -ing linked to the main
verb. S + to be p (was / were) + Verb-ing form.
I / He / She / It was entering fairway
We / You / They were working
walking
watching
More examples:
• John came home while we were having dinner.
• When I was walking in the park yesterday I met an old friend.

57
More on the difference between the Present Continuous and Past Continuous. Look at the situation:
Jim Hale, the detective, opened the door and entered the room. It was dark, so he
switched on the light. Loud music was playing on the radio. A man was lying motionless
on the floor. There was blood all over the carpet. The window was open and the curtains
were fluttering in the wind. Jim ran across the room. He felt the man’s pulse. The victim
was dead. Jim walked quickly over to the window and looked out. As he was standing
there the telephone started to ring. He picked up the receiver. “Hello”, he said. Nobody
answered. He could hear that somebody was breathing heavily. Then there was a click.
Somebody ended the call....
INTERROGATIVE FORM: are formed by reversing the order of the auxiliary and the main verb.
to be (was / were) + S + Verb-ing form ?

Example:
• Was the Chief Engineer checking the main engine?
• Was the wind increasing when the storm occured?
• What speed were they making?
NEGATIVE FORM: are formed with
to be (was / were) + not + Verb-ing form.
Example:
• We were not entering the fairway at Buoy No 3.
• The Chief Engineer was checking the main engine.
• The wind was not increasing when the storm occured.
Exercises:
a). Fill in the blanks with the verbs available to form the past continuous tense.
1. We ............. just ............….when he entered. (to leave)
2. The engineer ……….. the fuel pump when he heard a strange noise. (to overhaul)
3. I had to warn you, because you …………. a serious mistake. (to make)
4. We ….…..… to start loading the cargo, because It ………… very hard at that time. ( to
wait / to rain)
5. The vessel …….…. speed, because she intended to overtake the vessels that …….…..... ahead
of her. ( to increase / to proceed)
6. When we approached the entrance, the lookout ….….….… the sailing yachts that ……..…. the
port. (to watch / to enter)
7. Last year my sister …………… at my parents’ house when they ……...….. the world on a
passenger ship. (to stay / to travel)
8. The Master ...………. .the cargo documents; we ……….… to depart as soon as he had finished.
(to fill in / to go)
9. The first mate was on duty when the vessel ……………. Aground. (to run)
10. Soon the oil spill ……….. rapidly along the coast where many tourists ………….. their holidays.
(to spread / to spend)
b). Write down your own 10 sentences with the verbs in past continuous tense.
58
3. Speaking: Asking and Giving Direction
1. Can you tell me the way to ....... ?
Is this the right way to the post office?
What’s the best way to get to the zoo?
Excuse me, where is the men’s / ladies’ room. (Building)
Could you tell me where the lavatory / washroom is? (Home)
2. I’m looking for this address, can you direct (explain to) me ?
Sorry to trouble you, but can you show me the way to the nearest restaurant?
Which way is to the Arion market, please?
How can I get to the Royal Hotel?
3. It’s the large building over there.

Keep going straight on.
Follow the main road; you will come to the station in a few minutes.
4. Turn right at the second corner.

It’s the next door to a school.
It’s about five doors from the corner.
5. I’m sorry, I don’t know this address. Perhaps, you could ask someone else.
I am afraid I don’t know, I am myself a stranger here.
You had better ask that man, he is the security staff here.

1. Write down your own scenario about Asking and Giving Direction in English correctly!
2. Practice a real conversation with your partner about Asking and Giving Direction.
4. Writing (Shipping Documents): Reply to Enquiries
REPLY TO ENQUIRIES
1. SAMPLE NO.1
Dear Mr Brown,
Thank you for your letter of 17 May enquiring about our promotional gifts.
We are pleased to enclose our new brochure and price list together with samples of our promotional
gifts.
We look forward to receiving your first order.
Yours sincerely,
Sales Manager

59
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. SAMPLE NO.2
Dear Mr Brown,
Thank you for your enquiry of 10 May.

We have pleasure in enclosing a copy of our latest catalogue and a leaflet giving details of our special
trade discounts. All the items are now covered by our standard two-year quarantee.
We look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Sales Director
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. LANGUAGE FOCUS:
a. Thanking (for a letter, enquiry, etc.)
* Thank you for your letter (enquiry) of ……
Note: Thank you...is less formal than with reference to ……
b. Referring (to the contents of a letter)

* With reference to to your letter....enquiring about.....
* Thank you for your letter....enquiring (requesting) about.....
c. Enclosing (sending)
* We are pleased to enclose ……
* We have pleasure in enclosing / sending ……
* We enclose / We are sending ……
d. Closing a letter (with hope for future business)

* We look forward to ……-ing......
* We look forward to hearing from you.
* We look forward to receiving your first order / your reply.
4. PRACTICE EXERCISE:
Write sentences (or parts of sentences) as directed below:
1). Thank for the following:
* 16 June - letter
* 11 April - inquiry
* 22 March - postcard
* 1 December - inquiry
* 14 August - letter
60
2). Thank for and refer to the following:
* 19 May - letter - enquired about the price of gold pens
* 16 March - inquiry - enclosed latest price list
* 20 June - letter - requested information on ZI cameras
* 1 April - inquiry - requested information on 16M zoom
* 14 August - letter - enquired about latest brochures
3). Enclose the following:

* new price-list.
* sample cassette and price-list.
* latest brochures.
* sample company tie.
* a catalogue and price-list.
4). Write a reply to the letter (20 June) from S.Blackmore (Ms), Marketing Manager, Downland Fuels
Ltd, Lake Road, Southampton, Hampshire. The letter asked for full details, a price-list and samples of
re-usable envelopes.
5). Answer a letter (10 August) from Steven Watson, Personnel Manager, John Rowling Ltd, 20 West
Way, Plymouth, Devon, D62 IMT. He requested details of the sizes and prices of the brown envelopes.
(Use your own name and company and today’s date).
6). Write a more formal letter (with reference to...) to a letter (5 September) from the Manager of World
Travel, 610 Rahman Street, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, requesting samples of your envelope files and a
current price-list.
--------------------------
SAMPLE OF ANSWER KEY: NO.5
Dear Mr Watson,
Thank you for your letter of 10 August enquiring our brown envelopes.
We enclose (have pleasure in enclosing) our brochure, which gives full details of the sizes of the
envelopes, and our price-list.
We look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Marketing Manager

61
CHAPTER IX
1. Reading : Containerisation
2. Grammar : Responsible & Function
3. Speaking : Excuse & Farewell
4. Writing : Description of Ports
1. Reading Comprehension: Containerisation

a. Shipping Container
There are five common standard lengths, 20-ft (6.1 m), 40-ft (12.2 m), 45-ft (13.7 m), 48-ft (14.6 m), and
53-ft (16.2 m). United States domestic standard containers are generally 48 ft (15 m) and 53-ft (rail and
truck). Container capacity is often expressed in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU, or sometimes teu).
An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20 ft (length) × 8
ft (width) container. As this is an approximate measure, the height of the box is not considered, for
instance the 9 ft 6 in (2.9 m) High cube and the 4-ft 3-in (1.3 m) half height 20 ft (6.1 m) containers are
also called one TEU.
The maximum gross mass for a 20 ft (6.1 m) dry cargo container is 30,480 kg, and for a 40-ft (including
the 2.87 m (9 ft 6 in) high cube container), it is 34,000 kg. Allowing for the tare mass of the container,
the maximum payload mass is therefore reduced to approximately 28,380 kg for 20 ft (6.1 m), and
30,100 kg for 40 ft (12 m) containers.
The original choice of 8 foot height for ISO containers was made in part to suit a large proportion of
railway tunnels, though some had to be deepened. With the arrival of even taller containers, further
enlargement is proving necessary.
b. Issues
1). Increased efficiency
Although there have been few direct correlations made between containers and job losses, there are a
number of texts associating job losses at least in part with containerization. A 1998 study of post-
containerization employment at United States ports found that container cargo could be moved nearly
twenty times faster than pre-container break bulk. The new system of shipping also allowed for freight
consolidating jobs to move from the waterfront to points far inland, which also decreased the number of
waterfront jobs.
2). Additional fuel costs
Containerisation increases the fuel costs of transport and reduces the capacity of the transport as the
container itself must be shipped around not just the goods. For certain bulk products this makes
containerisation unattractive. For most goods the increased fuel costs and decreased transport
efficiencies are currently more than offset by the handling savings. On railway the capacity of the
container is far from its maximum weight capacity, and the weight of a railcar must be transported with
not so much goods. In some areas (mostly USA and Canada) containers are double stacked, but this is
usually not possible in other countries.
3). Hazards
Containers have been used to smuggle contraband. The vast majority of containers are never
subjected to scrutiny due to the large number of containers in use. In recent years there have been
increased concerns that containers might be used to transport terrorists or terrorist materials into a

62
country undetected. The U.S. government has advanced the Container Security Initiative (CSI),
intended to ensure that high-risk cargo is examined or scanned, preferably at the port of departure.
4). Empty Containers
Containers are intended to be used constantly, being loaded with new cargo for new destination soon
after having emptied of previous cargo. This is not always possible, and in some cases the cost of
transporting an empty container to a place where it can be used is considered to be higher than the
worth of the used container. This can result in large areas in ports and warehouses being occupied by
empty containers left abandoned. However, empty containers may also be recycled in the form of
shipping container architecture, or the steel content salvaged.
5). Loss at Sea
Containers occasionally fall from the ships that carry them, usually during storms; it is estimated that
over 10,000 containers are lost at sea each year. For instance, on November 30, 2006, a container
washed ashore on the Outer Banks of North Carolina USA, along with thousands of bags of its cargo of
Doritos Chips. Containers lost at sea do not necessarily sink, but seldom float very high out of the
water, making them a shipping hazard that is difficult to detect. Freight from lost containers has
provided oceanographers with unexpected opportunities to track global ocean currents, notably a cargo
of Friendly Floatees.
In 2007 the International Chamber of Shipping and the World Shipping Council began work on a code
of practice for container storage, including crew training on parametric rolling, safer stacking and
marking of containers and security for above-deck cargo in heavy swell.
c. Biggest ISO Container Companies
Top 10 container shipping companies in order of TEU capacity
A.P. Moller-Maersk Group
Mediterranean Shipping Company S.A.
CMA CGM
Evergreen Marine Corporation
Hapag-Lloyd
China Shipping Container Lines
American President Lines
Hanjin-Senator
COSCO
NYK Line

63
1. What do you know about the five common standard lengths of containers?
2. How come the empty containers could be significant shipping problems?
3. Describe four of top 10 container shipping companies together with their data!
4. Mention the five crucial issues of containerisation?
5. How does Containerisation increase the fuel costs of transport?
6. What do you know about Shipping Containers?
7. Explain what you know about containers lost at sea!
8. Why does containerisation possibly increase efficiency in shipping operation?
Assignment:
2. Grammar: Responsible & Function
I. RESPONSIBLE:
A person’s function, or what he does, can be expressed in terms of his responsibility
1. S + TO BE + RESPONSIBLE + FOR + JOB
The Master is responsible for the safety of the ship.
2. S (JOB) + TO BE + THE RESPONSIBILITY + OF + PERSON
The safety of the ship is the responsibility of the Master.
3. S + TO BE + RESPONSIBLE + TO + EMPLOYER
The Master is responsible to the company for the safety of the ship.
Exercise:
a. Link the following (do not change their order), using the correct pattern
(1). Chief Officer – Master – the Deck Department.
(2). Chief Engineer – the whole power units on board.
(3). Third Officer – the life saving equipment.
(4). The sounding of tanks and bilges – Carpenter.
(5). Chief Steward – Master – the Catering Department.
(6). Bosun – Chief Officer – maintenance and daily activities on deck.
(7). The loading and unloading of oil on tankers – Pumpman.
(8). Auxiliary Machinery – Second Engineer.
(9). Donkeyman – Chief Engineer – lubrication.
(10). The repair and maintenance of all electrical equipment – Electrical Officer.
b. Write down your own 5 sentences with the word of responsible to express someone’s job.
64
II. FUNCTION:
The function of a THING, or what it is used for, can be expressed in number of ways:
1. THE FUNCTION OF + S + To Be + To Infinitive + O
The function of tankers is to carry crude oil.
2. S + To Be + USED FOR + V-ing + O
Tankers are used for carrying crude oil.
3. S + Verb (sp.present) + O
Tankers carry crude oil.
4. WE + Verb (sp.present) + O + WITH + S
We carry crude oil with tankers.
Exercise:
Change these compositions with the other three patterns.
(1). The function of windlass is to raise and lower the anchors.
(2). We measure the temperature with a thermometer.
(3). Multimeter is used for measuring voltage, current and resistance.
(4). Gantry cranes load and discharge containerized cargo.
(5). The function of boilers is to produce steam on board.
(6). Computers design the modern ships.
(7). Steering Gear is used for navigating and steering the ship.
(8). We provide lighting and electricity on board with a generator.
(9). Fire extinguisher is used for putting off fire.
(10). Dredgers deepen the fairways.
b. Write down your own 5 sentences with the word of function to describe a certain device or tool.
Kery answers:
(1). Chief Officer is responsible to the Master for the Deck Department.
(2). Chief Engineer is responsible for the whole power units on board.
(3). Third Officer is responsible for the life saving equipment.
(3). Multimeter is used for measuring voltage, current and resistance.

a. The function of multimeter is to measure voltage, current and resistance.
b. Multimeter measures voltage, current and resistance.
c. We measure voltage, current and resistance with multimeter.
65
3. Speaking: Excuses & Farewell
3.1. Excuses
1. Excuse me. / Excuse us.
Excuse me for a moment (for being late).
2. May I be excused ?
May I be excused from class ?
3. I beg your pardon. / Sorry ? / Pardon me ?

I’m sorry (really sorry), but could you say it again, please ?
4. I must apologize to you.

I must apologize for what I said.
We apologize for our silly mistakes so far.
5. Forgive me, please. / Please forgive me for my rudeness.

Please, forgive for my thoughtless remarks.
6. I’m sorry I can’t help you. / I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
Sorry, I can do nothing in this case.
Sorry for not calling you last night.
7. It doesn’t matter / Never mind / No problem.

Please don’t worry about it.
It’s nothing at all / It’s all right / It’s okay.
3.2. Farewell / Parting

1. Good-bye, John. See you at school tomorrow.
Bye. See you later.
Good night, have a nice sleep.
See you at the campus next Monday.
2. It’s time to say good-bye now / I must be leaving now.

It’s the time for me to leave.
Well my friend, It’s hard to say in a word for leaving you.
3. Stay a little longer, won’t you ?/ Please, don’t be in a hurry.

You won’t go in a hurry, will you ?
What about another cup of coffee before departure ?
4. Come and see me sometime.

Why don’t you drop in and see us sometime?
We always welcome a very nice person like you.
In case you travel to this country someday, please don’t hesitate to come down here.
5. Please, give my best regards to your parents.

Remember me to your sister / Say hello to John for me.
Send my love to your niece Mary.

66
6. Have a good time ! / Have a nice trip !
Take care of yourself. / Take care.
Drop me a line, will you ? / Bon Voyage !

1. Write down your own scenario about Excusesand Farewell in English correctly!
2. Practice a real conversation with your partner about Thanking and Telling Time.
4. Writing: Description of Ports
Model of Description:
Calcutta is a port in India. It is situated on the North-East coast, on the estuary of the River Hoogly,
which flows into the Bay of Bengal. The population of the city is seven million. The distance from New
Delhi, the capital of the country, is about one thousand miles.
Exercises:
Make the compositions similar to the model with the following information:
1. Southampton - Britain - South coast - River Itchen - English Channel - 300.000 - London
- 80 miles.
2. Marseilles - France - South coast - River Rhine - Mediterranean Sea - 800.000 - Paris -
400 miles.
3. New York - the USA - East coast - River Hudson - Atlantic Ocean - 9 million - Washington
DC - 250 miles.
4. Tanjung Priok Jakarta - …………….
5. (A Port of your own choice) ………

67
CHAPTER X
1. Reading : Harbour
2. Grammar : Passive Voice
3. Vocabulary : Shipping Terms – III
4. Writing : Voyage Report
1. Reading Comprehension: Harbour

A. Definition
Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia
A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences), or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the
weather or are stored. Harbors can be man-made or natural. A man-made harbor will have sea walls or
breakwaters and may require dredging. A natural harbor is surrounded on most sides by land.
Harbors and ports are often confused. A port is a man-made coastal or riverine facility where boats and
ships can load and unload. It may consist of quays, wharfs, jetties, piers and slipways with cranes or
ramps. A port may have magazine buildings or warehouses for storage of goods and a transport
system, such railway, road transport or pipeline transport facilities for relaying goods inland.
Harbor / Harbour: A body of water along the shore, deep enough for anchoring a ship and protected
from winds, waves, and currents by natural or artificial features, thus forming a safe haven for seagoing
vessels. A harbor equipped with cargo and passenger handling equipment, and providing ship-berthing
facilities is called a port. Port: [1] A coastal town or harbor equipped with cargo and passenger
handling equipment, and which provides berthing facilities. [2] A place where ships may take refuge
from foul weather (hence the phrase “any port in a storm. (The Seafaring Dictionary, David S.T.
Blackmore, 2009)
B. Types of Harbour
1). Artificial Harbours
Artificial harbours are frequently built for use as ports. The largest artificially created harbor is in
Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

68
2). Natural Harbors
A natural harbor is a landform where a part of a body of water is protected and deep enough to furnish
anchorage. Natural harbors have long been of great strategic and economic importance. Many of the
great cities of the world are located on a natural harbor. Having a protected harbor reduces or
eliminates the use of breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the harbor.
3). Ice-free Harbors

For harbors near the poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, ideally all-year round. Examples
are Murmansk (Russia), Petsamo (Russia, formerly Finland), Hammerfest, Vardø, and Prince Rupert
(Canada). The southern-most harbor, at Antarctica's Winter Quarters Bay (77°50′S), presents a
potentially ice-free harbor, dependent on summer pack ice conditions.
4). Temporary Harbors

Sometimes a harbor is needed where one isn't available due to damage, such as in times of war. In this
case a temporary harbor may be built and transported in pieces to the location. The most notable of
these were the two Mulberry harbours used during the D-Day invasion of Normandy in World War II.
5). Tidal harbor

A tidal harbor is a type of harbor that can only be entered or exited at certain tidal levels.
C. Important Harbors
The tiny harbour at the village of Clovelly, Devon, England
The following are large natural harbors:

• Baltimore's Inner Harbor, Maryland, United States
• Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, United States
• Bridgetown, Barbados
• Cartagena, Colombia
• Charleston, South Carolina, United States
• Cork Harbour, Ireland
• Duluth, Minnesota, United States
• Durban, South Africa
• Falmouth, Cornwall, England
• Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
• Freetown Harbour, Sierra Leone
69
• Golden Horn, Istanbul, Turkey
• Gothenburg, Sweden
• Grand Harbour, Malta
• Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia Canada
• Hamburg Harbour, Germany
• Kingston, Jamaica
• Kobe Harbour, Kobe, Japan
• Kochi, India
• Mahon, Minorca, Spain
• Manila Bay, Philippines
• Milford Haven, Wales
• Montevideo, Uruguay
• Mumbai, India
• New York Harbor, United States
• Oslofjord, Norway
• Pearl Harbor, Honolulu, Hawaii
• Plymouth Sound, Devon, England
• Poole Harbour, Dorset, England
• Port Jackson, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
• Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia
• Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Bay, Brazil
• Salvador, Brazil
• San Diego Bay, San Diego, California, United States
• San Francisco Bay, California, United States
• Tokyo Bay, Tokyo, Japan
• Trincomalee, Sri Lanka
• Vancouver, Canada
• Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong
• Wellington Harbour, New Zealand
• Willemstad, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles
D. Busiest Container Ports

This is a list of the world's busiest container seaports, total mass of actual TEU (in thousands)
transported through the port. This list contains all ports that transported more than 2,000,000 TEU (Top
50) in 2007.
Note: "TEU" stands for "Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit," i.e. a 20-foot (6.1 m) long shipping container.
Thus a 40-foot (12 m) container is 2 TEU.
Container Traffic (in thousands TEU): 2007 - 2006 - 2005 - 2004

Rank Port Country 2007 2006 2005 2004
1 Singapore Singapore 27,932 24,792 23,192 21,329
People's Republic of
2 Shanghai 26,150 21,710 18,084 14,557
China
3 Hong Kong Hong Kong 23,881 23,539 22,427 21,984
4 Shenzhen PR of China 21,099 18,469 16,197 13,615
5 Busan South Korea 13,270 12,039 11,843 11,430

70
6 Rotterdam Netherlands 10,791 9,655 9,287 8,281
7 Dubai United Arab Emirates 10,653 8,923 7,619 6,429
8 Kaohsiung Taiwan 10,257 9,775 9,471 9,714
9 Hamburg Germany 9,890 8,862 8,088 7,003
10 Qingdao PR of China 9,462 7,702 6,307 5,140
11 Ningbo PR of China 9,349 7,068 5,208 4,006
12 Guangzhou PR of China 9,200 6,600 4,685 3,308
13 Los Angeles USA 8,355 8,470 7,485 7,321
14 Antwerp Belgium 8,176 7,019 6,482 6,064
15 Long Beach USA 7,316 7,289 6,710 5,780
16 Port Klang Malaysia 7,120 6,326 5,544 5,244
17 Tianjin PR of China 7,103 5,950 4,801 3,814
18 Tanjung Pelepas Malaysia 5,500 4,770 4,177 4,020
19 New York/New Jersey USA 5,299 5,093 4,785 4,478
20 Bremen/Bremerhaven Germany 4,912 4,450 3,736 3,469
21 Laem Chabang Thailand 4,642 4,123 3,834 3,529
22 Xiamen PR of China 4,627 4,019 3,342 2,872
23 Dalian PR of China 4,574 3,212 2,665 2,211
Jawaharlal Nehru
24 India 4,060 3,298 2,667 2,361
(Mumbai)
Tanjung Priok
25 Indonesia 3,900 3,280 3,282 3,170
(Jakarta)
26 Tokyo Japan 3,818 3,969 3,593 3,358
27 Gioia Tauro Italy 3,445 2,900 3,161 3,261
28 Yokohama Japan 3,400 3,200 2,873 2,718
29 Colombo Sri Lanka 3,380 3,079 2,455 2,221
30 Felixstowe United Kingdom 3,300 3,000 2,700 2,717

1. What do you know about the term of TEUs?
2. How do you diffrentiate the terms of harbour and port?
3. Mention at least ten of 30 busiest container ports in the world!
4. Describe the types of harbour as much as you can!
5. How do you define temporary harbour?
6. What do you know about artificial harbour?
7. Explain what you know about natural harbour!
8. In what countries are these haroburs located Busan, Rotterdam, Shenzhen, Port Klang, and
Antwerp?
Assignment:

71
2. Grammar: Passive Voice
1. Andy spoke English on his holiday in England last summer.
2. English is spoken all over the world.
The Active Voice
The first sentence is in the Active Voice. There is a clear subject = Andy.
The Active Voice expresses what somebody does, did, has done, or had done.
The Passive Voice
The second sentence is in the Passive Voice. There is no clear subject in the sentence telling us who
performs the action.
The Passive Voice expresses, for example, what is done, was done, has been done, or had been
done in general without naming the agent.
THE PASSIVE VOICE - FORMATION

The passive voice is constructed in the following way:
“TO BE” PAST PARTICPLE

in the proper tense or verb structure form of the Verb

They are in the Passive Voice. Try to translate them into your own mother tongue.
(1). English is spoken all over the world.
(2). Paper and pulp are produced in Finland.
(3). This house was built last year.
(4). Those cars were made in Japan last year.
(5). Pilotage has been suspended.
(6). The houses in this street have been painted every year.
(7). The survivors had been picked up by helicopter when the Marina arrived at the scene of
the accident.
(8). Has the ship been located?
(9). Were any distress messages sent from the ship?
(10). What languages are spoken in this country?
(11). This car was not manufactured in Japan.
NOTE:
• The Passive Voice includes the different tense forms.
• In questions the word order changes.
The Passive Voice is formed with the auxiliary “to be” and the Past Participle of the main verb. Past
Participle is the third form of the irregular verbs / ending –ed of regular verbs.
Example:
• write wrote written
• call called called
72
The Role of the “to be”
It is the form of the auxiliary “to be “that expresses the tense form of the Passive Voice.
Example:
• The game of football has been played for more than a hundred years.
What is the tense of the auxiliary? It is the Perfect Tense = has been.
Thus the sentence tells us what has been done for more than a hundred years.
Present The ship is called MS Marina.
Past The ship was called MS Marina.
Perfect The ship has been called MS Marina.
Past Perfect The ship had been called Marina.
Future The ship will be called MS Marina.
Conditional The ship would be called MS Marina.
THE USE OF OTHER AUXILIARIES

• Pilotage will be resumed at 16 00 hours.
• The area must be searched by helicopter.
• Can this problem be solved?
• These documents should be given to the authorities.
• Whom should the papers be given to?
The auxiliaries can, will, may, must, would, could, should and might are sometimes used as additional
auxiliaries in a Passive sentence.
NOTE: After these auxiliaries the form of the auxiliary ”to be” is always simply be.
Study the following pairs of sentences and note that the second sentence in each pair has been
transformed from the first one.
1. The Finnish Company named the ferry “Viking Sally” active form
The ferry was named “Viking Sally”. passive form
2. The shipyard built the Estonia in 1980. active form

The Estonia was built in 1980. passive form
3. People presented other theories. active form

Other theories were presented. passive form
Note how it has been done and how the meaning has been changed. The three pairs of sentences
illustrate the basic usage of the passive.
1. The focus is on the activity itself; the message is about the change of name, not about the
company.
2. It is commonly known who builds ships, so this information can be left out; the focus is on the
ship and the time of its building.
3. The word “people” does not refer to specific individuals. It is impersonal. Everybody knows that
only people define theories and can present them.
Make 10 examples of Passive Voice (5 each of Present and Past Tenses) based your own sentences.

73
3. Vocabulary: Shipping Terminologies – III
1. F.O.C. - Flag Of Convenience:
Country of registry representing the legal system under which the ship is managed, but not the
nationality of the owner, management, crew... Some FOC are tiny countries with a few
thousands inhabitants (St.Vincent & Grenadines, Cayman Islands, Nauru), others are
landlocked (Luxembourg), and do not have a real maritime administration. They are nearly
always delegating their obligations to other services: Classes, agencies...
2. FPSO - Floating Production Storage and Offloading vessel:

Large tanker, often without propulsion of her own, stays in a fixed position to process and store
oil waiting to be loaded on another vessel. In July 1999 the largest one was the 'Girassol built
by Hyundai for the service of ELF in Angola from 2001. She has a storage capacity of 2m
barrels and a process capacity of 200,000 barrels a day.'
3. FREIGHT FORWARDER:
A person or persons who represents the cargo owner and who arranges shipments for that
owner.
4. General Average. (GA) - The cost incurred to bring the ship out of a dangerous position and
shared by all the parties interested in the rescue including the cargo owners, then required to
contribute to a General Average. This is quite easy with a bulker having one parcel of cargo,
but a nightmare with a container vessel where thousands of parcels with different B/L are
stowed in the containers.
5. GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade, an international agreement embodying a code
of practice for fair trading in international commerce. Is headquartered in Geneva.
6. GDP - Gross Domestic Product: The total value of goods and services produced by a nation
over a given period, usually 1 year.
7. GNP - Gross National Product: GDP plus the net income accruing from foreign sources.
8. GROSS & NET TONNAGE (GT and NT) - Gross tonnage is the basis on which manning rules
and safety regulations are applied, and registration fees are reckoned. Port fees are also often
reckoned on the basis of GT and NT. GT and NT are defined according to formulas which take
account, among other things, of the volume of the vessel's enclosed spaces (GT) and the
volume of its holds (NT).
9. GROSS REGISTERED TONNAGE (GRT) - A common measurement of the internal volume of

commercial vessel based on the total volume occupied by enclosed spaces. One actual ton of
measurement is the equivalent of 2.83 cubic meters.
10. HAGUE RULES - Code of minimum conditions for the carriage of cargo under a bill of lading
11. HAGUE VISBY RULES - the 1968 revision of the Hague Rules
12. HANDY SIZE BULK CARRIER - Bulk carrier between 10,000 and 40,000DWT.

74
13. HARBOUR DUES - Various local charges levied against all seagoing vessels entering a
harbour, to cover maintenance of channel depths, buoys, lights, etc. Not all harbours raise this
charge.
14. HARBOUR MASTER (Port Captain) - A person usually having the experience of a certificated
master mariner and having a good knowledge of the characteristics of the port and its whole
area. He administers the entire shipping movements that take place in and within reach of his
port.
15. IAPH - International Association of Ports & Harbours.
16. IFSMA (International Federation of Ship Master's Association) – An organization grouping all
the national Master's association formed in London in 1974. Over 8.000 shipmasters from more
than 40 countries are affiliated to IFSMA.
17. IHMA - International Harbour Masters Association
18. ILDD (In Lieu of Dry Dock) – A class survey, mostly underwater, which allows the shipowner to
postpone a dry dock.
19. INCOTERMS - Incoterms are a set of uniform rules codifying he interpretation of trade terms
defining the rights and obligations of both buyer and seller in an international transaction. The
terms recognised by Incoterms 1990 are: EXW - ex works (named place); FCA - Free Carrier
(named place); FAS - Free alongside Ship (named port of shipment); FOB - Free on Board
(named port of shipment); CFR - Cost & Freight (named port of destination); CIF - Cost,
Insurance and Freight (named port of destination); CPT - Carriage Paid To (named point of
destination); CIP - Carriage & Insurance Paid To (named point of destination); DAF - Delivered
at Frontier (named point); DES - Delivered ex Ship (named port of destination); DEQ -
Delivered ex Quay (duty paid) (named port of destination); DDU - Delivered Duty Unpaid
(named point); DDP - Delivered Duty Paid (named point).
20. INLAND WATERS - Term referring to lakes, streams, rivers, canals, waterways,
inlets, bays and the like.
1. GRT
2. Harbour Dues
3. General Average
4. FPSO
5. FOC
6. Harbour Master
7. Inland Waters
8. Incoterms

75
4. Writing (Shipping Documents): Voyage Report
Description of Voyage
Model 1:
On May the tenth, 2004, the MV.Andromeda under the Maltese Flag left Bremen for Rio de Janeiro with
a cargo of electrical goods and chemicals. She called at Cherbourg and Vigo, and then sailed straight
across the South Atlantic to Brazil. Her voyage lasted seventeen days. She spent a week unloading
the cargo in the harbour of Rio de Janeiro and began her return voyage on June the sixth, 2004.
1. 15/10/05 - MV.Lexuria - Liberian Flag - Sydney to Lima - wool and meat - Auckland and Fiji -
Pacific Ocean - Peru - 23 days of voyage - 9 days unloading - 17/11/05 return.
2. 7/8/04 - MV.Mary Jade - Panamanian Flag - Liverpool to Montreal - whisky and textiles -
Dublin and Cork - North Atlantic - Canada - 12 days of voyage - 4 days unloading - 24/8/04
return.
3. 29/10/06 - MT.Boston - Greek Flag - Durban to Mumbai - crude oil - Mozambique and
Mombasa - Indian Ocean - India - 12 days of voyage - 5 days unloading - 16/11/06 return.
4. (A voyage of your own choice) …..
Model 2:
On April 6, 2005, the general cargo vessel, the MV.Sea-Explorer under the Norwegian Flag left the port
of New Orleans in the USA for Hawaii in the Hawaiian Islands. She sailed across the Gulf of Mexico,
through the Yucatan Channel and along the North Coast of Jamaica, calling at Kingston. Then she
sailed through the Panama Canal and across the Pacific Ocean to Hawaii.
1. 25/10/07 - bulk oil carrier - MT. Enterprise - Singaporean Flag - Nagasaki - Japan - Kharg
Island - Gulf - East Coast of China - Taiwan Straits - South China Sea - Singapore - Straits
of Malacca - Indian Ocean - Kharg Island.
2. 16/6/08 - passenger liner - MV. Rising Star - British Flag - Southampton - the UK - Naples
- Italy - English Channel - Bay of Biscay - West Coast of Portugal - Lisbon - Straits of
Gibraltar - Mediterranean Sea - Naples.
3. (A voyage of your own choice) …..
------------------------
Answers of Voyage Description (Model 1)

1. 15/10/05 - MV.Lexuria - Liberian Flag - Sydney to Lima - wool and meat - Auckland and Fiji -
Pacific Ocean - Peru - 23 days of voyage - 9 days unloading - 17/11/05 return.
On October the fifteenth, 2005, the MV. Lexuria under the Liberian Flag left Sydney (Australia) for
Lima (Peru) with a cargo of wool and meat. She called at Auckland (New Zealand) and Fiji
(Pacific Island), and then sailed straight across the Pacific Ocean to Peru. Her voyage lasted
76
twenty three days. She spent nine days unloading the cargo in the harbour of Lima and began
her return voyage on November the seventeenth, 2005.
Answers of Voyage Description (Model 2)

1. 25/10/07 - bulk oil carrier - MT. Enterprise - Singaporean Flag - Nagasaki - Japan - Kharg
Island - Gulf - East Coast of China - Taiwan Straits - South China Sea - Singapore - Straits
of Malacca - Indian Ocean - Kharg Island.
On October twenty fifth, 2007, the bulk oil carrier, the MT. Enterprise under the Singaporean Flag
left the port of Nagasaki in Japan for Kharg Island in the Gulf. She (1) sailed across the East Coast
of China, (2) through the Taiwan Straits and (3) along the South China Sea, (4) calling at Singapore.
Then she (5) sailed through the Straits of Malacca and (6) across the Indian Ocean to Kharg Island.
------------------------------
Exam Model:
GUIDED COMPOSITION: (for Marine Officers / ANT)
A. Make a composition about “ Ship’s Voyage “ based on the following words: (20)
10 / 04 / 07 - MV. Coral Island - Maltese Flag - Bremen to Rio de Janeiro - electrical
goods and chemicals - called at Cherbourg and Vigo - boisterous weather 35 NM off Spain -
wind at 8 Beaufort Scale - speed only 10 knots - ship pitching and rolling - fortunately nothing
damaged - across South Atlantic - arrived Brazil - should have 17 days of voyage - but
extended to 25 days - 1 week of discharging - return voyage at ……...
On the tenth of April 2007, the MV. Coral Island under the Maltese Flag left Bremen (Germany) to
Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) with a cargo of electrical goods and chemicals. She called at Cherbourg
(France) and Vigo (Spain) and then would sail across the Atlantic, but unfortunately experienced
boisterous weather at 35 NM off Spain. At that time the speed of the wind was at 8 Beaufort Scale,
and the ship’s speed was kept at only 10 knots. The ship was pitching and rolling intermittently, but
fortunately nothing was damaged at all. Finally she was able to sail across the South Atlantic and
arrived at Brazil safely. Her voyage should have lasted seventeen days; anyhow, it extended to
twenty-five days. She spent one week discharging the cargo in the harbour of Rio, and began her
return voyage at the sixteenth of April 2007.
B. After being completed, translate the composition into Indonesian Language: (20)
Pada tanggal 10 April 2007, KM..Coral Island yang berbendera Malta berangkat dari pelabuhan
Bremen (Jerman) menuju pelabuhan to Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) dengan membawa muatan barang-
barang elektrik dan kimia. Kapal singgah di pelabuhan Cherbourg (Perancis) dan Vigo (Spanyol)
lalu akan berlayar menyebrangi lautan Atlantik, akan tetapi sayangnya mengalami cuaca buruk
pada 35 mil laut lepas pantai Spanyol. Pada waktu itu kecepatan angin adalah 8 pada skala
Beaufort, dan kecepatan kapal dipertahankan hanya 10 knot. Kapal mengalami gerakan
mengangguk dan oleng secara bergantian, tetapi untunglah tidak ada yang rusak sama sekali.
Akhirnya kapal dapat berlayar menyeberangi Atlantik Selatan dan tiba di Brazil dengan selamat.
Pelayarannya seharusnya menghabiskan waktu 17 hari; akan tetapi mulur hingga 25 hari. Kapal
menghabiskan waktu seminggu untuk membongkar muatan di pelabuhan Rio de Janeiro, dan
memulai pelayaran pulang pada tanggal 16 Mei 2007.

77
CHAPTER XI
1. Reading : Chartering
2. Grammar : Developing Sentences
3. Speaking : Formal Meeting Phrases
4. Writing : Note of Protest
1. Reading Comprehension: Chartering

Chartering (Shipping)
Chartering is an activity within the shipping industry. In some cases a charterer may own cargo and
employ a shipbroker to find a ship to deliver the cargo for a certain price, called freight rate. Freight
rates may be on a per-ton basis over a certain route (e.g. for iron ore between Brazil and China) or
alternatively may be expressed in terms of a total sum - normally in U.S. dollars - per day for the agreed
duration of the charter.
A charterer may also be a party without a cargo who takes a vessel on charter for a specified period
from the owner and then trades the ship to carry cargoes at a profit above the hire rate, or even makes
a profit in a rising market by re-letting the ship out to other charterers.
Depending on the type of ship and the type of charter, normally a standard contract form called a
charter party is used to record the exact rate, duration and terms agreed between the shipowner and
the charterer.
Charter types
• A voyage charter is the hiring of a vessel and crew for a voyage between a load port and a
discharge port. The charterer pays the vessel owner on a per-ton or lump-sum basis. The
owner pays the port costs (excluding stevedoring), fuel costs and crew costs.
• A time charter is the hiring of a vessel for a specific period of time; the owner still manages the
vessel but the charterer selects the ports and directs the vessel where to go. The charterer
pays for all fuel the vessel consumes, port charges, and a daily 'hire' to the owner of the vessel.
• A bareboat charter is an arrangement for the hiring of a vessel whereby no administration or
technical maintenance is included as part of the agreement. The charterer pays for all
operating expenses, including fuel, crew, port expenses and hull insurance. Usually, the charter
period (normally years) ends with the charterer obtaining title (ownership) in the hull.
Effectively, the owners finance the purchase of the vessel.
• A demise charter shifts the control and possession of the vessel; the charterer takes full
control of the vessel along with the legal and financial responsibility for it.
Bareboat charter
A bareboat charter is an arrangement for the hiring of a boat, whereby no crew or provisions are
included as part of the agreement; instead, the people who rent the boat from the owner are
responsible for taking care of such things.
There are legal differences between a bareboat charter and other types of charter arrangement, such
as crewed or luxury yacht charter, commonly called time or voyage charters. In a voyage or time
charter the charterer charters the ship (or part of it) for a particular voyage or for a set period of time. In
these charters the charterer can direct where the ship will go but the owner of the ship retains
possession of the ship through its employment of the master and crew. In a bare-boat or demise
charter, on the other hand, the owner gives possession of the ship to the charterer and the charterer
78
hires its own master and crew. The bare-boat charterer is sometimes called a "disponent owner". The
giving up of possession of the ship by the owner is the defining characteristic of a bare-boat or demise
charter. There are also hundreds of bareboat yacht charter brokers or agent companies. These
companies offer yacht finding and travel organisation services similar to travel agent only more
specialised. Their purpose is to use their experience and networks to locate a client's ideal bareboat in
terms of price and location.
Bareboat hire has become increasingly common since the mid-1990s and in particular since the early
2000s. There has been increasing demand for yacht vacations and many experienced and semi-
experienced ‘yachties’ now consider it easier and cheaper to hire a bareboat, rather than own their own
yacht. While both the international leisure travel industry (particularly outdoor activities based vacations)
and the boating industry has both boomed in the last decade, so too has the bareboat charter industry
which incorporates both of these pursuits. In the USA there is an additional legal distinction with regard
to bareboat versus for hire, or "skippered" charters. When persons pool their finances to bareboat so
that the qualified master among them may skipper for the group, even though he is not ostensibly a
paid skipper he now takes on the legal responsibilities of one. This can have far-reaching
consequences in the event of negative occurrences at sea.

1. What do you know about demise charter?
2. How do you diffrentiate the time charter and voyage charter?
3. Mention the responsibilities of charterers in the Time Charter!
4. Describe the definition of Time Charter as clearly as you can!
5. How do you define the chartering?
6. What do you know about Bareboat Charter?
7. Explain what you know about the term of ‘Skippered’!
8. What is meant by the term of ‘Disponent Owner’?
Assignment:
2. Grammar: Developing Sentences

1). Objectives
a. To understand complex sentences in reading
b. To pass out ideas / expression in speaking
c. To make reports and definition in writing
2). Points of Remembrance :

a. Phrase :a group of words which has one meaning
b. Clause :expressions beginning with wh-connectors
c. Tense :time of actions in Verbs
3). Factors for Judgement: Basic Sentence Pattern

1. S + V +( O ) + ( A )
2. S + To be + C +( A )
3. There + To be + S +( A )
4. It + To be / V +C + S + ( A )
Object : is the target of action of verb
Complement : is the information of subject

79
4). Form & Usage:
Sentences can be developed by putting information as modifier according to these processes:
➢ Process I : Adjective + Headword
➢ Process II : Headword + Phrase
➢ Process III : Adjective + Headword + Phrase
➢ Process IV : Headword + Clause
➢ Process V : Adjective + Headword + Clause
Examples : (cadet & ship)

I. a. The diligent handsome tall cadet ( is my cousin )
b. A very expensive luxurious modern cruise ship
II. a. The cadet in the navy blue uniform

b. The ship berthing at pier two
III. (Combination I & II)

a. The diligent handsome tall cadet in the navy blue uniform
b. The very expensive luxurious modern beautifully designed royal cruise ship berthing
at pier two
IV. a. The cadet who came to my home yesterday

b. The ship which cost $. 40 million to build
V. (Combination I & IV)

a. The diligent handsome tall cadet who came to my home yesterday
b. The very expensive luxurious modern beautifully designed Royal cruise ship which
cost $.40 million to build and will particularly be operated to serve an exclusive world
tour package voyage for Royal members and white collar passengers only
Exercises : Develop these sentences with the information given below

1). Watches are period ( Pattern II )
Subject - night / on board
Complement - critical / most / responsibility / officer on watch / look out.
2). Order and instructions will be considered ( I )

Subject - all / issued by / officers on watch
Adverb - as coming / from the master
3). Teaching often presents a problem ( I )

Subject - children and youth / have different level of intelligence / diverse
pattern of talent
Object - challenging
4). For sake, generation improve skills ( I )

Adverb - nation - building
Subject - young
Verb - must

80
5). If the advancement, humans are in dangers ( II )
Subject - modern technology / not well - controlled
6). Making is useless

Sub. Filler - It
Subject - such / a plan
Adverb - without / supported by adequate funds
7). a. The car is very expensive

b. He bought the car yesterday
8). a. We have to discharge inflammable cargo carefully

b. The cargo is sensitive to explode and fire
9). a. I know the man very well

b. The man is wearing blue shirt over there
10). a. The fertile land has been changed into housing areas or industrial factories
b. The land forms the main food supplier
c. The areas or factories have nothing to do with the people’s urgent need for food
Make 10 sentences developed by the above patterns with various tenses based your own ideas.
---------------------------
Answers:
1. Night watches on board are the most critical period of the responsibility for the officers on watch for
the look – out
2. All orders and instructions issued by the officers on watch will be considered as coming from the
Master.
3. Teaching children and youth who have different level of intelligence and diverse pattern of talent
often present a challenging problem.
4. For the sake of nation-building, young generation must improve their skills and knowledge.
5. If the advancement of modern technology is not well controlled, humans are in dangers
6. It is useless making such a plan without being, supported by adequate funds.
7. The car which he bought yesterday is very expensive.
8. We have to discharge the inflammable cargo which is sensitive to explode and fire
9. I know the man who is wearing the blue shirt over there very well.
10. The fertile land which form the main food supplier has been changed into housing areas or
industrial factories who sometimes have nothing to do with the people’s urgent need for food

81
3. Speaking: Formal Meeting Procedure
1. Opening:
❑ Ladies and Gentlemen, I declare the meeting open !
(Hadirin yang terhormat, dengan ini sidang secara resmi saya nyatakan dibuka).
❑ Excellences, / Distinguished Delegates, / Ladies and Gentlemen, I call the meeting to
order !
(Para Yang Mulia, Para Delegasi yang terhormat, Hadirin yang terhormat, dengan ini
sidang secara resmi dibuka).
❑ Right, shall we get started?
❑ Let’s get down to business, shall we?
2. The Minutes:
❑ May I read the minutes? (membacakan notulen rapat sebelumnya)
❑ Would someone move that the minutes of the last meeting be accepted?
❑ Has everyone seen the minutes?
❑ Can we take the minutes as read?
3. The Agenda:
❑ Has everyone received a copy of the agenda?
❑ The first item on the agenda today is…..
❑ I would like to add an item to the agenda.
❑ Could we delete item 5 from the agenda?
4. The Subject:
❑ The purpose of today’s meeting is ….
❑ The first problem we have to consider is ….
❑ Perhaps we should first look at…..
5. Giving the Floor: (memberi kesempatan bicara)

❑ I would like to give the floor to Mr. ….
❑ (Mrs. Martha), would you like to say something about this?
❑ (Mr. Sudarto), I think you know something about this problem.
❑ Have you got anything to say, (John)?
❑ What are your views on this, (Bob)?
6. Taking the Floor: (mengambil kesempatan bicara)

❑ Mr. Chairman, may I take the floor for a while?
❑ Excuse me Mr. Chairman, may I say something please?
❑ Mr. Chairman, may I submit the following proposal?
❑ With the Chair’s permission, I would like to take up the point about….
❑ Could I just make a point about……?
❑ Could I say something here, please?
7. Finishing a Point:
❑ Has anyone got anything further they wish to add before we move on to the next item on
the agenda?
❑ Has anyone got anything further to add?
82
8. Directing:
❑ We seem to be losing sight of the main point. The question is ….
❑ This is not really relevant to our discussion. What we are trying to do is….
❑ Could you stick to the subject please?
❑ Let’s not get sidetracked. The issue under discussion is …. (keluar dari pokok
permasalahan)
9. Keeping Order:
❑ We cannot all speak at once; (Mr. Dalton), would you like to speak first?
❑ (Mrs. Wilson), would you mind addressing your remarks to the Chair, please?
❑ I shall have to call you to order, (Mr. Simpson). (untuk tertib)
10. Moving to a New Point:
❑ Could we move on to item 4 on the agenda?
❑ Now, I would like to turn to ….
❑ Can we go on now to …..
11. Postponing Discussion:
❑ (Well), Ladies and Gentlemen, with your approval, I propose to defer this matter until we
have more information at our disposal. (Menunda)
❑ If no-one has any objection, I suggest that we leave this matter until our next meeting.
❑ Perhaps, we could leave this for the time being. We can come back to it later.
12. Proposing:
❑ Mr. Chairman, may I submit the following proposal?
❑ With the Chair’s permission, I move that …. (mengemukakan usul)
❑ Mr. Chairman, I’ll second that motion. (orang kedua mendukung) (usulan)
❑ I would like to propose the motion that….
❑ Would anyone like to second the motion?
13. Moving to a Vote:
❑ Perhaps, we should take a formal vote on this.
❑ Can I ask for a show of hands? (mengangkat tangan menerima / menolak)
❑ Let’s put it to the vote.
❑ Could we take a vote on it?
❑ Can we move to a vote on this?
14. Voting:
❑ In the event of a tie, I would like to remind you that I have the casting vote. (jumlah suara
mendukung & menolak sama) (Pemilihan untuk memutuskan jika hasil sama)
❑ Those for the motion, please? / Those against?
❑ Any abstentions? (tidak memberikan suara)
❑ The motion is carried unanimously. (diterima secara mutlak)
❑ The motion has been rejected by 6 votes to 5.

1. Write down your own scenario about Formal Meeting Phrases in English correctly!
2. Practice a real conversation with your partner about Formal Meeting.
83
4. Writing (Shipping Documents): Note of Protest
1. NOTE OF PROTEST / SEA PROTEST
Fill in the gabs in the text below with correct logical words:
Sea Protest or _________ 1 of Protest is a legal document declaring that _________ 2 to circumstances
beyond control, the vessel has _________ 3 losses of cargo or damage to ship and/or cargo, or that the
Master has had to take actions that may render his owners liable to legal procedures by other
_________ 4. This declaration is presented to all the parties concerned in the event of a claim in order
to _________ 5 liability for losses of cargo or damage to the ship.
Protest must be made up in the event of the following:

_________ 6 Average (i.e. indemnity for all parties because deliberate infliction of damage has
avoided greater damage);
Wind and/or Sea _________ 7 that have caused damage or such a delay that the vessel has
not been able to make its canceling date;
_________ 8 of Contract by the Charterer, the Consignee or their Agents (e.g. undue delay,
failures with loading or discharging, refusal to pay freight or demurrage, etc.).
The Protest itself is a more or less standardized form that is made up before a Notary Public or the
Consul of the country in which the vessel is _________ 9, in witness of the Master and crewmembers
who have knowledge of the facts. All relevant information, such as log entries and descriptions of
circumstances, must be _________ 10 to the Protest.
Therefore a Protest is often preceded by a written Statement of Fact, made up by the Master, to specify
the circumstances that caused the damage or loss.
1. Note, 2. due, 3. suffered, 4. parties, 5. avoid, 6. General, 7.Conditions, 8.Breach,

9.registered, 10. attached,
2. NOTE OF PROTEST
On this twenty firstday of October in the year Two Thousand Twopersonally appeared and presented
himself before me The Harbour Master at 03:30 pm. The Master of the Indonesian motor / steam vessel
called M.V.Jayakarta of Jakarta official number PQ-203B6 and 7650 registered tons or there about,
which sailed from Makassar on or about the thirteenth day of October 2002 with a cargo of timbers and
arrived at ……….. on the ………. day of ………. and fearing loss or damage owing to : (state below
facts which constitute the protest)
The boisterous weather experienced by the vessel at the position of 300 14’ 05” North, and 1310
16’ 20” East where the Master was informed verbally by the Chief Engineer that at 06.25 Gmt the
chain of the main engine broke causing the engine unable to function properly, as the result of
heavy waves created by “Luna” typhoon. The disabled vessel was, however, successfully towed
to the port of ……. by a tugboat for further repair.
during the voyage, the Master hereby notes his protest against all losses, damages, etc. reserving the
right to extend the same at the time and place convenient.
HARBOUR MASTER MASTER
--------------------------- ---------------------------
84
Exercises:
NOTE OF PROTEST
Fill in the gabs in the text below with correct logical words:
On this day, the .......................... of ..........................in the year of the Lord Two thousand and
..................personally came and appeared before me BRUCE A. YIM of Hong Kong China, Notary
Public, ..........................., Master of the ............................, GT ..............., registered
at............................., and belonging to ……...................., sailing under ......................... flag from
............ ……….on the …......…… day of ................... in the year two thousand and........., which arrived
at this Port on the …........... day of ...….......... in the year two thousand and .........., laden with a
cargo of .........................................,
WHO NOTED AND ENTERED into my Register his/her Protest against wind and sea and more
particularly against damage caused to the vessel and / or her cargo.
Agents: Messrs. East Asia Shipping (HK China), Ltd.
..............................................
Notary Public
Hong Kong China

1. Translate the above Note of Protest (document no.2)into Indonesian language!
2. Practice a real Note of Protest that you have ever made with your partner.
3. Write down your own Note of Protest based on your own case.

85
CHAPTER XII
1. Reading : STCW 2010 Manila Amendments

2. Grammar : Assessment – Elementary Level
3. Speaking : Phrases for Meeting
4. Writing : Definition on STCW I / 1
1. Reading Comprehension: STCW 2010 Manila Amendments

PART – I: Main Description
STCW stands for Standard Training Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers. STCW is produced
and issued by IMO (International Maritime Organisation), one of the United Nation’s Technical Agencies
in charge of Maritime affairs in the world. STCW concerns three domains of international
standardisation:
a. Training refers to standard education and training for seafarers.
b. Certification refers to legality and system of examination and assessment for seafarers.
c. Watchkeeping refers to the arrangement of officers’ watchkeeping duties on board.
Major revisions to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers (the STCW Convention), and its associated Code have been adopted at a
Diplomatic Conference in Manila, the Philippines, thereby ensuring that the necessary global standards
will be in place to train and certify seafarers to operate technologically advanced ships for some time to
come.
The Conference was held in Manila from 21 to 25 June under the auspices of the International Maritime
Organization (IMO), the United Nations specialized agency with responsibility for the safety and security
of shipping and the prevention of marine pollution from ships. The amendments, known as “The Manila
amendments to the STCW Convention and Code” are set to enter into force on 1 January 2012 under
the tacit acceptance procedure and are aimed at bringing the Convention and Code up to date with
developments since they were initially adopted in 1978 and further revised in 1995; and to enable them
to address issues that are anticipated to emerge in the foreseeable future. Amongst the amendments
adopted, there are a number of important changes to each chapter of the Convention and Code,
including:
1. Improved measures to prevent fraudulent practices associated with certificates of competency and
strengthen the evaluation process (monitoring of Parties' compliance with the Convention);
2. Revised requirements on hours of work and rest and new requirements for the prevention of drug
and alcohol abuse, as well as updated standards relating to medical fitness standards for
seafarers;
3. New certification requirements for able seafarers;
4. New requirements relating to training in modern technology such as electronic charts and
information systems (ECDIS);
5. New requirements for marine environment awareness training and training in leadership and
teamwork;
6. New training and certification requirements for electro-technical officers;
7. Updating of competence requirements for personnel serving on board all types of tankers,
including new requirements for personnel serving on liquefied gas tankers;
8. New requirements for security training, as well as provisions to ensure that seafarers are properly
trained to cope if their ship comes under attack by pirates;
9. Introduction of modern training methodology including distance learning and web-based learning;
10. New training guidance for personnel serving on board ships operating in polar waters; and
11. New training guidance for personnel operating Dynamic Positioning Systems.
86
STCW Convention - Revised Chapters
Chapter I : General provisions.
Chapter II : Master and deck department.
Chapter III : Engine department.
Chapter IV : Radio communication and radio Operators.
Chapter V : Special training requirements for personnel on certain types of ships.
Chapter VI : Emergency, occupational safety, Security, medical care and survival
functions.
Chapter VII : Alternative certification.
Chapter VIII : Watchkeeping.
STCW Convention - Revised Resolutions: 19 (Previous: 14)

Besides two resolutions adopting the aforesaid amendments, the Conference also adopted resolutions
on:
▪ Resolution 3 : Expression of appreciation to the host Government;
▪ Resolution 4 : Transitional provisions and early implementation;
▪ Resolution 5 : Verification of certificates of competency and endorsements contained;
▪ Resolution 6 : Standards of training and certification and ships’ manning levels;
▪ Resolution 7 : Promotion of technical knowledge, skills and professionalism of seafarers;
▪ Resolution 8 : Development of guidelines to implement international standards on medical
fitness for seafarers;
▪ Resolution 9 : Revision of existing model courses published by the IMO and development
of new model courses;
▪ Resolution 10 : Promotion of technical co-operation;
▪ Resolution 11 : Measures to ensure the competency of masters and officers of ships
operating in polar waters;
▪ Resolution 12 : Attracting new entrants to, and retaining seafarers in the maritime
profession;
▪ Resolution 13 : Accommodation for trainees;
▪ Resolution 14 : Promotion of the participation of women in the maritime industry;
▪ Resolution 15 : Future amendments and review of the STCW Convention and Code;
▪ Resolution 16 : Contribution of the International Labour Organization;
▪ Resolution 17 : Role of the World Maritime University (WMU), IMO International Maritime
Law Institute (IMLI) and International Maritime Safety, Security and
Environment Academy (IMSSEA) in promoting enhanced maritime
standards;
▪ Resolution 18 : Year of the Seafarer (2010);
▪ Resolution 19 : Day of the Seafarer (June 25).
PART - II: Regualations of the Chapters

CHAPTER I: General provisions
Regulation I/1: Definitions and clarifications
1. Standard of competence
means the level of proficiency to be achieved for the proper performance of functions on board
ship in accordance with the internationally agreed criteria as set forth herein and incorporating
prescribed standards or levels of knowledge, understanding and demonstrated skill;

87
2. Management level
means the level of responsibility associated with: (1) serving as master, chief mate, chief engineer
officer or second engineer officer on board a seagoing ship, and (2) ensuring that all functions
within the designated area of responsibility are properly performed;
3. Operational level
means the level of responsibility associated with: (1) serving as officer in charge of a navigational
or engineering watch or as designated duty engineer for periodically unmanned machinery spaces
or as radio operator on board a seagoing ship, and (2) maintaining direct control over the
performance of all functions within the designated area of responsibility in accordance with proper
procedures and under the direction of an individual serving in the management level for that area
of responsibility;
4. Support level
means the level of responsibility associated with performing assigned tasks, duties or
responsibilities on board a seagoing ship under the direction of an individual serving in the
operational or management level;
5. Evaluation criteria
are the entries appearing in column 4 of the “Specification of Minimum Standard of Competence”
tables in part A and provide the means for an assessor to judge whether or not a candidate can
perform the related tasks, duties and responsibilities; and
6. Independent evaluation
means an evaluation by suitably qualified persons, independent of, or external to, the unit or
activity being evaluated, to verify that the administrative and operational procedures at all levels
are managed, organized, undertaken and monitored internally in order to ensure their fitness for
purpose and achievement of stated objectives.
Regulation I/2 : Certificates and endorsements
Regulation I/3 : Principles governing near-coastal voyages
Regulation I/4 : Control procedures
Regulation I/5 : National provisions
Regulation I/6 : Training and assessment
Regulation I/7 : Communication of information
Regulation I/8 : Quality standards
Regulation I/9 : Medical standards
Regulation I/10 : Recognition of certificates
Regulation I/11 : Revalidation of certificates
Regulation I/12 : Use of simulators
Regulation I/13 : Conduct of trials
Regulation I/14 : Responsibilities of companies
Regulation I/15 : Transitional provisions
CHAPTER II: Master and Deck Department

Regulation II/1: Mandatory minimum requirements for certification of officers in charge of a
navigational watch on ships of 500 gross tonnage or more.
Regulation II/2: Mandatory minimum requirements for certification of masters and chief mates on
ships of 500 gross tonnage or more.

88
Regulation II/3: Mandatory minimum requirements for certification of officers in charge of a navigational
watch and of masters on ships of less than 500 gross tonnage.
Regulation II/4: Mandatory minimum requirements for certification of ratings forming part of a
navigational watch
Regulation II/5: Mandatory minimum requirements for certification of ratings as able seafarer deck.
CHAPTER III: Engine department

Regulation III/1: Mandatory minimum requirements for certification of officers in charge of an
engineering watch in a manned engine-room or designated duty engineers in a
periodically unmanned engine- room.
Regulation III/2: Mandatory minimum requirements for certification of chief engineer officers and
second engineer officers on ships powered by main propulsion machinery of 3,000
kW propulsion power or more.
Regulation III/3: Mandatory minimum requirements for certification of chief engineer officers and
second engineer officers on ships powered by main propulsion machinery of between
750 kW and 3,000 kW propulsion power.
Regulation III/4: Mandatory minimum requirements for certification of ratings forming part of a watch in
a manned engine-room or designated to perform duties in a periodically unmanned
engine-room.
Regulation III/5: Mandatory minimum requirements for certification of ratings as able seafarer engine in
a manned engine-room or designated to perform duties in a periodically unmanned
engine-room.
Regulation III/6: Mandatory minimum requirements for certification of electro technical officers.
Regulation III/7: Mandatory minimum requirements for certification of electro technical ratings.
CHAPTER IV: Radio Communication and Radio Operators

Regulation IV/1 : Application
Regulation IV/2 : Mandatory minimum requirements for certification of GMDSS radio operators.
CHAPTER V: Special Training Requirements for Personnel on Certain Type of Ships

Regulation V/1-1: Mandatory minimum requirements for the training and qualifications of masters,
officers and ratings on oil and chemical tankers.
Regulation V/1-2: Mandatory minimum requirements for the training and qualifications of masters,
officers and ratings on liquefied gas tankers.
Regulation V/2: Mandatory minimum requirements for the training and qualifications of masters,
officers, ratings and other personnel on passenger ships.
CHAPTER VI: Emergency, Occupational Safety, Security, Medical Care and Survival Functions
Regulation VI/1: Mandatory minimum requirements for safety familiarization, basic training and
instruction for all seafarers.
Regulation VI/2: Mandatory minimum requirements for the issue of certificates of proficiency in
survival craft, rescue boats and fast rescue boats.
89
Regulation VI/3: Mandatory minimum requirements for training in Advanced Fire Fighting.
Regulation VI/4: Mandatory minimum requirements relating to medical first aid and medical care.
Regulation VI/5: Mandatory minimum requirements for the issue of certificates of proficiency for ship
security officers.
Regulation VI/6: Mandatory minimum requirements for security-related training and instruction for all
seafarers.
CHAPTER VII: Alternative certification

Regulation VII/1 : Issue of alternative certificates.
Regulation VII/2 : Certification of seafarers.
Regulation VII/3 : Principles governing the issue of alternative certificates.
CHAPTER VIII : Watchkeeping

Regulation VIII/1 : Fitness for duty.
Regulation VIII/2 : Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed.

1. What three aspects of training does STCW imply?
2. How do you diffrentiate the regulations V/1-1 and regulations V/1-2 in chapter V?
3. Mention the five regulations in chapter II!
4. Describe in detail the regulation III/3 in chapter III!
5. How do you define the management level in regulation I/1?
6. What can you explain Resolution 14 for the implementation?
7. Explain at least four important changes in STCW 2010 Manila Amendments!
8. What is meant by the term of ECDIS and Leadership trainings?
Assignment:
Make a summary of the above reading text with your own words, at least 5 (five) sentences.
2. Grammar: Assessment Test – Level I: Elementary

Fill in the blanks with the available word which suits to the instruction.
1. Use Simple Past or Past Continuous:
I ______ directly from London to Singapore last week.
To fly (+)
2. Choose from: Simple Present or Present Continuous, Simple Past or Past Continuous:
It ______ dark when I left the office.
To get (+)
3. One word is missing from the sentence below. Can you find the word?
I don’t know if I will play tennis, it ______ on the weather.
4. Adjectives & Adverbs:

This is a very ______ problem to solve.
difficult
90
5. Find the missing word:
The restaurant is fully booked. Have you made a ______?
Excuse me, can you help me? I ______ to find Wall Street.
To try (+)
7. Personal Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, you, her, us them.
John telephoned while you were out; He said you should call ______ back as soon as possible.

He deals very ______ with the staffs.
good

One of the men ______ my hand and then introduced himself.
To shake (+)
The receptionist was easy to understand because she ______ slowly and clearly.
To speak (+)
I ______ by credit card last time.
To pay (+)
12. Possessive Adjectives/Pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs.
Margaret and I have the same sort of briefcase. This isn’t mine, so it must be ______.
13. Use Simple Present:

I ______ a lot of interesting people in this job.
To meet (+)
Can I try it? It ______ to be very easy to use.
To seem (+)

The book ______ on the table when I saw it last.
To lie (+)
16. Use Past Continuous:

The taxi driver blew the hooter because he ______ impatient.
To become (+)

We were not dressed very ______.
formal
18. Use Simple Past:

We ______ into the city center to do some shopping yesterday afternoon.
To go (+)

91
19. Find the missing word:
I am not very satisfied ______ this product.
20. Interrogative Pronouns: who, whom, which, what, whose.

______ train did you take?
21. Choose from: yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, each other.
Thank you very much for a lovely party last night. We enjoyed ______ a lot.
22. Use Adjective or Adverb:

He has just bought a very ______ car.
expensive
The shop always ______ more at Christmas.
To sell (+)
24. Use Simple Present or Present Continuous:

I ______ a new car next week.
To get (+)
25. Present or Past:

In his last job he never ______ on time for appointments.
To arrive (+)
26. Use Simple Present or Present Continuous:

Can you wait for a while? We ______ an important point right now.
To discuss (+)
My boss usually ______ all the cheques in our office, but yesterday he was away and his
assistant did it.
To sign (+)
28. Use Simple Present:

She ______ about her sales target each month.
To worry (+)
29. Use Adjective or Adverb:

I do a lot of different tasks in the office, but I am ______ responsible for accounts.
chief

Mix the water and the powder ______.
complete
Exercise & Assignment:

After the evaluation of your score, analyse the incorrect answers.

92
3. Speaking: Miscellaneous Phrases for Meeting
1. Prakata – Memulai:
❑ First of all, we must bear in mind……….
❑ There are …… (three) … points I’d like to explain …
❑ I would like to make a few remarks concerning…
to comment on the problem of….
to mention briefly that…
2. Memberikan pujian:
❑ You have raised an important point there.
❑ That’s a very interesting question.
❑ You deserve a lot of credit for all the work you’ve done
3. Memberikan contoh:
❑ I’d like to give you a description as the example.
4. Menginterupsi:
❑ May I interrupt you for a moment?
❑ Could I come in at this point?
❑ Could I say something about…?
❑ I wonder if I could comment on …..
❑ I would like to add something here, if I may?
❑ Before we go any further, may I point out….
❑ Coming back to what I was saying…..
❑ With your permission, I’d rather finish what I was saying.
❑ First, I would like to reply to Mr. …. and then I would like to comment on…..
5. Menyimpulkan:
❑ I’d like to conclude by stating that …
❑ In conclusion, I would like to review that …
❑ Now, we come to the summary of the subject.
❑ Briefly, the main points that have been made are…..
❑ Well, at this stage, I feel I should summarize the matter as it stands….
6. Meminta / Memberikan pendapat:
❑ What is your opinion of….?
❑ What do you think of…..?
❑ I would like to hear your view on….
❑ I would like to ask Mr. ……to give us his view on…
❑ I would like to invite Mr. …..to present his view on….
❑ Allow me to give the floor to Mr. …..
❑ I think Mr. …….is more qualified than I am to deal with this question.
❑ In my opinion / According to my opinion that …
❑ From my point of view…
❑ As far as I’m concerned….

93
7. Meminta Kejelasan:
❑ I’m afraid I do not understand what you mean.
❑ I’m afraid I didn’t quite get your last point. Could you go over it again please?
❑ I’m afraid there seems to have been a slight misunderstanding.
❑ Could you give us some details about ….?
❑ I’m sorry, but could you be a little more precise?
❑ I’m sorry I didn’t quite follow what you said about …
❑ I’m afraid I don’t have enough information at my disposal to answer that.
❑ I think we can leave the problem of…… aside for a moment, the real issue is….
8. Meminta perhatian:
❑ Could I have your attention, please?
❑ Well, everybody! May I have your attention?
9. Menyatakan setuju / tidak setuju:

❑ I agree entirely with your point of view.
❑ I think we are in agreement on……
❑ I agree with you on the whole, but it could be said that…..
❑ I totally/completely disagree with you.
❑ I respect your opinion, of course, however…..
10. Memberikan rekomendasi, usulan, saran dan oposisi:

❑ I strongly recommend that……. / I can thoroughly recommend that…
❑ In our view, it is high time that…..
❑ I would like to propose that…
❑ I am fully in favour of…..
❑ I would certainly endorse such a proposal….
❑ With certain reservations, I would support your proposal.
❑ I am totally opposed to the proposal.
❑ I see no valid reason for supporting the proposal.
❑ Without substantial changes, I cannot give the proposal my support.

1. Write down your own scenario about Meeting Phrases in English correctly!
2. Practice a real conversation with your partner about Formal Meeting.
4. Vocabulary (Shipping Terms): Definitions on STCW I/1 – Part.1

1. Master means the person having command of a ship;
2. Officer means a member of the crew, other than the master, designated as such bynational law
or regulations or, in the absence of such designation, by collectiveagreement or custom;
3. Deck officer means an officer qualified in accordance with the provisions ofchapter II of the
Convention;
4. Chief mate means the officer next in rank to the master and upon whom thecommand of the
ship will fall in the event of the incapacity of the master;
94
5. Engineer officer means an officer qualified in accordance with the provisions ofregulation III/1,
III/2 or III/3 of the Convention;
6. Chief engineer officer means the senior engineer officer responsible for themechanical
propulsion and the operation and maintenance of the mechanical andelectrical installations of
the ship;
7. Second engineer officer means the engineer officer next in rank to the chiefengineer officer and
upon whom the responsibility for the mechanical propulsionand the operation and maintenance
of the mechanical and electrical installations ofthe ship will fall in the event of the incapacity of
the chief engineer officer;
8. Assistant engineer officer means a person under training to become an engineerofficer and
designated as such by national law or regulations;
9. Radio operator means a person holding an appropriate certificate issued orrecognized by the
Administration under the provisions of the Radio Regulations;
10. GMDSS radio operator means a person who is qualified in accordance with theprovisions of
chapter IV of the Convention;
11. Rating means a member of the ship’s crew other than the master or an officer;
12. Near-coastal voyages means voyages in the vicinity of a Party as defined by thatParty;
13. Propulsion power means the total maximum continuous rated output power, inkilowatts, of all
the ship’s main propulsion machinery which appears on the ship’scertificate of registry or other
official document;
14. Radio duties include, as appropriate, watchkeeping and technical maintenance andrepairs
conducted in accordance with the Radio Regulations, the InternationalConvention for the
Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS), as amended and, at thediscretion of each Administration,
the relevant recommendations of theOrganization;
15. Oil tanker means a ship constructed and used for the carriage of petroleum andpetroleum
products in bulk;
16. Chemical tanker means a ship constructed or adapted and used for the carriage inbulk of any
liquid product listed in chapter 17 of the International Bulk ChemicalCode;
17. Liquefied gas tanker means a ship constructed or adapted and used for the carriagein bulk of
any liquefied gas or other product listed in chapter 19 of theInternational Gas Carrier Code;
1. Near Coastal Voyage
2. Propulsion Power
3. Liquefied Gas Tanker
4. Master
5. Chief Engineer
6. Deck Officers
7. Second Engineer

95
CHAPTER XIII
1. Reading : Ports & Port Management

2. Grammar : Present & Past Participles
3. Vocabulary : Definition on STCW I / 2
4. Writing : Application Letter
1. Reading Comprehension: Ports & Port Management

PART – I: PORTS
Port is a facility for receiving ships and transferring cargo. They are usually found at the edge of an
ocean, sea, river, or lake. Ports often have cargo-handling equipment such as cranes (operated by
longshoremen) and forklifts for use in loading/unloading of ships, which may be provided by private
interests or public bodies. Often, canneries or other processing facilities will be located near by.
Harbour pilots and tugboats are often used to maneuver large ships in tight quarters as they approach
and leave the docks. Ports which handle international traffic have customs facilities. A prerequisite for
a port is a deep harbor, of sufficient depth to receive ships. Ports sometimes fall out of use. Rye, East
Sussex was an important English port in the Middle Ages, but the coastline changed and it is now
2 miles (3.2 km) from the sea, while the ports of Ravenspurn and Dunwich have been lost to coastal
erosion. Also in the UK, London, on the River Thames, and Manchester, on the Manchester Ship
Canal, were once important international ports, but changes in shipping methods, such as the use of
containers and larger ships, put them at a disadvantage.
Types of Port
The terms "port" and "seaport" are used for ports that handle ocean-going vessels, and river port is
used for river traffic, such as barges and other shallow draft vessels. Some ports on a lake, river, or
canal have access to a sea or ocean, and are sometimes called "inland ports".
Major Ports

96
Fishing Port is a type of port or harbor facility particularly suitable for landing and distributing fish.
Dry Port is a term sometimes used to describe a yard used to place containers or conventional bulk
cargo, usually connected to a seaport by rail or road.
Port of Dover, UK is the world's busiest passenger port.
Warm Water Port is a port where the water does not freeze in winter. Because they are available year-
round, warm water ports can be of great geopolitical or economic interest, with the ports of Saint
Petersburg and Valdez being notable examples.
Seaport is further categorized as "cruise port" or "cargo port". Additionally, "cruise ports" are also
known as "home port" or "port of call". "Cargo port" is also further categorized into a "bulk" or "break
bulk port" or as "container port".
Port of Kobe, Japan at twilight

97
Cruise Home Port is the port where the passengers board to start their cruise and also debark the
cruise ships at the end of their cruise. It is also where the cruise ship's supplies are loaded for the
cruise. this includes everything from the water and fuels to fruits, vegetable, champagne, and any other
supplies needed for the cruise. "Cruise home ports" are a very busy place during the day the cruise
ship is in port as the passengers along with their baggage debark and the new passengers board the
ship in addition to all the supplies. Currently, the Cruise Capital of the World is the Port of Miami closely
followed behind by Port Everglades and the Port of San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Port of Call is an intermediate stop for a ship on its sailing itinerary which may be half-a-dozen ports.
At these ports a cargo ship may take on supplies or fuel as well as unloading and loading their cargo.
But for a cruise ship, it is their premier stop where the cruise lines take their passengers to enjoy their
vacation.
Cargo ports on the other hand are much more different than cruise ports. They are very different since
each handles very different cargo which has to be also loaded and unloaded by very different
mechanical means. The port may handle one particular type of cargo or it may handle numerous
cargoes such as grains, liquid fuels, liquid chemicals, wood, automobiles, etc., these ports are know as
the "bulk" or "break bulk ports".
Those ports that handle the containerized cargo are know as container ports. Most cargo ports handle
all sorts of cargo but some ports are very specific as to what cargo they handle. Additionally, the
individual cargo ports are divided into different operating terminals which handle the different cargoes
and are operated by different companies also know as terminal operators or stevedores.
PART - II: PORT MANAGEMENT

Port management is the management of ports.
According to a course syllabus at the United Nations University:
Large ports need to deal with a number of disparate activities: the movement of ships, containers
and other cargo, the loading and unloading of ships and containers, customs activities. As well as
human resources, anchorages, channels, lighters, tugs, berths, warehouse and other storage
spaces have to be allocated and released. The efficient management of a port involves managing
these activities and resources, managing the flows of money involved between the agents providing
and using these resources, and providing management information.
Customs
Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs
duties and for controlling the flow of goods including animals, personal effects and hazardous items in
and out of a country. Depending on local legislation and regulations, the import or export of some goods
may be restricted or forbidden, and the customs agency enforces these rules. [1] The customs agency
may be different from the immigration authority, which monitors persons who leave or enter the country,
checking for appropriate documentation, apprehending people wanted by international arrest warrants,
and impeding the entry of others deemed dangerous to the country.
A customs duty is a tariff or tax on the import of or export of goods. In England, customs duties were
traditionally part of the customary revenue of the king, and therefore did not need parliamentary
consent to be levied, unlike excise duty, land tax, or other forms of taxes. Commercial goods not yet
cleared through customs are held in a customs area, often called a bonded store, until processed. All
authorized ports are recognized customs area.

98
1. Red and Green Channels
Customs procedures for arriving passengers at many international airports, and some road crossings,
are separated into Red and Green Channels. Passengers with goods to declare (carrying items above
the permitted customs limits and/or carrying prohibited items) should go through the Red Channel.
Passengers with nothing to declare (carrying goods within the customs limits only and not carrying
prohibited items) can go through the Green Channel. Passengers going through the Green Channel are
only subject to spot checks and save time. But, if a passenger going through the Green Channel is
found to have goods above the customs limits on them or carrying prohibited items, they may be
prosecuted for making a false declaration to customs, by virtue of having gone through the Green
Channel. Canada and the United States do not operate a red and green channel system.
Airports within the EU also have a Blue Channel. As the EU is a customs union, travellers between EU
countries do not have to pay customs duties. VAT and Excise duties may be applicable if the goods are
subsequently sold, but these are collected when the goods are sold, not at the border. Passengers
arriving from other EU countries should go through the Blue Channel. Luggage tickets for checked in
luggage within the EU are green-edged so they may be identified.
2. Privatization of customs
Customs is an important part of the government involved in one of the three basic functions of a
government, namely, administration, maintenance of law, order and justice and collection of revenue.
However, in a bid to mitigate corruption, many countries have partly privatized its Customs. This has
occurred by way of engagement of Pre-shipment Inspection Agencies who examine the cargo and
verify the declared value before importation is effected and the nation Customs is obliged to accept the
report of the agency for the purpose of assessment of leviable duties and taxes at the port of entry.
While engaging a preshipment inspection agency may appear justified in a country with an
inexperienced or inadequate Customs establishment, the measure has not really been able to plug the
loophole and protect revenue. It has been found that evasion of Customs duty escalated when pre-
shipment agencies took over. It has also been alleged that such involvement of such agencies has
been causing delays in the shipment process. Privatization of Customs has been viewed as a fatal
remedy.
3. Customs services by country
Country Customs Service
Australia Australian Customs and Border Protection Service

Canada Canada Border Services Agency
China Chinese Maritime Customs Service
Colombia Fiscal and Customs Police
Customs Administration of the Czech Republic (in Czech: "Celní správa
Czech Republic
České republiky". http://www.cs.mfcr.cz/cmsgrc/.)
France Direction Generale des Douanes
Germany German Customs Investigation Bureau
Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department
Italy Guardia di Finanza
Laos Lao PDR Customs
99
Maldives Maldives Customs Service
Netherlands Tax and Customs Administration
New Zealand New Zealand Customs Service
Peru Superintendencia Nacional de Administracion Tributaria
Poland Border Guard
Romanian Border Police
Romania
Financial Guard
Russia Federal Customs Service of Russia
Custom Service of Slovakia (in Slovak:"Colná správa Slovenskej republiky".
Slovakia
http://www.colnasprava.sk/.)
Spain Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Customs
Sweden Swedish Customs Service
Turkey Turkish Customs Administration [1]
UK Border Agency
United Kingdom
Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs
United States U.S. Customs and Border Protection

1. How do you define the Red and Green channels in customs procedure?
2. How do you diffrentiate the ports and port management?
3. Mention five types of ports that you know!
4. Describe in detail the term of cruise home ports!
5. How do you define the warm water port?
6. What do you know about customs?
7. Explain at least five customs services by country!
8. What is meant by the term of Dry ports and ports of call?
Assignment:
2. Grammar: Participles – Present & Past

Participles are derrived from the verbs that function as adjectives and therefor they describe the nouns.
Participles consist of Present Participles forming V-ing which imply active meaning and Past Participles
forming V3 which imply passive meaning.
A. PRESENT PARTICIPLES: V-ing
1. The quarrellingstudents had gone away when the police arrived (Before Noun).
2. The vessel sailing to Japan got an accident in the South China Sea. (After Noun).
3. After docking in Singapore for a couple of weeks, the ship will be ready to sail to Europe.
(Clause Modifier).
4. The young mannot wearing any clothes is crazy.
100
5. The passing planes can be heard night and day.
6. Being confused with the problem, he asked me to help him.
7. Without saying anything, he left the room immediately.
• Disappointing experience
• Floating wreckage
• Amusing story
• Singing Birds
• A long suffering widow
• A Japanese-speaking boy
B. PAST PARTICIPLES: V3
1. The writtentest will be held tomorrow. (Before Noun).
2. The expenses and budget calculated by our accountant seems unreasonable. (After Noun).
3. Being received in a state university, he feels very happy. (Clause Modifier).
4. The newly-painted vessel looks amazing and nice.
5. The generatorinstalled on my ship is made in Germany.
6. Without being pleased first, he greedily ate the food.
7. Being cut short, his hair looks funny.
8. Having been rejected by the company, John is disappointed.
• Spoiled child
• Worn table-cloth
• Lost team
• Broken home family
• Renovated buildings
• Approved proposal
• Scrapped ships
• Discharged cargo
Miscellaneous Phrases:
• A good-looking young man crew
• A heart-breaking story
• A turned-up nose
• An ill-tempered ship crew
• A left-handed tennis player
• A fly-by-night scheme
• A hard-to-please employer
• A never-to-be-forgotten history
• A life-and-death struggle
• A hit-and-run stylish boxer
• The black-and-blue feeling of overseas students
Make 10 examples of Participles (5 each of Present and Past Participles) based your own sentences on
a piece of paper. Don’t forget to write down your name on it.

101
3. Vocabulary (Shipping Terms): Definitions on STCW I/1 – Part.2

1. STCW Code means the Seafarers’ Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) Code as
adopted by the 1995 Conference resolution 2, as it may be amended by the Organization;
2. Function means a group of tasks, duties and responsibilities, as specified in theSTCW Code,
necessary for ship operation, safety of life at sea or protection of the marine environment;
3. Company means the owner of the ship or any other organization or person such as the
manager, or the bareboat charterer, who has assumed the responsibility for operation of the
ship from the shipowner and who, on assuming such responsibility, has agreed to take over all
the duties and responsibilities imposed on the company by these regulations;
4. Seagoing service means service on board a ship relevant to the issue or revalidation of a
certificate or other qualification;
5. ISPS Code means the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code adopted on 12
December 2002, by resolution 2 of the Conference of Contracting Governments to the
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, as may be amended by
the Organization;
6. Ship Security Officer (SSO) means the person on board the ship, accountable to the master,
designated by the Company as responsible for the security of the ship including implementation
and maintenance of the ship security plan and liaison with the company security officer and
port facility security officers;
7. Security duties include all security tasks and duties on board ships as defined by chapter XI-2
of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS 1974, as amended) and
the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code;
8. Certificate of competency means a certificate issued and endorsed for masters,officers and
GMDSS radio operators in accordance with the provisions of chapters II, III, IV or VII of this
annex and entitling the lawful holder thereof to serve in the capacity and perform the functions
involved at the level of responsibility specified therein;
9. Certificate of proficiency means a certificate, other than a certificate of competency issued to a
seafarer, stating that the relevant requirements of training, competencies or seagoing service in
the Convention have been met;
10. Documentary evidence means documentation, other than a certificate of competency or
certificate of proficiency, used to establish that the relevant requirements of the Convention
have been met;
11. Electro-technical officer means an officer qualified in accordance with the provisions of
regulation III/6 of the Convention;
12. Able seafarer deck means a rating qualified in accordance with the provisions of regulation II/5
of the Convention;
13. Able seafarer engine means a rating qualified in accordance with the provisions of regulation
III/5 of the Convention;

102
14. Electro-technical rating means a rating qualified in accordance with theprovisions of regulation
III/7 of the Convention;
15. Standard of competence means the level of proficiency to be achieved for the proper
performance of functions on board ship in accordance with the internationally agreed criteria as
set forth herein and incorporating prescribed standards or levels of knowledge, understanding
and demonstrated skill;
16. Management level means the level of responsibility associated with:serving as master, chief
mate, chief engineer officer or second engineer officer on board a seagoing ship, and ensuring
that all functions within the designated area of responsibility are properly performed;
17. Operational level means the level of responsibility associated with serving as officer in charge
of a navigational or engineering watch or as designated duty engineer for periodically
unmanned machinery spaces or as radio operator on board a seagoing ship, and maintaining
direct control over the performance of all functions within the designated area of responsibility
in accordance with proper procedures and under the direction of an individual serving in the
management level for that area of responsibility;
18. Support level means the level of responsibility associated with performing assigned tasks,
duties or responsibilities on board a seagoing ship under the direction of an individual serving
in the operational or management level;
19. Evaluation criteria are the entries appearing in column 4 of the “Specification of Minimum
Standard of Competence” tables in part A and provide the means for an assessor to judge
whether or not a candidate can perform the related tasks, duties and responsibilities; and
20. Independent evaluation means an evaluation by suitably qualified persons, independent of, or
external to, the unit or activity being evaluated, to verify thatthe administrative and operational
procedures at all levels are managed, organized, undertaken and monitored internally in order
to ensure their fitness for purpose and achievement of stated objectives
1. STCW Code
2. ISPS Code
3. SSO
4. Certificate of Competency
5. Certificate of Proficiency
6. Electro-Technical Officer (ETO)
7. Able Seafarer Deck
8. Management Level
9. Operational Level
10. Support Level

103
4. Writing (Shipping Documents): Application Letter
Most Application Letters have standard forms and consist of the following paragraphs:
Par.1: Source of Information about the Vacation / Wish / intention
Par.2: Personal Data / Education Background / Degree & Major
Par.3: Current Position / Specialties / Reasons for leaving
Par.4: Recommendation / Readiness for interview / start working / Hope / Expectation
APPLICATION LETTER
__________________ [Name]
__________________ [Address]
__________________ [City, State, Zip]
__________________ [Name of Company]

__________________ [Address]
__________________ [City, State, Zip]
_____________ [Date]
Dear Sir:
I have seen the advertisement for a ___________ [Job position] that you have placed in the
___________ [Source] yesterday, ___________ [Date], and wish to apply for this position.
I am a ___________ [Age] year old [Man/Woman], and I have just graduated from the
Academy of ___________ [Name of school] where I studied from ___________ [Year] until this year. I
have received my ___________ [Degree] in ___________ [Major] and my Masters in ___________
[Major].
Since leaving school, I have been working as a ___________ [Current job position] for
___________ [Name of your current company]. As a ___________ [Position], I created ___________
[Name of your accomplishments] for ___________ [Name of your current company] and its customers.
However, I am eager to broaden my horizons and work in a larger company, and ___________
[Reason for leaving], I feel this is the perfect opportunity to do so.
I have enclosed a recommendation from the Dean of the ___________ [Name of your school],
___________ [Name of your Dean]. I am able to attend an interview at any given time, and can start
work immediately. I am looking forward to hearing a favourable reply from you immediately.
Sincerely Yours,
___________ [Name]

1. Translate the above application letter into Indonesian language!
2. Practice a real application letter that you have ever made with your partner.
3. Write down your own application letter to a shipping company.

104
CHAPTER XIV
1. Reading : Shipping Markets

2. Grammar : Relative Clause
3. Vocabulary : Shipping Terms IV
4. Writing : Phrases for Application Letter
1. Reading Comprehension: Shipping Markets

Shipping Markets
There are four aspects of shipping markets; the newbuilding market, the freight market, the sale and
purchase market, and the demolition market. Each of these markets trades in different commodities.
1) The newbuilding market trades new ships; this is where ships are ordered.
2) The freight market trades sea transport and cargo; this is where ships are chartered.
3) The sale and purchase market trades existing or second-hand ships. Ships are bought and
sold on this market.
4) The demolition market deals in scrap ships; this is where old or obsolete vessels are sold to
scrap dealers.
It is the cash-flow between the four markets that drives the shipping market cycle. At the beginning of
the cycle freight rates rise and cash starts to flow in, prompting shipowners to pay higher prices for
second-hand ships. As prices rise investors focus on the newbuilding market which now looks
attractive. The confidence surge brought about by buoyant prices leads to more orders for new ships.
When these ships arrive on the market a couple of years later, however, the whole process starts to go
into reverse. Freight rates begin to fall reducing the cash inflow just at the time when investors are
paying for their new buildings. Financially weak owners are then forced to sell off ships on the second-
hand market. Eventually ships are traded at bargain prices, before the cycle picks up again and prices
start once more to accelerate.
SHIPPING AND THE ENVIRONMENT (1)

Shipping managers within the European Union are continually looking for innovative ways of reducing
costs and, more importantly, of doing less damage to the environment. Encouraging short-sea shipping
is one way of doing this. Establishing links between sea and inland waterways is another method.
Short-distance shipping is not a new idea. Thousands of wrecked vessels around the Mediterranean,
some of which date back to Roman times, bear evidence to this. Short-sea shipping now carries 41% of
goods traffic within the Community and is the only mode of goods transport with recent growth rates. It
is a means of transport which should, ideally, be promoted as a means of relieving congestion within
the Community.
Today there are efficient services between southern Sweden and Hamburg, between the ports of
Antwerp and Rotterdam, and between south-east England and the port of Duisburg. However the
current volume falls short of its potential capacity. For example, 75% of the timber exported by Finland
to Italy crosses Germany and the Alps although it could go by sea. Shipping managers should therefore
promote short-sea shipping as a real competitive alternative to land transport and certain shipping links,
particularly those offering a way around the bottlenecks in the Alps and Pyrenees should be made a
part of the trans-European network, just like motorways or railways. The European Union has an
important natural asset: a dense network of rivers and canals linking up the basins of the rivers, such as
the Seine, Rhine, Meuse, Schelt, Elbe and Oder, which flow into the North Sea, the Atlantic and the
Baltic. Recently the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal has provided a link to the Danube basin, bringing the
total number of member states that can use this inland waterway network to twelve. Inland waterway
105
transport is quiet and energy-efficient, and takes up little space. In addition it is an ideal form of
transport for dangerous goods, such as chemicals, and also for the carriage of low-cost commodities
over long distances. For example a vessel can travel from Duisburg to Rotterdam, a distance of 225
kilometres, in half a day regardless of conditions which affect other modes. Inland waterway transport is
thus a very competitive alternative to road and rail transport and, following the enlargement of the EU,
could do much to relieve traffic on east-west routes.
SHIPPING AND THE ENVIRONMENT (2)

Shipping is friendlier to the environment than other methods of transport, the reason being that a large
volume of cargo can be transported in an energy-efficient manner, leading to fewer emissions per
amount of cargo transported. It would be unfair not to mention, however, that shipping is also
occasionally guilty of causing environmental problems. These occasional problems include the
following:
Air emissions:
• Exhaust gas emissions of vessels discharging sulphur and nitrogen oxides into the air along
with carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particles and hydrocarbons.
• Cooling agents, extinguishers and volatile organic compounds discharged into the air during
the loading and unloading of tankers.
Water emissions:
• Oil and chemical emissions discharged into the sea, accidentally or intentionally.
• Escape of solid and liquid ship waste into the water.
Other environmental problems:
• Spread of organisms to new areas, threatening the balance of the original biotype. These
organisms are transported in ballast water or when they attach themselves to the bottoms of
vessels.
• Increased surge formation may increase erosion to sensitive littorals.
• Growth in noise pollution.
• Safety risks caused by increasing vessel speeds.
Sub-Standard Ships
A recent incident has highlighted problems with sub-standard ships. It has been revealed that a boxship
which sank off the coast of Yemen following a huge fire had recently failed a port state control
inspection. At the time of the incident the vessel was reportedly travelling from Korea to Rotterdam. The
fire on the vessel blazed in the aft accommodation and cargo area for at least six hours and plumes of
black smoke were sent billowing into the sky 130 nautical miles off Aden. Explosions were still being
heard from the ship the following day.
A Dutch navy frigate sent speedboats to take 27 crew from the vessel, and a helicopter removed one
injured crewman. His condition on board the navy ship was reported to be stable. A ten mile exclusion
zone was established around the boxship, which lost a number of containers overboard. A UK navy
vessel was also in attendance and tugs were summoned to the scene shortly after the vessel had
caught fire. It was reported that the blaze had been caused by a technical fault. As recently as 2001 the
boxship had been detained following a port state control inspection (PSC). The incident is now under
investigation.
The incident highlights recent concerns over sub-standards ships and serves as a reminder that ship
owners and operators need to be familiar with requirements on safety and pollution protection in order
to prepare themselves for PSC which is becoming increasingly widespread at international level. A
spokesman for the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) said that it is in the
106
interest of owners and managers to be fully prepared for these inspections. He added that IACS
checklists identifying the top 50 most common causes of ship detention are now available. The boxship
in question was insured by Britannia Steamship for cargo losses and classed by DNV. Hull cover is
likely to be with Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance, but a great part of the risk will be reinsured out to
London and other international markets. The container cargo of a ship of this size would typically be
worth $150m, indicating that the loss could outstrip damage to the hull.
Interpreting the shipping markets
At the beginning of the year freight rates generally were at an all-time high. Younger members of the
industry were told by older, wiser colleagues how lucky they were to experience such high levels,
usually seen only once in a lifetime. In the Spring, however, the market plummeted displaying all the
hallmarks of a classic shipping “spike”. By mid-year rates had experienced the biggest ever fall in the
shipping market with average Capsize rates collapsing by almost $60,000 on a daily basis from the
January peaks. No-one had reckoned with China, however, which single-handedly reversed the market
and launched it on a further upward trajectory. Imports of iron ore into China surged in a period of one
month, rising 5 Mt between June and July, from 13 Mt to 18 Mt. This was the biggest ever increase in
demand by one country in a single month, and proved just the tonic that was needed for Capsize
owners who had feared the boom was short-lived. The sharp upturn had an immediate effect on smaller
sizes with both Panamax and Handymax rates responding positively and immediately moving upwards.
The rise continued steeply until the beginning of December setting another record peak second only to
February’s first. Few owners can be dissatisfied with this year’s average rates. Everything considered it
was a good twelve months for the record books, with another promising year just round the corner.
1. How do you explain that Shipping seems to be friendly but occasionally guilty to environment?
2. Describe what you know about Shipping Market.
3. What do you know about the problem of water emission in the context of shipping?
4. What is the role of Shipping Managers within Europen Union in term of shipping market?
5. What is meant by Sub-Standard ships?
6. Explain how the shipping market of China significantly increase nowadays.
7. How do sub-standard ships contribute shipping incidents?
8. Desribe the relationship between shipping and environment!
Assignment:
2. Grammar: Relative Clause

Usage
✓ Contains a main clause (independent clause) and a subordinate clause (dependent
clause).
✓ Used to form one combined sentence from two separated simple sentences.
✓ The conjunction (relative pronoun) functions to replace one of two identical noun phrases
and relate the clauses to the others.
Conjunctions:
WHO : For persons (subject position)
WHOM : For persons (object position)
WHICH : For things
WHOSE : For possessive
THAT : For persons or things
107
WHEN : For time
WHERE : For places
WHY : For reasons
Steps Forming the Relative Clause
1. Find out the same / connected words in both sentences.
2. Insert Sub. Clause (b) just after the word into sentence a.
3. Change the word with a suitable conjunction.
Examples:
1. The man who is talking to the personnel manager is our new Master.
2. The ships which do not comply with the standard international regulation will not be permitted
to go sailing.
Exercises 1:
Join the following pairs of sentences to be complex sentences by Relative Clause using conjunctions
who, which, whose or whom.
1. a. The company has just bought a new ship.
b. The ship costs fifteen million dollars.
2. a. Captain Baldwin is the man.
b. The Management Board has recommended him for the job position.
3. a. The lady is angry.
b. The young man is staring at her with strong desire.
4. a. The students often have difficulty understanding new lessons.
b. They seldom spend enough time on free-reading.
5. a. James has received a promotion at the company.
b. His father is the president director of the company.
6. a. Hurricanes often prove to be the most deadly.
b. They are born off the coast of South Africa.
7. a. The company is closing down for two weeks.
b. Its employees are on strike.
8. a. The ships have to pay canal dues.
b. The ships pass by the Panama Canal.
9. a. The crew should wear a safety harness.
b. He is working aloft.
10. a. The cargoes are usually put at the bottom of the hold.
b. The cargoes have a low stowage factor.
11. a. The windlass is found on the forecastle.
b. The anchors are raised and lowered by the windlass.
12. a. Hatchways are covered by the hatch covers.
b. Tarpaulin is then spread over the hatch covers.
13. a. Speed trials take place when the ship is out at sea.
b. During speed trials the ship’s maximum speed is measured.
108
14. a. An officer can proceed working at one of the Norwegian shipping companies more easily
than the other officers.
b. His officer’s certificates has been endorsed by the Norwegian Marine Safety Bureau.
Exercise 2: (Composition)
Read through this description of the Suez Canal. Then add the information below in the appropriate
place using non-defining relative clauses.
The Suez Canal was opened on 17 November 1869. It was designed by Ferdinant de Lesseps. The
Canal joins the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. Although it is twice as long as the Panama Canal,
it cost half as much to build. This was because Suez is a sea-level canal from end-to-end, therefore
locks are unnecessary. The Canal has been widened and deepened several times since it was
opened. It is now about twice its original breadth and depth. Until 1956, the Canal was operated by the
Suez Canal Company. Since this date it has been operated by the Egyptian government.
(a). The Suez Canal took ten years to build.
(b). Ferdinant de Lesseps was a French engineer.
(c). The Canal is 105 miles long.
(d). Locks are expensive to build.
(e). The Canal was originally 58 metres wide at the surface and about 6 metres deep.
(f). The Egyptian government plan to increase its depth to take supertankers.
Exercise 3:
Join the following pairs of sentences to be complex sentences by Relative Clause using conjunctions
who, which, whose or whom.
1. a. Heavy snow has covered most fairways on the North Sea.
b. The snow fell unexpectedly during the week.
2. a. Amateur radio enthusiast Paul Little saved the lives of nine Spanish seamen last night.
b. He heard the SOS signal on his transmitter.
3. a. A set of priceless jewelry of the sinking Titanic white-collar passengers has been
discovered in a house in Liverpool.
b. It was stolen from London museum over ten years ago.
4. a. Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Baker have received more than $. 200.000 compensation from their
local council.
b. Their house was demolished by mistake last month.
5. a. The famous 1950s beauty Nancy Stevens has died in her sleep at eighty-two.
b. The well-known song ‘Beautiful Girl’ was written for her.
6. a. Simon Walsh, twenty-two, appeared at Manchester Crown Court today, charged with
driving without a license.
b. His father is the Conservative MP for Lower Trouton.
7. a. Oil and grease should be cleaned up immediately.
b. They are spilled on the deck.
8. a. My company agent in Kobe told me that I could have a refund.
b. I had spoken to him on the telephone last night.
9. a. The cranes are rarely used in the port.
b. My brother worked as a stevedore there for many years.

109
10. a. The cargo must be carefully handled.
b. Its classification is commonly noted and covered in IMDG Code.
--------------------
Answers Exercise 1:
1. The company has just bought a new ship which costs fifteen million dollars.
2. Captain Baldwin is the man whom the Management Board has recommended for the job position.
3. The lady at whom the young man is staring with strong desire is angry.
4. The students who seldom spend enough time on free-reading often have difficulty understanding new
lessons.
5. James whose father is the president director of the company has received a promotion at the company.
6. Hurricanes which are born off the coast of South Africa often prove to be the most deadly.
7. The company whose employees are on strike is closing down for two weeks.
8. The ships which pass by the Panama Canal have to pay canal dues.
9. The crew who is working aloft should wear a safety harness.
10. The cargoes which have a low stowage factor are usually put at the bottom of the hold.
11. The windlass by which the anchors are raised and lowered is found on the forecastle.
12. Hatchways are covered by the hatch covers over which tarpaulin is then spread.
13. Speed trials when the ship’s maximum speed is measured take place when the ship is out at sea.
14. An officer whose officer’s certificates has been endorsed by the Norwegian Marine Safety Bureau can
proceed working at one of the Norwegian shipping companies more easily than the other officers.
Answers Exercise 2:
The Suez Canal which took ten years to build was opened on 17 November 1869. It was designed by Ferdinant
de Lesseps who was a French engineer. The Canal which is 105 miles long joins the Mediterranean Sea to the
Red Sea. Although it is twice as long as the Panama Canal, it cost half as much to build. This was because
Suez is a sea-level canal from end-to-end, therefore locks which are expensive to build are unnecessary. The
Canal which was originally 58 metres wide at the surface and about 6 metres deep has been widened and
deepened several times since it was opened. It is now about twice its original breadth and depth. Until 1956, the
Canal was operated by the Suez Canal Company. Since this date it has been operated by the Egyptian
government who plan to increase its depth to take supertankers
Answers Exercise 3:
1. Heavy snow which fell unexpectedly during the week has covered most fairways on the North Sea.
2. Amateur radio enthusiast Paul Little who heard the SOS signals on his transmitter saved the lives of
nine Spanish seamen last night.
3. A set of priceless jewelry of the sinking Titanic white-collar passengers which was stolen from London
museum over ten years ago has been discovered in a house in Liverpool.
4. Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Baker whose house was demolished by mistake last month have received more
than $. 200.000 compensation from their local council.
5. The famous 1950s beauty Nancy Stevens for whom the well-known song ‘Beautiful Girl’ was written
has died in her sleep at eighty-two.
6. Simon Walsh, twenty-two, whose father is the Conservative MP for Lower Trouton appeared at
Manchester Crown Court today, charged with driving without a license.
7. Oil and grease which are spilled on the deck should be cleaned up immediately.
8. My company agent in Kobe to whom I had spoken on the telephone last night told me that I could have
a refund.
9. The cranes are rarely used in the port where my brother worked as a stevedore for many years.
10. The cargo whose classification is commonly noted and covered in IMDG Code must be carefully
handled.

110
3. Vocabulary (Shipping Terms): Shipping Terminologies IV
1. INTERMODALISM - The concept of transportation as a door-to-door service rather than port-
to-port, using different forms of transportation, i.e. trains, ships, road but usually with a single
carrier.
2. INTERNATIONAL OIL POLLUTION COMPENSATION FUND - An inter-governmental agency
designed to pay compensation for oil pollution damage, exceeding the shipowner's liability. It
was created by an IMO Convention in 1971 and began operations in October 1978.
Contributions come mainly from the oil companies of member states.
3. INTERTANKO - An association of independent tanker owners whose aims are to represent the
views of its members internationally.
4. ISM Code (International Safety Management Code) – A regulation issued by IMO aims at
improving the management of vessels regarding their safety and lessening the risk of pollution.
5. ISPS Code (International Ship & Port Security) – A Code quickly drafted and implemented by
the IMO members in response of the terrorist attack of WTC on 9 September 2001.
6. JONES ACT - Contentious US Merchant Marine Act of 1920, Section 27, requiring that all U.S.
domestic waterborne trade be carried by U.S.-flag, U.S.-built and U.S.-manned vessels.
7. KNOT - Unit of speed in navigation, which is the rate of nautical mile (1,852 metres or 6,080
feet) per hour. i.e. 1.852 km/h.
8. LAID-UP - Ships not in active service; a ship which is out of commission for fitting out, awaiting
better markets, needing work for classification, etc.
9. LAY-BY - ships that are laid up usually waiting for cargo or a charter, often outside a port.
10. LAYCAN (LAYdays / CANcelling) – A range of dates on which the hire contract must start.
11. LAYDAYS - The days / time allowed to load/discharge the ship where the method of calculation
of the days is fixed by the charter party.
12. LCL - LESS THAN CONTAINER LOAD - A consignment of cargo which is insufficient to fill a
shipping container. It is grouped with other consignments for the same destination in a
container at a container freight station.
13. L/D (Load / Discharge) – A broker’s term: An average loading/discharging rate per day, in tons.
(L/D 6000/3000), usually followed by details of the method of counting the days.
14. LIGHT DISPLACEMENT TONNAGE - The weight of a ship's hull, machinery, equipment and
spares. This is often the basis on which ships are paid for when purchased for scrapping. The
difference between the loaded displacement and light displacement is the ship's deadweight.
15. LIGHTERAGE - Charge for conveying cargo by lighters or barges.
16. LIGHTERING - Conveying cargo with another vessel known as a lighter from ship to shore, or
vice versa.
17. LLOYDS REGISTER OF SHIPPING (LR) - Well-known British classification society.

111
18. LOF (Lloyd's Open Form) – A type of Salvage contract. Revised regularly in order to reward the
work of tug involved in the salvage of laden tankers.
19. LOI (Letter of Indemnity) - In the past it was a letter allowing a Clean Bill of Lading to be
signed even if the goods shipped were known to have a default or shortage, and the Letter
offering a guarantee that it was recognized by the shipper. But lately it is also a Letter
presented by the receiver of the cargo for the delivery of the cargo without presenting an
original Bill of Lading. This practice should only be valid if the C/P mentions this possibility.
20. LOLL - the state of instability caused when a ship is top heavy or has too much water such as
from flooding below decks
1. LCL
2. Intermodalism
3. ISM Code
4. LOF
5. Lighterage
6. LOI
7. Laydays
8. ISPS Code
9. Laid-Up
10. LayCan
4. Writing (Shipping Documents): Application Letter Phrases
I. OPENING SENTENCES:
1. With reference to your advertisement in the ….. for the post of ……. , I take this opportunity to
offer my services for the same.
2. With reference to the advertisement in the ……. of 23 August 2001 for the post of ……., I wish to
submit this application for the job.
3. In response to your advertisement in the ……. of 10 March 1998 for the position of ……., I wish
to apply the post.
4. In reply to your advertisement in the ……. of 20 November 1998 for the position of ……., I wish
to apply the post.
5. In reply to your advertisement in the ……. of 18 August 1998 inviting applications for the post of
……., I wish to offer my services for the post.
6. In response to your advertisement published in the ……. of 3 April 2002 inviting applications for
the post of ……. in your establishment, I wish to offer my services as one of the candidates.
7. I understand that there is a vacancy for …….. in your company and that you wish to fill it up soon.
I offer my services for the same.
8. I write to enquire if there is a vacancy for ……. in your firm.
9. I write to enquire if you could offer me an appointment as a ……. in your reputed firm.
10. I write to enquire if you have a vacancy for ……. in your…...

112
11. I have been told by Mr.…. that you are looking for ….. in your office, I take this opportunity to
submit my application to you for your kind consideration.
12. Being informed that you need ……. , I write, with due respect, this letter to let you know that I am
prepared to take up the position as your ……..
13. I feel compelled to write this letter to ask you if you could employ me as a ……. or in any similar
job in his firm.
14. I take this opportunity to enquire if there is a vacancy of …….. If there is, I wish to offer my
services for the post.
II. MAIN MESSAGE SENTENCES:

1. I am a young man of 22 years with a good health and perfect vision.
2. I am …… years old and have passed …….. in ……..
3. I am …… years old and possess a sound health to meet the demands of the profession.
4. I am …… years old and have completed my …….. course with credit; my ……. is ……. I passed
…….in 19…
5. I am …… years old and have just passed the …….. course with credit in ……. Since I have no
experience in working in any firm, I am prepared to do any kind of work suitable to my training. I
believe I can learn the skills that your job requires and assure you that I will give every
satisfaction to you once I am on your staff.
6. I am …… years old and have passed the Cambridge School Certificate Examination with credit in
English and Science. I have also taken a course in ………. as an additional qualification to
improve my skill in any clerical job I am offered. I enclose copies of my testimonials for your
reference.
7. I am …… years old and have learned up to …….. in ……. At present I am working as a …….
in ….… , but as I am not satisfied with the salary and conditions of employment, I have decided
to terminate my services in the …..
8. I am …… years old and have been in the service of …….. as ……. for the last five years. I have
only ……. education but am able to handle ……. I hold a ……. license and am familiar with …
I have a healthy body and good eyesight for the job.
9. I am …… years old and have worked as …….. for … years. I have gained considerable
experience in + V-ing … and in maintenance of a variety of ……. during my service in the firm.
10. I am a graduate in ……… and have two years’ working experience in ……… company. I am ……
years old and have a sound health to learn the skill that your job requires. I assure you that I
shall do my best to give every satisfaction to as …….
11. I have worked more than …… years as ……..; but as ……. I had to leave my job. I did + V-ing …
besides V-ing … Since I wish to continue a few more years working as ……., I have decided to
approach you.
12. I have obtained a diploma in ……. from …… to improve my skill in the work. Since I have little
prospect in the present job, I feel compelled to seek employment in your….
13. Since leaving school, I have been employed as …… in …… (and subsequently as …… ). Over
the last ….. years I have been working …, I am accustomed to + V-ing …. and am familiar with
……

113
14. I was educated at ……. where I passed the certificate of …… with distinction in ….. As my
parents are not financially well-off to support me for further education, I am compelled to seek
employment where I have future prospects. Since my first interest is a career in …… field, I
have chosen ……. to be my first job.
15. I am willing to work longer hours as long as there is job satisfaction and I am sure I can do my
best in a big company like yours.
III. CLOSING SENTENCES:

1. I should be grateful if you would grant me an interview in case a vacancy arises. I look forward to
hearing from you. Thank you.
2. I should be grateful if you would grant me an interview. A favourable reply will be greatly
appreciated.
3. I would greatly appreciate if you could grant me an interview at your convenience. Thank you.
4. As for my character and devotion to work, you could refer to Mr.…… I look forward to receiving a
favourable answer.
5. I shall produce the testimonials regarding my qualifications if and when you call me for an
interview. I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you.
6. I assure you that I will do my best to satisfy your job assignment. I should be grateful if you could
grant me an interview. Thank you.
7. I can report for work immediately if you so desire. Looking forward to hearing from you.
8. I hope I may have the opportunity to hear a favourable answer from you soon.
9. I hope my application will receive your favourable consideration. Looking forward to hearing from
you.
10. If I am given the post, I can assure you that I will do my best to win your confidence.

1. Translate the above application letter phrases, at least ten, into Indonesian language!
2. Practice a real application letter phrases that you have ever made with your partner.
3. Write down your own application letter to a shipping company.

114
CHAPTER XV
1. Reading : Warehousing
2. Grammar : Condional Clause
3. Speaking : Common Expression for Discussion
4. Vocabulary : Shipping Terms V
1. Reading Comprehension: Warehouse
Green Logistics Co., Kotka, Finland, goods loaded on pallets to the left,
and stacked pallets with no loads to the right.
A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers,
importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc. They are usually large plain
buildings in industrial areas of cities and towns. They come equipped with loading docks to load and
unload trucks; or sometimes are loaded directly from railways, airports, or seaports. They also often
have cranes and forklifts for moving goods, which are usually placed on ISO standard pallets loaded
into pallet racks.
A. Automation and Optimization

Some warehouses are completely automated, with no workers working inside. The pallets and product
are moved with a system of automated conveyors and automated storage and retrieval machines
coordinated by programmable logic controllers and computers running logistics automation software.
These systems are often installed in refrigerated warehouses where temperatures are kept very cold to
keep the product from spoiling, and also where land is expensive, as automated storage systems can
use vertical space efficiently. These high-bay storage areas are often more than 10 meters high, with
some over 20 meters high. The direction and tracking of materials in the warehouse is coordinated by
the WMS, or Warehouse Management System, a database driven computer program. The WMS is
used by logistics personnel to improve the efficiency of the warehouse by directing put away and to
maintain accurate inventory by recording warehouse transactions.
For a warehouse to function efficiently, the facility must be properly slotted. Effective slotting addresses
which storage medium a product will be picked from (pallet rack or carton flow), and how they will be
picked (pick-to-light, pick-to-voice or pick-to-paper). With a proper slotting plan, a warehouse can

115
improve its inventory rotation requirements-- such as FIFO (First In First Out) and LIFO (Last In First
Out)-- control labor costs and increase productivity. (1)
Aisle with pallets on storage racks
B. Modern Trends
Some warehouses are completely automated, with no workers working inside Traditional warehousing
has been declining since the last decades of the 20th century with the gradual introduction of Just In
Time (JIT) techniques designed to improve the return on investment of a business by reducing in-
process inventory. The JIT system promotes the delivery of product directly from the factory to the retail
merchant, or from parts manufacturers directly to a large scale factory such as an automobile assembly
plant, without the use of warehouses. However, with the gradual implementation of offshore outsourcing
and offshoring in about the same time period, the distance between the manufacturer and the retailer
(or the parts manufacturer and the industrial plant) grew considerably in many domains, necessitating
at least one warehouse per country or per region in any typical supply chain for a given range of
products.
Recent developments in marketing have also led to the development of warehouse-style retail stores
with extremely high ceilings where decorative shelving is replaced by tall heavy duty industrial racks,
with the items ready for sale being placed in the bottom parts of the racks and the crated or palletized
and wrapped inventory items being usually placed in the top parts. In this way the same building is used
both as a retail store and a warehouse. Modern warehouses are also used at large by
exporters/manufacturers as a point of developing retail outlets in a particular region or country. This
concept reduces the end cost of the product to the consumer and thus enhance the production sale
ratio. Warehousing is an age old concept which can be used as sharp tool by original manufacturers to
reach out directly to consumers leaving aside or bypassing importers or any other middle agencies or
person.
C. Internet impact
The internet has had an influence on warehouses too. Internet-based stores do not require physical
points of selling. However, warehouses are still required to store the goods. Since direct contact with
customers means many small orders, this is a different situation where stores would be ordering large
numbers of goods. Simply said, warehouses change from shipping large quantities of goods to shipping
large numbers of small quantities of goods.

116
Having a large and complex supply chain containing many warehouses may be costly. Sometimes, it is
beneficial to have one large warehouse per continent. This warehouse should be located at a central
point, where transport is available to all other destinations. At these continental hubs, goods have to be
customized for different countries. For example, goods get a price ticket in the language of the country
where it will go. Making small adjustments to goods at a warehouse is called value added services.
D. Types of Warehouse Storage Systems

Some of the most common types of warehouse storage systems are:
• Pallet rack including selective, drive-in, drive-thru, double-deep, pushback, and gravity flow.
• Mezzanine including structural, roll formed, rack supported, and shelf supported.
• Cantilever Rack including structural and roll formed.
• Industrial Shelving including metal, steel, wire, and catwalk.
• Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) including vertical carousels, vertical lift
modules, horizontal carousels, robotics, mini loads, and compact 3D.

1. What are the most common types of warehouse storage systems?
2. Describe what you know about Warehousing!.
3. Can you figure out the criteria of modern warehouses?
4. How come having a large and complex supply chain containing many warehouses may be
costly?.
5. What is meant by WMS?
6. Explain how some warehouses are completely automated, with no workers working inside!.
7. How has internet had an influence on warehouses recently?
8. Desribe how you define the term ‘ASRS’!
Assignment:
2. Grammar: Conditional Clause

I If you go there tonight, you will meet Tom.
II If you went there tonight, you would meet Tom.
III If you had gone there yesterday, you would have met Tom.
Try to translate the sentences into your own language. They represent different kinds of
conditions.
I Future Possible (Possible condition) – the condition is quite real and possible and is
quite likely to come true.
II Present Unreal (Less likely but possible condition) – the condition is more unlikely to
materialise but still might possibly happen.
III Past Unreal (Impossible condition) – this condition is no longer a realistic option – the
time for it has passed by and it cannot materialise.

117
Study these sentences again:
NOTE: The above sentences are a combination of:

• a main clause : you will meet Tom
• a conditional sub clause: if you go there tonight
• the main clause contains an auxiliary verb: will or would + main verb.
• the conditional clause contains a simple tense form of the verb: go.
USE OF TENSE FORMS AND AUXILIARY VERBS

Study the following sentences:
The use of Tense forms and auxiliary verbs follow a very regular pattern in main clause – if clause
combinations:
if -clause Simple Present, main clause the auxiliary will.

if -clause Past Tense, main clause the auxiliary would.
if -clause Past Perfect Tense, main clause the auxiliary would + have + Past Participle
of main verb, i.e. -ed form of regular verbs or III form of irregular verbs.
NOTE! Other auxiliaries may be used to express the conditions.

Study the following sentences:
I If you listen to the radio, you can improve your knowledge.
If you go there tonight, you may meet Tom. (it is uncertain)
If you go there tonight, you might meet Tom. (it is even more uncertain)
II If Tom were here he might/could help us.

If you listened to the radio, you could/might improve your knowledge.
If you went there tonight you might meet Tom.
III If Tom had been here, he would/could/might have helped us.
Make 15 examples of Conditional Clauses (5 each of type - type I, II, and III) based your own
sentences, and then translate them into Indonesian language.

118
3. Speaking: Common Expressions for Discussion
1. Lecture Introductory (Prakata / Memulai kuliah):
❑ Well, everybody, let’s start our lecture now.
❑ Today, I would like to talk about ….(topic)…
to discuss ……………
to explain ……………
to describe ……………
to begin with ………….
❑ Has anybody ever heard about this?
❑ Now, listen me….(topic) …………
❑ First of all, we must bear in mind……….
❑ There are …… (three) … points I’d like to explain …
2. Asking Questions (Mengajukan pertanyaan):

❑ Any questions, everybody?
❑ Have you already understood about this?
❑ Do you have any question? Have you got anything to ask?
❑ Have you got any comments?
❑ What is your opinion about this?
❑ What do you anything else to ask?
3. Giving Encouragement / Compliments (Memberikan pujian):

❑ That’s good answer, (John)!
❑ Yes, that’s corrects!
❑ (John)! You have given a correct answer.
❑ Very Good, (John)!
❑ You have raised an important point there.
❑ You did a good job / response, (John)!
❑ That’s a very interesting question.
❑ I’ am glad you asked that question.
❑ You deserve a lot of credit for all the work you’ve done (Tony!).
4. Stimulating Competitiveness (Memancing persaingan):

❑ Well, your answer is good enough, but I still need the answer in details.
❑ What about the others?
❑ Do you still follow me?
❑ Come on! Where is my best Student?
❑ Give me your smart ideas!
❑ I’d like to ask (Rudi) to give us his view on this.
❑ Perhaps (Indra) would care to answer this.
❑ I’d like to hear your view on ………
❑ Keep up the good work.
❑ Good boy / Smart girl!

119
5. Giving Examples (Memberikan contoh):
❑ Let me give an example of this subject.
❑ To illustrate this point, let’s consider….
❑ I’d like to give you a description as the example.
❑ Take this view as an example….
❑ For example……./ For instance ….
❑ Here is an example…..
❑ I’II give you a slight example of what I am talking about.
❑ I want to illustrate this point with an example….
6. Concluding / Summarizing (Menyimpulkan):

❑ Let me conclude this subject by saying …
❑ I’d like to conclude by stating that …
❑ In conclusion, I would like to review that …
❑ Well, if I could just sum up the explanation….
❑ To summarize, I think we are in agreement on….
❑ Now, we come to the summary of the subject.
7. Giving Opinions (Memberikan pendapat):

❑ I firmly believe that….
❑ It’s my belief that …
❑ I’m absolutely convinced that….
❑ I think that….
❑ In my opinion / According to my opinion that …
❑ From my point of view…
❑ It seems to me that …
❑ As far as I’m concerned….
8. Giving Agreement / Disagreement (Menyatakan setuju / tidak setuju):

❑ I completely agree / I don’t agree at all.
❑ I agree entirely with your point of view / I totally disagree with you.
❑ I am of exactly the same opinion. / I’m afraid I can’t accept your point of view.
❑ I would tend to agree with you / I respect your opinion, of course, however …
❑ I think you seem right. / I’m sorry I feel I must disagree.
9. Asking for Confirmation (Meminta kejelasan):

❑ I’m afraid I do not understand what you mean.
❑ Could you go over (explain) it again please?
❑ I’m sorry I didn’t quite follow what you said about …
❑ I’m not quite clear what you mean by that.
❑ I think you misunderstand about this.
❑ Could you give us some details about…?
❑ I’m sorry, but could you be a little more precise?

120
10. Closing Lectures (Menutup kuliah):
❑ Well. That’s all for today. Thank you for your attention.
❑ That concludes my lecture today. Thank you.
❑ I hope today’s lecture will be understandable for you.
❑ That’s quite enough for today. Thank you.
❑ Well everybody, I think it’s quite enough for today.
❑ I think it’s time for me to finish the lecture now.
❑ To end today’s lecture, I’II give you a little homework / assignment.
11. Welcoming (Ucapan selamat datang / kembali kuliah):
❑ Welcome!
❑ Welcome back to the campus!
❑ Welcome to the class/ lecture after a nice holiday!
❑ Let me welcome all of you to the lecture!
❑ I’d like to welcome you to the first lesson of mine! I hope you will enjoy it.
12. Getting Attention (Meminta perhatian):
❑ Could I have your attention, please?
❑ Excuse me, everybody! Listen to me now!
❑ (Rudy)! Can you concentrate on the lesson ?
❑ Well, everybody! May I have your attention?
❑ Excuse me, now keep this subject on your mind!
❑ Now keep it on your mind!
❑ Be quiet, please!
❑ Will you hurry up?
13. Asking for Repetition (Meminta pengulangan):
❑ Pardon me! / I beg your pardon!
❑ What did you say?
❑ Could you say it again, please?
❑ Can you speak more slowly / loudly?
❑ Slow down a little, will you?
❑ I’m sorry. I can’t hear you.
❑ Speak up, will you?
14. Giving an Offer (Menawarkan bantuan):
❑ Is there anything I can do for you?
❑ What can I do for you?
❑ Do you want something?
❑ Does anyone have any requests?
❑ Are there any requests?
❑ Do you want me to help you?
❑ Here, let me help you?
❑ Would you like to have assistance for this problem?

1. Write down your own scenario about Common Expressions for Discussion in English correctly!
2. Practice a real conversation with your partner about Formal Discussion.
121
4. Vocabulary (Shipping Terms): Shipping Terminologies V
1. LONG TON (LT) - 1,016.05kg or 2,240 pounds.
2. LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) – The gas produced by the treatment of crude oil, usually carried
in semi-pressurized (5/7 bars) and fully pressurized (18 bars) semi or fully refrigerated LPG
tankers.
3. LUMPSUM FREIGHT - Money paid to shipper for charter of a ship (or portion) up to stated
limit irrespective of quantity of cargo.
4. MANIFEST - A document containing a full list of the ship's cargo, extracted from the bills of
lading.
5. MARPOL (MARine POLlution) - The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships, modified by the several Protocols. Usually known as MARPOL 73/78, this is a set
of regulation aimed at preventing pollution by oil, chemicals, noxious substances, garbage
and sewage water.
6. MOLOO (More Or Less Owner Option) – A chartering term which describes a range of
weights of the goods to be shipped, and often expressed in percentage. MOLOO 50000 10%
= 45000 to 55000 tons.
7. NCNP - No Cure No Pay; A salvage contract term. See also LOF.
8. NET TONNAGE - Equals gross tonnage minus deductions for space occupied by crew
accommodations, machinery, navigation equipment and bunkers. It represents space
available for cargo (and passengers). Canal tolls are based on net (registered) tonnage.
9. NK (Nippon Kaiji kyokai) - Japanese Classification Society.
10. NOR (Notice of Readiness) – The date and time when the ship is ready to load; for instance,
on arrival at the berth or at anchor when the holds are ready. Then the time needed to
proceed to the berth is deducted.
11. NORSKE VERITAS - Norwegian classification society.
12. NVOCC - Non Vessel Operating (Common) Container Carriers - a carrier issuing bills of
lading for carriage of goods on vessels that he neither owns nor operates.
13. OBO SHIP (ORE BULK OIL CARRIER) - A multipurpose ship that can carry ore, heavy dry
bulk goods and oil. Although more expensive to build, they ultimately are more economical
because they can make return journeys with cargo instead of empty.
14. OCEAN WAYBILL - A document, issued by a shipping line to a shipper which serves as a
receipt for the goods and evidence of the contract carriage.
15. OFF-HIRE or DOWNTIME - When a ship is temporarily out of operation, in accordance with
the terms of the relevant charter party, with a loss of agreed hire as a result.
16. OPEN REGISTRY - A term also described as "flag of convenience" or "flag of necessity" to
denote registry in a country which offers favourable tax, regulatory, and other incentives to
ship owners from other nations.
122
17. OPRC - Oil pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation.
18. OVERTONNAGING - A situation where there are too many ships generally or in a particular
trade for the level of available cargoes.
19. PANAMAX - A vessel designed to be just small enough to transit the Panama Canal.
20. PCC (Pure Car Carriers) - Vessel type, able to lift several thousands cars.
21. PDI - Pre-Delivery Inspection; Value added service by inspecting shipped goods when they
leave the sea carrier.
22. P & I - Protection and indemnity insurance. Theoretically an organization settled by a group of
Owners to insure, among other, liabilities not covered by the Hull and Machinery insurances.
23. P & I Club - Protection and Indemnity Association, the carriers mutual liability assurer.
24. PILOT – 1). A person who is qualified to assist the master of a ship to navigate when
entering or leaving a port. In most ports pilotage is compulsory. 2). Experienced local
navigator who advise the master about the peculiarities of the port and its approaches.
Practically the pilot directs himself the manoeuver of the vessel by giving steering orders to
the helmsman and engine orders to the ship mate. On some difficult waterways (Manchester,
Scheldt-Brussels canals) the pilot or an assistant also steers directly the ship. The pilot is
almost never responsible, except on Panama canal where his fault involves the liability of the
canal authorities. Practically this is however limited by the numerous letters of "release of
liability" if the ship has some handicaps such as a bad trim. When the liability of the canal is
anyway involved, the serious delay caused by the investigation of any incident make that
small damages to the ship are cheaper not to report.
25. PILOTAGE - The act carried out by a pilot of assisting the master of a ship in navigation when
entering or leaving a port. Sometimes used to define the fee payable for the services of a
pilot.
26. PLIMSOLL MARK – The marks carved and painted on both sides of the ship, at mid-length,
showing the deepest draft at which the ship can be loaded. Imposed by Mr. Samuel
PLIMSOLL in Britain in 1876. Several levels are indicated: SW= Summer sea water draft,
TW=Tropical sea water draft, W=Winter sea water draft, FW= Summer fresh water draft,
TFW= Tropical fresh water draft.
1. Ocean Waybill
2. Lumpsum Freight
3. MARPOL
4. MOLOO
5. Panamax
6. NVOCC
7. Pilotage
8. Plimsoll Mark
9. Open Registry
10. Net Tonnage
123
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. A. Chalid Pasyah, English for Ship’s Officers and Engineer Officers; KPN STIP, 2016.
2. Alan Branch & M.Robarts, Elements of Shipping, Routledge, 2014.
3. Allister Nisbet, et al., Marlins English for Seafarers, Study Pack 1, Marlins UK, 1997.
4. Allister Nisbet, et al., Marlins English for Seafarers, Study Pack 2, Marlins UK, 1997.
5. Anthony F.Molland, The Maritime Engineering Reference Book, Butterworth, 2008.
6. IMO, Standard Marine Communication Phrases, 2002.
7. IMO, STCW Code, 2010, Manila Amandment.
8. Kathleen T. Mcwhorter, Successful College Writing - Skills Strategies Learning Styles, 4th Ed.,
Niagara County Community College, 2010.
9. Michael V., Advanced Grammar & Vocabulary, MacMillan, 2004.
10. Ron Cowan, Teacher’s Grammar of English, Cambridge, 2008.
11. The Nautical Institute, The Nautical Institute On Command - A Practical Guide - 2nd Edition, 2000.
12. TN.Blakey, English for Maritime Studies, Pergamon, 2000.
13. Tony Grice, English for Mariners - Course Book, Arbeitsbereich Linguistik, wwu Münster, 2009.

Textbook Kalk - Full - Comp.

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Textbook Kalk - Full - Comp.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENGLISH FOR SHIPPING BUSINESS

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU PELAYARAN

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU PELAYARAN JAKARTA

Cetakan Pertama, Januari 2021

Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang

Bumi Marunda, 17 January 2021

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.

CH. READING GRAMMAR SPEAKING VOCABULARY WRITING

English: Parts of Speech,

1. Reading : English: A Requirement in STCW

1. Reading Comprehension: English: A Requirement in STCW

The Requirement of English Language in STCW 2010:

1.2. Code A.II / 4 (page 133):

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.

1.4. Code A.III / 6 (page 172):

1.5. Code A.IV / 2 (page 184):

1.6. Code A.V / 2 (page 209):

Discussion Items and Comprehension Questions:

2. Grammar: Parts of Speech & Level of Expressions

Grammar exercises and Discussion Items:

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.

Speaking exercises and Discussion Items:

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.

3. ARBITRATION - Method of settling disputes usually applied to a charter party.

9. BARREL - 42 United States gallons (3.785lt) at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (15.5°)=159lt.

10. BAREBOAT CHARTER (Demise Charter) –

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.

1. Reading : Aspects of English Learning

1. Reading Comprehension: Aspects of English Learning

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.

Discussion Items and Comprehension Questions:

2. Grammar: Basic Sentence Patterns

1. Subject + Verb + ( Object ) + ( Adverb )

3. - There is a luxurious restaurant on board this vessel

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.

3. Vocabulary: Shipping Terminologies – II

3. BV (Bureau Veritas) – French Classification Society located in Paris.

6. CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRY - A document specifying the nation registry of the vessel.

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.

Parts of Business Letter

3. Reference Line 2. Date Line

8. Body of the Letter 5. Correct:

12. Carbon Copy (CC)

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.

7. Subject Line / Re-Line:

8. Body of the Letter:

12. Carbon Copy (CC):

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL. M.Pd.

1. Reading : Effective Communication

1. Reading Comprehension: The Importance of Effective Communication

1. Tanker mooring accident

2. Bulk carrier grounding

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL.M.Pd.

Discussion Items and Comprehension Questions:

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL.M.Pd.

b. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL.M.Pd.

5. I was born in … (Bandung) , on …. (August 14, 1990)

Speaking exercises and Discussion Items:

A. CHALID PASYAH, Dip.TESL.M.Pd.