Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education

Region VII
Cebu Institute of Technology- University
College of Engineering and Architecture-
Architecture Department

Thesis Title:
Modular Housing Project: A Study on Modular Construction as Cost and
Time Efficient Housing Production in Cebu City

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Architecture
ARCH495 – Research Methods for Architecture – R2 – Cluster 2
SY: 2021-2022

Submitted by:
Fernandez, Jewel May G.
Sobrevilla, DJ I.
 Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Cebu City is one of the oldest cities in the Philippines dating back in the
1500s when the Spaniards first came in the Philippines. It is a highly urbanized city
in the Central Visayas region and a home of almost a million Filipinos making it as
the sixth most populated city in the Philippines.

Over the years, the city's population has increased in significant numbers.
The massive population growth resulted in the rise of demand for houses. There
are housing projects funded by the Local Government Unit (LGU) for illegal
settlers, and the government employees but eventually halted for lack of funds or
some other reason. There are also housing developments from the private sectors
but are unaffordable for average earning Filipinos. Most of the time, the reason
why housing developments are expensive is because of the cost of materials and
construction. In this thesis, the researchers shall introduce Modular Construction
as cost and time-efficient multi-family housing production to accommodate the
housing demand.

Modular, by definition, is a design approach that divides a whole system

into smaller parts. In modular construction, building parts are prefabricated offsite
before being delivered to the site where they are installed. Container restaurant,
pop-up businesses, and offices are some of the examples of this sort of
construction. Modular construction is not only limited to small scale projects, but
this has also been used for big scale projects.

Modular Construction was first introduced in the 1600s but changed and
adapted over the years. In 1800s, during the California Gold Rush, mining was
rampant and needed a fast-housing production. An estimate of more than 500
 prefabricated homes were shipped across California. Modular Construction
became even more popular in the 19th and the 20th century. In 1920s, Buckminster
Fuller started his modular housing experiment named the Dymaxion House. In
1930s, the Winslow Ames House by Robert W. McLaughin was constructed.

The use of modular construction has already been adapted to countries like
the U.S., U.K., and other countries in the west and the east. Although there are
already those that start to utilize modular construction in the Philippines, it is not
widely recognized at the present. So, the researchers thought how helpful it would
be if Cebu will also adapt to modular construction to solve the increasing demand
for new homes.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Cebu City is one of the fastest growing cities in the Philippines, with
numerous possibilities for innovative construction approaches as the city expands.
Modular construction has the potential to be a cost and time efficient home
production method in Cebu City. The city's main problem is its growing population
and rising demand for housing, which puts pressure on family finances and leads
to an influx of illegal settlers. To address the problem, the researchers thought of
using Modular Construction as a construction technique for housing projects. The
purpose of the research is to find answers to the following questions:

• Is modular construction in accordance with the construction standards?

• How does modular construction differ from traditional construction?
• What makes modular construction cost and time efficient?
• Is modular construction sustainable and has less negative environmental
impact than that of regular construction?
1.3 Architectural Goal

The purpose of this study is to prove that modular construction is a cost and
time efficient method of construction. The researchers listed the following
objectives to provide a solution to the study's goals.

1.3.1 To demonstrate that it is cost-effective and efficient for housing projects in

terms of building time.
• Compare and contrast alternative methods of building.
• Interview people in the relevant field to gather information.
1.3.2 To demonstrate that modular construction is in accordance with
construction standards.
• Obtain information from a variety of sources regarding
construction standards.
1.3.3 To demonstrate that it is sustainable for housing projects in Cebu City
• Determine a construction method that is sustainable.
• Examine the city's feasibility.
• Conduct a site analysis.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The researchers believe this study will greatly benefit the following sectors:

1. Community

This study benefits the community as modular construction is time

and cost-efficient. Basically, this makes houses affordable to many.
Also, as modular construction is mostly prefabricated offsite, it
removes most of the construction activity from the site (such as noise
coming from the construction) allowing minimal disruption to nearby
community.
2. Construction Industry

This study benefits the construction industry as modular housing

construction are easier to construct and time convenient. Modular
construction also prevents the possibility of delays due to weather, it
allows for reduced labor costs, and reduced volume of waste.

3. Architects and Engineers

This study benefits the architects as modular construction can

expand their design capabilities.

4. Environment

The prefabrication of materials offsite guarantees less waste during

the assembling process in the construction site.

5. Economy

This study benefits the economy as modular construction increases

the efficiency of production, minimizing costs and decreasing time
needed for the construction of the project.

6. Government
Modular construction is cost and time efficient, with this information,
fast housing production can be achieved. This is significantly
important in emergency situations, whenever there is a need for the
government to provide temporary shelters for calamity victims or
relocation of illegal settlers.

7. Future Researchers

This research will be used as a future reference for academics, the

construction industry, and future creative construction methods,
 notably the Modular Construction method, to create cost-effective
and time-efficient structures for the city's future projects.

1.5 Scope and Delimitations

The scope of this study is to introduce Modular Construction as a new

method of construction in Cebu City with objectives that this new type of
construction is time and cost-efficient, sustainable even, to address the ever-
increasing demand for housing in Cebu City.

It delimits the study only to housing projects and does not include massive
developments. In addition, due to lack of funding for this study, no models,
prototypes, and actual construction shall be made.

1.6 Assumptions

Cebu City's government administration is the study's client. The local

community and its distinct population are the key beneficiaries of the idea. The
local government unit and other private enterprises will handle all construction
costs and miscellaneous, while the National Housing Authority-Region 7 will
handle all legal documentation, agreements, and project obligations.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Construction Industry: Refers to the industry that oversees creating and studying
buildings.

Construction Standards: Is the reference for standard quality materials and

construction method for constructing a building

Cost-efficient: The term used to describe the construction project's lower cost.
Feasibility: This term refers to the city's ability to bring the project to life.

Housing Project: Is a government-run project that provides shelter to illegal

settlers and the general public.

Illegal settlers: Is a term used to describe a group of people who are occupying
property illegally.

LGU: Local Government Unit

Modular Construction: Is an innovative construction technology that employs

prefabricated components and is ready to use.

Site analysis: The overall assessment of the site's potential for future architectural
and building projects.

Sustainable: This term refers to the process of sustaining and constructing a

structure that is both economical and environmentally beneficial.

Time-efficient: Refers to best timeframe for completing the construction

 Chapter 2
Review of Related Studies and Literature

Housing Shortage

In the Philippines, informal settlers are rapidly growing with a population of

1,898,993 families, with 478,889 in the National Capital Region (NCR) alone.
Families residing in high-risk locations must be evacuated to a safer environment
due to the country's susceptibility to catastrophes. The House Representative
Committee on Housing and Urban Development endorsed a resolution proclaiming
the country's housing crisis in order to aid the economy's recovery, growth, and
resilience. As there were only less than 800,000 housing units completed in 2016
to 2020, a total of 6,796,920 housing units are required by 2022. (Hallare, 2021).

Finding a quality property at an inexpensive price is one of Filipino families'

ambitions. As a result of the pandemic, the concept of it evolved, as did its
priorities. The pandemic's main consequence has been economic fallout, as
poverty continues to rise, resulting in more homeless families. Less fortunate
people are left without a roof over their heads because the government requires
them to stay inside and maintain social distancing. Following the government's
provision of suitable socialized housing units and encouragement to relocate,
people tend to decline living in them because they are located in the provinces far
from urban centers and work prospects. As a result, there is an increasing backlog
of housing units (The Manila Times, 2020).

Backlogs of housing are estimated to be around 3.9 million units, with the
potential to expand to around 6.5 million by 2030. As a result, 20 million people,
mostly in Metro Manila, live in slums. Considering the bulk of housing costs 1.7
million to 3 million pesos for a typical family earning less than the minimum salary,
it is far too expensive to meet the rising housing demand. (Ar. Fulgar, 2021).
Modular Construction

Prefabricated materials were utilized in off-site construction even in the

1990s. Although the majority of construction procedures are still done traditionally,
Modular building, on the other hand, is safer, faster, more cost-effective, and
preserves the quality of construction. It is manufactured in a facility, making quality
control and standard inspections easier. The contractor can now operate on-site
and begin manufacturing because construction materials have already been
prefabricated. The project is expected to be completed 50 percent faster than
traditional construction methods. It produces less waste and are more versatile,
particularly in contracting and production in bad weather. Furthermore, because it
can be disassembled, it is reusable and can be utilized for rebuilding. The
disadvantage of modular construction is that it necessitates the use of a company
with a factory to manufacture prefabricated components. Modular construction is,
for the most part, cost-effective in both terms of technology and finance
(Knierim,2019).

According to Building Magazine (2018) the factory-produced modular

building components are delivered on-site and assembled. The following are forms
of modular construction:

⚫ Volumetric System

It's a prefabricated three-dimensional construction unit made of

steel framing. It comes fully furnished, including all internal fixtures and
equipment. It is frequently employed in the construction of larger
structures. Some feature load-bearing walls, which the strength of the
construction reflects.
 ⚫ Panel System

It's also known as flat-panel systems, and it's a two-dimensional

prefabricated system that's built off-site and delivered on-site. Cranes
are used in most applications to place and connect the panels to
construct the structure. Precast concrete, timber, cross-laminated
timber, and isolated panels make up most of the components.

⚫ Pods

A compact modular structure designed to fit into small places

and pair up with another building, most likely modular bathrooms, and
kitchens.

⚫ Hybrid systems

A type of system that combines two or more technologies. It's a

mix of volumetric and panel systems, as well as other precast basic
construction frame elements.

Construction may be faster than in the traditional method, however there

are disadvantages. Fabrication errors may have an impact on the overall
construction process, but they may be readily handled and corrected. It merely
requires less materials for a smaller space, which could result in cost savings.
Modular construction repeated nature may save labor costs, especially if
development is delayed. Off-site construction may reduce waste when mistakes
made in the factory during fabrication can be reprocessed. Traditional method of
building may overlap, but a modular method is designed to build structures in a
considerably shorter amount of time (Building Magazine, 2018).
Construction Cost

In the past, modular construction was seen to be more expensive than its
counterpart traditional on-site construction, but this was the result of designers
trying to fit a design for traditional construction methods in modular construction
projects (Mills, 2017). However, time has passed, and this has changed.

Over the years, modular construction became popular among home

developers in many countries around the globe. Modular construction offers
numerous advantages than the traditional on-site construction method and among
the advantages are reduced on-site labor, reduced material waste, shorter
construction schedules, and less site disruption. The process of constructing
modular structures start off-site, where building parts are prefabricated in sections
called modules and later delivered to the site to be assembled.

Materials and construction are the factors that contribute to the massive
costs of building projects. In modular construction, modules are delivered to the
construction site over 90% complete including plumbing, electrical, and
mechanical works. Upon the arrival of the modules, they are installed using a crane
and only needs to be fastened together. As a result, the amount of work that needs
to be done is reduced. The reduced on-site works and material waste, shorter
construction schedules, and less site disruption cut the costs of the project to a
minimum (Lopez & Froese, 2016). In recent cost estimates, modular construction
was estimated to be around 10-20% more cost-effective than the traditional on-
site construction method (Mills, 2017).

Project Duration

The history of modular construction goes way back in the 1600s but
changed and adapted over time. It was introduced when people started needing a
fast-housing production. In 1800s, during the California Gold Rush, an estimate of
 more than 500 prefabricated homes were shipped across California alone. With
the increasing demand for new homes in Cebu City, modular construction could
be a potential solution for this problem.

Modular construction is a developing construction technology that could

deliver far better outcomes than the traditional on-site construction methods. There
are numerous advantages when utilizing modular construction methods in
constructing a building. In comparison with the traditional on-site construction
methods, modular construction improved the minor drawbacks from traditional
methods such as, faster construction, and increased costs savings. (Kim, 2019)

The main advantage of modular construction is its ability to finish

construction much earlier than in traditional construction methods, because in
modular construction, off-site and on-site works can be done simultaneously. In
modular construction, most of the work needed for the project are done in a factory
where they are prefabricated before the modules get delivered to the site for
assembly. The time spent for the construction of the building using modular
construction method is estimated to be around 25 to 50% less than the traditional
on-site construction methods (BMarko Structures, 2021). In addition, as modular
construction often occurs off-site, it prevents the possibility of delays due to
weather. No more delays in the schedule reduces labor costs and could finish the
project earlier than planned.

Quality of Modular Construction

Prefabrication is not something new in the construction industry, in fact

there were already prefabricated houses in the 20th century. Modular Construction
offers on par standards and an ever-greater versatility to a project as opposed to
the traditional on-site construction methods. In modular construction, most of the
works occur offsite and are about 90% complete when it is delivered to the
construction site for assembly. Hence, its safety and quality are often overlooked
and questioned.

Safety has always been the topmost priority in every construction project.
Modular construction does not only ensure the safety of the future occupant but
also the ones assembling it. Constructions are responsible for numerous accidents
and deaths every year (Despain, Fifadara & Moseley, 2021). In modular
construction, modules need only to be fastened together upon its arrival to the
construction site, therefore with minimal on-site works, this could reduce the
number of accidents and deaths in the construction site.

In addition, quality work is another important aspect in the construction

industry. Materials are stored carefully and are inspected before use. Materials are
also under careful monitoring and are tested, guaranteeing quality and safety
(Northgate Industries, 2019). From project to engineering and design to
component production and construction, modular components go through a
number of stages. One of the top priorities in overall quality management in the
construction industry is to teach workers in all aspects of quality inspection. It
allows for real-time inspection, which helps to prevent problems before the
components are transported to the job site. According to the Construction Industry
Institute, back jobs in industrial construction cost the construction industry an
estimated value of $15 billion each year. Quality assurance was established as a
counterpoint to construction project rework. The disadvantage of the traditional
construction method is rework. In quality audit, which involves an audit schedule,
appropriate remedial activities, discovering and accessing resolutions, and an
audit report. This strategy assures that the performance satisfies the project's
quality standards. Factory accepted testing involves the examination of equipment
and its fabrication capabilities to determine whether it is performing in accordance
with the design specification. Modular construction takes place within a facility, and
its manufacturing is subjected to comprehensive factory Accepted Testing. This
eliminates the need for equipment to be returned to fabricators and vendors
(Despain, Fifadara & Moseley, 2021).
 Chapter 3
Methodology

3.1 Research Design

The study was both qualitative and quantitative type of research.

Quantitative research was a method of collecting data that was relevant to the
subject through the use of samples. Qualitative design explains, discuss, and
characterize the circumstances of a study where data is being collected
individually. The goal of this research is to address Cebu City's housing need by
proposing a cost-effective and time-efficient modular construction approach for
housing developments in the city. The information acquired came from the
experiences, viewpoints, and insights of a construction professional, and it aides
in clearer grasp when it comes to the cost and time-frame differences between
traditional and modular construction methods.

Modular Housing Project: A Study on Modular

Construction as Cost and Time-Efficient Housing
Production in Cebu City

PROCESS:
INPUT: OUTPUT:
For the purpose of data
The viewpoints and gathering, an internet To determine whether
insights of a construction platform was used to modular construction is
professionals particularly conduct an online cost-effective and time-
the Architects, Engineers interview with construction efficient and could solve
and Contractors with in- professionals, and PCC of the ever-growing housing
depth knowledge two distinct construction demand in Cebu City
regarding traditional and methods were used to
modular construction. compare the costs of both
sides.
3.2 Population of Sampling Method

The participants of this study were professionals relevant in the field of

construction, consisting of architects, engineers, and contractors. There was a total
of six (6) participants for this study and as the situation did not allow for in-person
interview, the interview was held online. The participant’s identity and responses
were never disclosed. In addition, due to lack of funding, the researchers could not
build a structure representing a house built using the traditional on-site
construction and modular construction, hence, a project construction cost (PCC)
for similar projects for each type of construction were taken as samples for
comparison.

This study utilized the purposive sampling method. Purposive Sampling, by

definition, is the purposeful selection of participants according to their ability to
explain in detail a particular subject, concept, and phenomenon (Robinson, 2014).
In choosing the participants, the researchers opted for professionals that could
provide in-depth information regarding modular construction.

3.3 Gathering and Analysis of Data

This study utilized a structured interview to collect data from the

participants. A structured interview is an interview where the researchers ask the
participants the same sets of questions. The researchers set an online meeting
with the participants through an online platform as the situation does not allow for
an in-person interview. The questions were answered based on the participants’
experiences and viewpoints. Smartphones were used to record the responses.
The participants’ personal information was kept confidential.

Before conducting an interview, the researchers made necessary

preparations. Firstly, the questions for the interview were constructed by the
researchers and each question were checked for relevance. Secondly, purposive
sampling was used in selecting the participants. Request letters were mailed to the
chosen participants afterwards. Upon getting the participants’ consent to allow
them to be interviewed, the researchers set up an online meeting as in-person
interview was restricted due to the pandemic. The participants were asked
structured questions and the responses were recorded through a mobile phone.
On the other hand, the project construction costs of similar projects built using
traditional on-site construction and modular construction were taken from a
secondary source as it was impossible for the researchers to build a structure
using both method due to lack of funding.

To determine whether modular construction was cost and time-efficient and

could solve the increasing demand for homes in Cebu City, all the necessary data
were collected. After collecting the data, the researchers consolidated and
analyzed all the data. The project construction costs (PCCs) for each method of
construction collected from a secondary source were also analyzed. Lastly, the
researchers interpreted all the data gathered and concluded using descriptive
analysis.
 Chapter 4
Theoretical Background

This chapter presents theories that are relevant in the study of modular
construction and its application in housing projects in Cebu City.

4.1 Housing Demand

As the demand for housing in Cebu grows, the city has developed a high-
rise building community that is out of reach for the average family. These types of
homes are too expensive and incapable of accommodating huge families. It
encourages the family to look for a less expensive place to live, which is usually in
illegal properties or dangerous areas.

Matters of Concern

4.1.1 Affordable Housing

A sufficient amount of money is needed for one to have a home with utilities.
A modest house can cost a million to build, excluding electricity and water supplies
that the house requires. Finding a rental house for less than 10,000 pesos
including bills requires a lot of time and work. The rent surpasses the monthly
budget of a typical family earning less than 20,000 pesos.

4.2 Growing Population

Cebu City's population is growing at a rapid pace. Cebuano families

typically include 6-10 members, which causes a high demand for necessities like
as food, utilities, and housing, which most families are unable to satisfy. The
expanding population has an impact on Cebu's economy and urbanization,
resulting in overcrowding, less work possibilities, and shelters.

Matters of Concern
 4.2.1 Illegal Settlers

Housing shortage is higher in Cebu City, Philippines. It leads to the

settlement of multiple illegal settlers' families in areas prone to natural disasters
and potential risks such as floods, illnesses, and fire. They are unable to meet the
need for appropriate housing due to financial constraints. Housing in Cebu is more
expensive than a typical family's minimum wage.

4.3 Application of Modular Construction

Modular construction has been around for centuries but changed and
adapted over time. Countries around the globe have started to utilize modular
construction for residential developments and even for bigger scale projects. Most
of the time, developers utilize modular construction because of the benefits that
comes with it.

Matters of Concern

4.3.1 Benefits of Modular Construction

Modular construction brings numerous benefits than the traditional on-site

construction. In modular construction, on-site labor is reduced to a minimum since
most of the work is done off-site where materials are being prefabricated before
they are brought to the site. With this, there is less site disturbance and
construction schedules are shorter.

4.4 Modular Construction in the Philippines

Modular construction had already been introduced in the Philippines mostly

for small scale projects such as pop-up businesses, offices, and container
restaurants but other than those mentioned, modular construction is not often used
in the Philippines. While there have been researches backing up the quality of
modular construction-built structures, discussions regarding its structural strength
are still present.
 Matters of Concern

4.4.1 Availability of Materials

One of the main concerns regarding modular construction method is the

availability of materials. In modular construction, the most common materials used
are wood, steel, and cement which are just available in the market. The only
difference is, they are already assembled by parts before they are brought to the
site for installation as opposed to the traditional on-site construction.

4.5 Quality of Materials

Today, developers make use of modular construction for their

developments as one of the benefits of modular construction is reduced
construction costs, but this does not affect the quality of materials at all. The
reduction of construction costs is associated with reduced labor costs due to
shorter construction period and less construction delays due to weather. Quality
materials are still utilized in the construction to guarantee safety to the users as
well as the workers. There are a number of researches backing the quality of
modular construction-built projects but questions are still raised about its quality.

Matters of Concern

4.5.1 Material Costs

The cost of materials for modular construction are often questioned whether
it would be cheap since there is a reduction in construction costs or expensive as
modular construction is a newly developed construction method. Regardless, this
does not affect the costs of the materials. Modular construction focuses more on
the process of construction; hence, material costs are likely be the same.

4.6 Impact on the Construction Industry

 Since modular construction can generate repeating prefabricated
components, it is quicker and faster to construct structures such as many housing
projects and emergency facilities. On the other side, it may have a negative impact
on specific sectors of the construction industry, such as manpower reductions and
economic consequences.

Matters of Concern

4.6.1 Labor Costs

Materials are prefabricated in a factory, reducing the need for on-site labor.
These impacts reduce construction costs without reducing the project's size or
design. It might set off a chain reaction in other industries, denying construction
laborers job possibilities.

4.7 Fast-housing Production

Fast-housing production is significantly important in emergency situations.

This is to temporarily house calamity struck victims. Although, projects are
completed quickly, project quality should never be compromised.

Matters of Concern

4.7.1 Off-site Prefabrication

Modular building requires a factory capable of producing a variety of

prefabricated materials, as well as modifying the sizes and quality. Before the
materials are supplied on-site, the manufacturer will handle all essential
evaluations. This reduces the time spent evaluating materials during on-site
construction and reduces material errors because it can be redone in the factory.

4.8 Quality of the Structure

The quality of the materials utilized determines the structure's quality.

Modular buildings make use of prefabricated materials that are subjected to quality
 checks throughout the process, from product evaluation to quality testing. In the
factory, materials are prefabricated, prepared, and produced by machines, and
examined by expert evaluators. When materials are brought to the construction
site, they guarantee good condition and free of faults.

Matters of Concern

4.8.1 Safety

Production prioritizes the safety of materials, constructors, and users. The

method's primary purpose is to maintain the structure's integrity. When it comes to
safety, quality should never be compromised. Modular construction is thoroughly
examined to ensure that it meets building standards.

4.9 Sustainability of Modular Construction

Sustainability is an important aspect that should be given great

consideration when designing and constructing buildings especially now that we
are facing the consequences of global warming. This challenges designers to
create structures that are not only pleasing but also environmentally progressive.

Matters of Concern

4.9.1 Environmental Effect

In constructing buildings, the environment should never be overlooked.

Global warming is caused by a lot of things, but a large percentage comes from
human activities such as mining, deforestation, factories, developments, etc. The
earth is warming more so than usual. Today, efforts to reduce carbon footprint from
construction works and blending the structures to make it safer for the environment
are in the works.

4.10 Recyclability of Modular Construction

 In relation to the importance of sustainability in structures, recyclability is
also another important aspect in construction that should be given a significant
amount of importance. The ability to reuse the materials for another purpose is
now widely used in effort to minimize the environmental impact of such
developments.

Matters of Concern

4.10.1 Waste Produce

In modular construction, building parts are prefabricated in sections

therefore, it can be disassembled if not in-used anymore. This allows for the
materials to be reusable for another purpose. Its ability to be reused for rebuilding
is a great contribution in minimizing the carbon footprint released in construction
works.
 Chapter 5
Desired Behavior

5.1 The Site

Cebu City is a highly urbanized city in the Central Visayas region. It
is one of the oldest cities in the Philippines whose history dates back to
the 1500s. Today, it is one of the most populated cities in the Philippines
with a population of 964,169 as of May 2020 census and one of the
largest cities in the country with an area of approximately 31,500 hectares.

Figure 5.1.1 LOCATION MAP OF CEBU CITY

Source: Google Maps

The site was selected according to its location, accessibility,

topography, and soil condition. The site location for the proposed housing
project is in Mohon 1, Tisa, Cebu City, Cebu with a total area of 4,006.58
sqm. It is a private property and currently not used for anything. The site is
located in an area where it is easily accessible by public transportation
and residential amenities, such as convenience stores, bakeries, and the
public market, are within its proximity. The lot is surrounded by single-
family homes, and apartments.
 Figure 5.1.2 SITE LOCATION: MOHON 1, TISA, CEBU CITY, CEBU
Source: Google Maps

TECHNICAL SITE DESCRIPTION

LINE BEARING DISTANCE (MTS)
1-2 S 30° 00” 00’ W 60
2-3 N 43° 00” 00’ W 66
3-4 N 29° 00” 00’ E 72
4-5 S 51° 00” 00’ E 35
5-1 S 55° 00” 00’ E 33
Table 5.1.1 TECHNICAL SITE DESCRIPTION

5.2 Climate
Philippines is a tropical country having only two seasons, namely
dry, and wet seasons. In average, Cebu City experiences its lowest
temperature at 24°C during rainy season and goes up to 33°C during dry
season. Cebu City is mostly hot and humid for the whole year, but heavy
rainfalls are often experienced in between June and November.
Figure 5.2.1 MONTHLY AVERAGE DAY AND NIGHT TEMPERATURE IN
CEBU CITY

Figure 5.2.2 MONTHLY AVERAGE HUMIDITY IN CEBU CITY

Figure 5.2.3 MONTHLY RAINFALLS IN CEBU CITY

5.3 Soil
The geology of the project site and its surroundings are composed
of Bulacao Andesite. Bulacao Andesite is comprised of porphyritic
andesite and partly intrusive breccia.

5.4 Site Topography

The chosen site is located in Mohon 1 Tisa, Cebu, Cebu City, and
has a nearly flat elevation with a low percentage of slope that is not visible
on the surface. The soil component can be used to construct any structure
and is ideal for residential buildings and housing developments.

5.5 Mode of Transportation

Taxis and motorbikes, as well as public utility vehicles such as
Jeepneys and Beeps, that run along Katipunan Street, are the options for
getting to the designated site. Although, the project site is not located
along the main access road where jeepneys pass by, there are other
modes of transportation to get to the project site such as a tricycle or
“habal-habal” or simply walk. The project site is only a walking distance
from the main access road.

5.6 Hazard
The project site is neither located within nor near the upland region
of the city, hence, its susceptibility to landslide is low. The figure below
also shows that there is a minor chance that flooding could occur in the
project site.
 Figure 5.6.1 LANDSLIDE HAZARD MAP CEBU

Figure 5.6.2 FLOOD HAZARD MAP OF BARANGAY TISA, CEBU CITY, CEBU
5.7 Solar Path and Wind Path
The project site is surrounded by single-family homes mostly only a
1-storey building. There are a few 2-storey buildings located nearby which
could affect the light and heat distribution. In addition, a junk shop is
located at about 100 meters away from southwest region of the site. This
could have an impact on the quality of air, but this only poses a minor
problem as wind paths can be manipulated to improve the quality of air
that passes through the project site.

5.8 Conceptual Framework

This chapter outlines conceptual frameworks that demonstrate
performance, conceptual design, and socioeconomic evaluation objectives.

⚫ Socio Economic Evaluation

Circulation

Simple, Clear, and Easy to

Understand

Direction should be Movement of the Direct views of spaces

easily perceived by users should be free should be provided so to

occupants from any not disrupt the

obstructions movement of occupants

Figure 5.8.1 Circulation

Circulation is an important aspect in planning. For a building to function

well, it should have a good circulation without the need for any type of signs.
 Space Distribution

Creates a harmonious
setting for the occupants

Arrangement and Areas whose Areas should be

location of building
spaces should be in
relation to their
functions
function are arranged in a way it
somewhat related does not disrupt the
should not be function of other areas
placed away from
each other

Figure 5.8.2 Space Distribution

Space distribution is one of factors that determines good planning. A well-
planned space distribution creates a harmonious setting for the occupants.

Acoustics

respects the occupants'

privacy

Acoustic materials Acoustics materials Acoustics materials

should be provided to should be utilized to should be provided to
control the sound main speech help control noise that
coming from the privacy could disrupt the quality
building of life

Figure 5.8.3 Acoustics

Acoustics is an important aspect that should be considered in building
design. Noise disturbance affects productivity, so it is important to control them.
Acoustics provides the occupants a privacy and isolates any noise that could
disrupt the quality of life.
 Accessibility

promotes exclusivity
regardless of physical
condition

Universal design Provides access for Access should be

should be people with located where it can be
incorporated on all the disabilities easily located
building features

Figure 5.8.4 Accessibility

Accessibility is another factor that determines good planning. Buildings
should be inclusive to everyone regardless of physical condition. Therefore, it
should provide an easy access to people with disabilities.

Light and Ventilation

Improves the occupant’s

well-being and promotes
energy efficiency

The building shall be Window shall open There should be good

provided with windows to the outside to amount of lighting and
to allow sunlight to provide ventilation ventilation penetrating
penetrate the building and circulating inside the
building
Figure 5.8.5 Light and Ventilation
Light and ventilation improves the well-being of the occupant. It eliminates
the sense of isolation in a building and provides a more relaxed environment in a
building. In addition, it also reduces energy consumption which is why it is an
important aspect in building design.
⚫ Conceptual Design

Building Character

Advance and Less

Complex

Application of an Modern design Facade with less

advance construction approach complications
method

Figure 5.8.6 Building Character

The building character will adapt advanced construction methods by
utilizing modular construction. This will allow for a more modern design with less
complexity and flexibility for future development.

Building Form

Prioritized practicality and

resiliency

Creating forms Forms that are Adaptable to potential

depending on their practical will be used disasters
functions to lessen
unnecessary
materials for
construction

Figure 5.8.7 Building Form

 The concept of building form placed an emphasis on the design's
usefulness as well as its resiliency. This may result in the formation of a building
based on its function, it also decreases the cost of unnecessary space and
materials used in construction and making the structure flexible to any potential
calamities.

Building Orientation

Improves adaptability and

comfort

Manipulate the air It is suitable for every

Minimize and enhance
circulation and climate
the building's heat
requirements. acquire proper
ventilation

Figure 5.8.8 Building Orientation

The building orientation is an important factor of the goals. It improves the
building's comfort and adaptability. It can reduce and maximize the amount of
heat that the building accumulates, as well as manage the site's prevailing wind
and determine which orientation is optimal for adapting to varied climates.

Building Interior

Easy and functional

Has no dead space Improves the user's Ensures comfort and

and plenty of mobility in every security
functional space spaces

Figure 5.8.9 Building Interior

 The interior of a building should be simple and useful, with little wasted
space. This will improve movement in all spaces while also ensuring the user's
comfort and security.

Space Requirements

Standard and exact

Spaces are properly Space standard Ergonomics and

arranged. application anthropometrics are
dependent on the being observed.
number of users

Figure 5.8.10 Space Requirements

The area of the spaces is determined based on the area that a single
occupant can acquire and the correct anthropometrics of the users, which will
increase the occupants' quality of life.

⚫ Performance Objectives

Safety

guarantees occupants'
well-being

Building shall utilize The building shall be The building shall

sound materials of construction undergo multiple
standards inspections

Figure 5.8.11 Safety

 Safety should be at the topmost priority in building construction. The
building should be removed from any type of hazard that could harm the
occupant. It should undergo various inspections to guarantee safety.

Sustainability

Environmentally
progressive project

Materials are Minimizing carbon

Reducing material
reusable for another footprint through
waste through
purposes modular construction
modular construction

Figure 5.8.12 Sustainability

As we are currently facing the consequences of global warming, efforts to reduce
the environmental effects of building construction has led to the introduction of
modular construction.

Ergonomics

Promotes and provides the

occupant's well-being and
comfort

Space design should Space dimensions Incorporating

utilize should be enough ergonomics to eliminate
anthropometrical data for occupants to do any harm to the
to determine space their tasks occupants
size

Figure 5.8.13 Ergonomics

 Ergonomics is an important aspect to consider in building design. It
provides comfort to the occupants and promotes quality of life and work
productivity.

Sanitation

Guarantees the occupants'

welfare

The building should The building should The Building

be designed to protect
the occupant’s
the occupants health
health
building should be
provide proper equipped with basic
waste management utilities

Figure 5.8.14 Sanitation

The current situation highlights the importance of sanitation in improving

the quality of life of the occupants. It ensures the welfare and protects the
occupants from health hazards.

Construction

Cost and time efficient

To minimize costs Reducing on-site Shortening construction

through modular labor through schedules through
construction modular construction modular construction

Figure 5.8.15 Construction

 The main construction method to utilize in this project is modular
construction. Most of the construction work is done off-site where building parts
are prefabricated in sections called modules. With this, it shall introduce a new
construction method that is cost and time efficient.

5.9 Laws and Ordinances

The laws and ordinances mandated by the government, which
provide percentage of buildable area, and open spaces, floor area ratio,
building height limit, etc., are with purpose to ensure one’s safety, welfare,
and to provide comfort to the occupants.

Comprehensive Land Use Plan

A comprehensive land-use plan is a document prepared by
the Local Government Units (LGUs) showing the proper use of land
resources in the city. It serves as a guide for the future
developments in the city.

IRR OF PD 1096: The National Building Code of the Philippines

The National Building Code of the Philippines provides
architects a set of guidelines and minimum standards for buildings
in the Philippines. This guarantees safety to the user and their well-
being.

IRR OF BP 344: Accessibility Law

BP 344, otherwise known as the Accessibility Law, is an act
that requires all buildings and establishments in the Philippines to
install facilities and safety design features as access for people with
disabilities.
 RA 9514: The Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008
RA 9514, otherwise known as The Fire Code of the
Philippines, is an act that regulates all buildings and establishments
in the Philippines should adhere to the standard fire prevention and
safety measures. RA 9514 ensures public safety and eliminates
possible causes of fire hazard.

IRR OF BP 220
The Implementing Rules and Regulations of BP 220 is a
policy mandated by the Philippine Government to promote and
encourage private sectors to develop economic and socialized
housing units for average and low-income earning Filipinos.

5.10 Guidelines

Design for Modular Construction: An Introduction for Architects

by the American Institute of Architects (AIA)
The American Institute of Architects published these
guidelines as a reference guide containing set of instructions and
standards to follow when constructing buildings using Modular
Construction. These guidelines are meant as a tool to educate and
provide an understanding to the construction process of modular
construction.
 Chapter 6
Client-User Profile

6.1 Client Profile

Michael Lopez Rama, popularly known as Mike Rama, is the incumbent

Mayor of the City of Cebu. His political career began when he was elected as a
councilor in the City of Cebu in 1992 to 2001. In 2001, Mike Rama became the
vice mayor of the city. He served for three consecutive terms from 2001 to 2010
and was elected as mayor in 2010 to 2016. In 2019, he was elected as the vice
mayor, but took the mayoral office following the death of Edgardo Labella this year.
In November of 2021, Mike Rama took his oath as the new mayor and vowed to
continue and fulfill the former mayor’s promises.

In 2019, Edgardo Labella was elected as the chief executive of the city
government. When he took his oath as the new mayor, he called on the other local
officials to be with him in solving the problems caused by urbanization. The former
Mayor stated that if there are any programs that benefit the people of Cebu City,
then they shall pursue it.

Cebu City is rapidly growing. The rapid growth of the city is causing
tremendous problems to the people of Cebu City. One of the problems that need
to be addressed is the lack of housing programs for the less fortunate. There were
housing projects funded by the Local Government Unit (LGU) but were stopped
due to lack of funds. Oftentimes, the reason why houses cost a fortune is due to
material and construction costs. To address this problem, Mayor Mike Rama shall
continue the housing programs using the modular construction. In modular
construction, construction is more cost and time efficient. This method shall save
the government from expensive costs and long construction duration.
Cebu City Government Mission and Vision

Vision

• The most livable city for all

Mission

• To ensure an environmentally friendly, financially dynamic, pro-active & self-

reliant City Government.
• To have well-informed and participative barangays and communities.

Figure 6.1 Organizational Chart of the Cebu City Government

Source: Official Website of the City Government of Cebu

Objectives

The Cebu City Government wants only the best for all the Cebuanos. Mayor
Mike Rama, the late Edgardo Labella and everyone in the city government are
adamant into solving the problems caused by urbanization. They believe programs
whose objectives are in the best interest of the people should be pursued. Hence,
Mayor Mike Rama shall go on with the housing projects utilizing the modular
construction method to address the lack of housing projects for the less fortunate.
Using the modular construction in building houses is expected to reduce costs and
construction duration to which not only addresses one problem but is also
incredibly useful in emergency situations such as providing temporary shelters for
disaster-hit communities.

User Profile

The users were classified into two namely, the Primary and Secondary Users.

Primary Users

The Local Government Unit (LGU) - are in charge of managing and supervising
each barangay's community. They can quickly identify areas that require
immediate attention during disasters and provide community members with
information.

o Barangay Captain - the head of the council, in charge of supervising and

organizing the community.
o Barangay Council - they oversee every committee that the barangay has
to meet the needs of the community.
o Families – those who will occupy the public housing given by the local
government.

Secondary Users

o Visitors - are persons who will visit to relatives who reside in the
community.