CHARISMA J.

ANTONIO PROF: ANGELICA GOMEZ

BS – PHARMACY 2-1

QUIZ 2:

HISTORY OF PHARMACY
The art, practice, or profession of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing medical drugs.

Apothecary - a druggist or pharmacist, a drug store a pharmacy.

Pharmacy Technicians - A healthcare provided who perform pharmacy related function.
Pharmacology - study of drugs
Ancient Egypt (Kemet) - first to establish official medical healing practices
1500 B.C. - Piprious verbs a scroll that listed over 800 prescription
4000 B.C. - Hippocratic Oath
1820 - the United States pharmacopeia created the standard of manufacturing drugs
1821 - Philadelphia College of Pharmacy was founded
1825 - American journal of Pharmacy (published in 1833)
William Procter Jr - Father of American Pharmacy (founded the American pharmaceutical Association
1852).
John Maish - idea of registered pharmacists 1878
1885 - The Science and Practice of Pharmacy
Quinine - first drug to treat malaria Cocaine - first effective anesthetic
Penicillin - first anti-biotic
Salicylic Acid - made from the bark of the white willow tree used by the ancient Greeks that is the active
forerunner to the active ingredient of Aspirin.
1951 Durham-Humphrey Amendment
1962 - Kefauver - Harris Amendments
1970 Poison Prevention Packaging Act
1970 controlled substances Act
Schedule 1 - with no currently medical use and highly abused (Most dangerous drug)
Schedule 2 - High potential of abuse, considered dangerous
Schedule 3 - potential of abuse is lower than 1 and 2 but more than schedule 4
Schedule 4 - drugs with low potential of abuse and low risk of dependent
Schedule 5 - lower potential for abuse than schedule 4 and consist of preparation containing limit
equinity of certain narcotic.
1990 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act - counseling for patience.
1996 – HIPAA
Ancient Humans
•Origins of pharmacy can be traced to ancient humans (aka "cavemen")
-Learned by observing environment and animal behavior
-Cool water, leaves, dirt, or mud became the first soothing remedies.
-Learned by trial and error
-Shared knowledge with others
Ancient Mesopotamia
•Earliest known record of apothecary practice from Babylon, c. 2600 B C E.
•Healers combined roles of priest, pharmacist, and physician.
•Clay tablets recorded symptoms of illness, prescriptions, and instructions for compounding remedies.
Mithradates VI
•Called Mithradates the Great
•King of Pontus and Armenia Minor (modern-day Turkey), 120-63 B C E
•Developed immunity to poisons by ingesting small, nonlethal doses
•Tested poisons on self and prisoners
•"Mithradates antidote" thought an antidote for any poison
Ancient China
•c. 2000 B C E: Legendary Emperor Shen Nung researched medicinal value of several hundred herbs,
testing many of them on himself
•Wrote the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs
•Today, Shen Nung is still worshipped as the patron god of Chinese drug guilds.
Ancient Egypt
•Two classifications of workers
-Echelons: gatherers and preparers of drugs = modern pharmacy technicians
-Chiefs of fabrication = head pharmacists
•Papyrus Ebers
-Written in 1500 B C E
-800 prescriptions
-700 unique drugs
Ancient India
•The Charaka Samhita recorded more than 2,000 drugs.
•Written in Sanskrit as early as 1000 B C E
•"Compendium of wandering physicians" was the work of multiple authors.
Ancient Greece
•Terra Sigilata, or "sealed earth" -First therapeutic agent to bear a trademark-Originated in Greece
before 500 B C E-Lemnian clay that was blessed, refined, shaped into uniform tablets, impressed with an
official seal, sun-dried, and then distributed commercially
Hippocrates
•Greek physician who lived between 460 and 377 B C E
•Known as the father of medicine
•One of the most notable figures in medicine of all time
•Rejected widely held view that illness was caused by mystic/demonic forces
•Positioned medicine as a branch of science
•Developed the "Theory of Humors"
•Connects personal health to harmony among four bodily fluids: the humors
•Each humor related to a mood or personality characteristic
•Blood (happiness)•Phlegm (lethargy)
•Yellow bile (irritability)
•Dark or black bile (anger)
•Published more than 70 writings on the practice of medicine and apothecary
•Hippocratic Oath: physicians pledge to "do no harm
"Theophrastus
•One of the greatest early Greek philosophers and natural scientists
•Observed and wrote extensively on the medicinal qualities of herbs-Classified plants according to
methods of growth, locales, sizes, practical uses-Known as the father of botany.
•Surprisingly accurate observations and writings date back to about 300 B C E
Dioscorides
•First century C E, Pedanios Dioscorides accompanied Roman armies throughout the known world to
study medicinal treatments.
•His observations and rules for collecting, storing, and using drugs were collected into the five-volume
De Materia Medica, precursor to all modern pharmacopeias.
Galen
•Practiced and taught pharmacy and medicine 130-200 C E
•His principles of preparing and compounding medicines reigned in the Western world for 1,500 years.
•His name still is associated with the class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means:
galenicals.
The Middle Ages
•500-1500 C E
•Monasteries-In the West, pharmacy and medicine were practiced and preserved in monasteries.-
Scientists were taught in the cloisters as early as the 7th century.-Monks gathered/grew herbs to heal
the sick and injured.
The First Apothecaries
•Late 8th century: Arabs separated roles of the apothecary and physician.
•The first apothecaries (privately owned drug stores) were in Baghdad.
•Arab apothecaries developed new medicines using syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters, and
alcoholic liquids.
•Traveling Muslims brought the new system of pharmacy to Europe and Africa.
•1240 C E: In Sicily and southern Italy, Europeans began to separate pharmacy from medicine.
•Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (Emperor of Germany and King of Sicily) issued first European edict
separating responsibilities.
The First Pharmacopeia
•The first pharmacopeia, Nuovo Receptario, published in Florence (now in Italy) in 1498
-Collaboration between Guild of Apothecaries and Medical Society
-One of the earliest interprofessional collaborations
-Savonarola (monk and political leader of Florence) provided advice and guidance.
The Renaissance
•1500-1600 C E
Many scientific advancements
•Renewed interest in culture and the arts
•Expanded European exploration, including of the Americas
•First Anglo-Saxon Organization for Pharmacists: Guild of Grocers
•Monopolized lucrative trade in drugs and spices.
•1617: King James I granted charter for
•Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London
•First Anglo-Saxon pharmacist association
•The First Apothecary in the American Colonies
•Gov. John Winthrop of Massachusetts Bay Colony
•Was unable to persuade English apothecaries and physicians to move to the colonies
•Sought their advice instead and in 1640 began selling apothecary products, both imported and native
to New England
The 18th Century
•Revolutionary war gave U.S. independence from England.
•Notable advancements in pharmacy and medicine were happening on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
•Elizabeth Marshall
•America's first female pharmacist
•Ran the pharmacy established in Philadelphia by her grandfather, Christopher Marshall
•Store was an important supply depot during the American Revolution
•America's first hospital, 1751, Philadelphia
•Founded by Benjamin Franklin
•Jonathan Roberts: 1st hospital pharmacist in America
•John Morgan, pharmacist and physician
•Successor to Jonathan Roberts
•Advocated written prescriptions
•Advocated for pharmacy and medicine as independent practices
•Andrew Craigie : America's first Apothecary General
•Appointed in 1777 when Congress reorganized the Medical Department of the U.S. Army
•Duties included procurement, storage, manufacture, and distribution of the army's required drugs
•Also developed an early pharmaceutical wholesaling and manufacturing business
The 19th Century
•1800s: Pharmacists faced two major threats
-Deterioration of pharmacy practice as they had known it
-Discriminatory classification by the U. of Pennsylvania medical faculty
-1821: Protesting pharmacists voted to create the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
▪America's first college of pharmacy
•School of pharmacy with a self-policing board
•American Pharmaceutical Association-Founded in 1852 to meet the needs for
▪Better communication among pharmacists
▪Standards for education and apprenticeship
▪Quality control over imported drugs
-Membership opened to
▪"all pharmacists and druggists of good character who subscribed to its Constitution and to its Code of
Ethics."
•William Procter, Jr.-"Father of American pharmacy"
▪Graduated from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1837
▪Operated a retail pharmacy
▪Professor of Pharmacy at P C P
▪Leading founder of the American Pharmaceutical Association, later president
▪30 years on the U S P Revision Committee
▪Editor of the American Journal of Pharmacy for 22 years
•The United States Pharmacopoeia (U S P)-Published in 1820
-First book of drug standards to achieve national acceptance
-In 1877, U S P was in danger of discontinuation
-Dr. Edward R. Squibb urged American Pharmaceutical Association to revise U S P
-Publication regained its authoritative stature
•The United States Pharmacopoeia (U S P)-Today, the U S P is considered the official public standards-
setting authority for all:
▪Prescription medicines
▪Over-the-counter medicines
▪Dietary supplements
▪Other health care products manufactured and sold in the United States
•Gregor Mendel-1822-1884-"father of modern genetics"
-Austrian priest and scientist
-Studied inherited traits in pea plants
-Significance of his work not recognized until his research was rediscovered in the 20th century
The 20th Century
•Period of impressive scientific discovery and advancement
•Federal government began regulating the practice of pharmacy.
•Discovery of Penicillin
-Scottish physician Alexander Fleming
-Mass production of world's first antibiotic began during World War II
•The American Council on Pharmaceutical Education
-Cofounded in 1932 by multiple pharmacy-related associations
-Established standards for
•Baccalaureate degree and doctor of pharmacy
•2000: PharmD became sole entry-level degree for the profession
•Approval of continuing pharmacy education providers (1975)
-Name became Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education in 2003
•Polio was the most frightening public health epidemic in postwar America
•Polio vaccine -Late 1940:
Jonas Salk developed the vaccine
-Tested on nearly 2 million school children-Successful trials results and vaccine announced in 1955
•Biotechnology
-Drugs produced using living organisms such as yeast, bacteria, or mammalian cells
-Majority manufactured through recombinant D N A technology:
•A human gene capable of triggering specific protein production is inserted into a living organism and
cultured in a laboratory.
•Fragile proteins means drugs administered only by intravenous or subcutaneous injection.
-Most biotech drugs tested for use in treatment of cancer/cancer
-related conditions Pharmacogenomics
•Study of individual genetic differences in response to drug therapy
-May predicts whether a patient will have a severe, negative reaction to a prescribed medication
-May aid in selection of better medications for patient
-Simple, rapid D N A test used
-Still in development
Evolution of the Pharmacist's Role
•Traditional Era (1900-1930)
-Formulating and dispensing drugs derived from natural sources
•Scientific Era (1930-1960)
-Development of new drugs; scientific testing; new regulations on efficacy of medications, mass
production of synthetic drugs and antibiotics
•Clinical Era (1960-1990)
-Pharmacists expected to dispense drug information, warnings, advice, and suggestions to patients.
•Pharmaceutical Care Era (today)
-Practice of pharmacy focused on ensuring positive outcomes for drug related therapies.
-Philosophy of pharmaceutical care incorporates all three previous eras.
Evolution of the Pharmacy Technician
•Role can be traced to echelons of ancient Egypt.
•Role did not evolve significantly until the late 20th century.
-Up to mid-1900s, pharmacy technicians were
▪Called assistants, aides, or support personnel
▪Mostly children of pharmacists working at family pharmacies
▪Only received informal and on-the-job training
•Military Pharmacy Technicians
-Mid-1940s: U.S. military developed standardized training and competency requirements; delegated
more responsibility
•Move for Standardization
-1990s: national certification examination, model curriculum for training, and specific mention of
technicians in state pharmacy practice acts
-Standards are unfortunately neither equal nor consistent between states.
-National organizations and stakeholders continue to push for collective standardization.
•National certification
-Since 1995,
Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (P T C B) has certified over 425,000 pharmacy technicians
through their certification exam and transfer process.
▪~275,000 active P T C B
-certified pharmacy technicians
-National Health career Association (N H A)
▪Exam for the Certification of Pharmacy Technicians E x C P T)
▪Institute for the Certification of Pharmacy Technicians (I C P T)
•Where we are today
-Since 2013, all but six states regulate practice of pharmacy technicians (Not C O, H I, M I, N Y, P A, W I).
-Some states require mandatory, accredited formal education and training, while others require
certification (either national or state) and many states now require registration, licensure, or a
combination of all three.
-Contact your own state board and know your state's requirements.
The Future of Pharmacy and the Pharmacy Technician
•Occupational outlook for pharmacy technicians
-Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts about 12% growth in pharmacy technician employment by 2026.
-Advancement opportunities, such as lead tech and supervisory positions, are most readily available for
pharmacy technicians with significant training or experience working in large pharmacies and health
systems.
Medication Therapy Management (M T M) and Pharmacists
•M T M is a service that optimizes therapeutic outcomes for individual patients.
•Pharmacists provide medication therapy review, pharmacotherapy consultations, immunizations,
disease-state management, and health and wellness programs.