ACKNOWLEDGEM

ENT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my English teacher
valenina madam who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic “problem of urbanization”. This
project helped me a lot in gaining adequate
knowledge about the topic. I have completed
this project after proper analysis and
research and I came to know about so many
new things. I am really thankful to my sister
and guide, who have devoted their precious
time in completing my project. Secondly I
would also like to thank my parents who
helped me lot in finishing this project. I am
making this project not only for marks but
also to increase my knowledge and intellect
development.
 DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that this project on
“problem of urbanization”is completely
done by me and my partner.it is not
copied from anywhere.I have taken
guidance of my teacher miss valentina
nahak .I have also taken the opinion of
my elders.
 INTRODUCTION
Urbanization is as a process where by populations
move from rural to urban area to achieve economical
socially, politically objectives. These includes better
education,health care,sanitation,housing,business
oppertunities and transportation . Moreover, people
mostly undertake urbanization due to more work
opportunities and a better standard of living. According
to the expert prediction, by 2050, 64% of the
developing world and 86% of the developed world will
be urbanized.Increasing urbanization have great
influence people who live in urban as well as rural
areas .so we will discuss what are the major problems
of increase in urbanization . Poblems arises due to
increase in urbanization :-
The Urbanization is good for economic growth, but
it must be well planned. Due to unplanned
urbanization india facing too much problems such
as limited houseing, unemployment, improper
sanitation ,Health problems and social problems etc.
Water and cities

Half of humanity now lives in cities, and within two

decades, nearly 60 per cent of the world's people
will be urban dwellers. Urban growth is most rapid
in the developing world, where cities gain an
average of 5 million residents every month. The
exploding urban population growth creates
unprecedented challenges, among which provision
for water and sanitation have been the most
pressing and painfully felt when lacking.

Two main challenges related to water are affecting

the sustainability of human urban settlements: the
lack of access to safe water and sanitation, and
increasing water-related disasters such as floods
and droughts. These problems have enormous
consequences on human health and well-being,
safety, the environment, economic growth and
development. The lack of adequate water and
sanitation facilities leads to health issues such as
diarrhoea, malaria and cholera outbreaks. Though
water supply and sanitation coverage increased
between 1990 and 2008, the growth of the world's
urban populations jeopardizes those results. While
between 1990 and 2008 1052 million urban
dwellers gained access to improved drinking water
and 813 million to improved sanitation, the urban
population in that period grew by 1089 million
people.
An estimated 96 per cent of the urban population
globally used an improved water supply source in
2010, compared to 81 per cent of the rural
population. This means that 653 million rural
dwellers lacked improved sources of drinking water.

Globally, 79 per cent of the urban population used

an improved sanitation facility in 2010, compared to
47 per cent of the rural population.

Those who suffer the most of these water-related

challenges are the urban poor, often living in slum
areas or informal settlements following rapid urban
growth, in situations lacking many of life's basic
necessities: safe drinking water, adequate sanitation
services and access to health services, durable
housing and secure
tenure.
EFFECTS AND
CAUSES:-
1) Houseing
Due to urbanization ,population of cities
increasing rapidly. So there is a shortage of houses as
number of people are very large.These people not
getting proper hygiene facilities.
▪️Rise in cost of houses .
▪️Rise in rentals.
▪️Architectural design.
▪️Transformation of slums into township.
2)Health problem :
The urban population cause many health factors
lead to the spread of communicable and non-
communicable diseases, pollution, poor nutrition, road
traffic, and   problems like allergies, asthma, infertility, food
,poisoning,cancer and even premature death.
3.Improper sanitation :
Municipality and local governments are faced
serious resource crisis in the management of sewage
facilities. As a result sanitation become poor & they
are drained into river, lakes, or seas.

4)Accidents and safety :

⭕growing traffic in urban areas is linked
with a growing number of accidents and
facilities ,especially in developing countries.
⭕Accident account for a significant share of
recurring delays.
⭕As traffic increases,people feel less safe for
use the street.
5)Land consumption :
⭕The territorial imprint of transportation is
insignificant ,particularly for the automobile .
⭕Between 30% and 60% of a metropolitan
may be devoted to transportation ,an outcome of the
over-reliance on some form of urban transportation .
⭕yes, this land consumption also underlines
the stategic importance of transportation in the
economic and social welfare of cities.

4.Traffic congestion
. There are two main problems that modern day cities
face, namely urban decay when parts of the city
become run down and undesirable to live in, and
traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is caused by

. Many people working in the C.B.D. which may have

narrow streets

. Shortage of off-street parking which means people

park on the roads and so increase congestion

. People not using public transport - either because it

is less convenient, too expensive or not available

. More people own and use cars

. As an example of how bad traffic jams now are, a

hundred years ago it took about one hour to travel
from Paramatta to the centre of Sydney (Australia) by
horse and cart. Today it takes longer by car. As well as
causing aggravation stationary traffic cause severe air
pollution from exhaust fumes. Various solutions to
these problems have been tried.
. Ring roads and by-passes; these can be unpopular as
countryside around towns and cities are lost when
they are built

. Park and Ride - you park your car on the edge of the
built up area and then ride a bus or train into the
C.B.D. One way streets to speed up traffic flow

. Multi-storey car parks

. Banning cars from the from the C.B.D ., either with

pedestrianised streets (e.g. Renfield Street in Glasgow)
or by stopping them coming into the city centre at all.
Cars are banned from the centre of Milan (Italy) on
Sundays.

. Charging car drivers when they enter the city centre.

A complete solution to traffic congestion needs
people to be able and willing to travel on public
transport more.
What are these problems and how can they be
solved?

. People moving from the rural area to the urban area

causes problems.

. There is concrete evidence that overwhelming

numbers ofpeopleare leaving rural areas in hope of
finding better a job and enhancing their life. According
to the annual statistics report, city population grows
five percent each year as a result of migration of rural
dwellers to cities.

. The report of 2005 stated that although migration to

cities may benefit the rural people in terms of job
opportunity and improved life style, the problems of
this migration cannot be overlooked.
. These problems can be classified as those which
affect cities in short-term, such as air pollution, and
those with their profound effect on the whole society,
such as loss of rural cultures. This essay examines rural
migration related issues and provides solution for
each kind.
 Conclusion :
After the discussing the problems due to increase in
urbanization, we come to know it is very important to
control rapid urbanization. For this following steps
should be taken :

Give more Employment opportunities to rural areas.

open some factories or industries in rural areas.

> Make school & colleges in rural areas so that rural
children don't have to come to cities for education.

Government should undertake rural development

plans and

> Build sustainable and environmentally friendly cities

to avoid health problems.

provide proper medical facilities in rural areas.

 Bibliography :
1. Foundation course - II Textbook ( FYBCOM)
www.villagesworld.com

2.The Times of India Newspaper daily dated as on 12th

Feb 2017 wwwurbandeveoplment.com