1. Explain how cells specialize to form specific tissue and organs.

Cells are all made up of the same basis. As stated in the article, “But whether it is "level
one" or "level four" organs, the basic premise is the same. You need a source of the
patients' own cells, and you need to coax them into growing in the right way.” These
cells can form specific tissues and organs by altering the way they change and grow.
Each engineered organ that is made must be put into situations that stimulate those that
authentic organs endure to ensure that the organ will function exactly like any other one
like it. "Every cell has the right genetic information to create the organ. You just need to
put them in the right environment," says Atala.

2. Explain what is already being accomplished in the areas of tissue and organ
bioengineering and what still remains to be accomplished.

So far, we have made a great many tissues and organs using bioengineering. From
artificial skin and cartilage, as well as tube-like organs such as blood vessels and wind
pipes. We have even gone on to organs like the stomach and bladder. Although we’ve
accomplished so much with making these organs and tissue, there is still one level we
have yet to achieve. That level involves solid organs that are more complex with the
others we have accomplished making. We are still currently in the process of creating
these organs and as Anthony Atala has said, “Every cell has the right genetic
information to create the organ. You just need to put them in the right environment,”

3. Provide an example using one organ for each of the four levels of complexity.
Why is it difficult to make level four organs in a lab?
Level one complexity consists of the flat-like organs. These only contain a few cells
which makes them easier to create than others and one example of this organ would be
skin. Level two starts getting a little more complex. These are the tube shaped organs.
They have slightly harder to recreate shapes and more cells than level one. For
example, windpipes just like Beyene’s. Level three is the hollow sac-like organs. These
are harder due to the fact that they have to perform on demand just like the stomach
when it is doing its job of digestion. Level four is where it gets the most complex. This
level contains solid organs that have complicated architectures and are thicker than all
the other levels. It has complex levels of cells and it requires extensive networks of
blood and other systems in order to function. This level is difficult to make in labs due to
the difficulty of growing them. As stated, “Incorporating these vessels into growing
organs, especially at the microscopic scale required, is a particularly vexing problem.
Without cracking it, lab-grown organs will always stay small and simple.