Unit: 2:-SOLUTIONS ‘TOPIC: TYPE OF SOLUTION & CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS ‘Type of Solution | Solute | Solvent | Common Examples Gaseous Solutions |Gas__| Gas. Mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases Liquid Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas Solid Camphor in nitrogen gas Liquid Solutions | Gas ‘Oxygen dissolved in water Liquid Ethanol dissolved in water Solid Glucose dissolved in water ‘Solid Solutions | Gas Solution of hydrogen in palladium Liquid Amalgam of mercury with sodium Solid Copper dissolved in gold “Mass of solute ‘Mass of solution fa solution Is described by 10% glucose in water by mass, it means that 10 g of glucose is dissolved In 90 ofwater resulting in ¢ 100 g solution ‘Volume of the component Total volume of solution For example, 10% ethanol solution in water means that 10 mL of ethanol is dissolved in water such that the total volume of the solution is 100 ml. 3, Mass by volume percentage (w/v): It is the mass of solute dissolved in 100 mL of the solution. 4. Parts per million (ppm). It is defined as the amount of substance in grams in 10° of solution. e.g,, 10 ppm of SO, means 10 cm? of SO. present in 10° cm’ of air. Mass of solute ‘Mass of solution 1. [Mass per cant (w/ 100 2. Nolume percentage (v/v): 00, 107 PP! 5. Mole-fraction (x). Itis ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the total number of moles of all the components. No. of moles of sohate ‘No.of moks of solute + No.of moles of sohent By », M, mame We We My” Wa Mole-fraction of solute(B) = No.of moles of sokeat Mole-fraction of solvent (A) No. of moles of solute + No.of moles of solvent om wt ffhus , +x,=]] 6. Molarity (M). itis expressed as the number of moles of solute per litre of solution. Molarity (M)=N&2f moles of sole _ Wrokste 1000 Titres of solution Msohute Volume of solution (mil. lv. Wsolute _ 1000 x density of Solution Msolute Mass of solution 7 ry (m). It is defined as number of moles of solute per 1000 g or 1 kg of solvent. No.of moles of solute _ Wselute 1000 Keg of solkeat Motte Wagay in gramsQUESTION BASED ON MOLALITY, MOLARITY, MASS PERCENTAGE, VOLUME PERCENTAGE, PARTSPERMILLION MOLE FRACTION L : Molality, Molarity, Mass percentage, Volume percentage, Partspermillion (ppm), Mole fraction. their formulas also. 2. Which out of the Molality & Molarity is better way to express the concentration of solution and why? 3. How does a change in temperature influence values of molarity and molality. 4, Concentration terms such as mass percentage, ppm, mole fraction and molality are independent of ‘temperature, however molarity is a function of temperature. explain, 5. Under what conditions molarity and molality of a solution nearly the same. 6. solution is heated from 25°C to 50°C.Will its molarity be same less or more. Comment. 7. What is the sum of the mole fractions of all the components in a three component system? 8 Calculate the molarity of @ solution containing 5 g of NaOH in 450ml solution. 9. Calculate molality of 2.5 of ethanoic acid (CHsCOOH) in 75g of benzene. 10. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions :{ a) 30g of Co(NOs),.6H.0 in 4.3L of solution (b) 30m! of 0.5H,SO. diluted to 500ml. 11. Calculate Molality, Molarity & Mole fraction of Ki if the density of 20 9%( mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1.202g/ml. 12. Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the solution is 1.504 g/ml? 13.An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6g of ethylene glycol. C:H (OH) 2 and 200g of water. Calculate molality of solution. if the density of the solution is 1.072 g/ml then what shall be the molarity of the solution? 14. solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w. What should be the molality and mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2g/ml, then what shall be the molarity of the solution? 15. f the density of some lake water is 1.25 g/ml and contains 92g of Na’ ions per kg of water, calculate the molality and molarity of Na* ions in the lake. 16, Calculate the amount of benzoic acid required for preparing 250 ml of 0.15M solution in methanol. 17. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (CsHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCla)if 22g of benzene is dissolved in 122g of carbon tetrachloride (CCI). 18. Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol. C:H« (OH) 2in a solution cont Hq (OH) 2 by mass. 19, Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride (CCl.). 20, Calculate the mass of urea (NH,CONH.) required in making 2.5 kg of 0.25 molal of aqueous solution. 21.Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (CsHeOs) in acetonitrile (CHsCN)when 6.5g of (CsHe0s) in dissolved in 450g of (CHsCN). 22.A sample of drinking water was found to be contaminated with chloroform (CHCls) supposed to be carcinogen. The level of contamination was 15ppm (By mass). (i) Express this in percent by mass. {li)determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample. 23. Nalorphene (CisH2iNOs}, similar to morphine Is used to combat withdrawal symptoms in narcotic users Dose of Nalorphene, generally Is 1.5 mg.Calculate the mass of 1.5 X 10? molal aqueous solution for the dose. 24. If the solubility product of CuS is 6 X 10", calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in aqueous solution. 25. Calculate the percentage composition in terms of mass of a solution obtained by mixing 300g of a 25% and 400g of 40% solution by mass. ing 20% of ethylene glycol.| ToPic : SOLUBILITY OF A GAS IN A LIQUID, HENRY LAW & APPLICATIONS 1. Henry's law(Statements) > The lawstates that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas i ctly proportional to the pressure of the gas. > The mole fraction of gas in the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution. > “the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) Is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas. (x) in the solution r Partial pressure of the gas in solution = Ky = mole fraction of gas in solution where Kx is Henry's law constant. or p=Ky .x where ‘x is mole fraction cf gas in solution. “i * — Itis obvious thet higher the value of Ky at a n pressure, the lower is the solubility of the ges in the liquid . i > The solubility of gases increases with decrease of temperature. Itis due to this reason that aquatic species are more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters + Effect of Temperature : Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with rise in temperature As dissolution is an exothermic process, the solubility should decrease with increase of temperature. 2. Applications of Henry’s law > Inthe production of carbonated beverages: To Increase the solubility of CO: in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure. > Inthe deep sea diving: Scuba divers must cope with high concentrations of dissolved gases while breathing air at high pressure underwater. Increased pressure increases the solubility of atmospheric gases in blood. When the divers come towards surface, the pressure gradually decreases. This releases the dissolved gases and leads to the formation of bubbles of nitrogen in the blood. This blocks capillaries and creates a medical condition known as bends, which are painful and dangerous to life. To avoid bends, as well as, the toxic effects of high concentrations of nitrogen in the blood, the tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with helium (11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen). > At high altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen is less than that at the ground level. This leads to low concentrations of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitudes or climbers. Low blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and unable to think clearly, symptoms of a condition known as anoxia.QUESTION BASED ON SOLUBILITY OF A GAS IN A LIQUID, HENRY LAW & APPLICATIONS 1. State Henry law with its mathematical expressions. Explain the significance of Henry's law constant. At same temperature, hydrogen is more soluble in water than helium .Which will have larger value of Ki 2. What is the significance of Henry's Law constant KH? 3. Mention some of Important applications Henry law. 4. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised? . What is the effect of rise in temperature on solubility of a gas? ‘Why do aquatic species remain more comfortable in lakes in winters than in summers? Explain the following phenomena with the help of Heary’s law. i) Painful condition known as bends. (i) Feeling of ‘wealmess and discomfort in breathing at high altitude. ‘Why soda water bottle kept at room temperature fizzes on opening? 9. If Nz gas is bubbled through water at 298 K, how many millimoles of N, gas would dissolve in 1 litre of water Assume that Nz exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar . Henry's law constant for N2 at 293K Is. 76.48 bar. 10. HS a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell is used for the qualitative analysis. if the solubility of HS in ‘water at STP is 0.195m, calculate Henry's law constant 11. Henry's law constant for CO; in water is 1.67x 10*Pa at 298 K .calculate the quantity of CO, in 500m| of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO> pressure at 298 K. 12. The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing 6.56 x 10g of ethane is 1 bar. if the solution contains 5.00 x 10 g of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of the gas? 13, Henry's law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at 298 K is 4.27 x 10° mm Hg. Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 K under 760 mm Hg. TOPIC : VAPOUR PRESSURE OF LIQUID- LIQUID SOLUTIONS, VAPOUR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS OF SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS, IDEAL SOLUTIONS, NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS, AZEOTROPES: 1. Vapour Pressure of Liquid- Liquid Solutions (Raoult’s law for a solution of volatile liquids): “In solution of volatile liquids the partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution Is directly proportional to its mole fraction.” P,© xy, Py =P, 7, P, is vapour pressure of pure component ‘A’ P, ty Pa=Ph zy Ph ls vapour pressure of pure component Protai=Pat Pa -.Prota= Pi x, + Py Xe 2, Mole Fraction in Vapour Phase: Pays Pret! & Ps= Ye Prot 3. Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids: ‘VAPOUR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS OF SOLIDS IN] Decrease nthe vapour pressure of the solvent an uauips account of the presence of solute in the tolvent ‘The vapour pressure of the slution at a given {temperature i found to be lower than the vapour bressure ofthe pure solvent at the same temperature In the solution, the surface hes both solute end solver solecues; thereby the faction oft by the soivent molecules gets reduced. Consequerty the number of selvent molecules escaping from the surface is corresponding reduced. thus, the vapour pressure isaisorecuees surface covered Soham te e4._Ideal Solutions : TDEAL SOLUTIONS The plot of vapour pressure and mole fraction of an Ideal solution at constant temperature {i) Solutions which obey Reoult’s law at all the temperstures. ii) A~B interaction s same as A~A and B-B. attractions (ii) AH, (08 AV oa Examples : Benzene + Toluene 2 n-Hexane + n-Heptane 5._Non-Ideal Solutions Showing Positive Deviation & Negative Deviation from Rault’s Law: NONAIDEAT SOLUTIONS SHOWING ‘The vapour pressures of two component systems as a POSITIVE & NEGATIVE DEVIATION FROM | function of composition (a) a solution that shows RAOULT’S LAW positive deviation from Raoult’s law and (b) a solution that shows negative deviation from Raoult’ law. Pa Now-Ideal Solutions Showing Positive Deviation from | peas inws Das PoP ance Pb Be ed AV va are +Ve. (i) A~8 interaction is weaker than A~A and 8~6 interactions .Exampie: C,H,OH + Water Non-ideal Solutions Showing Negative Deviation from Rault’s Laws{i) P, +P,

Near ie Solvent er) |UESTION BASED ON COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY, RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE 1. Define colligative properties. 2. Show that Relative Lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property. 3. Vapour pressure of water at 293K is 17.535 mm Hg .calculste vapour pressure of water at 293 K when 25 g of glucose Is dissolved in 450 g of water. 4. Asolution is prepared by dissolving 10g of non volatile solute in 200 g of water .It has a vapour pressure of 31.84 mm of Hg at 308 K.Calculate the molar mass of the solute.(Vapour pressure of pure ‘water at 308K is 32 mm of Hg.) 5. At25°C the saturated vapour pressure of water is 3.165 k Pa (23.75 mm Hg).Find the saturated vapour pressure of a 5% aqueous solution of urea at same temperature.(molar mass of urea =60.05 g/mol) 6. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature Is 0.850 bar. A non volatile, non electrolyte solid weighing 0.5 g when added to 39.0 g benzene (molar mass 78g/mol).vapour pressure of the solution then is 0.845 bar. what is the molar mass of the solid substance? 7. Calculate the mass of a nonvolatile solute (molecular mass = 40) which should be dissolved in 114g ‘octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%. 8. Asolution containing 30g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90g water has 2 vapour pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298K. Further 18g of water is then added to solution, the new vapour pressure becomes 2.9kpa at 298 K.Calculate (a) Molecular mass of solute (b) Vapour pressure of water at 298K 9. An aqueous solution of 2% nonvolatile solute exerts 9 pressure of 1.004 bar at the boiling point of the solvent what Is the molecular mass of the solute? (Vapour pressure of pure water =1atm=1.013 bar) 10. Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 Kis 23.8 mmHg .50 g of urea (NHzCONH:)is dissolved in 850 g of water .calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution and its relative lowering. 11. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal solution of a non-volatile solute in it.TOPIC:ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT Elevation in Boiling point: The tempereture, at which vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal to atmospheric pressure, is called boiling point.It has been found that the boiling point of a solution is always higher than that of the boiling point of the pure solvent. The difference in boiling point of solution and pure solvent is called elevation of boiling point. (AT = Te - Ts) Reason for Elevation in Boiling point vapour pressure of the solution is lower than that of the pure solvent & vapour pressure Increases with increase In temperature hence solution has to be heated more to make the vapour pressure equal to atmospheric pressure eng pane Experiments shows that for dilute Sate! sna solutions the elevation of boiling point ual Va (AT» is directly proportional to the molal & concentration of the solute in a a solution. A Ty = Ky « m ‘Weolate 1000 Vapour preseare > AT, = Ky x sme. _ Moolute Wester #9 rams als T?; be the boiling point of pure solvent Tenaauiae/ — and T, be the boiling point of solution The increase in the boiling point AT,= Ta Tis known as eleval boiling point. Kg is Boiling Point Elevation Constant or Ebullioscopic Constant or Molal Boiling Point Constant. Question based on Elevation in Boiling point 1. Why does a solution containing no volatile solute have higher boiling point than pure solvent. Show that Elevation of boiling point is 2 colligative property n oF 2. How will you determine the molecular mass of a non volatile substance by study of Elevation of bolling point of a solution? 3. Explain why on addition of 1 mol of NaCl to 4 litre of water, the boiling point of water increases, while addition of 1 mol of methyl alcohol to one litre of water decreases its boiling point 4. Out of 1M glucose and 2M glucose which one has e higher boiling point and why. 5. What is molal elevation constant? What are its units? How is it related to enthalpy of vapori solvent? 6. 18 g glucose CeH,:0s is dissolved in 1 kg of water boil? ky for water is 0.512 Kkgmol*. 7. Find the boiling point of a solution containing 0.520 g of glucose dissolved in 80.2 g of water. Ky for water is 0.52 KKgmol* 8. Asolution of glycerol(CsHsOs) in water wes prepared by dissolving some glycerol in 500 g of water. This solution has a boiling point of 100.42°C. What mass of glycerol was dissolved to make this solution? (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol”) 9. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23K.when 1.80 g of a non volatile solute was dissolved in 90 g of benzene, the boiling point is raised to 354.11K.Calculate the molar mass of the solute? Ks for benzene is 2.53 KKgmol#. ion of a saucepan. At what temperature will solution10. Boiling point of water at 750 mmHg is 99.63°C.How much sucrose is to added to 500 g water such that it boils at 100° C. 11. What would be the molar mass of a compound if 6.21 g of Its dissolved in 24 g of chloroform to form a solution that has a boiling point of 68.04°C .The boiling point of pure chloroform is 61.7°C and Ke for chloroform is 3.63 °C /m. 12. A solution of 3.800 g of sulphur in 100 g of CS, (boiling point = 45.30" C) boils at 46.65" C. What is the formula of sulphur molecule in this solution ? (Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 mol and Ks for CS2 = 2.40 K kg mol) 13. A solution prepared by dissolving 1.25g of oil of wintergreen in 99.0g of benzene has a boiling point of 80.31°C Determine the molar mass of this compound(8.P. of pure benzene = 80.10°C and K, for benzene is 2.53 Kkgmol*..) 14. Why common salt is added to water used for boiling eggs to get hard boiled eggs? 15. 10 g of sucrose and 10 g of glucose are dissolved in same volume of water to prepare two solutions X and Y .will they have same or different bolling points? TOPIC: DEPRESSION OF FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION OF FREEZING POINT:The temperature at which solid and liquid are in equilibrium, ic., they have same vapour pressure. it has been found that the freezing point of a solution is always lower than that of the freezing point of the pure solvent. The difference between freezing point of pure solvent and freezing point of solution is called depression in freezing point (AT). (QTe= Ty Tp) Reason for Depression of Freezing point Vapour pressure of the solution is lower than that of the pure solvent .As freezing point is the temperature at which vapour pressure of the liquid and the solid phase are equal, therefore for this solution this will occur at lower temperature (Because vapour pressure lowers with decrease In temperature) Experiments shows that for dilute solutions Depression of Freezing point (ATyis directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solute in a solution. [AT AT, = K, « Wsolute 1000 Msolute — Weaea in grams > Ty be the freezing point of pure solvent and 7; be the freezing point of solution. The decrease in the freezing point AT;=T°- T; is known as Depression of Freezing point. where K,is called Freezing point depression constant or molal depression constant or cryoscopic constant‘QUESTION BASED ON DEPRESSION OF FREEZING POINT 1. Show that depression of freezing point is a colligative property. 2. How will you determine the molecular mass of a non volatile substance by study of depression of freezing point of a solution. 3. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes below 273 K.Exp: water with the help of a sultable diagram. 4, What is molal depression constant? What are its units? How solvent? 5. How does sprinkling of salt help in clearing the snow covered roads in hilly areas? Explain the phenomenon involved in the process. 6. 1.00 of non-clectrolyte solute is dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by 0.40K.The freezing point depression constant of benzene Is 5.12kKgmol Find the molar mass of the solute. 7. 45g of ethylene glycol (C2H<02)is mixed with 600g of water .calculate(a)Freezing point depression (b]Freezing point of the solution. k, for water = 1.86 K kg mol* 8. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (C6HB06) to be dissolved in 75g of acetic acid to lower its melting point by 1.5°C. K,for acetic acid = 3.9 K kg mol 9. Asolution containing 2.56 gm of sulphur in 100 g of carbon disulphide gave a freezing point lowering of 0.383 K Calculate the molecular formulae of Sulphur | k;of carbon disulphide = 3.83 K kg/mol Atomic mass of S =32 amu] 10. 15g of an unknown molecular substance was dissolved in 450g of water.The resulting solution freezes at -0.34°C.What is the molar mass of the substence. 11. What mass of ethylene glycol{molar mass ~62) must be added to 5.50kg of water to lower the freezing point from 0°C to -10°C?{ K; for water = 1.86 K kg mol* 12. Two elements A & B form compounds having molecular formula AB & ABs. When dissolved in 20g of Ges, 1g AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3 & 1.0g ABs lowers it by 1.3K.The molar depression constant for benzene is 5.1Kg mol". Calculate atomic mass A & B. the lowering in freezing point of related to enthalpy of fusion of 13.5% solution (by mass) af cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271.15 K. calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of water is 273.15 K. 114. A.4% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has freezing point of 271 K. calculate the freezing point Cf 58 glucose in water if freezing point of water is 273.15 K. 15. Calculate the temperature at which a solution containing 54g of glucose in 250g of water will freeze. K; for water Is 1.86 Kkemol 16. In a solution of urea, 3.0 g of its Is dissolved in 100 ml of water. What will be the freezing point of this solution ? State the approximation made if any. [Ky for water = 1.86 K kg mol, molar mass of Urea = 60g mol] 17. Some ethylene glycol (C:He0.) is added to your cars cooling system along with 5 kg_of water.If the freezing point water-glycerol Is -15°C ,what is the boiling point of the solution? (K=1.86 Kkg mol* & K_=0.52 K kg mol" for water) 18, What are antifreeze solutions? Which substance is commonly used es antifreeze? TOPIC:OSMOSIS AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE 1. SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANES (SPM): These membranes appear to be continuous sheets or films, yet they contain a network of submicroscopic holes or pores.Smalll solvent molecules, like water, can pass ‘through these holes but the passage of bigger molecules like solute is hindered. Membranes having this. kind of properties are knawn as semipermeable membranes (SPM). These membranes can be ofanimal or vegetable originand these occur naturally such as pig’s bladder orparchment or can be synthetic such as cellophane. 2. Osmosis. The process of flow of solvent molecules from solvent to the solution through SPM Is calledThe flow of solvent from dilute solution to the concentrated solution across a semipermeable membrane is due to osmosis. The important point to be kept in mind is that solvent molecules always flow from lower concentration to higher concentration of solution. 3. Osmotic pressure:The osmotic pressure of a solution is the excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent osmosis, Le, to stop the passage of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane into the solution. 4, Osmotic pressure Is a colligative property as It depends on the numberof solute molecules and not on their identity.For dilute solutions, it has been foundexperimentally that osmotic pressure Is proportional to the molarity, C of the solution at a given temperature T Weotute 1000 Moolute "Volume of solution (mu). 5. Osmotic pressure, II = CRT where ‘C’ is molarity IT= R = 0.0821 L atm K* Mot"T is temperature in Kelvin. 6. Measurement of osmotic pressure provides another method of determining molar masses of solutes This method is widely used to determine molar masses of proteins, polymers and other macromolecules. 7. The osmotic pressure method has the advantage over other methods as pressure measurement is, around the room temperature and the molarity of the solution is used instead of molality. 8. As compared to other colligative properties, its magnitude is large even for very dilute solutions. Th ‘technique of osmotic pressure for determination of molar mass of solutes Is particularly useful for biomolecules as they are generally not stable at higher temperatures and polymers have poor solubility. 9. Isetonie solution. Two solutions having same osmotle pressure at a glven temperature are called Isotonic solutions.They have same molar concentration. Le. ,-2, When such solutions are separated by semipermeable membrane no osmosis occurs between them. 10. All Intraveinous injections must be Isotonic with body fluids. The osmotic pressure associated with the fluid inside the blood cell is equivalent ta that of 0.9% (mass/volume) sodium chloride solution, called normal saline solution and it is safe to inject intravenously. 11. Hyper tonic If x, ~x, P* solution is hypertonic solution w.r.t. 2"! solution. The solution, whose concentration Is higher than the red blood corpuscles, Is called hypertonic. When R.B.C. Is placed In the solution, R.B.C. Is placed In the solution, R.B.C. shrinks due to plasmolysis. 12. If we place the cells in a solution containing more than 0.9% (mass/volume) sodium chloride, water will flow out of the cells and they would shrink. Such a solution is called hypertor 13. Hypotonic 2™ solution is hypotonic w.r-t. I" solution. The solution, whose concentration is lower than the red blood corpuscles, is called hypotonic. When R.B.C. is placed in this solution, they swell and even burst due to inflow of water due to osmosis. 14. if the salt concentration is less than 0.9% (mass/volume), the solution is said to be hypotonic. In this, case, water will flow into the cells if placed in this solution and they would swell. ‘Some phenomena’s explained an the basis of osmosis, * Araw mango placed in concentrated salt solution loses water via osmosis and shrivel into pickle. ‘+ Wiltedflowers revive when placed in fresh water. A carrot that has become limp because of water loss into the atmosphere can be placed into the water making It firm once again. Water will move Into them through osmosis.* When placed in water containing less than 0.9% (mass/volume| salt, blood cells collapse due to loss of water by osmosis. * People taking a lot of salt or salty food experience water retention in tissue cells and intercellular spaces because of osmasis. The resulting puffiness or swelling is called edema * Water movement from soil into plant roots and subsequently into upper portion of the plant is partly due to osmosis. © The preservation of meat by salting and of fruits by adding sugar protects against bacterial action, Through the process of osmosis, a bacterium on salted meat or candid fruit loses water, shrivels and dies. 15, Plasmolysis. When the cell is placed in solution having osmotic pressure greater than that of the cell sap, water passes out of the cell due to osmosis. Consequently, cell material shrinks gradually. The gradual shrinking of cell material is called plasmolysis.. 16, Reverse Osmosis: If the pressure applied on the solution side is more than osmotic pressure of the solution then the solvent particles will move from solution to solvent side. This process is reverse osmosis, Reverse osmosis is used in desalination of sea water. Cellulose acetate is permeable to water but impermeable to impurities and ions present in sea water. (QUESTION BASED ON OSMOSIS AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE 1. What is osmotic pressure? Show that it is a colligative property. 2. Define (i)Semi permeable membrane(il) osmosis (il) isotonic (Iv) Hypertonic (v) Hypotonic solution. 3. What is edema. 4. What is reverse osmosis? Give Its application. 5. When kept in water, raisin swells in size, Name and explain the phenomenon involved with the help of a diagram. Give three applications of the phenomenon. 6. Discuss biological and industrial importance of osmosis. 7. How can you remove the hard calcium carbonate layer of the egg without damaging its semiprermlable membrane? Can this egg be Inserted into a bottle with narrow neck without distorting its shape? Explain the process involved 8. Give an example of material used for making semipermeable membrane for carrying out reverse 9. What care is generally taken during intravenous injection and why? 10. What happens when the external pressure applied becomes more than the osmotic pressure of the solution. 11, How will you determine the molecular mass of a substance by study of osmotic pressure 12. Measurement of osmotic pressure method Is preferred for the determination of molecular masses of macromolecules such as proteins and polymers.Give two reasons. 13. What will heppen if RBC are placed in (i)0.5% NaCl Solution (ii)1% NaCl Solution? 14. Give reason: 2) Araw mango placed In concentrated salt solution shrivels Into pickle. b) Wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water. ©) Acarrot that has become limp placed into the water making it firm once again. d) Water movement from soil into plant roots and subsequently into upper portion of the plant €) The preservation of meat by salting and of fruits by adding sugar protects against bacterial action. 115. What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypertonic solution).Give reason. 16.200 cm? of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26 g of the protein .The osmotic pressure of such a solution at 300K is found to be2.57x10"bar.calculate the molar mass of the protein . 17. 10.0 gm of an organic substance when dissolved in 2 litres of water gave an osmotic pressure of 0.60 atm. at 27 °C Calculate the molecular mass of substance. 18, Calculate the osmotic pressure in Pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 ¢ of polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450ml of water at 37°C19. At 300 k, 36g of glucose present per litre in its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. If the ‘osmotic pressure of solution is 1.52 bars at the same temperature, what would be the concentration?sug 20.A'5 % solution of canesugar is isotonic with 0.877% of substance X.Find the molecular weight of X. 21. 100 mg of a protein is dissolved in enough water to make 10ml of a solution. If this solution has an ‘osomotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 25°C, what is the molar mass of protein?(R-0.0821Latmmol*K* and 760mmHg=1atm) 22. A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95mg of a gene fragment in 35.0ml of water has an osmotic pressure of 0.335 torr at 25°C .Calculate its molar mass. TOPIC : ABNORMAL MOLAR MASS AND VAN'T HOFF'S FACTOR 1. Abnormal Molecular Mass. When the molecular mass, calculated with the help of colligative property, is different from theoretical molecular mass, itis called abnormal molecular mass 2. Association. When the number of solute particles are less than the expected number then molecules of solute are said to associate, e.g., benzoic acid molecules dimerise in benzene and the molecular weight calculated from depression in freezing point in 244 which is double of 122 (actual molecular weight). When /< 1, association occurs and theoretical molecular mass Is less than calculated from collgative property. 3, Dissociation. When the number of solute particles are more than the expected number, then solute molecules are sald to dissociate, e.g., KCI will dissociate In to K* and Ct. The molecular mass calculated from depression of freezing point will be less than the true value.When > 1, dissociation occurs and theoretical molecular mass is more than calculated from colligative property. 4. Van't Hoff Factor (I). The ratio of experimental value of a colligative property to the calculated value of colligative property is known as Van't Hoff Factor. Experimental determined value of the colligativ e property Calculated value of the sametiom the formula Since colligative properties are inversely proportional to molecular mass of solute, therefore, in terms of molecular mass Theoretical molecular weight (fom the formula) ‘Molecular mase determined experiment Normal Molecular weight Observed molecular weight 5. Inclusion of van't Hoff factor modifies the equations for colligative properties as follows: (ayPA APS ix, (b)AT)=/ ky xm () AT, =1Ky » m (d) TT =sCRT Pa -1, ‘n' is no. of ions produced per formula of the compound. 6. Degree of dissociation w ~ For dissociation of the solute AB(e-g. NaCl) type n=? and for the solute AB2(e.g. CaCl) or A:B type (eg. NesSO,)n=3 7. Degree of association «= a 1 n For association when the molecules of solute forms dimer "QUESTION BASED ON VAN'T HOFF FACTOR 1. Define abnormal molecular mass. 2. What is Van't Hoff’s factor? What is value of Van't Hoff’s factor when the solute undergoes (a) association (b) dissociation? 3. Write the modified equations of colligative properties when Van't Hof’s factor 4. How is Van't Hoff’s factor related to degree of dissociation & degree of association. Give Expressions? introduced.5. Why!s the mass determined by measuring a colligative property In case of some solutes abnormal ? the help of Van’t Hoff factor. 6. Elevation of boiling point of 1M KCI solution is nearly doubled than that of 1 M sugar solution.Explai 7. Am aqueous solution of trichloroace heated to its boiling point .The solution has the boiling point 100.18°C .Determine the vant Hoff factor for trichloroacetic acid. Ks for water is 0.512 KKgmol?. 8. Calculate the boiling points of solution when 2 gm of NezSOa (molecular mass 142 gm/mol) was dissolved in 50 gm of water assuming Na,SO, undergoes complete ionization. k, for water = 0.512 K kg mol 9. Calculate the botling point elevation for a solution prepared by adding 10 g of CaCl; to 200 g of water. K, for water = 0.512 K Kg mol?& Molar mass of CaCl»= 111 g/mol. 10. Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 10.5g of magnesium bromide in 200g of water assuming complete dissociation of magnesium bromide .(Molar mass of magnesium bromide= 184 g/mol & Ke for water is 1.86 KKemol.) 11. Calculate the boiling point of solution containing 4.0 g of magnesium sulphate in 100g of water assuming complete dissociation of magnesium sulphate.(Molar mass of magnesium sulphate = 120 g/mol K, for water = 0.52 K Kg mol) 12. Calculate the boiling point of solution containing 15.0 g of NaCl in 250g of water.(Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol K, for water = 0.512 K kg mol") 13, Calculate the mass of NaCl (molar mass =58.5) must be dissolved in 37.2 g of water to lower the freezing point by 2°C assuming complete dissociation of NaCl. K; for water Is 1.86 KKgmol* &. 14. What mass of NaCl (molar mass =58.5) must be dissolved in 65g of water to lower the freezing point by 7.5°C ? Assume Van’t Hoff’s factor =1.87. 15. Calculate the freezing point depression for 0.711m aqueous solution of sodium sulphate if itis completely ionised in solution. f this solution actually freezes at -0.320°C What is the value of Van't Hoff factor for it at the freezing point. 16. 0.561 m solution of unknown electrolyte depresses the freezing point of water by 2.93°C . What is the value of Van’t Hoff factor for this electrolyte. K, for water is 1.86 Kkgmol 17. Determine the amount of CaClz (I= 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that its osmotic pressure 1s 0.75 atm at 27°C 18. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K2SOs in 2 litre of water at 25° C, assuming that it is completely dissociated. 19, Osmotic pressure of a 0.0103 molar solution of an electrolyte is found to be 0.70 atm at 27% . calculate Vant Hoff factor-( R=0.082 | atom mol? K+) 20. 3.9g of Benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point equal to 1.62 K. calculate Vant Hoff factor and predict the nature of solute associated or dissociated. (Ke for benzene is 4.9 K kg mol & molar mass of Benzoic acid = 122 g/mol.) 21. 2g of Benzcic acid dissolved in 25 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point equal to 1.62 K. Ki for benzene is 4.9 K Kg mol". What is the percentage association of acid if it forms dimer. 22. Phenol associates in benzene to a certain extent to form a dimer .A solution containing 20g phenol in 1.0 kg of benzene has its freezing point lowered by 0.69K.Calculate the fraction of phenol that has dimerised. K; for benzene is 5.1 K Kg mol 23. Calculate the boiling point of one molar aqueous solution .Density of KBr is 1.06 g/ml .{ Atomic mass of K = 39.& Br = 80, ky for water = 0.52 K kg mol) 24. 19.5 g of CHFCOOH is dissolved in 500 g of water. The depression in the freezing point of water observed is 1.00. Celculate the van't Hoff factor and dissociation constant of fluoroacetic a 25. Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when 10 g of CHsCHsCHCICOOH is added to 250 g of water. Ky= 1.4 x 107, Ky= 1.86 K kg mol 26. The depression in freezing point of water observed for same amount of acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid increases in the order given above -Explain brieflyQUESTION BASED ON SOLUBILITY & INTERMOLECULAR ATTRACTIVE INTERACTION. 1. Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially ighly soluble in water?(i) phenol (ii) toluene (ii) fo id(iv) ethylene giycol (v) chloroform (vi) Pentanol. 2. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pai (v) Acetonitrile (CH3CN) and acetone (C3H<0). 3. Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange the following in order of increasing solubility in n-octane and explain. Cyclohexane, KCI, CHsOH, CHsCN. NaClO, and water(iv) methanol and acetone