GALAC, RENZ CHRISTIAN G.

BSME-2102
21-09529
THERMODYNAMICS
ACTIVITY_1

1. Make a control volume around the whole steam power plant in Fig. 1.2 and list the flows of
mass and energy located there. Use the 5-Step Problem Methodology (Known, Find,
Schematic Diagram, Engineering Model, Analysis.)
KNOWN: It is a steam power plant with a particular flow meter that allows mass to flow to the
steam drum up until the point at which coal is used to create electricity.
FIND: Determine the control volume and the flow of mass and energy around the whole steam
power plant.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:

ENGINEERING MODEL
1. A steam drum, heat exchanger, steam turbine, generator, and other auxiliaries make
up a steam power plant
2. No heat losses in pipes and other components
 3. All the components in the cycle operate at steady state. 
4. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
5. Working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure
6. The flow of the mass is continuous unless the input of the coil stops.
7. The broken line represents the Controlled volume of the system
ANALYSIS:

 The steam power plant, which is shown in the diagram as being surrounded by the
controlled volume, is where the flow of mass and energy takes place. A boiler, a steam
turbine, a generator, and various auxiliary equipment make up a steam power plant. High
pressure, high temperature steam is produced by the boiler. Steam's heat energy is
transformed into mechanical energy by the steam turbine. The mechanical energy is then
transformed into electric power via the generator. The flame that is produced by the coal,
air, and oil causes the water to flow through the steam, which raises the heat and makes it
possible to produce steam. Until the coal intake ends, the cycle will keep running across
the entire steam power plant. As the cycle continues, some mass output is created.
 A steam power plant uses the heat energy released when coal is burned to produce
electrical energy. The world generally uses power plants of this type. This arrangement of
the power station may produce a lot of electrical power due to the abundance of fuel
(coal).
 Steam power plant that uses steam as its primary operating substation operates cyclically.
Coal handling equipment transports coal from the power plant's coal storage yard to the
furnace. Water in the boiler drum is converted into steam at the proper pressure and
temperature using the heat generated by burning coal. The super heater receives the steam
that is produced. The steam is thus extremely hot as it passes through the turbine. The
pressure of the steam is decreased when the turbine has completed its operation. Steam
passing from the turbine. Through the condenser, which keeps the steam pressure at the
turbine's exhaust low. Water used in the condenser's water circulation system can come
from a variety of sources, depending on the flow rate, temperature, and cooling water's
ability to remove air.

2. Take a control volume around your kitchen refrigerator, indicate where the components
shown in Fig. 1.3 are located, and identify the mass flow of external air and show where you
have significant heat transfer and where storage changes.
KNOW: A schematic of a refrigerator showing how the system alternates between hot and cold
air.
FIND: Determine the components where located and identify the mass flows of external air and
where the significant heat transfer and storage change
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Q hot

HIGH PRESSURE VAPOR

Wind in
HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID

LOW PRESSURE VAPOR LOW PRESSURE LIQUID

Q cold

ENGINEERING MODEL:
 Irreversibility’s within the evaporator, condenser and compressor are ignored
 No frictional pressure drops
 Refrigerant flows at constant pressure through the two heat exchangers (evaporator and
condenser)
 Heat losses to the surroundings are ignored
 Compression process is isentropic
The broken line represents the Controlled volume of the system

ANALYSIS

 In a heat engine, heat cannot be fully converted to work, similarly a refrigerator cannot
work without some external work done on the system
 The process of refrigeration takes place in the evaporator, by which heat is transferred to
the refrigerant causing it to evaporate in the evaporator
 • Typically, superheated refrigerant is released from the evaporator together with the
vapour. The suction line heat exchanger is the next stop. Before entering the compressor,
gaining extra heat. Heat is then rejected to the surroundings after being compressed in the
compressor to a greater condensing pressure and passed through the condenser at a
temperature higher than the surroundings. The refrigerant is now sub cooled in the
condenser at this point. The refrigerant is then expanded in an adiabatic process, leading
to a significant reduction in temperature. It then exchanges heat with the vapour exiting
the evaporator in the suction line heat exchanger, cooling the system even more. The
cycle is finished when it enters the evaporator as a saturated liquid at low pressure and
temperature.
