THERMAL POWER PLANT

Submitted to :Mr. Nitin Geol

Submitted by :
Gaurav(20001007015)
Harshit Chaudhary (20001007017)
BASIC LAYOUT
THERMAL POWER STATION

• A Thermal Power Station is a power plant in which the

prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into
steam and spins a Steam Turbine which drives an
electrical generator(Alternator). After it passes
through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a
Condenser; this is known as a Rankine cycle.
RANKINE CYCLE
RANKINE CYCLE
• There are four processes in the Rankine cycle, each changing the
state of the working fluid. These states are identified by number in
the diagram to the right.
• Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure,
as the fluid is a liquid at this stage the pump requires little input
energy.
• Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is
heated at constant pressure by an external heat source to become a
dry saturated vapor.
• Process 3-4: The dry saturated vapor expands through a turbine,
generating power. This decreases the temperature and pressure of the
vapor, and some condensation may occur.
• Process 4-1: The wet vapor then enters a condenser where it is
condensed at a constant pressure and temperature to become a
saturated liquid. The pressure and temperature of the condenser is
fixed by the temperature of the cooling coils as the fluid is
undergoing a phase-change.
WHAT IS A BOILER?

• The steam generating Boiler is basically a heat

exchanger which has to produce steam at the high purity,
pressure and temperature required for the steam turbine
that drives the electrical generator.
BOILER PARTS

• The Boiler includes the Economizer, the steam drum, the

chemical dosing equipment, and the furnace with its steam
generating tubes and the super heater coils. Necessary safety
valves are located at suitable points to avoid excessive
boiler pressure. The air and flue gas path equipment include:
forced draft (FD) fan, air preheater (APH), boiler furnace,
induced draft (ID) fan, fly ash collectors (electrostatic
precipitator or baghouse) and the flue gas stack.
AIR PRE-HEATER (APH)

• APH is a heat exchanger in which air temperature is

raised by transferring heat from other fluid such as
flue gases.
 APH TYPES
1. Recuperative Type : Heating medium is on one side & air is on
the other side of tube /plate & heat transfer is by conduction
through the material which separates the media.
2. Regenerative Type : Heating medium flows through a closely
packed rotating matrix to raise its temperature and then air is
passed through the matrix to take up the heat.
APH(TRISECTOR TYPE)

• Tri-sector types are the most common in modern power generation

facilities.In the tri-sector design, the largest sector (usually spanning
about half the cross-section of the casing) is connected to the boiler hot
gas outlet. The hot exhaust gas flows over the central element,
transferring some of its heat to the element, and is then ducted away for
further treatment in dust collectors and other equipment before being
expelled from the flue gas stack. The second, smaller sector, is fed with
ambient air by a fan, which passes over the heated element as it rotates
into the sector, and is heated before being carried to the boiler furnace
for combustion. The third sector is the smallest one and it heats air
which is routed into the pulverizers and used to carry the coal-air
mixture to coal boiler burners. Thus, the total air heated in the RAPH
provides: heating air to remove the moisture from the pulverised coal
dust, carrier air for transporting the pulverised coal to the boiler burners
and the primary air for combustion.
BOILER DRAFT CONTROL
• Induced draft: This is obtained one of three ways, the first being the
"stack effect" of a heated chimney, in which the flue gas is less dense than the
ambient air surrounding the boiler. The denser column of ambient air forces
combustion air into and through the boiler. The second method is through use of a
steam jet. The steam jet oriented in the direction of flue gas flow induces flue gasses
into the stack and allows for a greater flue gas velocity increasing the overall draft in
the furnace. This method was common on steam driven locomotives which could not
have tall chimneys. The third method is by simply using an induced draft fan (ID
fan) which removes flue gases from the furnace and forces the exhaust gas up the
stack. Almost all induced draft furnaces operate with a slightly negative pressure.
• Forced draft: Draft is obtained by forcing air into the furnace by means of a fan
(FD fan) and ductwork. Air is often passed through an air heater; which, as the name
suggests, heats the air going into the furnace in order to increase the overall
efficiency of the boiler. Dampers are used to control the quantity of air admitted to
the furnace. Forced draft furnaces usually have a positive pressure.
• Balanced draft: Balanced draft is obtained through use of both induced and
forced draft. This is more common with larger boilers where the flue gases have to
travel a long distance through many boiler passes. The induced draft fan works in
conjunction with the forced draft fan allowing the furnace pressure to be maintained
slightly below atmospheric
STEAM TURBINE

• A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts

thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it
into rotary motion.
• Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is
particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical
generator – about 80% of all electricity generation in the
world is by use of steam turbines.
TURBINE SHAFT
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

• An ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic

process, or constant entropy process, in which the entropy of
the steam entering the turbine is equal to the entropy of the
steam leaving the turbine. No steam turbine is truly
“isentropic”, however, with typical isentropic efficiencies
ranging from 20%-90% based on the application of the
turbine. The interior of a turbine comprises several sets of
blades, or “buckets” as they are more commonly referred to.
One set of stationary blades is connected to the casing and
one set of rotating blades is connected to the shaft. The sets
intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with the size and
configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploit the
expansion of steam at each stage .
IMPULSE TURBINES

• An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into
high speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which the
rotor blades, shaped like buckets, convert into shaft rotation as the
steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs across only the
stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the stage.
• As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from steam
chest pressure to condenser pressure (or atmosphere pressure). Due to
this relatively higher ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzle the steam
leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. The steam leaving the
moving blades is a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam
when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to this higher exit
velocity is commonly called the "carry over velocity" or "leaving loss".
REACTION TURBINES
• In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are
arranged to form convergent nozzles. This type of turbine
makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam
accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam
is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It
leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of
the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its
speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop
occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam
accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the
rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage
but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature,
reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.
STEAM CONDENSER

• Surface condenser is the commonly used term for a

water cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed on
the exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal power
stations. These condensers are heat exchangers which
convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state at a
pressure below atmospheric pressure. Where cooling
water is in short supply, an air-cooled condenser is often
used. An air-cooled condenser is however significantly
more expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam
turbine exhaust pressure as a surface condenser
ALTERNATOR

• An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts

mechanical energy to alternating current electrical energy. Most
alternators use a rotating magnetic field but linear alternators
are occasionally used. In principle, any AC electrical generator
can be called an alternator, but usually the word refers to small
rotating machines driven by automotive and other internal
combustion engines
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• Alternators generate electricity by the same principle as DC generators, namely,
when the magnetic field around a conductor changes, a current is induced in the
conductor. Typically, a rotating magnet called the rotor turns within a stationary set
of conductors wound in coils on an iron core, called the stator. The field cuts across
the conductors, generating an electrical current, as the mechanical input causes the
rotor to turn.
• The rotating magnetic field induces an AC voltage in the stator windings. Often
there are three sets of stator windings, physically offset so that the rotating magnetic
field produces three phase currents, displaced by one-third of a period with respect
to each other.
• The rotor magnetic field may be produced by induction (in a "brushless" alternator),
by permanent magnets (in very small machines), or by a rotor winding energized
with direct current through slip rings and brushes. The rotor magnetic field may even
be provided by stationary field winding, with moving poles in the rotor. Automotive
alternators invariably use a rotor winding, which allows control of the alternator
generated voltage by varying the current in the rotor field winding. Permanent
magnet machines avoid the loss due to magnetizing current in the rotor, but are
restricted in size, owing to the cost of the magnet material. Since the permanent
magnet field is constant, the terminal voltage varies directly with the speed of the
generator. Brushless AC generators are usually larger machines than those used in
automotive applications.and the large alternators in power station which are driven
by steam turbine are called turbo alternators
CPP CONTROL ROOM
OPERATIONAL BOILER PARAMETERS
1. Furnace Draft
2. Oxygen at APH inlet
3. Feed water flow
4. Steam flow
5. Air flow
6. Coal flow
7. Oil flow
8. Deaerator level
9. Drum level
10. MS Temperature
11. MS Pressure
THANK YOU