SPECIFICATIONS:

AIR PREHEATER
Regenerative air preheater
Due to its efficiency and small size, regenerative type air preheaters are frequently utilized in
large-scale businesses and power plants. Regenerative air preheaters can heat both the secondary
air used in the furnace for combustion as well as the primary air needed to dry and transport fuel.
Its structure is circular and rotates consistently around the horizontal and vertical axes. A basket
or holder is located in each of the many sectors that make up this sort of air preheater.
Regenerative air preheaters typically have three sectors. The ducting carrying hot gases out of
the first sector is linked, and the ducting carrying low-temperature gases to the dust collectors is
attached at the other end.
The second sector is connected to the Forced Draft Fan outlet on one side and to the ducting that
sends hot air to the furnace for burning on the other side. The third sector is connected to the
main fan outlet on one end and to ducting on the other end to absorb hot air for the steam boiler's
heating needs. Regeneration air preheaters are used to heat the air from the primary fan, which is
then used as primary air for combustion as well as hot air to remove moisture from fuels like
coal.

Challenges faced in using Regenerative type air preheaters:

In regenerative air preheaters, the baskets or holders have enough space between them to allow
for easy gas passage and additional surface area for removing surplus hot air. Nevertheless,
depending on the fuels used for combustion, flue gases may contain dust particles, ash, or
corrosive chemicals. For instance, the high levels of ash, silica, and sulphur in Indian coal cause
maintenance problems with the baskets. In the end, it must be often replaced to guarantee the air
preheater's efficient operation. Unburned fuels that have been deposited in air preheaters may
occasionally ignite during operation or, in rare circumstances, explode within the device.

Advantages of Air Preheater:

 Absorption of maximum waste heat from flue gas
 Air preheaters increase the efficiency of the steam boiler by 2% to 3%
 Low payback time
 Enhanced stability by using hot air
 Proper combustion of poor quality fuels
 High heat transfer rate and low heat transfer area requirement
 Reduced unburnt fuel particles result in high combustion efficiency
ECONOMIZER
Non-condensing economizers
In general, non-condensing economizers are used. In the flue gas ducting near the boiler's
outflow are heat exchanger coils, which are typically finned. A non-condensing economizer will
typically increase overall efficiency by 2% to 4%. To stop corrosion of the flue gas ducting, they
are built and operated to keep the flue gas temperature above the flue gas condensing
temperature. This is crucial for fuels containing sulfur because sulfurous compounds that
develop in the flue gas raise the dew point of the entire flue gas stream and, when they condense,
produce the highly corrosive sulphuric acid.

SUPERHEATER
Convective Superheaters
Following the convective bank of tubes, convective superheaters are added. When the difference
in temperature between superheated steam and saturated steam is no greater than 50oC. A
convective zone requires the installation of superheaters.

TURBINE
Reaction Steam Turbine
As the steam passes over the blades, it expands both in fixed and moving blades in a reaction
turbine. There occurs a pressure drop both in moving and fixed blades continuously. This turbine
is slightly different from the impulse, where it's composed of moving blades alternating with
fixed nozzles. In contrast to the impulse turbine, the pressure drop per stage is lower in the
reaction turbine. Reaction turbines are usually more efficient.  An example of this turbine is
Parson's turbine.
A reaction turbine would require approximately double the number of blade rows as a impulse
turbine for the same thermal energy conversion. And this makes the reaction turbine much longer
and heavier.
Now that you know how the different steam turbines work, let's have a short glimpse on their
differences.
Reaction Turbine

In a reaction turbine, the steam expands on both the stationary and movable blades as it passes
over them. Pressure drops occur continually in both stationary and moving blades. This turbine
differs slightly from the impulse in that it has moving blades alternated with stationary nozzles.
The pressure drop each stage in the response turbine is lower than that of the impulse turbine.
Typically, reaction turbines are more effective. Parson's turbine is an illustration of such a
turbine.
In reaction turbines, the pressure potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy as the steam
expands through the fixed nozzle. High-velocity steam from fixed nozzles strikes the blades
(nozzles), which causes them to change direction and expand even further. A force is applied as a
result of the direction shift and steam acceleration. The rotor turns as a result of the impulse that
propels the blades ahead. Steam velocity through the stage does not change significantly, but
pressure and temperature do, as a result of the work involved in driving the rotor. Because the
pressure drop in a single stage is constrained, this type of turbine experiences pressure dips in
multiple stages.

For the same level of thermal energy conversion in steam turbines, such as those used to generate
electricity, a reaction turbine would need almost twice as many blade rows as an impulse turbine.
Although this lengthens and weighs down the reaction turbine, it nevertheless has a slightly
greater overall efficiency than an equivalent impulse turbine for the same thermal energy
conversion.

Reaction and impulse are widely used together in modern steam turbines, usually with variable
degrees from the blade root to the blade's perimeter. Typically, the rotor blades are constructed
with a reaction blade at the tip and an impulse blade at the root.

Reheat steam turbines, cross compound steam turbines, single casing turbines, tandem steam
turbines, condensing and exhaust steam turbines, and axial and radial flow steam turbines are just
a few mechanical configurations of the two main types of steam turbines.

ALTERNATOR
The voltage in each winding of a three-phase alternator is 120 degrees from one stage and the
voltages in the other two windings. The windings are connected to a star's internal 3-phase
output.

CONDENSER
 Surface condensers (or non-mixing type condensers). In surface condensers, there is no
direct contact between the exhaust steam and the cooling water.

The surface condenser serves as a heat sink for the turbine bypass system and is intended to
condense and deaerate the exhaust steam from the main turbine. The exhaust steam and cooling
water are not in direct touch with one another in surface condensers. By traveling through tubes
carrying cooling system water, the exhaust steam from the LP turbines is condensed. When
steam comes into touch with the cold surface of the tubes or when heat is transferred to cooling
water by conduction and convection, it condenses. Depending on a number of selection criteria,
these tubes are typically composed of titanium, copper alloys, or stainless steel (such as thermal
conductivity or corrosion resistance). Technically speaking, titanium condenser tubes are usually
the best option. The usage of titanium condenser tubes, however, is coupled with extremely high
starting expenses because titanium is a highly pricey material. There are primarily two categories
of surface condensers:
 water-cooled surface condenser
 air-cooled surface condenser
In thermal power plants, where cooling water is scarce, an air-cooled condenser can be
employed. A water-cooled surface condenser can achieve a lower steam turbine exhaust pressure
(and temperature) than an air-cooled condenser, which is much more expensive.

The condenser releases the heated water into the cooling system (i.e., cooling tower, river, sea, or
cooling pond). These condensers' collected condensate is recycled as boiler feedwater. Any type
of cooling water may be used, and the condensate is collected because the cooling water and
steam do not combine. Surface condensers may sustain a higher vacuum than jet condensers do.
Consequently, we can obtain higher thermal efficiency. Surface condensers, on the other hand,
are huge, space-intensive, and expensive to install. However, the increased thermal efficiency
(i.e., higher) operational cost savings can offset these upfront expenses.
These condensers are therefore best suited for contemporary thermal power plants. These are
typically employed when there is a lot of subpar water on hand and superior feedwater needs to
be given to the boiler.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY or INTRODUCTION

Coal is frequently used to fuel steam power plants, which are extensively used to
generate energy around the world. Despite the fact that there are enough coal reserves in the
globe to last for roughly two centuries, the technology that is primarily employed today to
produce power from coal has a substantial detrimental impact on the environment. Exergy
analysis is possibly the most significant of the analysis methods because it is a practical,
convenient, and easy way to evaluate and enhance thermal generating stations. Exergy analysis
provides useful information about plant performance. Results of exergy analyses can be used to
improve the effectiveness of thermal generating stations as well as their potential economic and
environmental performance. Energy and exergy evaluations are used in this chapter to study and
better understand the operation of steam power plants as well as to identify and assess potential
process changes that could increase plant efficiencies. Then, a few other process configurations
are suggested. Exergy is beneficial for giving a thorough breakdown of the losses for the entire
plant and its constituent parts in terms of waste exergy emissions and irreversibilities. The
significance of exergy in improving the performance of steam power plants is illustrated by a
few concrete instances. Efficiency-boosting actions should only be taken after carefully weighing
them against other aspects.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

To be able to design a Steam Power Plant. Huhu haha JAAAANEE NAAY PROBLEM SA
ATONG BUHATON? DIBA MAG DESIGN RA TA :<
References:
AIR PREHEATER
https://rakhoh.com/en/air-preheaters-in-steam-boilers-its-function-types-advantages-and-
disadvantages/#:~:text=Air%20preheaters%20are%20classified%20into,and
%20Regenerative%20type%20Air%20preheater.
https://www.askpowerplant.com/types-air-preheater-advantages-disadvantages/
ECONOMIZER
https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/maps-tools-and-publications/publications/minerals-mining-
publications/publications-and-reports-canadian-reserves/boiler-economizers/5435
SUPERHEATER
https://medium.com/@thermodyneboilers/steam-superheater-in-boiler-role-benefits-types-
manufacturer-4ccf3bb8af15
https://www.mechstudies.com/steam-superheater-boiler-definition-parts-types-work/
https://www.askpowerplant.com/different-type-super-heaters-power-plant/
TURBINE
https://www.plantautomation-technology.com/articles/types-of-steam-turbines
https://www.linquip.com/blog/types-of-steam-turbine/
ALTERNATOR
https://www.linquip.com/blog/types-of-alternator-features-advantages/
CONDENSER
https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/turbine-generator-power-conversion-
system/main-condenser-steam-condenser/types-of-steam-condensers/

STEAM POWER PLANT

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/steam-power-plant
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1155/2014/940818