GCSE PE Revision Booklet

Making the most of your revision

1. Answering past paper exam question
• Don’t just copy the answers! Try them without your notes!
• Mark your answers – learn from your mistakes!
• ALWAYS give practical examples.
• Check how many marks a question is worth – 8 marks means you make 8 points!
• Underline key words!

2. Chunking
• Chunking is breaking up a big piece of information into smaller chunks rather like
steps in a ladder.
• It can be used for numbers and words.
• A good example is to make a list with either bullet points or numbers.

3. Mnemonics
• Mnemonics help you to remember by using short words that stand for something to
help you.
• E.g. SPORT or FIT

4. Re-writing or condensing your notes.

• Simply re-reading your notes is a very ineffective way to revise.
• Creating posters, drawing mind maps or discussing a topic with friends will help you
remember what you’ve studied.
4. Using colour
• Create colourful A3 posters or mind maps.
• Your brain just adores colour and will remember things much more easily if you use
it.
• E.g. put all the important words in red, the important concepts in green, important
dates in purple etc

5. Key Words
• A list of key words is a great way to test knowledge
• Learn definitions
• Quick glance revision.

6. Flash Cards
• Good to condense notes.
• Helpful for key topics.
• Handy to use with friends and family!

7. Post – its
• Single words/ phrases to trigger information!
• Stick them around the house – revising will seem like less of a chore!
• Group various things together.
• Organise them into what you know and don’t know – rearrange as you learn more.
• Follow trends or themes.

and remember to take a break!

 Individual Differences
Gender
Hormone Imbalance – women on menstrual cycle
Heart and lungs – men’s are bigger than women’s
Body shape,size and physique – Men are bigger
than women
Muscles mass and flexibility – Men have more
muscle mass but are less flexible than women
Muscle strength and power- men are stronger
than women.
Disability
Physical – loss of functions or body part
Mental – lack of ability to function intellectually
and in changing situations
Permanent – set for life
Temporary – could get better or worse e.g.
paralysed from a stroke.
Physique
Age
Ectomorph- little muscle or fat, narrow hips and
As we get older we get less flexible,
shoulders, thin legs and arms, narrow chest –
weaker, O2 capacity reduces, heart is
suitable for marathon running not weight lifting.
less efficient, skill level can improve
Endomorph – High body fat, pear shaped, lot of
and longer recover time from exercise
fat on arms and legs. Suitable for rugby or shot
and injury.
put not for long distance running.
Mesomorph - little body fat, muscular body, Culture
strong arms and legs, wide shoulders narrow hips, Ideas, customs and social behaviour of
wedge shaped – suitable for swimming or people on society.
gymnastic. Likely to excel at all sports. Participation influences – school you go
to, facilities, money, religion, the
country you live in and gender.
Environment
Surrounding or condition where we live. Affected
by weather (too hot or cold can be dangerous),
pollution (ill health), altitude (more 02 at high
altitude improves fitness), humidity (water in the
air) and terrain.

1. Which one of the following is not

a disability category?
A. Physical
Exam Questions 6. Which one of the following
activities would be least suitable
for an 11 year old?
B. Mental 3. Which one of the 4. In which one of the following 5. Which one of the A. Cross country running
C. Social following does not does a female sports performer following activities would B. Swimming
D. Permanent usually decrease with tend to have an advantage over be most suitable for an C. Circuit training
age? male sports performers? ectomorph? D. Weight training
2. Explain how individual
differences can affect the A. Skill A. Flexibility A. Olympic weightlifting
amount of physical activity a B. Flexibility B. Strength B. Shot put
person may participate in. C. Strength C. Speed C. High jump 7 .What are the characteristics of an
(2 marks) D. Oxygen capacity D. Power D. Canoeing ectomorph body type? 3 marks]
Risk The possibility of
suffering harm, loss or
damage.
Challenge a test or your
ability or resources in a
demanding situation.
Risk and challenge
Risk Assessment: Before activity assess the
level of risk and check there are no potential
dangers.
Risk control – Safe equipment, follow rules,
safe numbers, appropriate clothing, officials,
no jewellery, correct age and gender, warm up
and cool down.
Good exercise habits
Walk places instead of driving or being
driven.
Get off the bus a stop early.
Use a bicycle to get places.
Use the stairs.
Try to exercise for at least 30 minutes a
day.
Healthy Active Lifestyle
Definitions
Healthy lifestyle A lifestyle that
contributes positively to physical, mental
and social wellbeing, and includes regular
exercise and physical activity.
Potential Hazards –
Faulty equipment,
damaged facilities,
water, too many
people, clothing and
knowledge of rules.
Influences on health
Smoking, alcohol, drugs, poor
personal hygiene, diet, exercise,
sleep environment, psychological,
safety and sexual health.
Benefits of exercise
Physical benefits
Contribute to good physical health.
Physical challenge.
Lower resting heart rate
Increased fitness.
Improve performance.
Improved body shape and toning.
Reduced chance of illness.
Helps you sleep.
Exam Questions
8. Which one of these will not improve an
individual’s health?[1 mark]
A. Good hygiene
B. Balanced diet 9. When taking part in activity
C. Lack of sleep it is important that any
D. Regular medical check-ups potential hazards that can
cause injury are identified.
This is called:
10. Which one of the following
A. Risk consideration
is a positive long-term effect of
B. Risk assessment
a healthy active lifestyle?[1
C. Danger management
mark]
D. Danger awareness
A. Lower resting heart rate
B. Increased breathing
rate
C. High blood pressure
D. Tiredness in the muscles
11. Regular exercise is important to help maintain a healthy
lifestyle. State two reasons why taking part in regular exercise can
improve your health. (2 marks)
12. People are encouraged to live a healthy active lifestyle. Using
five examples, state how people could make their everyday
lifestyle more healthy and active. (5 marks)

Health A state of complete mental,

Social benefits
Mix with new people. Activity Levels
physical and social wellbeing and not Meet friends.
Develop teamwork/cooperation. Competitive an Recreational any form of
merely the absence of disease and
activity that involves play, amusement or
infirmity.
Mental benefits some form of contest, relaxation performed as
Relieve stress. rivalry or game. games, sports or hobbies.
Exercise A form of physical activity which
maintains or improves health and/or Enjoyment of life.
Feel good. Requires performers No special training is
physical fitness.
to be highly required.
committed as they Take part in the activity for
Fitness Ability to meet the demands of
need to train to some length of time and at a
the environment.
compete. convenient time.
 Muscular system Exam Questions
13. To cause movement muscles and bones must work
together. Explain this process, using an example. (4 marks)
Name of muscle Function Example in sport
14. Adduction is one of the range of movements that occurs
Triceps Extend the arm at the elbow Press-up, throwing a javelin at joints in the body. Which of the following describes
Biceps Flex the arm at the elbow Pull-up, drawing a bow in archery adduction at the shoulder joint?
Move the arm in all directions at the
A. The movement of a limb away from the midline of the
Deltoids Bowling a cricket ball body
shoulder
Pectorals Adduct the arm at the shoulder Forehand drive in tennis
B. The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
C. The movement of a limb in a complete circle
Hold the shoulders in place, move
Trapezius Holding head up in rugby scrum D. The movement of a limb which increases the angle of a
head back and sideways
joint
Gluteals Adduct and extend leg at the hips Pulling back leg before kicking a ball
15. There are a range of
Quadriceps Extend the leg at the knee Kicking a ball jumping upwards movements that occur at
Hamstrings Flex the leg at the knee Bending knee before kicking a ball different joints in the body.
Pointing the toes, help to flex the The elbow is a hinge joint.
Gastrocnemius Running What types of movement
knee
Adduct and extend the arm at the can occur here? 2 marks]
Latissimus dorsi Butterfly stroke in swimming
shoulder
Pulling the body down when
Abdominals Flex the trunk across the stomach
hurdling

Muscle Contractions Muscles and Movement:

Muscles contract when they
work. If a muscle contracts to
create movement, it is called an
isotonic contraction.
An isotonic contraction can be
concentric, which is where the
muscle shortens as the fibres
contract or eccentric, where the
fibres contract as the muscle
lengthens.
When a muscle contracts with
no resulting movement, it is an
isometric contraction.
Movement Description
Muscles only provide one type of movement as they can only
pull and not push. All muscles work in pairs, with one muscle
Movement away from the mid-line pulling while the other relaxes, and then vice versa. These are
Abduction
of the body called an ‘Antagonistic Pair’.
Movement towards the mid-line of
Adduction The Prime mover muscle contracts to start a movement. It is
the body
also known as the ‘agonist’.
Extension Straightening limbs at a joint The Antagonist muscle relaxes to allow movement to take
place.
Flexion Bending the limbs at a joint.
Origin: the end of the muscle attached to the fixed bone.
A circular movement around a fixed Insertion: the end of the muscle attached to the bone that
Rotation
point
moves.
 Skeletal system
Functions of Skeletal System: Type of
Example Function in sport
• Protection - the cranium and ribs protect the brain and bone
vital organs in the chest. Femur, Movement - to generate strength
Long
• Shape - gives shape to the body and makes you tall or humerus and speed
short. Short Carpals, tarsal Shock absorption - spreading load
• Support - holds your vital organs in place when playing Protection of vital organs,
sport. The vertebral column holds the body upright. Flat (Plate) Ribs, cranium attachment of muscles to help
• Movement - muscle are attached to bones, which are movement
jointed. When the muscles contract the bones move. Vertebrae,
• Blood production - red blood cells (to carry oxygen) and Irregular Provide shape, protection
face
white blood cells (to protect against infection) are
produced in the bone marrow of some bones.

Exam Questions
16. Explain the role of the skeletal system in
producing movement of the body. (5 marks)

Synovial joints and Connective Tissue Functions:

• Cartilage reduces friction. Acts as a shock absorber.
• Synovial fluid lubricates the joint.
• Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid.
• Tendon joins muscle to bone enabling movement.
• Ligament joins bone to bone, stabilising the joint
 Cardiovascular & Circulatory System
Cardiovascular Endurance:
Circulatory system – Functions The ability of the heart, blood vessels, blood and respiratory
• Transportation of oxygen, water and nutrients through the blood. system to supply oxygen and fuel to the muscles at a steady rate
• Provide protection from disease with antibodies. for a considerable length of time.
• Regulates body temperature by absorbing heat and taking it to the
lungs or skin for release. Effects of Exercise
• Dilutes/carries away lactic acid. • Increase in breathing rate
• Increase in heart rate
• Increase in blood pressure, and temperature

Exam Questions Max HR is calculated

by 220 - age

17. All of the following are functions of the blood except:

A. Transport Cardiovascular
B. Protection system – consists of
C. Energy production the heart and blood
D. Temperature control vessels.

18. Blood has three main functions, one of which is temperature Blood Vessels
control. State and describe the other two (4 marks]
Arteries – oxygenated blood from
heart to the body.
19. Maximum heart rate is calculated by:
A. 220 multiplied by age Capillaries – link arteries and veins. Allow O2 and CO2 to
B. 220 minus age pass through their walls.
C. 220 plus age Where gaseous exchange takes place. Oxygen passes
D. 220 divided by age through the capillary wall and into the tissues, carbon
dioxide passes from the tissues into the blood

Veins – carry deoxygenated blood

back to the heart.
 Respiratory system
Lactic acid
Aerobic Respiration Lactic acid is a poisonous waste
This type of respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen. product that is produced as a
Glucose + oxygen = energy+ carbon dioxide + water. result of anaerobic respiration.
It is used during continuous activity such as football or a marathon. Lactic acid causes fatigue in
muscles.

Anaerobic respiration
This type of respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen. Gaseous Exchange
Glucose = energy = lactic acid This is the process where by oxygen is
exchanged for carbon dioxide. This
Oxygen debt
takes place in the alveoli air sacs in the
As a result of anaerobic respiration an oxygen debt is created. This is
lungs.
where the body ‘borrows’ oxygen from its stores to enable the
breakdown of glucose for energy during anaerobic respiration. After this
has occurred we have to pay this oxygen back. This is known as oxygen
debt. Exam Questions
20.There is a mixture of aerobic and 22. Which one of the
Recovery period anaerobic activities in athletics. Which of following is not an anaerobic
Following exercise we enter a recovery period where we take in extra the below is an example of an aerobic activity?
oxygen to aid the removal of lactic acid. activity? ( 1 mark] A. Long jump
Expiration of breath – removes carbon dioxide and other waste products A. Javelin B. Gymnastics vault
from lungs B. 100m C. Tennis serve
Perspiration – temperature control – allows release of excess water C. 5000m D. Yoga
Excretion – removes water and other waste products from lactic acid. D. High Jump 23. Which one of the following is
the correct equation for aerobic
Action of breathing 21. Which activity is most likely respiration?[1 mark]
Breathing in – The intercostal muscles contract raising the ribs and to use aerobic respiration for A. Glucose + oxygen → energy +
pushing out the sternum. This increases the chest cavity caused air to rush energy? carbon dioxide + water
in A. 10 km cross country run B. Glucose + oxygen + carbon
B. Vault in gymnastics dioxide → energy + water
Breathing out – The intercostal muscles relax causing the sternum and C. Shot put C. Glucose + carbon dioxide →
ribs return to their normal position. This causes air to be forced out of the D. Jumping to block a shot in energy + oxygen + water
body. basketball D. Glucose + water + carbon
dioxide → energy + oxygen
 Components of fitness
24. What is meant by the term ‘static 28. Which one of the following components
Health strength’? Give an example from a of fitness is best improved through
physical activity where a performer uses ‘continuous training’? [1 mark]
Strength Strength is the ability of the muscles to exert force on an static strength. 2 marks A. Muscular strength
object. B. Cardiovascular endurance
25.Increased flexibility can improve C. Agility
There are three types: performance. Discuss this statement using D. Flexibility
1. Dynamic strength – strength required to support weight or exert practical examples. 3 marks
29. The most important factor for a fast
force against an object ( kicking a football) start in a 100 m sprint is:
2. Explosive strength – strength required for a short burst of 26. State two components of physical A. Flexibility
movement (Sprinting , long jump take off or pushing a shot putt) fitness that an athlete would need when B. Balance
taking part in either football, swimming or C. Reaction time
3. Static strength – strength applied to a static object (holding a D. Co-ordination
cross country. Explain how these
position on gymnastic rings) components could improve their
performance in that activity. (4 marks) 30. Using an example from a physical
Speed - Speed is the ability to move as fast as possible. It is the activity, explain what is meant by the term
27. State what is meant by the term ‘co-ordination’. (2 marks)
combination of reaction time and movement time. E.g. 100m ‘flexibility’. 1 mark

Power Power is the combination of maximum speed and maximum

strength. Such as pushing the shot putt as far as possible.
Strength training increases power. E.g. throwing a javelin
Flexibility Flexibility is the range of movement at a joint.
It can improve the effectiveness of a performance, reduce risk of injury
and improve posture e.g. splits in gymnastics.
Cardiovascular endurance -This is the ability of the heart and lungs to
function efficiently during endurance exercise. E.g. marathon runner
Muscular endurance - This is the ability of a muscle to do sustained,
continuous work.
Exam Questions
Skill
Reaction time - Reaction time describes the time taken for a response to
occur after a stimulus. E.g. a sprinter reacting to the starting gun.
Agility - Ability to move quickly, changing direction and speed. It is a
combination of flexibility and speed. E.g. changing direction in a game of
rugby to avoid a tackle.
Balance - The ability to maintain a given position in static and dynamic
situation. E.g. holding a handstand in gymnastics.
Co-ordination - Coordination is the ability to produce a smooth movement
by efficiently linking all parts of a movement together.
Good hand-eye coordination is required for some sports, e.g. darts and any
sport that requires catching.

Timing - Timing is coinciding movements in relation to external factors

It is a combination of decision-making, reaction time and coordination. E.g.
contacting the ball with a rounders bat.
Aerobic threshold: 60% MHR Types of training Anaerobic threshold: 80% MHR
Trainin Description Good for Advantages Disadvantages
g Type improving

Continuo Involves continuous activity that increases heart rate Cardiovascular • Doesn’t require much equipment. Disadvantage:
us between 50-80% over a sustained period of time. It is slow endurance • Good for aerobic fitness • Not useful for game players because it doesn’t
Training and steady activities e.g. jogging. • Good for losing weight improve anaerobic fitness.
• Can be boring

Interval • Involves periods of intense work followed by rest Speed • Good for game players because you can mix • Can become boring
Training periods. Muscular aerobic and anaerobic exercise. • Need to time rest and work periods carefully
• Can be short or long intervals. endurance • Easy to adapt for different activities or fitness
Anaerobic levels
fitness • No specialist equipment needed

Weight • Involves using free-standing weights or fixed weights Muscular • Improves muscular strength and tone. • Need to have access to a gym which may be
Training attached to weight training equipment endurance • Easy to show progression costly.
• Repetitions are the number of times the weights are Speed • Increases muscle size and power • Free-standing weights may cause injury if
lifted Power • Assist recovery after injury dropped
• Sets are the number of times a weight activity is Strength • Limit on the weight that can be lifted with fixed
carried out weights
• Specialist equipment needed.

Fartlek Also known as ‘speed play’ and involves fast and slow Aerobic • Can be easily adapted for different sports and • Difficult to see how much effort is being exerted.
Training running over a variety of terrain or hills. It is useful for endurance fitness levels. • Too easy to skip the hard bits.
individual sports, e.g. athletics and team sports, e.g. Anaerobic • Good for sports that require a change of pace
football. fitness

Circuit • Involves completing a variety of exercises at stations to Anaerobic • Varied, so doesn’t get boring. Requires a lot of equipment and time to set up.
Training exercise different muscle groups fitness • Easily adapted
• Each exercise is carried out for a set time or number of Strength • Can include skill stations
repetitions before moving on to the next station Muscular
• Same muscle group should not be next to each other endurance
• It can be useful to team sports, e.g. football and Cardiovascular
racquet sports, and individual sports e.g. running. endurance
Speed

S Specificity- The training should match

the demands of the activity and
develop the relevant body systems.

Training Principles
R Reversibility – If training stops, because of
injury for example, then the benefits
gained would be lost.
Thresholds of Training
This is the heart rate needed to ensure that
exercise is affecting the body and fitness improves.
Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) is calculated by

P T
220-age.
Progression - Training workload should Tedium – Training should be varied and
be increased gradually so that the body interesting to prevent boredom.
Aerobic threshold : 60-80% MHR
can adjust to the extra demands. Anaerobic threshold: 80-90% MHR
Principles of overload

O Overload – Making your body work

harder than normal in order to make
it adapt or improve. F Frequency – The number
of training sessions. I Intensity – The number
of training sessions. T Time – the amount of
time spent in training
session
 Training year, training session and alternative
training.
Phases of a training session
Warm up – is done to prepare the body for exercise, reduce the
risk of injury and mentally prepare for the activity. An example
would be a pulse raiser, light exercises and stretches.
Fitness – this phase is done to concentrate on improving a
selected aspect of fitness. An example may be weight training to
improve strength.
Skill Phase – to develop individual skills or team play/skills.
Cool down – This is the end of the session where it finishes
gradually to help remove waste products in the body, such as
lactic acid to prevent soreness.
Altitude Training
• Aerobic exercise is carried out at higher altitudes (usually above
5000ft)
• The air is less dense and oxygen levels are lower
• More red blood cells are produced to help carry oxygen to the
muscles > increase in oxygen carrying capacity
• The adaptation of increased red blood cells will last about 2-3
months when athletes return to sea level.
Warm Weather Training
• Allows athletes to train consistently
• Psychological benefits e.g. mood lifted with
the sun
• Removes pressures such as the media they
have at home
• Injury risk reduced as muscle are warmer

Training Year
Pre-Season: Peak-Season: Post-Season:
• The time leading up to competition • Main competition period • Period of rest and recovery
• Initial preparation • Participation in competitions • Maintain general fitness
• Time to develop technique and fitness • Concentration on skills and on going
skills and on going fitness fitness
Example sessions for a footballer
• Warm up
• Jogging • Speed shuttles Continuous Training
• Shuttle sprints • Small sided games • Cycling
• Ball work - skills • Team shape and set plays • Running
• Small sided games. • Cool down • Swimming
 Exam Questions On types of training, training year, training session and
alternative training.
31. Which one of the following best describes
the frequency element of the overload 36. Describe the relationship between a repetition and a set in weight
principle of training? training. 2 marks
A. How hard you train
B. The type of training you do
C. How often you train 37. Describe what is meant by ‘interval training’. Using your
D. How long you train for knowledge of training zones and the principles of training,
explain how interval training can be used to improve
32. Which one of the following describes the
performance in a 100 metre race.
Fartlek training method?
A. Speed play
B. Long distance running
C. Training with weights
D. Exercising to music 38. State two advantages of using weight training to
improve fitness.
33. A cool down is done at the end of a training session to: :[1 mark]
A. Reduce the chance of injury during activity
B. Reduce the risk of muscle stiffness after exercise 39. Explain how an athlete could use their knowledge of
C. Increase blood flow around the body training zones to help improve their performance in cross
D. Increase the production of lactic acid country running. 4 marks
34. When planning a traininging programme the principles of training
have to be considered. Which describes the principal of progression?1
mark] 40. Describe a training method that an athlete could use to
A. Training is increased gradually as the body adjusts to the increased improve cardiovascular endurance or speed and explain in detail
demands how they could also use the principle of overload to improve their
B. Training that is suited to a particular sport or activity fitness. 8 marks
C. Training benefits are lost when training stops
D. Training to make the body work harder than normal in order to
improve it 41.A local club undertakes different training throughout the year.
35. Altitude training is beneficial to athletes. Which of the following is one Explain how each of different training seasons contribute to
of these benefits?[1 mark] improving performance. [8 marks]
A. Develops muscle strength
B. Improves technique
C. Increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
D. Enables quick weight loss
 Stress & Fatigue
Stress Fatigue
A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting The feeling of extreme physical and mental tiredness brought on by
from adverse or demanding circumstances. extreme exertion.
Causes of fatigue:
Causes of stress • Extreme exertion – pushing yourself physically or mentally.
• Physical change - e.g. recovering from an injury • Tiredness
• Mental change – e.g. competing against • Lack of fluid – need fluids (water) to keep the body cool and aid
different opponents. the removal of waste products.
• Emotional adjustment or response – e.g. death • Lack of training – muscles are not used to the exertion and so
or severe injury of a team mate cannot maintain effort.
• Poor nutrition – Need to ensure that diet contains enough
Effects of stress on performance
energy to support activity levels.
• Tension leading to tightness in muscles.
• Anxiety Consequences of Fatigue
• Apprehensive • Decreasing concentration levels – can cause you to make
• Nervousness leading to shaking or feeling sick mistakes
• Decrease in motivation • Local muscular fatigue – can cause you to stop the activity
• Injury – can occur if you don’t stop
• Decrease in skill level – incorrect execution of techniques

Exam Questions
42. Fatigue can occur as a result of physical activity. What is fatigue? 1
Mark

43. How does fatigue occur and what negative effect can this have on
performance? (2 marks)

44. During a cross country run an athlete becomes fatigue. What is

meant by the term fatigue and what effect could this have on
performance (4 marks)
 Injury & Safety
Internally caused Injuries – where performer is solely responsible
Overuse Injuries
- Training or performing too much
Exam Questions
- Stress fractures (a break in the bone due to repeated heavy load), muscle 45. Wearing the correct clothing when partaking in physical activity is
strains, and tendon injuries (an example is tennis elbow which is an essential for safety. Explain how correct footwear encourages safe
inflamed tendon). participation (2 marks)
46.Using two different examples, explain how safe practice can
Sudden Injuries reduce the risk of injury when taking part in physical activity. 4
- Strain is put on the body whilst performing through a twist, stretch or marks
turn which can result in injury such as a pulled muscle 47. Rules are created by governing bodies. Explain how following
rules makes participation safer? (2 marks)
Externally caused injuries – caused by other factors than the performers
themselves. 48.Which one of the following is 49.Which one of the following is
Foul play or incorrect actions – involves other players/opponents . Rules to not an example of personal not a precaution taken to avoid
stop this occurring. protective equipment? injury?
Impact injuries – Contact in sport with others, equipment or playing surface. A. Post protectors in rugby A. Carrying out a warm-up
Equipment / clothing – damaged or faulty equipment and badly B. Shin pads in football B. Wearing jewellery
fitting/inappropriate clothing. C. Gum shield in hockey C. Playing by the rules
Accidents – these will always happen! D. Buoyancy aid in sailing D. Wearing safety equipment

Common Injuries Head injuries

Injury -
An injury is damage to your
Joint and Muscle Injuries Make sure they can breath, with mouth
body. It is a general term that
Includes sprains, strains, pulled muscles and cramps. Apply RICE and nose clear and in the coma position.
refers to harm caused by
principle: Concussion signs; weak and irregular
accidents, falls, hits, weapons,
REST – stop and rest injury. pulse, slow and shallow breathing – to be
and more.
ICE – apply ice to reduce swelling and pain. dealt with by experts
COMPRESSION – bandage or tape to give support and pressure to Cuts Precautions
area. Make sure it doesn’t restrict blood flow. Clean and dress the cut with a • Risk assessment
ELEVATION – try to raise injured body part to decrease circulation plaster or small bandage. • Warm ups – before activity
to area and drain away other fluid.
Fractures • Rules and codes of conduct
Are broken bones. Signs: shape of limb is are clear, followed and
Hypothermia
abnormal or in an unnatural position, swelling enforced.
Rapid cooling of the body where temperature drops
quickly. Cover them with warm dry clothing or blankets. and possibly the bone sticking out.
 Diet and Nutrition
Food Type % in diet Examples Used for….
Carbohydrates 33% Pasta, bread, rice and potatoes Main source of energy for our body .
Fats 22% Cheese, Chocolate, oils, and other Body fat keeps us warm and protects organs. Provides energy. Can act as an
diary products insulator to help keep players warm
Protein 12% Meat, fish and nuts. Used for growth and repair of the muscles. Reduces recovery time
Vitamins & Minerals 33% Fresh fruit and vegetables Keeping your bodily functions healthy and balanced. Increase the body’s
efficiency to carry oxygen to the working muscles (minerals).
Fibre N/A Fresh fruit and vegetables; and Helps us to digest food. Helps reduce levels of cholesterol making the heart
whole wheat cereal. more efficient.
Water N/A Tap or bottled water Helps keep us hydrated – helps maintain concentration and reduce fatigue

Obesity Malnutrition Specific Diets Levels of Participation

Condition of being Physical weakness Carbohydrate loading – used by endurance athletes, Basal metabolic rate (BMR) –
extremely fat or over resulting from e.g. marathon runners. Involves eating excess minimum rate of energy required
weight, which results insufficient food or an starch-rich foods one week prior to an event to Calories – unit to measure heat or
in health problems unbalanced diet increase glycogen stores in the muscles. This helps energy production.
Anorexia delay tiredness by providing a slow release of
An eating disorder, occurs energy. If you are active your BMR is
primarily in females relating to High-protein diet – used by bodybuilders to gain increased and so you need to intake
the fear of gaining weight and muscle and lose fat. However, eating extra protein a higher number of calories to ensure
a distorted body image. does not directly add muscle and can be difficult to that there is a balance. However, if
digest. you take in an excess amount of
50. Diet can have a calories when you are not active it
significant impact on a
football players 51.Diet is an important
Exam Questions 53.We take in a
will lead to weight gain.

performance. Name two
essential nutrients football
players s should include in
their diets and how they
improve performance
towards the end of the
game. (6 marks]
factor to consider when
participating in a physical
activity. Explain how a
carbohydrate loading diet
could help a runner to
perform to the best of
their ability in a half
marathon. 4 marks
52.The sports nutritionist advises number of different • Before exercise – try to eat 2
that fibre is an important nutrient in food types in our hours before activity.
diet because it keeps his digestive diet. Which aids the • During – Try not to eat during
system healthy. Name three other digestive system?
activity, but something light and
nutrients that are important in diet • Protein
small such as a banana would be
and explain how each may help an • Fibre
athletes performance in training and
ok
• Vitamins
in competition. 6 marks • Fats
• After – Try to leave a 2 gap after
activity.
 Healthy schools programme
Personal, Social and Health Emotional Health and National Curriculum and extra-curricular
Education Well-being
• Incorporates sex and • Behaviour and reward policies provision
relationship education and including bullying Extra-curricular and factors that impact
drug education • Confidential pastoral support participation
• Helps to provide informed system Extra-curricular activities are those that
decisions on choices. • Support for vulnerable happen outside of the classroom.
individuals and groups. Participation in activities can be effected by:
1. Activity range – offer a wide range of Physical activity policy
activities that can be both recreational or • 2 hours of practical PE per
National Healthy Schools competitive week is a legal requirement
Healthy eating 2. Attitudes and experience of staff – can
Programme effect what activities are offered.
• Sets people up for a healthy
• Gives information to make active lifestyle
healthy choices Motivation and encouragement may lack • Provides qualifications and a
• Healthy and nutritious food Physical Activity if a negative attitude is adopted. balance between subjects.
offered • 2 hours structured per week 3. Facilities- do schools have the space and
• Helps to improve • Done to improve health and equipment?
concentration, resistance to fitness, provide approved 4. Outside visits – Increases opportunities
infection, energy level, qualifications, prepare for using facilities that are not otherwise
physical growth and active lifestyle and balance available.
relationship, builds strength. subjects taught 5. Club links – increases range of activities
on offer.

Exam Questions
54. Which one of the 59. The Healthy Schools Programme was introduced to
55. Explain how
following is the term used 57. Which one of the make a difference to the health and achievement of
teachers can have a 58. Which one of the
for the compulsory following is not a core children in schools. State and describe two of the
positive influence following is not a school
Physical Education theme of the Healthy themes included in this programme. (4 marks)
on participation.(2 extra-curricular activity?
programme provided by Schools Programme? 61. Which one of the following is not
marks) a) Breakfast badminton club
schools? a) Physical Activity 60. Identify five a core theme of the Healthy Schools
a) Extra-curricular b) Lunchtime gymnastics club ways in which Programme?
56. Explain how b) Healthy Eating
programme c) Netball lesson schools can a) Physical Activity
school facilities can c) Personal, Social and
b) Cross-curricular d) After school cheerleading encourage healthy b) Healthy Eating
have a negative Health Education
programme taster session eating amongst c) Emotional Health and
effect on d) Every Child Matters Well-being
c) National Curriculum participation. (2 their students. [5
d) The National Curriculum for
d) Timetable marks) marks] physical education
 Physical activity range
Outwitting opponents – e.g.
hockey, football, basketball
Accurate replication –
gymnastics or dance routine
Exploring and communicating
ideas- dance activities
Performing at maximum levels –
100m sprint in competition
Identify and solving problems –
personal survival, orienteering
or OAA
Exercising safely and effectively
to improve health and well
being - health and fitness
activities
Exam Questions
62. State three ways an
amateur sports performer
could obtain funding. (3
marks)
63. Describe what is meant
by an ‘amateur sports
performer. (2 marks)
64. Give an example of a
sports qualification and
state how it may encourage
an individual to become
involved in or stay involved
in physical activity or sport.
[2 marks]
Roles of participants Vocational opportunities
Player/Performer
Aims to improve
Organiser
Responsible for bringing
and qualifications
Sports performers:
performance in a everything together at the right Professional – get paid for taking part and
particular sport or time and place. do the sport as their full time job
activity by developing Needs to have good managerial Amateur- take part as a past time or a
good knowledge, and organisational skills. hobby. They don’t get paid and have a full
skills, tactics, Has a range of duties including time job
positioning, booking facilities and managing Semi-professional – combination of the
technique and funds above where they can get paid via
movement
Official sponsorship, expenses, scholarships and
Leader/Coach
Responsible for controlling occupations.
Specialises in a particular Careers:
activity or sport. a sport or activity, based on
There are many
Helps the player/performer the rules and regulations of opportunities e.g. PE
to improve their the game
teacher, coach, trainer, Qualifications:
performance through Ensures that the activity is
physiotherapist, sports BTEC, GCSE, GCE (a-level)
appropriate training. played or performed safely
management and and sports performance
Influences achievement of and fairly
personal trainer awards
goals and behaviour in sport. e.g. referee, umpire, judge,
marshal, timekeeper Sports/coaching awards.
Cross-curricular links
68. Identify and explain how one other
65. Name one career in sport or
curriculum subject can contribute in a positive PE Links with number of other subjects:
physical recreation. [1 mark]
way to Physical Education. (3 marks)
66. The GCSE Physical Education 69. Which one of the following activities is • English: speaking and listening skills
course allows students to adopt in the outwitting opponents group? and specialised vocabulary
different roles within their activities. a) Life saving • Mathematics: scoring, measuring
Identify two roles and explain how a b) Artistic gymnastics distances and calculating speeds
student might gain different benefits c) Aerobics • Science: biology and physiology links
from adopting each of these roles. (4 d) Basketball • Geography: orienteering, landscapes
and weather
marks) 70. Which one of the following is a role that can
• Food technology: diet, nutrition and
be adopted as part of the GCSE Physical Education
67. Explain how studying GCSE energy balance
Course?
Physical Education may be of benefit • Citizenship: themes and values, such as
a) Manager
to a student who is choosing to follow trust, responsibility, inclusion, respect,
b) Captain
the career named in sport or physical etc.
c) Official
recreation. [2 marks]
d) Physiotherapist
 Leisure and recreation
Characteristics of Leisure and
Recreation
• Leisure time refers to the time left over after
eating, sleeping, school, work, etc. when you can
choose what you would like to do.
• Recreation refers to time to relax and enjoy
yourself, and is a good opportunity to do
something active and healthy.
• Physical recreation refers to participating for
intrinsic rather than extrinsic reward. For
example, participating for health benefits.
• Outdoor recreation refers to activities with an
element of challenge, such as climbing, caving
and white water rafting, in which you have to
cope with the natural environment.
• Lifelong sports are sports that can be carried on
throughout life, such as swimming, and allow
maximum benefit gained.
• Being active during leisure time helps people to
live a healthy lifestyle.
Leisure and Recreation
Fairness and Personal and Social
In recent years, there has been an increase in
Responsibility
opportunities for leisure time due to:
• Greater unemployment, giving people more free
time.
• Shorter working week, allowing people to finish work
earlier and therefore have more time in the evenings.
• Advances in technology, such as labour-saving
devices like washing machines, allowing more time to
be spent on leisure activities rather than household
chores.
The leisure industry(local authorities and private clubs)
have grown to meet the increased demand for leisure
provision.
Specific ‘user’ groups have been identified and the
leisure industry has targeted their provision at them.
For example, mothers and toddlers, unemployed people
and shift workers.
Etiquette in sport refers to taking part in the
correct way
and following the unwritten rules.
Some examples are:
• Kicking the ball out of play when a player
goes down injured
• Shaking hands with opponents before and
after a game
• Bowing to your opponent in certain martial
arts
• Respecting the official’s decisions
• Adhering to the rules and the spirit of the
game
This allows the games to be played fairly and
safely.

71. Identify three reasons why Benefits of Leisure and Recreation

the amount of leisure time has 73. All of the following are active
increased and explain one effect leisure activities except:
this has had on the leisure a) Playing chess • General fitness can be improved.
b) Playing football • Weight loss
industry. (4 marks)
c) Playing bowls • Suitable for all
d) Hill walking • Can continue for life
72. An individual may take part • Social benefits – meeting new people
in non-competitive activities as • Men and women could participate
part of their leisure and together
recreation time. State five • General health is improved
benefits of taking part in a • Not stressful.
non-competitive activity. [5
marks]
Exam Questions
 The media, sponsorship and role models
Media – What is it? Media influences Sponsorship
Range and Scope of Sponsorship
Television Demonstrating performance and
• Individuals: individual sponsorship deals whereby the athlete
• Most powerful and commonly accessed form of participation:
gets given money to endorse a good, e.g. wearing a specific
media. • High standards of performance
brand of footwear.
• Increased influence since introduction of digital shown
• Teams and clubs: payments made to the team, and used for
transition. • Slow-motion replays emphasise
equipment, kit etc.
• Large number of sport channels available. good points
• Sports: major sponsorship associated with the sport to
• Listed events cannot be shown on pay per view • Promotes healthy active lifestyle
promote leagues or competitions.
or satellite. E.g. Wimbledon Championship Increasing revenue
• Events: big events such as the Olympic Games attract many
Radio • Media pays for broadcasting rights
sponsors because it increases publicity
• Introduction of digital radio increased number • Sponsors more likely to pay when Types of Sponsorship
Effects of Sponsorship
of stations high media coverage. • Equipment
• Provision of equipment, clothing
cvv
• Dedicated sports stations
• Intrusion on event –lack of privacy accessories, facilities, • Clothing
• Broadcasting cost are lower than television transport/travel • Accessories
• Radios are cheap and easily accessible for performers v
• Entry fees and expenses paid, • Transport and travel
Press • Media pressure – make something
e.g. hotel bills • Training
Newspapers – have dedicated sports sections more dramatic or speed it up by
Unacceptable Sponsorship • Entry fees and expenses
Magazines – carry sports-related stories and topics. changing rules
Also specialist sport magazines. • Edited coverage – not all of the • Anything associated with poor
Disadvantages of Sponsorship
Books – novels, textbooks and sporting . action is seen. health, e.g. smoking and alcohol
• Sponsors may start to dictate
autobiographies. • Altered event timings – especially Advantages of Sponsorship changes, e.g. to the rules,
Information Technology TV • Financial support for the clothing, timings etc.
• Lots of information available on CD-ROMS and the • Undermining officials – slow athlete • Sponsors can withdraw if the
Internet motion replays undermine • Promotion of the sport image of the sport is damaged
• Increasing number of sites on the Internet decisions • Raise profile and image of • Difficult for minority (less
broadcasting TV and radio • Limited attendance – people sport well-known) sports to get
choosing to watch from home • Increased revenue for the
Someone who people might How can role models sponsorship
c
aspire to be like, look up to and influence • Biased popularity – can make sponsor, and gives them a
seen as a good example to participation? sports more popular than others. good image Exam Questions
follow. • By being an
inspiration 80. Describe the advantages that a local 84. Which one of the following 86. Identify one type of media and describe two
How can role models shape
• By being successful company might gain from sponsoring David. (3 is not an acceptable sponsor for ways in which it can have a positive effect on
attitudes? marks) sport. (5 marks)
through good a school sports team?
• The way in which they play, e.g.
performances 81. State two types of sponsorship and a) A coach company 87. Explain what a role model is and describe
fairly, abiding by rules or
• By representing a explain how each could improve players’ b) A brewery how they can affect the level of participation in
playing unfairly against the
group, e.g. ethnic performance. (4 marks) c) A sports shop a sport.(4 marks)
rules.
group, gender group d) A health club
• Setting trends 82. Explain why an alcohol company 88. Describe two ways in which the director of
or disability may not be an acceptable sponsor for 85. Explain how Louis Smith could a televised sports event could influence how
• The way in which they conduct
themselves in both their Rachel’s football club. (2marks) have had an effect on Ben’s level sport will be seen by viewers. [4 marks]
sporting and private life. Role models 83. What is meant by the term of participation or performance in 89. Describe one acceptable type of sponsorship
gymnastics. [4 marks]
‘role model’. (2marks) that would be useful to the football club. (2 marks)
 Competitions, international events and developments
Competitions Exam Questions International sporting events
Knockout The majority of sport events provide a world championship for
One teams plays another. The winner progresses and the loser their particular events:
90. Describe a type of
is knocked out. It is usually played in rounds. E.g. Darts Football – World cup
Advantages – easy to organise and high numbers can competition that would allow
Rugby – Rugby world cup
participate maximum participation if five
Cricket – One day tests
Disadvantages – over quickly if you lose and qualify events may teams were involved. (2 marks) Athletics – Olympics
be needed to get correct numbers for each round.
91. To find a winner quickly, Formula One – World championship
Ladders
There is a set number of player/teams on the ladder. You when a large number of teams High profile events – these are not world championships but
challenge people higher on the ladder to a game and you take have entered, the best type of are very popular in the media. They include – Wimbledon,
their place if you win. competition would be a: Super Bowl, Football Leagues and ne off events such as a
Advantages – suited to racket sports and is easy to run and a) Round Robin boxing match.
organise.
Leagues
b) League
c) Knockout Advantages of hosting international events
Most common form of competition where all teams play
against each other, often twice in a given time period. d) Ladder • Good chance of making a profit through sponsors, media,
Advantages – can cater for large entry with several leagues, marketing and merchandise.
everyone has same number of games and all arrangements can 92. Using examples, explain how • Updated/new facilities that can be used after the event.
be made in advance. advances in technology could help • Raising profile and reputation of the country on the world
Disadvantages – goes on for a long time and can get fixture Rachel to improve her scale.
congestion. performance. (8 marks) Disadvantages of hosting
• Security and risk of terrorist
93. Using examples, explain how
• Political boycotts and protest
technological developments could
• High cost and expenses for facilities and security.
help Ben to improve his
Science in sport performance in gymnastics.
(Answer in continuous prose) [8
• Equipment – new materials mean things are now
lighter, stronger and more durable. E.g. Rackets are marks] IT in sport
• Data recording and storage – lots of data can be stored,
now made using fibreglass and titanium. Things 94. Rio de Janeiro in Brazil will analysed and presented.
created to improve performance such as aerodynamic host the Olympic Games and the • Performance analysis – enable performers to record and
helmets. Paralympic Games in 2016. play back performance using sports motion analysis to give
• Materials – Synthetic material development has
State and describe two ways in them a source of feedback and information on how to
changed sportswear. Examples include – full body suits
which the hosting of these Games improve. E.g. ProZone – football clubs to analyse previous
to improve streamline (now banned), surfaces of
could be an advantage to the performance or Dartfish which is used by a variety of sports.
facilities have changed e.g. 4G and footwear e.g.
performance of competitors from • Performance aids – Fitness monitoring allows heart rate,
football boot development.
Brazil. blood pressure and training zones to be read ensuring
• Facilities – purpose built facilities for sports e.g.
[4 marks] training is occurring in the right way. Hawk-eye, used in
gymnast. Development of indoor arenas (e.g. tennis)
competition to check decision making is correct e.g. lines in
for participation all year round. Retractable roofs on
tennis. Video officials – used to check and support decisions
stadiums to allow best competing conditions (e.g.
e.g. rugby.
Wembley). State of the art equipment for gyms.