ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CHAPTERWISE NAMED REACTIONS

CHAPTER 10: HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

1. Darzens Method: ​Alcohols when treated with thionyl chlorides give corresponding alkyl chlorides
and gaseous by-products sulphur dioxide and hydrogen chloride.

2. Finkelstein Reaction: ​In the ​Finkelstein Reaction​ alkyl iodides are prepared easily by the reaction of
alkyl chlorides or alkyl bromides with Nal in dry acetone.

3. Swarts Reaction:​ ​When alkyl chloride or alkyl bromide is heated in the presence of metallic
fluorides like AgF, Hg2F2, SbF3 or CoF2, we get alkyl fluorides.

4. Sandmeyer Reaction:​ ​The ​Sandmeyer Reaction​ is used to synthesize aryl halides from aryl
diazonium salts in the presence of copper salts. This reaction is a method for substitution of an
aromatic amino group by preparing diazonium salt, followed by its displacement.

5. Gattermann Reaction: ​Bromine and Chlorine can be introduced in the benzene ring by treating the
benzene diazonium salt solution with similar halogen acid in presence of copper powder. This is the
Gattermann Reaction.
6. Balz-Schiemann Reaction: ​When benzene-diazonium chloride is treated with fluoroboric acid, arene
diazonium fluoroborate is precipitated and decomposes to yield aryl fluoride on heating.

7. Wurtz Reaction:​ ​When alkyl halides react with sodium in presence of dry ether, we get
hydrocarbons that include the double number of carbon atoms present in the halide. This is known as
the ​Wurtz Reaction​.

8. Fittig Reaction: ​Aryl halides when treated with sodium metal in presence of dry ether give
analogous compounds where two aryl groups are joined .This is known as Fittig Reaction.

9. Wurtz-Fittig Reaction: ​When a mixture of alkyl halide and aryl halide are treated with sodium in
presence of dry ether, an alkyl arene is obtained. This is known as Wurtz Fittig Reaction.

10. Friedel-Crafts alkylation Reaction:​ ​Benzene is treated with an alkyl halide in the presence of a
lewis acid like anhydrous aluminum chloride to give Alkylbenzene.

11. Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction: ​Benzene is treated with an acyl halide in the presence of a lewis
acid like anhydrous aluminum chloride to give Acyl Benzene.
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CHAPTERWISE NAMED REACTIONS
CHAPTER 11: ALCOHOLS, ETHERS AND PHENOLS

1. Dow Reaction: ​In Dow Process chlorobenzene when treated with aq. NaOH at 623K and 300 atm
gets converted to phenol under drastic conditions.

2. Kolbe’s Reaction: ​Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium phenoxide which then reacts
with carbon dioxide in acidic medium to give hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid).

3. Reimer-Tiemann Reaction:​ ​Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium phenoxide which
then reacts with chloroform to give hydroxybenzaldehyde (salicylaldehyde).

4. Williamson Synthesis: ​It is an important laboratory method for the preparation of symmetrical and
unsymmetrical ethers. In this method, an alkyl halide is allowed to react with sodium alkoxide.
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CHAPTERWISE NAMED REACTIONS
CHAPTER 12: ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

1. Rosenmund Reduction: ​When Acyl chloride is hydrogenated in the presence of palladium and
barium sulphate an aldehyde is obtained. This is known as Rosenmund Reduction.

2. Stephen Reaction: ​Nitriles with stannous chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid are reduced
to the corresponding imine and give the corresponding aldehydes after hydrolysis.

3. Etard Reaction:​ ​Chromyl chloride oxidizes methyl group to get chromium complex which on
hydrolysis provides corresponding benzaldehyde.

4. Gatterman – Koch Reaction:​ ​Benzene is treated with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in the
presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride to give benzaldehyde.

5. Clemmensen Reduction: ​In ​Clemmensen reduction​, the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones on
treatment with zinc-amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid is reduced to CH2 group.

6. Wolff Kishner Reduction:​ In Wolff Kishner reduction, the ​carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones
on treatment with hydrazine in a high boiling solvent like ethylene glycol is reduced to CH2 group.
7. ​Aldol Reaction:​ Aldehydes and ketones having at least one α-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the
presence of dilute alkali as the catalyst to produce β-hydroxy aldehydes or β-hydroxy ketones.

8. Cannizzaro Reaction:​ Aldehydes without α-hydrogen atoms undergo self-oxidation and reduction
reaction when treated with concentrated alkali.

9.Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ ) Reaction​: ​Carboxylic acids having a α-hydrogen are halogenated at the
α-position give α-halo carboxylic acids on treatment with chlorine or bromine in the presence of
small amount of red phosphorus.
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CHAPTERWISE NAMED REACTIONS
CHAPTER 13: AMINES

1. Hoffmann Ammonolysis:​ An alkyl halide on reaction with an ethanolic solution of ammonia

undergoes nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the halogen atom is replaced by an amino
(–NH2 ) group. This process of cleavage of the C–X bond by an ammonia molecule is known as
ammonolysis.

2. Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis:​ ​Phthalimide treated with ethanolic potassium hydroxide produces
potassium salt of phthalimide which when heated with alkyl halide followed by alkaline hydrolysis
forms the corresponding primary amine.

3. Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation Reaction:​ ​An amide with bromine in an aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide produces primary amines. Migration of an alkyl or aryl group takes place from
carbonyl carbon of the amide to the nitrogen atom. The amine so produced include one carbon less
than that present in the amide.