MODULE 1: Basic Concepts in Tourism Policy Planning and Development

UNWTO
According to UNWTO, tourism is "a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails
the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or
business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists
or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of
which involve tourism expenditure."
Why do people travel?
1. rest and relaxation - traveling when rest and relaxation is not possible at home
2. novelty - bring something new or unique
3. prestige - traveling to affirm socioeconomic status
4. education/intellectual enhancement - traveling to gain knowledge that can only be
acquired away from home
5. kinship enhancement - traveling or visiting family and friends to enrich relationships
6. socialization - interacting with other people and meeting new faces
7. fantasy - longing for freedom, reminiscing childhood, and other personal desires 

Types of Tourists

ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHY
domestic tourists - refer to the residents of a country who travel within their own country
outbound tourists - residents traveling to another country
inbound tourists - non-residents visiting a country other than their own

ACCORDING TO THE LENGTH OF STAY

1. day-trippers or excursionists
2. overnight trippers (tourists) - weekenders (short-haul) and long0time vacationers (long-
haul)

ACCORDING TO THE PURPOSE OF THE TRIP

. 1. allocentrics - tourists who are adventurous and prefer to travel alone or in small groups
to new destinations
2. psychocentrics - tourists who find comfort in things familiar to them even when traveling
3. mid-centrics - tourists who are in between the first two types.

Tourism Policy, Tourism Planning and Tourism Product Development

Tourism policy is defined as "a set of rules, regulations, guidelines, directives, and
development/promotion objectives and strategies that provide framework within which the
collective, as well as individual decisions directly affecting long-term tourism development and
the daily activities within a destination are taken."  (Goeldner &Ritchie 2003, p.413 in Scott,
2011).
Tourism policy is one of the primary bases of tourism planning, along with the national, local
development plans, land use plans, natural and cultural assets of the place, environmental
policy, cultural policy, foreign policy, and expressed national or local needs.  To cite a few
examples, tourism has become a major pillar of the Philippine economy because it offers much
greater latitude for creating employment and livelihood opportunities, compared to other
economic activities.  As such, tourism enables the attainment of inclusive growth and poverty
alleviation, which is the main goal of national development.
Tourism plans are also framed by land use plans.  In the special case of Palawan, nature-based
tourism became the logical path for its development, because the whole province is covered by
the Strategic Environmental Plan.  Where there are protected areas and places covered by
ancestral domains, only controlled tourism may be allowed.

International tourism is also dictated by foreign policy.  For instance, the two Koreas have only
limited cross-border tourism because the two countries remain technically at war.  Finally,
countries may promote tourism as a means to meet national needs.  The recent move by Japan
to relax her vista regulations for countries in Southeast Asia may have been motivated by her
desire to generate more financial resources to support her massive efforts in the aftermath of
the 2012 tsunami. 

Tourism Plan
A tourism plan is an output of the tourism planning process.  Tourism planning is the process of
(1) gathering and evaluating information to identify and prioritize current tourism development
issues, (2) imagining a desired future state of tourism in the destination, and (3) choosing from
a number of alternatives for achieving them.  This process is time consuming laborious, and
sometimes contentious because the different stakeholder groups in a given area may not  share
the same dream or the means to achieving the dream.
In technical terms, the process involves
1. situation analysis
2. vision, goals and objectives
3. strategies.
vision - a desired future state of the destination
goals - broad-based targets for tourism (e.g. to modernize the international airport)
objectives - targets that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound (e.g., to
increase passenger handling capacity of X airport to two million a year, starting 2022)
strategies - the method by which objectives will be achieved (e.g,, public-private partnership
arrangement) 

Levels of Tourism Planning

INTERNATIONAL TOURISM PLANNING
At the international level, tourism planning typically involves; international transportation
services; the movement and scheduling of the tourists among different countries; the
development of major tourist attractions and facilities in neighboring countries and the working
strategies and promotional programs of many countries.
Examples of International level participation groups:
 United Nations World Tourism Organization; Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development
 World Travel and Tourism Council
 World Wildlife Fund
 World Congress against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of children

NATIONAL TOURISM PLANNING

The National level of tourism planning is concerned with: tourism policy; infrastructure;
facilities and a physical structure plan which includes important tourist attractions, selected
tourism development regions, international entity points, facilities, and services.  
Examples of national level participation groups include:
 Visit Britain, Tourism New Zealand
 Philippine Travel Agencies Association
 Philippine Tour Operators Association
 The Wilderness Society
 Society for the Protection of Birds                                                                                                  
                              
REGIONAL TOURISM PLANNING
Regional planning looks at aspects including: regional policy, regional entry points and
transportation facilities and services; kinds of tourist attractions and their locations; the
amount, kinds, and location of tourist accommodation and other tourist facilities; and services
and location of tourist development areas including resort areas.
Examples of regional level participation groups include:
 Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
 Association of Southeast Asian Nations
 European Environmental Bureau
 Climate Action Network Europe                                                                                                      
                       
LOCAL TOURISM PLANNING
Local level participants will consider tourism planning goals/objectives, analysis, plan
preparation, outputs, outcomes, and evaluation at grass roots level.
Examples of local level participation groups include:
 local government involvement in leisure and tourism provision
 local producers
 local non-producers
 single interest organization 
TIME FRAME IN TOURISM PLANNING
Tourist Site
Tourist site is an area that contain one or more tourist attractions.  A tourist attraction is a
place of interest where tourists visit, typically for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural
value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure, adventure and
amusement.
Tourist sites are the specific places which tourists come to see and experience.  A TS may be an
existing natural attraction (natural rock formation); an area of natural scenic beauty  (national
park); or man-made attraction (heritage structure, beach/golf resort).  It can also be a site or
area for potential development or enhancement for tourism such as a free field site for a new
resort, or coastal area, which could be designated as a marine park.
An example of a tourist site in the Philippines would be Intramuros.  Within the walls, tourists
can visit attractions such as The Manila Cathedral, San Agustin Church, Fort Santiago, and
Aduana.

Tourist Development Area

 Tourism Development Area is an area designated for possessing an important site or groups of
tourist site.  A town or city that has one or more tourist sites or more than one town or city can
be considered as TDA.
Tourism Development Area consist of at least one, but more usually several tourist sites.  A TDA
can either have considerable existing tourism activity or have the potential for significant
tourism development.  By virtue of a combination of attractions, facilitates and amenities which
meet tourists' interests and needs.  TDAs provide the operational focus for the development of
tourism within the various TDCs (tourism development cluster).  Although TDAs are to limited
by geographical size, their boundaries correspond to administrative units- barangay,
municipality or province, depending on size. 
For example, for Metro Manila cluster, the tourist development areas are Quezon City, Makati
City and the City of Manila.  For the ARMM cluster, the tourist development areas are in
Basilan, Tawi-Tawi, Sulu, Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao

Tourism Development Cluster

Tourism Development Cluster is composed of two or more TDA.

Tourism Development Clusters (TDCs) are identified and delineated using the following criteria:
 existence of a sufficient number and range of tourism sites with capacity to meet long term
development possibilities; topographical features; contiguousness of land masses; geographical
size - large enough to contain extensive range of potential tourism products/ experiences;
location of "gateway" centers and cities; location of significant brand/unique features and/or
"world class" attraction; robust, sustainable environmental base; and, access transport
linkages/connectivity
Example:
Under the NTDP 2016-2022, under the group of Northern Philippines.(NP)the cluster
destinations are the following:
NP-1.  Batanes
NP-2.  Ilocos region
NP-3.  Cagayan
NP-4.  CAR
NP-5.  Central Luzon
NP-6.  Metro Manila and Environs
NP-7.  Laguna, Batangas and Quezon

Tourism Circuits
Tourism circuits consist of two or more tourism attraction sites located closely enough that
they can be grouped together for development and/or marketing purposes.
Tourism circuits help highlight the inter-relationships and common tourism opportunities
among the cities and municipalities that are part of the same destination.
The tourism circuit also helps identify how the LGUs in a destination are linked together as a
tourism value chain.
An example would be the Culinary Circuit in Cavite, where tourists can try the halo-halo in
Bacoor, pancit  pusit in Cavite City, Calandracas in Kawit, longganisa in Imus  and the Tinapa in
Rosario.
Tourism Corridor
Tourism corridors is an approach to tourism that offers travelers the opportunity to visit a
variety of built and natural attractions along a themed route.  By moving away from the well-
established destination resort model of tourism development that focuses on a specific locality,
tourism corridors offer visitors the opportunity to travel through a variety of landscapes and
visit a range of iconic and non-iconic yet locally significant attractions.
To develop a tourism corridor, the following must be present:
1. A strong attraction base comprising a number of appealing sites or places that are of
interest from the standpoint of their biodiversity, historical, cultural, social, heritage,
environmental or other significance.
2. Easy connectivity that does not present any logistical hardships in accessing and moving
between such attractions.
3. Appropriate services and amenities especially in the provision of such necessities as
food and drinks, well-appointed rest stops, options for overnight accommodation, basic
medical care and security.
 4. Adequate directional and/or information signage that facilitates travel and educates the
traveler about the attractions within the corridor.

Acclaimed as the "greatest route in the history of mankind", the ancient Silk Road formed the
first bridge between the East and the West and was an important vehicle for trade between the
ancient empires of China, Central and Western Asia, the Indian sub-continent , and Rome.  the
Silk Road was more than just trade routes, it symbolized the multiple benefits arising from
cultural exchange.  As a result, countless historic and cultural sites remain along the network of
famous routes.  Today, these routes, or "heritage corridors" as they have been identified by the
UNESCO, have the potential to offer economic benefits to local communities and cross-cultural
exchange through tourism development.  The Silk Road's exceptional cultural and living
heritage creates incredible opportunities for tourism.  

Tourism Characteristics and their Planning Implications

INTANGIBLE
The product cannot be seen or inspected before its purchase.  Instead, certain facilities,
installations, items of equipment are made available for a specified use.  For example, a seat in
an airplane is provided only for a specified time.

HIGHLY PERISHABLE
A travel agent or tour operator who sells a tourism product cannot store it.  Production can only
take place if the customer is actually present.  And once consumption begins, it cannot be
stopped, interrupted or modified.  If the product remains unused the chances are lost, i.e. if
tourists do not visit a particular place, the opportunity at that time is lost.  It is due to this
reason that heavy discount is offered by hotels and transport generating organizations during
off season.

PSYCHOLOGICAL
A large component of tourism product is the satisfaction the consumer derives from its use.  A
tourist acquires experiences while interacting with the new environment and his experiences
help to attract and motivate potential customers.

COMPOSITE NATURE
The tourist product cannot be provided by a single enterprise unlike a manufactured product.
 The tourist product covers the complete experience of a visit to a particular place.  And many
providers contribute to this experience.  For instance, airline supplies seats, a hotel provides
rooms and restaurants, travel agents make booking for stay and sightseeing.

UNSTABLE DEMAND
Tourism demand is influenced by seasonal, economic,  political and other factors.  There are
certain times of the year which see a greater demand than others.  At these times, there is
 greater strain on services like hotel bookings, employment, the transport system, etc
.
FIXED SUPPLY IN THE LONG RUN
The tourism product, unlike a manufactured product cannot be brought to the consumer; the
consumer must go to the product.  This requires an in-depth study of users' behavior, taste
preferences, likes and dislikes so that expectations and realities coincide for the maximum
satisfaction of the consumer.  The supply of a tourism product is fixed in the short run and can
only be increased in the long run following increased demand patterns.

ABSENCE OF OWNERSHIP
When you buy a car, the ownership of the car is transferred to you, but when you hire a taxi,
you buy the right to be transported to a predetermined destination at a predetermined price
(fare).  You either own the automobile nor the driver of the vehicle.  Similarly, hotel rooms,
airline tickets, etc. can be used but not owned.  These services can be bought for consumption
but ownership remains with the provider of the service.  So, a dance can be enjoyed by viewing
it, but the dancer cannot be owned.

HETEROGENOUS
Tourism is not a homogenous product since it tends to vary in standard and quality over time,
unlike a TV set or any other manufactured product.  A package tour or even a flight on an
aircraft can't be consistent at all times.  The reason is that this product is a service and services
are people-based.  Due to this, there is variability in this product.  For instance all flight
attendants cannot provide the same quality of service, and even the same flight attendant may
not perform uniformly in the morning and evening.  Thus, services cannot be standardized.

RISKY
The risk involved in the use of a tourism product is heightened since it has to be purchased
before its consumption.  An element of chance is always present in its consumption.  Like, a
show might not be as entertaining as it promises to be or a beach holiday might be
disappointing due to heavy rain.

MARKETABLE
Tourism product is marketed at two levels.  At the first level, national and regional
organizations engage in persuading potential tourists to visit the country or a certain region.
 These official tourist organizations first create knowledge of its country in tourist-generating
markets to visit the country.  At the second level, the various individual firms providing tourist
services, market their own components of the total tourist product to persuade potential
tourists to visit the region.

Benefits of Tourism Planning

1. stimulates GDP growth
2. increases international trade
3. boosts international investment
4. drives infrastructure development
 5. supports low income economies
6. creates jobs efficiently
7. promoted inclusive growth
8. strengthens rural communities
9. revitalizes urban areas
10. improves access to income via travel technology
11. benefits women who make up 60 to 70% of tourism industry workers
12. bolsters artisans who sell their crafts to tourists
13. facilitates conservation
14. raises climate change awareness
15. propels the blue economy which accounts for an estimated 26% of ocean-based
economic activity making it a key driver of the blue economy and increasing the value of
marine conservation
16. protects cultural sites
17. sustains intangible culture
18. spreads philanthropy
19. cultivates intercultural understanding
20. aids post-conflict recovery

MODULE 2: Tourism Planning Process

The tourism planning process introduces you to the different planning models adopted by
different countries and details the steps an organization takes into consideration to come up
with a plan of action for its tourism destinations. Apart from the models, the module gives you
an overview on the tools and requirements for tourism planning, and how destinations,
through its resources are assessed. Finally, the components of a tourism master plan will be
introduced.

Travel Motivations
CATEGORY MOTIVATIONS
Physical
Refreshment of body and mind for health purposes; participation in sports; pleasure;
excitement; romance, shopping and entertainment; among others

Cultural
Curiosity about foreign countries, people and places; interest in art, music, folklore and
architecture, interest in historic places, experiencing specific events (e.g., Olympic Games, etc.)

Personal
Visiting friends and relatives; meeting new people and seeking friendships; seeking new and
different environments; escaping from one's own permanent social environment; personal
excitement of traveling; visiting places and people for spiritual reasons, among others.
Prestige and Status.
Pursuit of hobbies; continuation of education and learning; seeking of business contacts and
professional goals; conferences and meetings; ego enhancement and sensual indulgence;
fashion, keeping up with others, etc.

Key Elements of Tourist Destinations

ACCESS
For a destination to be viable to tourists, there must be some way to get to the country, the
region and the various attractions. This does not mean that there has to be first class or mass
transportation available to everything, but it does mean that access must be made
available. Access relates to transport, but it can simply refer to a walking train or a cycling
track.

ACCOMMODATION
If tourists are to be more than just one-day visitors, they must have somewhere to stay. It is
important for tourist destinations to offer a wide array of accommodation facilities, in terms of
different price ranges. Sometimes, the accommodation is virtually part of the attraction of the
destination, especially if it overlooks a spectacular scenery or landmark.

ATTRACTIONS
Tourists rarely travel to a destination simply for the sake of staying in a particular
accommodation establishments. They usually travel to see what the destination has to offer
them in terms of what they can see, do and experience. The features that attract a person to a
particular destination are known as attractions . Attractions can be natural wonders, man-
made attractions, special events, cultural or historic sites, arts and crafts, sport, music or dance,
unusual or unique flora and fauna, night life and so on. Attractions are many and
diverse. Therefore, the wider the variety of a destination's attractions the more it would
possibly appeal to a large number of tourists.

ACTIVITIES
Tourists may enjoy doing certain activities while at their destinations. These activities include
shopping, eating out, using sports facilities and engaging in outdoor recreational journeys.

AMENITIES
The destinations' amenities include the provision of electricity and water, sanitary facilities, safe
drinking water, roads, police and emergency services, postal and communication facilities,
media and the like. Crucially, these structures ensure that the tourists stay safe and sound
during their stay in a destination. Tourists need to have access to basic facilities to feel
comfortable and secure.
Plog’s Model of Typology of Tourist

The core concepts of the psychographic model originated in 1967 as part of a consulting project
assigned to Plog's market-research company Behavior Science Corporation (BASICO) with the
purpose of recommending what airlines, airframe manufacturer's , and other companies could
do to broaden their travel market base and turn more non flyers into flyers. The result of his
research and other related projects was the delineation of a personality-based, psychographic
typology of travelers classified along a bell-shaped, normally distributed continuum with
allocentrics on one end of the curve and psychocentrics on the other.

The term allocentric comes from the root words "allo" and "centric", meaning a focus of one's
interest patterns on varied activities. Allocentricsc are individual who feel that what happens to
them is largely under their own control and are thus comfortable making choices that involve
some degree of variation, adventure or risk.

Conversely, the term psychocentric comes from the root "psyche" (self) and "centric" meaning
the centring of one's thoughts or concerns on the small problem of one's
life. Psychocentrics believe that what happens to them is largely beyond their control and thus
try to make safe, consistent choicesbyx preferring popular things.
In the center of the normal distribution, mid-centrics are those travelers who have a balanced
combination of both psychographic traits.

According to Plog, most members of the population are classified as mid-centrics, but some
lean to one side or the other on the spectrum (near allocentrics or near psychocentrics) without
reaching the extremes completely.
Cohen's Classification of Tourists

Organized Mass Tourist

This type of tourists are known to be the least adventurous. They spend most of their time in
their "comfortable bubble" throughout the trip. The itinerary is usually prepared in advance,
and are prepaid. These tourists travel with a group through the entire trip.

Individual Mass Tourist

Individual mass tourists are somehow the same as the organized mass tourists, except, that
they have some degree of control during their trip. They can make slight changes in their trip,
because they are not bound by the rules as those of the organized mass tourists. They still seek
the services of a tour operator/travel agent to make the necessary arrangements (flight,
accommodation, tours).

Explorer
These tourists make their own travel arrangements by purchasing the components (flight,
accommodation, tours) separately. They search for the most reasonably priced flights, check
on the best accommodation rates online (Trip Advisor, Trivago, Booking.com, etc.) and decide
which attractions they wish to visit. Although they are independent, they still prefer to visit
attractions that are deemed "safe", but are willing to try a new tourism activity. During the
trip, they try to mix with local people and try to speak their language.

Drifter
The drifter would rather stay away from the usual places frequented by tourists. He/she has no
fixed itinerary and would rather live with the locals in the destination to immerse himself with
the local culture. He/she puts value on the experience of what it's like to be a local in the host
destination.
Jafari's Four Platforms of Tourism
Advocacy Platform (1950s-1960s)
Tourism was perceived as an ideal activity, thus tourism should be developed and governments
should facilitate. Tourism was seen as a means of economic progress for destinations and
tourism operators, without any stance regrading its development.

Cautionary Platform (1970s)

Learned negative consequences of laissez-faire tourism growth; tourism was perceived to result
in negative consequences unless careful regulations were put in place. The Cautionary Platform
prioritized raising awareness of the degrading negative effects that tourism can invoke.

Adaptancy Platform (1980s)

Introduction of tourism concepts like alternative tourism and ecotourism with which to bring
positive outcomes for destinations. After two decades of tourism development, negative socio-
cultural and ecological effects have been noticed (demonstration effect, acculturation, pollution
due to mass transportation, and demands for tourist destination's adaptations for tourist's
needs.)

Knowledge-based Platform (1990s)

The ideology-driven platform of the past was replaced by a more scientific and objective basis
for conceptualizing and managing the tourism industry. After this period of uncontrolled. more
voices were risen against tourism (especially its environmental impacts and more researchers in
the tourism field were addressing the negative consequences of tourism development.

Butler's Destination Life Cycle

Lumdon's Interpretation of Butler's Destination Life Cycle
Stage Characteristics Degree of Planning
 Tourism is not a
 mixed local economy priority.
 not yet popular among visitors  limited planning for
Discovery  lacking international image tourism
 limited investment in visitor facilities, with  minimal regulations/
no or few hotels policy for tourism
operations
 Businesses and
 awakening of the market
government agencies
 increased arrivals causing overcrowding of
Involvement begin to feel the need to
existing accommodation base
assess resources and plan
 increased awareness level of government
for tourism development
 promotion to market by tour operators,
destinations and government agencies
 partnership deals between local and
multinational hotel chains to build large-scale
hotels
 improvement of visitor facilities, including  planning policies
Development the increase in the number of restaurants, adopted as a reaction to
bars and public amenities rapid development
 change in the nature of mixed economy
 environmental, social and economic
impacts affect the existing balance in the
community, bringing a measurable degree of
tension and negativity
 continued but more selective promotion
of the destination
 efforts to modify and enhance tourism
 more sophisticated
Stagnation, offering new attractions and facilities
planning techniques and
Decline, or  maintenance of visitor facilities becomes
regulations applied to the
Rejuvenation more pressing
tourism sector
 economy dominated by tourism
 more vocal opposition to mass tourism
development

 
MODULE 3: Approaches to Tourism Planning and Development
Sustainable Development Goals

1. END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE

As one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors in the world, tourism is all-
positioned to foster economic growth and development at all levels and provide income
through job creation. Sustainable tourism development, and its impact at community level, can
be linked with national poverty reduction goals, those related to promoting entrepreneurship
and small businesses, and empowering less favored groups.

2. END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Tourism can spur agricultural productivity by promoting the production, use and sale of local
produce in tourist destinations and its full integration in the tourism value chain. In addition,
agro-tourism, a growing tourism segment, can complement traditional agricultural
activities. The resulting rise of income in local communities can lead to a more resilient
agriculture while enhancing the value of the tourism experience.

3. ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE WELL-BEING FOR ALL AT ALL AGES
Tourism's contribution to economic growth and development can also have a knock-on effect
on health and well-being. Foreign earnings and tax income from tourism can be reinvested in
health care and services, which should aim to improve maternal health, reduce child mortality
and prevent diseases, among others.

4. ENSURE INCLUSIVE AND EQUITABLE QUALITY EDUCATION AND PROMOTE LIFELONG

LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL
A well-trained and skillful workforce is crucial for tourism to prosper. The sector can provide
incentives to invest in education and vocational training and assist labor mobility through cross-
border agreements on qualifications, standards and certifications. In particular, youth, women,
senior citizens, indigenous peoples and those with special needs should benefit through
educational means where tourism has the potential to promote inclusiveness, the values of a
culture of tolerance, peace and non-violence, and all aspects of global exchange and
citizenship.

5. ACHIEVE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER ALL WOMEN AND GIRLS

Tourism can empower women in multiple ways, particularly through the provision of jobs and
through income-genrating opportunities in small and larger-scale tourism and hospitality
related enterprises. As one of the sectors with the highest share of women employed and
entrepreneurs, tourism can be a tool for women to unlock their potential, helping them to
become fully engaged and lead in every aspect of society.

6. ENSURE AVAILABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION

FOR ALL
Tourism can play a critical role in achieving water access and security, hygiene and sanitation
for all. The efficient use of water in the tourism sector, coupled with appropriate safety
measures, waste water management, pollution control and technology efficiency, can be a key
to safeguarding our most precious resource.

7. ENSURE ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE, RELIABLE, SUSTAINABLE AND MODERN ENERGY FOR

ALL
As a sector that requires substantial energy input, tourism can accelerate the shift toward
renewable energy and increase its share in the global energy mix. Consequently, by promoting
sound and long-term investments in sustainable energy resources, tourism can help to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, mitigate climate change and contribute to innovative and new
energy solutions in urban, regional and remote areas.

8. PROMOTE SUSTAINED, INCLUSIVE & SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, FULL &

PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT & DECENT WORK
Tourism is a driving force of global economic growth, currently providing 1 in 11 jobs
worldwide. By giving access to decent work opportunities in tourism, society-particularly youth
& women- can benefit from increased skills & professional development. Target 8 and 9
recognizes tourism's contribution to job creation "By 2030, devise & implement policies to
promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs & promotes local culture & products".

9. BUILD RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE, PROMOTE INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND FOSTER INNOVATION
Tourism development relies on good public and private supplied infrastructure and an
innovative environment. It can also incentivise national governments to upgrade their
infrastructure and industries to be more sustainable, resource-efficient and clean, as a means
to attract tourists, and other sources of foreign investment.

10. REDUCE INEQUALITY WITHIN AND AMONG COUNTRIES

Tourism can be powerful tool for community development & reducing inequalities if it engages
local populations & all key stakeholders in its development. Tourism can contribute to urban
renewal & rural development & reduce regional imbalances by giving communities the
opportunity to prosper in their place of origin. Tourism is an effective means for the Least
Developed Countries (LDCs) to take part in the global economy. In 2015, LDCs received US$1.4
billion in exports from international tourism (7% total exports) helping some graduate from LDC
status.

11. MAKE CITIES AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS INCLUSIVE, SAFE , RESILIENT AND
SUSTAINABLE
A city is not good for its citizens is not good for tourists. Sustainable tourism has the potential
to advance urban infrastructure and universal accessibility, promote regeneration of areas in
decay and preserve cultural and natural heritage, assets on which tourism spends.

12. ENSURE SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION PATTERNS

A tourism sector that adopts sustainable consumption and production (SCP) practices can play a
significant role accelerating the global shift towards sustainability. To do so, as set in Target
12, it is imperative to "develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development
impacts for sustainable tourism which creates jobs, promotes local culture and products".

13. TAKE URGENT ACTION TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS
Tourism contributes to and is affected by climate change. It is, therefore, in the sector's own
interest to play a leading role in the global response to climate change. By lowering energy
consumption and shifting to renewable energy sources, especially in the transport and
accommodation sector, tourism can help tackle one of the most pressing challenges of our
time.

14. CONSERVE AND SUSTAINABLY USE THE OCEANS, SEAS AND MARINE RESOURCES FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Coastal and maritime tourism, tourism's biggest segments, particularly for Small Island
Developing States (SIDS), rely on healthy marine ecosystems. Tourism development must be a
part of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in order to help conserve and preserve fragile
marine ecosystems and serve as a vehicle to promote a blue economy. In line with target 14,
"By 2030, increase the economic benefit of SIDs and LDCs from the sustainable use of marine
resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism.

15. PROTECT, RESTORE AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE USE OF TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS,

SUSTAINABLY MANAGE FORESTS, COMBAT DESERTIFICATION, AND HALT AND REVERSE LAND
DEGRADATION AND HALT BIODIVERSITY LOSS.
Majestic landscapes, pristine forests, rich biodiversity, and natural heritage sites are often main
reasons why tourists visit a destination. Sustainable tourism can play a major role, not only in
conserving and preserving biodiversity, but also in respecting terrestrial ecosystems, owing to
its efforts towards the reduction of waste and consumption, the conservation of native flora
and fauna, and its awareness-raising activities.
 16. PROMOTE PEACEFUL AND INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PROVIDE ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL AND BUILD EFFECTIVE, ACCOUNTABLE AND INCLUSIVE
INSTITUTIONS AT ALL LEVELS
As tourism revolves around billions of encounters between people of diverse cultural
backgrounds, it can foster multicultural and inter-faith tolerance & understanding, laying
foundations for more peaceful societies. Sustainable tourism benefits & engages local
communities, can provide a source of livelihood, strengthen cultural identities, spur
entrepreneurial activities, help prevent violence & conflict to take root, and consolidate peace.

17. STRENGTHEN THE MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND REVITALIZE THE GLOBAL

PARTNERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Due to its cross-sectoral nature, tourism has the ability to strengthen private/public
partnerships and engage multiple stakeholders- international, national, regional and local- to
work together to achieve SDGs and other common goals. Indeed, public/ private partnerships
are a necessary and core foundation for tourism development, as in an increased awareness in
the role of tourism in the delivery on the post-2015 Development Agenda.

12 Aims of Sustainability in Tourism

1. Economic viability
2. local prosperity
3. employment quality
4. social equity
5. visitor fulfillment
6. local control
7. community wellbeing
8. cultural richness
9. physical integrity
10. biological diversity
11. resource efficiency
12. environmental purity

Global Code of Ethics for Tourism

The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism sets a frame of reference for the responsible and
sustainable development of world tourism. It draws inspiration from many similar declarations
and industry codes that have come before and it adds new thinking that reflects our changing
society at the beginning of the 21st century.

The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (GCET) is a comprehensive set of principles whose
purpose is to guide stakeholders in tourism development: central and local governments, local
communities, the tourism industry and its professional, as well as visitors, both international
and domestic.
The Code was called for in a resolution of the UNWTO General Assembly meeting in Istanbul,
Turkey in 1997. Over the following two years, a special committee for the preparation of the
Code was formed and a draft document was prepared by the Secretary-General and the legal
adviser to UNWTO, in consultation with UNWTO Business Council, UNWTO's Regional
Commissions, and the UNWTO Executive Council.

Principles of the Global Code of Ethics

The Code's 10 Principles cover the economic, social, cultural and environmental components
of travel and tourism.
Article 1: Tourism's contribution to mutual understanding and respect between peoples and
societies
Article 2: Tourism as a vehicle for individual and collective fulfillment
Article 3: Tourism, a factor of sustainable development
Article 4: Tourism, a user of the cultural heritage of mankind and contributor to its
enhancement
Article 5: Tourism, a beneficial activity for host countries and communities
Article 6: Obligations of stakeholders in tourism development
Article 7: Right to Tourism
Article 8: Liberty of tourist movements
Article 9: Rights of the workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry
Article 10:Implementation of the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism

Project cycle Management

A project is a series of activities aimed at bringing about clearly specified objectives within a
defined time period and with a defined budget (EC, 2004).
A project is a planned undertaking that clearly specifies what will be accomplished, over what
period of time, and at what cost (USAID, 1971).

The project cycle management (PCM) method is increasingly used not only in the government
but also in the private sector as well. It is a management style used for the purpose of
continuous improvement of activities for ongoing and future projects. It deals with specific
challenges from production to marketing, involving various stakeholders inside and outside the
organization while regular operations are in progress. The PCM may also be referred to as
the PCDA cycle as it consists of four steps (plan, do, check, act).

The PCDA cycle is a method that helps in laying out good plans. The first step is to scan the
environment and check for opportunities. The second step is to define the specific objectives
to identify which of the opportunities present must be seized; this gives focus on the plan. The
third step is to analyze all the alternative ways for achieving the objectives until the best course
of action is selected. The fourth step is to make a detailed plan showing how and when to
implement it, and how much the cost is. The plan must be reviewed to make sure that it is
worth doing before executing it. Finally, a self-evaluation must be performed to draw lessons
from the experience for the next project.

SWOT Analysis

SWOT Analysis is a popular method used to understand the current situation of a product,
organization, or project to help decide on a strategy to improve the situation. A SWOT analysis,
when conducted within, or for the tourism sector, should focus upon all elements that would
affect performance of the destination. One of the most important aspects of the SWOY is
objectivity.

STRENGTHS - include all the things your destination is best in, as well as all the factors that you
can control, such as; the attraction which is the major pull of visitors, festivals that are
nationally known and attended, specific foods, beach quality, and strong policies.

WEAKNESSES - are internal factors that can influence your success or competitive
advantage. These factors are under your control but for some reason need improvement, such
as; limited number of staff, lack of experienced or knowledgeable staff, poor community
relations or interaction, security issues, lack of infrastructure or transportation access.

OPPORTUNITIES - include all factors that set the path for the future. These are external factors
and may include; market growth, changes in demographic features, local events, growing
interest in your destination.

THREATS - are all factors beyond your control that could place your destination at
risk. Competition from others is always a threat to take into account. Other threats can include
changing tourist behavior, negative publicity, limited investments.
Example:
Strengths
 Dolphins abound in the area.
 Fishermen are skilled in sea navigation using their own motorboats, and they love
chatting with visitors.
Weaknesses
 Fishermen resort to fishing methods which are harmful for the environment to gain
better income.
 Trips to the islands are irregular.
Opportunities
 Demand for nature-based tourist attractions is increasing in the region
 A new international airport is being built nearby.
Threats
 High inflation rate causes increased incidence of poverty in the area.
It is not enough to merely provide a description of the situation. As previously mentioned,
recommendations can only be made after a thorough analysis.

Rational Planning Model

The rational planning model is the process of understanding a problem by establishing and
evaluating planning criteria, formulation of alternatives and implementing them and finally
monitoring the progress of the chosen alternatives. The rational planning model is central in
the development of transport planning and model planning. Similarly, rational decision-making
model is a process of making decisions which are logically sound. This multi-step model aims to
be logical and follow the orderly path from problem identification through solution.
Terms used in Rational Decision Model
Goals - broad statements that we intend to achieve. They are quite general and abstract.
Objectives - more specific, measurable, and clear act they help to progress towards the
goals. They are the means to a actually fulfill the goals.
Targets - they are further specific and specific the time against which the actions need to be
completed.
Data - raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed
Information - when data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context so
as to make it useful, it is called information
Model - a schematic but precise description of the system using assumptions, which appears to
fit its past behavior and which can, therefore, be used, it is hoped, to predict the future
Projections - usually carried out based on a number of alternative assumptions based on trends
of growth and other linked factors like future policy of the government, attitude of people, etc.
They refer to the probable value of data in the future
Estimate - refers to the past date. For example, suppose we wish to have population of India
for 2019 today, which is not available, so we have to estimate it based on some previous
available data of other years.
Forecast - has an element of prediction into the near future using current data and
sophisticated instruments. For instance, forecasting the weather in the next 24 hours.
Rational planning model is considered to be most practical and apt for the needs of the
planning process. It is based on the scientific reasoning which takes into account the use of
modern technology and increased data collection. the data collected helps in the establishing
the rationale and thus helps in making a claim. Another characteristic is the preparation of
alternative and then choosing best among the alternatives. Moreover, as the process
completes the last step for the first time addressed the problems of rigidity. Planning
processed is often criticized for being too rigid. The feedback and monitoring provides the
much-needed flexibility in the whole process so that timely modifications can be made to the
plan.

Tourism Development Plan

Please go over the link to be introduced to the Guidebook adopted by the Department of
Tourism in creating a Tourism Development Plan.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjPoNW
8vJrsAhVyxYsBHSnvB-
oQFjAJegQICBAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourism.gov.ph%2FGuidebook_Manual%2FTouris
mGuidebook.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2nnp99ZoTDow4fjba9orDa
ECOTOURISM PLANNING MODEL
The link details the Department of Environment and Natural Resources Administrative Order
No. 2013-19 on the Guidelines on Ecotourism Planning and Management in Protected Area.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwin0Ln6v
prsAhXMxYsBHZiRCBwQFjAAegQIARAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmb.gov.ph%2Findex.php%
2Fe-library%2Flaws-and-policies%2Fdenr-administrative-orders%2Fdao-2007-
2016%3Fdownload%3D188%3Adenr-administrative-order-2013-
19&usg=AOvVaw2pUPz5vOesK57NCTI_HgoX

Module 4: LAWS RELEVANT TO TOURISM PLANNING

This module looks at the laws relevant to tourism planning, which must be considered before
any plan can be executed. It is also worth looking at the Tourism act of 2009, especially on the
provisions applicable. The accreditation standards might also help in guiding tourism
establishments, in the areas of materials to be used, size, and other requirements set. by the
DOT.

Tourism Act of 2009

Republic Act No. 9593
An act declaring a national policy for tourism as an engine of investment, employment, growth
and national development, and strengthening the Department of Tourism and its attached
agencies to effectively and efficiently implement that policy, and appropriating funds therefor
Chapter 1
General Provisions
Section 1. Short Title - This Act shall be known as "The Tourism Act of 2009".
Section 2. Declaration of Policy - The State declares tourism as an indispensable element of
the national economy, and an industry of national interest and importance, which must be
harnessed as an engine of socio-economic growth and cultural affirmation to generate
investment, foreign exchange and employment, and to continue to mold an enhanced sense of
national pride for all Filipinos.
Section 3. Objectives - Pursuant to the above declaration, the State shall adopt the following
objectives:
a. develop a national tourism action plan and work for its adoption and implementation by
national and local governments;
b. encourage activities and programs which promote tourism awareness, preserve the
country's diverse cultures and heritage, and instill a sense of history and a culture of tourism
among the youth and the populace;
c. all things being equal, grant preferential treatment to the employment of Filipino nationals
in tourism-related enterprises;
d. provide full government assistance by way of competitive investment incentives, long-term
development fund and other financing schemes extended to tourism related investments;
e. ensure that tourism development protects and promotes the general well-being of the
Filipino people, particularly in the area of investment, to include the monitoring and prevention
of any act of profiteering or speculation to the detriment of local residents, as well as the
exploitation of women and children in tourism;
f. encourage competition in the tourism industry and maximize consumer choice by enhancing
the continued viability of the retail travel industry and independent tour operation industry;
g. enhance the collection, analysis and dissemination of data which accurately measure the
economic and social impact of tourism in the country to facilitate planning in the public and
private sectors;
h. ensure the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology through the promotion of
activities geared towards environmental protection, conservation and restoration;
i. develop responsible tourism as a strategy for environmentally sound and community
participatory tourism programs, enlisting the participation of local communities, including
indigenous peoples, in conserving bio-physical and cultural diversity, promoting environmental
understanding and education, providing assistance in the determination of ecotourism sites and
ensuring full enjoyment of the benefits of tourism by the concerned communities;
j. strengthen the role of tourism council and encourage the participation of non-government
organizations (NGOs), people's organizations (POs) and the private sector in initiating programs
for tourism development and environmental protection;
k. promote the progressive development of existing civil aviation, and and sea transportation
policies as they relate to tourism, in consonance with existing bilateral agreements and inter-
agency pronouncements;
l. promote and ensure the convention-handling capability of the country as a world-class
convention center;
m. achieve a balance in tourism development between urban and rural areas in order to
spread the benefits of tourism and contribute to poverty alleviation, better access to
infrastructure and to a reduction in regional imbalances;
n. enhance capability-building of local government units (LGUs), in partnership with the private
sector, in the management of local tourism projects and initiatives, thereby ensuring accessible
and affordable destinations throughout the country, especially in areas which have shown
strong comparative advantage;
o. maintain international standards of excellence in all tourism facilities and services, and
promote the country as a safe and wholesome tourist destination;
p. enhance international business relations for the support of tourism projects of the private
sector, through partnerships, joint ventures and other cooperative undertakings involving local
and foreign investors;
q. support the establishment of tourism enterprise zones (TEZs), which will provide the
necessary vehicle to coordinate actions of the public and private sectors to address
development barriers, attract and focus investment on specific geographic areas and upgrade
product and service quality; and
r. ensure a sustainable funding mechanism for the implementation of tourism policies, plans,
programs, projects and activities.

Subchapter II-A . Structure of the Department

Section 5. Mandate
The Department of Tourism, hereinafter referred to as the Department, shall be the primary
planning, programming, coordinating, implementing and regulatory government agency in the
development and promotion of the tourism industry, both domestic and international, in
coordination with attached agencies and other government instrumentalities. It shall instill in
the Filipino the industry's fundamental importance in the generation of employment,
investment and foreign exchange.
Section 11. Office of the Product Development
The Office of the Product Development shall have the following functions:
a. Conceptualize and develop new products which will enhance tourism sites and facilities;
b. Undertake tests on the viability and acceptability of new tourism-related products and
programs; and
c. Encourage and promote joint undertakings with the private sector for the development of
new tourism-related products and programs.

Section 12. Office of Tourism Development Planning, Research and Information

Management
The Office of Tourism Development Planning, Research and Information Management shall
have the following functions:
a. prepare a National Tourism Development Plan identifying geographic areas with potential
tourism value and outlining approaches to developing to developing such areas;
b. formulate policies and programs for global competitiveness and national tourism
development, and approve local government tourism development plans;
c. monitor and evaluate the implementation of policies, plans and programs of the
Department;
d. formulate an integrated marketing and promotions plan, identifying strategic market areas
and niches;
e. formulate, in coordination with the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority
(TIEZA), other government agencies and LGUs exercising political jurisdiction over the area,
development plans for tourism enterprise zones and integrating such plans with other sector
plans for the area;
f. conduct researches and studies, disseminate all relevant data on tourism, monitor and
analyze the socioeconomic impact of tourism upon affected local communities and the nation
to maximize the benefits of tourism throughout affected local communities and to avoid or
mitigate possible negative impacts of the industry;
g. provide technical assistance to the LGUs and the TIEZA in the preparation of local tourism
development plans to ensure adherence to national policies and programs;
h. coordinate with government agencies, LGUs, non-government organization and other
entities for the development and implementation of the national tourism plans and policies and
other relevant concerns;
i. source grants or loans from local and foreign funding institutions to implement tourism
policies, plans and projects.
j. create and supervise management information systems for the entire Department;
k. formulate and coordinate the implementation of the Department's information system
strategic plan; and
l. pursue the Department's interests in multilateral, international, and regional tourism
cooperation, agreements and treaties.

Section 33
National Integrated Protected Areas System and the National Ecotourism Policy
The Department, in coordination with the DENR, shall identify areas covered by the National
Integrated Protected Areas System with ecotourism potentials and cultural heritage value, and
prepare policies, plans and programs for their development, preservation, operation or
conversion into TEZs. the designation of these areas as TEZs shall be subject to the provisions
of Subchapter IV-A of this act.
The ecotourism sites in the National Ecotourism Strategy pursuant to Executive Order No. 111
(1999) may also be developed into TEZs with the National Ecotourism Steering Committee
responsible for finding the appropriate TEZ Operator for the sites.

Section 37
Local Tourism Development Planning
LGUs, in consultation with stakeholders, are encouraged to utilize their powers under Republic
Act No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991, to ensure the
preparation and implementation of a tourism development plan, the enforcement of standards
and the collection of statistical data for tourism purposes. They shall, insofar as practicable,
prepare local tourism development plan that integrates zoning, land use infrastructure
development, the national system of standards for tourism enterprises, heritage and
environmental protection imperatives in a manner that encourages sustainable tourism
development.
REPUBLIC ACT 7586: NATIONAL INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEM ACT OF 1992 - NIPAS
ACT
PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY - Philippine Environmental Policy
REPUBLIC ACT 9729 - Climate Change Act of 2009
REPUBLIC ACT 9710 - Magna Carta for Women
REPUBLIC ACT 8371 - The Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997
REPUBLIC ACT 7277 - Magna Carta for Disabled Persons

Module 6: Forms of Tourism

Adventure tourism is tourism composed of activities with an element of risk. Adventure
tourism may be soft or hard. Soft adventure may include ziplining, trekking, canyoneering,
skiing, etc. Hard adventure may include climbing the Mount Everest, rock climbing, bungee
jumping, underwater shark encounter, etc.
Agritourism, also referred to as agricultural tourism, agrotourism or farm tourism is a subset of
the rural tourism industry. It focuses on agricultural operations and involves tourist activities
based in or around farms. This includes activities such as wine tours, horseback riding, clay bed
shooting, animal petting and historical agricultural exhibits
Backpacking is essentially the act of traveling with a backpack. It is typically associated with
budget, long-term, independent travel and is commonly undertaken by travelers in their
20s. However, the nature of backpacking has, in recent t years, changed. While some tourists
do fit the typical description of young, budget tourists on a gap year, there has been an
emergence of older backpackers, backpacking families and wealthy backpackers.
Community-based tourism is a term to describe holidays that benefit both the traveler and the
destination. Community-based tourism is based on the premise of collective responsibility, allowing the
local community to have an active involvement in the development and management of tourism in the
area. It often involves rural, poor and economically marginalized population, where individuals are
given the opportunity to raise money through work as land managers, entrepreneurs, produces and
service providers and employees.

Cruise tourism refers to holidays which are entirely or partly based on a cruise ship. It enables tourists
to experience a multi-center holiday, whereby they spend time at various destinations throughout their
trip. Cruise ships vary from small yachts to mega ships and can take place on the ocean, river or
fjords. Cruise tourism is popular in the Caribbean, Mediterranean and the Arctic among other
destinations.

Culinary tourism, also known as food tourism, is the act of pursuing unique and memorable
eating and drinking experiences. Seen as a sub-sector of cultural tourism, it enables the tourist
to try local authentic delicacies and partake in traditional food and drink activities. such
experiences are varied and can range from drinking vodka shots with your meal while traveling
within Russia to taking a cooking class in Thailand.
Cultural tourism is the act of visiting particular destinations in order to experience and learn
about a particular culture. This can include many activities such as attending events and
festivals, visiting museums and tasting the local food and drinks. Cultural tourism can also be
an unintentional part of the tourism experience, whereby cultural immersion is an inevitable
part of the person's holiday.
Dark tourism, also known as black tourism, thanatourism or grief tourism, is tourism that is
associated with death or tragedy. The act of dark tourism is somewhat controversial, with
some viewing it as an act of respect and others as unethical practice. Popular dark tourism
attractions Auschwitz, Chernobyl and ground Zero. Lesser known dark tourism attractions
include cemeteries, zombie-themed events and historical museums.
Doom tourism, also sometimes referred to as "last chance tourism", involves traveling to
destinations which have been depicted as being "doomed" to near extinction as a result of
man-made or natural causes. Doom tourism destinations include the Maldives, which are at
threat from rising sea levels, the Dead Sea, which is rapidly reducing in size and Mount
Kilimanjaro, where the glaciers have reduced by more than 80% over the last century.
Ecotourism is a form of tourism directed at preserving fragile environments and eco-
systems. ecotourism commonly occurs in threatened natural environments, where the
intention is to provide conservation. Ecotourism efforts include building tourist facilities that
have minimal impact on the natural environment, adopting the use of products such as
compost toilets or solar-powered electricity. Ecotourism has become somewhat of a "buzz
word" in recent years and is closely related to the concept of sustainable tourism.
Educational tourism is tourism which involves a significant amount of learning. Richie, et al,
defines educational tourist as a person who is away from their home town or country, where
education and learning are either the main reason for their trip or where education and
learning are secondary reasons but are perceived as an important way of using leisure time. It
can also involve consequential learning, where tourists are educated through their travel
experiences and the activities that they choose to undertake.
Enclave tourism is tourism which occurs in a confined geographical space. Typically facilitated
by tour operator, enclave tourism enables the tourist to have an all-inclusive experience within
their holidays resort or holiday area. This will typically include food, drink and pre-organized
activities and tours. Enclave tourism is criticized for its lack of economic contribution to host
communities and is often associated with package holidays and cruises.
Film tourism, also referred to as screen tourism, is a sub-sector of the cultural tourism
industry. It is focused on the concept of film-making and producing, whereby tourists seek to
visit locations which are either featured in films, or where recording of film takes place.
Popular film-induced tourism destinations include The Beach in Thailand, Dubrovnik and
Northern Island as featured in the Game of Thrones and Peta which is known for its Indiana
Jones and the Last Crusade. Film set examples include the Harry Potter Studios in
Hertfordshire, Universal Studios in California and Pinewood Studios in London.
Genealogy tourism, also known as ancestry tourism or roots tourism, is tourism which involves
travel to destinations that the tourist is connected to through ancestral means. In parallel to
the emergence of a number of organizations aimed at tracing a person's family tree. This
tourism form has grown in recent years. Destinations such as Scotland, the USA and Canada
are popular ancestral tourism destinations given the extent of past immigration in these
countries.
Glamping is short for "glamorous camping". it refers to the act of camping with additional
amenities and resort-style products and services that are not associated with ordinary
camping. Glamping has become popular in recent years and often includes the use of
specialized equipments such as yurts or pods.
Honeymoon tourism. Newly-wed couples tend to spend significantly more money on a
honeymoon than on an ordinary holiday, often choosing destinations renowned for their
romantic natures. Popular honeymoon destinations include the Maldives, Hawaii and Bali.
Industrial tourism is tourism which involves visiting a site of past or present industrial
action. Popular sites visited by tourists include the tea plantations in Sri Lanka, copper mines in
Canada and the Airbus factory in France. Sites that many people may consider to be ugly and
polluting are now being transformed or used as dual purpose for tourism.
LGBT tourism, also sometimes referred to as gay tourism or pink tourism, is a form of tourism
marketed towards those who identify themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender. It
encompasses LGBT only tours, events and festivals aimed at an LGBT audience and LGTB
friendly holiday packages. While remaining niche form of tourism, the notion of LGBT tourism
is becoming increasingly recognized by the mass market, with operators such as Thomas Cook
retailing holidays to this market segment.
Medical tourism, also known as health tourism, refers to the act of traveling to another
destination for the purpose of medical treatment. Motivations of medical tourists may include
reduced costs for treatments or higher quality of provision. Medical tourists may seek life-
saving treatments unavailable to them at home, cosmetic surgery or dental procedures among
a range of other medical needs.
Nature tourism is a form of responsible tourism which focuses natural areas, environmental
conservation and leisure activities that involve nature. Popular nature tourism activities include
bird-watching, hiking, camping and wildlife spotting.
Nautical tourism is a form of tourism which involves the use of boats as part of a holiday
experience. It includes holiday whereby the tourist resides on a boat, such a cruise or sailing
trip. It can also include holidays which feature boating events or activities, such as regattas,
boat tours or deep sea fishing. It is also known as marine tourism.
Overlanding is a form of tourism which involves long distance journeys with the use of off-road
vehicles. It is generally associated with traveling " the road less traveled " and places emphasis
on the journey, rather than the destination. Overlanding is popular among adventurous
travelers and popular overloading destinations include many parts of Africa, Australia and
North America.
Pilgrimage tourism is a branch of religious tourism. it involves the undertaking of a pilgrimage
which may be the sole purpose of a person's trip or a part of a wider holiday
experience. Popular religious pilgrimages include Mecca in Saudi Arabia, the Vatican City and
the Western Wall in Israel.
Rural tourism takes place in non-urban areas such as national parks, forests or mountain
areas. Popular rural tourism activities include cycling, walking or hiking. According to the
UNWTO, rural tourism is " a type of tourism activity in which the visitor's experience is related
to a wide range of products generally inked to nature-based activities, agriculture, rural
lifestyle/ culture, and sight-seeing."
Slum tourism, also known as ghetto tourism, involves travel to impoverished areas. During
their visit, tourists will donate their time to help people less fortunate than themselves. Slum
tourism has been criticized by many as being an unethical practice. It is common in many parts
of the world including the townships of South Africa, the favelas of Brazil and the slums of India.
Sports tourism can be categorized into four segments. Sports event tourism is the act of
attending or watching major sporting events such as the Olympics or the Football World
Cup. Nostalgia sports tourism is the act of visiting attractions of particular sporting significance
 such as the Calgary Olympic Park. Active sports tourism is when a tourist travels for a particular
physical activity such as yoga, golf or surfing. Passive sports tourism is when a tourist travels
with the intentions of spectating, for example to watch a tennis match at Wimbledon
Championships or to watch a Manchester United football match.
Sustainable tourism, relies on the premise of taking care of the environment, society and
economy. Sustainable tourism principles intend to minimize the negative impacts of tourism,
while maximizing the positive impacts. As defined in the Brundtland Report, sustainable
tourism is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs.
Wellness tourism, a branch of health tourism, is the act of traveling for the purpose of physical
or psychological wellbeing. The wellness travel sector has seen exponential growth in recent
years, with a significant rise in holidays which incorporate an element of recuperation. Popular
wellness tourism destinations include Iceland for spa breaks, India for Ayurveda treatments and
Bali for yoga retreats.

Module 7: Impact Mitigation and Adaption

Economic Impact of Tourism
Economic Importance of Tourism
 The tourism economy represents 5%of world GDP
 Tourism contributes to 6-7 percent of total employment
 International tourism ranks 4th (after fuels, chemicals and automotive products) in global
exports
 The tourism industry is valued at US$1 trillion a year
 Tourism accounts for 30 percent of the world's exports of commercial services
 Tourism accounts for 6 percent of total exports
 1.4 billion international tourists were recorded in 2018 (UNWTO)
 In over 150 countries, tourism is one of five top export earners
 Tourism is the main source of foreign exchange for one-third of developing countries and one-
half of less economically developed countries (LEDCs)
 Positive Economic Impacts of Tourism
 foreign exchange earnings
 contribution to government revenues
 employment generation
Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism
 leakage
 infrastructure cost
 increase in prices
 foreign ownership and management

Social Impacts of Tourism

Positive social impacts of tourism
 preserving local culture
 strengthening communities
 provision of social services
 commercialization of culture and art
 revitalization of culture and art
 preservation of heritage

Negative social impacts of tourism

 social change
 globalization and the destruction of preservation and heritage
 loss of authenticity
 standardization and commercialization
 culture clashes
 tourist-host relationships
 increase in crime, gambling and moral behavior

Environmental Impacts of Tourism

Positive environmental impacts of tourism
 awareness-raising and first-hand experience
 tourism for skills learning and education
 support of conservation and biodiversity protection activities
 protection of endangered species
 prevention of illegal trade and exploitation
 finance and job opportunities
 adoption of sustainable practices and new legislation
Negative environmental impacts of tourism
 depletion of natural resources
 overconsumption and waste production, including food waste
 pollution
 greenhouse gas emission and contribute to global warming
 soil erosion and unsustainable land use
 physical degradation of ecosystems and loss of biodiversity

How Tourists can reduce their impacts while travelling?

1. Take fewer flights and reduce your creation of carbon
2. Offset your carbon
3. Bring your own waste-free tools like reusable shopping bags, coffee mug, self-cleaning
reusable water bottle, reusable straws and reusable utensils, laundry bag, portable solar
charger, bamboo toothbrush, shampoo bar, etc.
4. Use public transportation & walk and bike
5. Choose eco-friendly activities & tour operators
6. Book eco-lodging & stay in sustainable resorts/ Airbnbs
7. Support local people & businesses
8. Eat seasonally, locally & sustainably
9. refuse, reuse, reduce, then recycle

Tourism Impact Mitigation Measures

CARBON OFFSETTING
The concept of carbon offsetting stems from a recognition that despite a desire to entirely
eliminate carbon emissions, sometimes doing so isn't immediately feasible. Consequently,
carbon offsetting has proven popular with tourism companies that can offset some or all of
their emissions, either by themselves or by providing the opportunity for customers to do
so. Examples are most commonly found in the transportation sector, where the reliance on
traditional fossil fuels makes it challenging to completely eliminate carbon emissions.

ENERGY CONSERVATION
For example, the Four Seasons in Vancouver reduced their electricity consumption by 4,000
megawatt hours in the period between fall 2012 and spring 2014. They did this by installing
timers and photocells on lights, auditing appliances, ensuring proper maintenance of the
furnace and HVAC systems, and cleaning light fixtures and fans so these operated at their
best. The energy reduction represented a savings of $135,000 for the property.

WATER CONSERVATION
In 2006, a number of local water conservation groups on Salt Spring Island (Canada) surveyed
117 accommodation providers to determine what measures might be taken to alleviate the
summer pressure on freshwater systems. They were pleasantly surprised to find that several
properties had already taken steps, including installing low-flow toilets and flow restrictors on
shower heads, requiring minimum two-night stays (which reduces the amount of laundry
required) and offering visitor education campaigns.. The combined efforts on properties on the
island have proven to make a significant difference to the collective capacity of 1,500 guests
per night.

FOOD PRODUCTION AND THE ENVIRONMENT

There is an increasing awareness among the general public about the importance of healthful
eating. This goes hand in hand with an increased understanding of food production issues
including environmental impacts such as pollution, soil depletion, and the toxicity (both to
humans and the environment) of industrial food growth practices. Over the last 30 years,
American food growth has centered on the mass production of inexpensive staple foods such as
corn and soy, which are used in unhealthy foods like high - fructose corn syrup and soybean oil,
and are fed to the animals we eat.

WASTE MANAGEMENT
One very effective means of reducing garbage taken to the landfill is implementing a food
waste program in which food scraps are placed in a green bin and collected by the community
for composting. The city of Vancouver initially introduced such a program to single family
households from 2011 to 2013 and saw a 30% drop in garbage generated. In 2014, the
program was expanded to include all households and businesses and placed a ban on food
scraps in the garbage. The program met resistance from the BC Restaurant and Foodservices
Association, which viewed the initiative as placing an extra cost and being a logistical challenge
for members. Individual restaurateurs were hopeful, however, that the city would help
businesses by increasing pickup and expanding the efficiency of their other recycling programs.

ACCREDITATION AND CERTIFICATION

Environmental accreditation and certification is a type of voluntary regulation where an
organization agrees to follow a set of standards, predefined processes, or regulations. These
are generally developed by independent non-governmental organizations with a goal of
reducing the environmental impact within the industry. Accreditation can encompass any of
the practices - from carbon offsetting to energy and water conservation to waste management.
Beyond the value of making the ethical decision of working to reduce environmental impacts,
organizations receive value by being able to promote themselves as being environmentally
friendly and therefore attracting consumers. And for guests, choosing an independently
accredited business may help them avoid companies that are guilty of greenwashing, which is
the promotion of environmentally friendly tourism products without actually achieving the
environmental standard promised.