Redox Reactions

ABOUT EDUCATORS

BRIJESH JINDAL
• BTech Jaipur MNIT (Computer Engg)
• 12 year experience of IIT JEE in Physical Chemistry
• Ex. Senior Faculty of Vibrant Academy, Kota, Allen Career Institute, Kota and Bansal
Classes, Kota

PIYUSH MAHESHWARI
• BE (Hons.)
• 12 year experience of IIT JEE in InorganicChemistry
• Author of 'Super Problems in Inorganic Chemistry',
• Ex. HOD Bansal Classes, Kota
• Ex. Senior Faculty of Vibrant Academy, Kota and Allen Career Institute, Kota

DR. SHARAD KOTHARI

• MSc., PhD, NET, JRF
• 19 year experience of IIT JEE in Organic Chemistry
• Ex. Senior Faculty of Vibrant Academy, Kota and Bansal Classes, Kota
 RE DOX REAC TION S

OXIDATION ts
s NUMBER (O.N.)
r t xp er
xp e E
Rule for deriving Oxidation Number
ry
r yE ist
ist
1. In uncombined state or free state, Oxidation Number of an element is zero.

m hem
2.
e
In combined state Oxidation Number of .......
C
Ch
a. ........ F is always – 1.
b. ........ O is –2; In peroxides (–O–O–) it is –1. However in F2O, it is +2.
c. ........ H is 1; In ionic hydrides it is –1.
d. ........ metals is always positive.

ts
e. ........ alkali metals (IA e.g. Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) is always + 1.
r ts
er xpe
f. ........ alkaline earth metals (IIA e.g. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) is always +2.

x p
g. ........ halogens in halides is always – 1.
E
yE
h. ........ sulphur in sulphides in always –2.
r y
3.
is tr
m ist
The algebraic sum of all the Oxidation Number of elements in a compound is equal to zero.

em e
Ch
e.g. K2MnO4

4.
Ch2 × Oxidation Number of K + Oxidation Number of Mn + 4 (Oxidation Number of O) = 0

The algebraic sum of all the Oxidation Numbers of elements in a radical is equal to net charge on
that radical
e.g.C2O42–.
ts
2 × Oxidation Number of C + 4 (Oxidation Number of O) = – 2.
r ts
x p e er
5.
elements.
yE x p
Variable oxidation number is most commonly shown by transition elements as well as by p-block

r yE
ist ist r
Transition elements : Fe (+2 & +3), Cu (+1 & +2), Mn (+7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +2) etc.
m
e em
Ch h
p-block elements : As (+3 & +5); Sb (+3 & +5), Sn (+2 & +4) etc.
C
Group No. Outer shell configuration Common Oxidation Number

1 ns1 0, +1
2 ns2
r ts 0, +2

xpe
13 ns2 np1 0, +1, +3
14 ns2 np2 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4
15
E ns2 np3 0, ±1, ±3, +5
r ts
y
tr xpe
16 ns2 np4 0, ±2, +4, +6
is 17 ns2 np5 0, ±1, +3, +5, +7
E
em 18 ns2 np6 0 (usually)
r y
Ch m ist
e
Ch
Page # 1
 RE DOX REAC TION S
Exceptions

r ts
(i)
r ts p e
Oxidation Number of Cl in Cl2O is +1, because Cl acts as an electropositive element in this.
x
(ii)
p e
Oxidation Number of Cl in ClF3 = +3
x E
ry
E ist
(iii) Oxidation Number of Cl in KClO3 = +5
(iv)
r y
Oxidation Number of I in IF7 = +7
(v)
(vi)
m ist
Oxidation Number of I in IF5 = +5
Oxidation Number of Cl in Cl2O7 = +7
hem
e C
Ch
(vii) Oxidation Number of Cl in HClO = +1
(viii) Oxidation Number of Cl in HClO2 = +3
(ix) Oxidation Number of Cl in HClO3 = +5
(x) Oxidation Number of Cl in HClO4 = +7

ts r ts
Oxidation no. of S element
x p er
E xpe
yE r y
r ist
1. S in H2S 2(1) + x = 0 +2 + x = 0 x = –2

is
2. t
S in SO2 x + 2(–2) = 0 x–4=0
m
x = +4

em 3. S in SO4–2 x + 4(–2) = –2
e
x–8=–2 x = +6

Ch
4.
5.
S in SO3–2
S in SF6
x + 3(–2) = –2
x + 6(–1) = 0 Ch
x–6=–2
x–6=0
x
x
=
=
+4
+6
6. S in H2SO3 2(–1) + x + 3(–2) = 0 +2 + x – 6 = 0 x = +4

Oxidation no. of P element

r ts ts
1.
p e
Oxidation number of P in P4 = 0
x er
2.
E
P in PO4–3 : x + 4 (–2) = – x – 8 = – 3, x = + 5
y x p
r yE
ist
3. P in NaHPO2 :1(1) + 1(1) + + 2(–2) = 0 +1 +1 + x – 4 = 0, x = +2
4. P in H3PO3 : 3(+1) + x + 3(–2) = 0 + 3 + x – 6 = 0, x = + 3
ist r
em 5. P in Na2HPO4 : 2(1) + 1(1) + x + 4(–2) = 0 + 2 + 1 + x – 8 = 0, x = + 5

Ch
6.
em
P in Mg2P2O7 : 2(2) + 2x + 7(–2) = 0 + 4 + 2x – 14 = 0, 2x = 10, x = + 5
h
Oxidation Number of Cr in its various compounds C
1. Cr in CrO : x – 2 = 0, x=+2
2. Cr in Cr2O3 : 2x – 6 = 0, x=+3
3. Cr in CrSO4
r ts
: x – 2 = 0, x=+2

xpe
4. Cr in Cr2(SO4)3 : 2x – 6 = 0, x=+3
5.
E
Cr in CrO2Cl2 : 2x – 6 = 0, x=+3
r ts
y
r xpe
6. Cr in K2Cr2O7 : 2 + 2x – 14 = 0, x = + 6

is
7. t
Cr in K2CrO4 : 2 + x – 8 = 0, x=+6

em 8. Cr in Cr2O7 –2
: 2x – 14 = –2, 2x = 12 x=+6
r yE
Ch ist
9. Cr in CrO4–2 : x – 8 = –2, x=+6
10. Cr in Cr (NH3)4SO4 : x – 2 = 0, x=+2
em
Ch
11. Oxidation Number of Cr in [Cr(NH3)4]+2 : x = + 2
12. Oxidation Number of Cr in Na2CrO4 : +2 + x – 8 = 0, x=+6
13. Oxidation Number of Cr in Cr(CO)6 : x = 0 (Oxidation Number of Cr = 0)

Page # 2
 RE DOX REAC TION S
Oxidation Number of Mn in its compounds

r ts
1. Mn in MnO
r ts : x – 2 = 0, x = + 2
xp e
2. Mn in Mn2O3
x p e : 2x – 6 = 0, x = + 3
E
3. Mn in MnSO4 : x – 2 = 0, x = + 2
ry
4.
r yE
Mn in Mn2(SO4)3 : 2x – 6 = 0, x = +
ist
3
5.

m
6. ist
Mn in K2MnO4
Mn in KMnO4
:
:
+2 + x – 8 = 0,
+1 + x – 8 = 0,
x

h
xem
=
=
+
+
6
7
e C
Ch
7. Mn in Mn(CO)10 : x + 10(0) = 0 x = 0
8. Mn in MnO4– : x–8=–1 x = + 7
9. Mn in Mn (C2O4)2.2H2O : x – 4 = 0, x = + 4

ts r ts
r xpe
Common Oxidising and Reducing Agents.

x p e
Oxidising agent
yE
Effective Change
yE
Decrease in O.N.
r
is tr
KMnO4 in acid solution MnO 4  Mn2 
m ist
5

emKMnO4 in alkaline solution MnO 4  MnO 2

e 3

Ch
K2Cr2O7 in acid solution
dilute HNO3
Cr O 72   Cr 3
NO2 3  NO Ch 3
3
concentrated HNO3 NO 3  NO 2 1
concentrated H2SO4 SO 24   SO 2 2
MnO 2  Mn 2 
s
manganese (IV) oxide 2
chlorine
er t Cl  Cl 1
ts
chloric (l) acid
x p ClO   Cl 2
p er
r yE
KlO3 in dilute acid lO 3  l
lO 3  l 
5
E x
y
KlO3 in concentrated acid 6

m ist ist r
e
Reducing agent Effective Change Increase in O.N.

Ch hem
iron(II) salts (acid)
tin (II) salts (acid )
Fe2   Fe3
Sn2   Sn4  C 1
2
sulphites (acid) SO 23   SO 24  2
hydrogen sulphide S2  S 2
iodidies (dilute acid) l  l 1

r t
iodides (concentrated acid )s l  l  2

xpe
metals, e. g.Zn Zn  Zn2  2
hydrogen
E H  H 1
r ts
y
is tr
E xpe
em r y
Ch m ist
e
Ch
Page # 3
 RE DOX REAC TION S

EXERCISE-ZERO
r ts
ts
DeterminationofOxidationnumber
r xp e
x p e E
Q.1
ry
E ist
Determine the O.N. of the underlined elements in following species :

r y
(1) HF

m ist (2) FeO (3) Na2O

hem
(4) C2H6

e C
Ch
(5) PbO2 (6) HNO3 (7) H2SO4 (8) NH4OH

(9) NH3 (10) N3H (11) CuS (12) Cu2S

(13) N2O5 (14) H2S2O3

ts (15) MnO4– (16) MnO42–
r ts
(17) C2O42–
xp er
(18) Cr2O72– (19) CrO42– (20) ZnO22–
E xpe
yE r y
Q.1
is tr
Determine the O.N. of the underlined elements in following species :
m ist
em e
Ch
(1) Fe3O4 (2) KO2 (3) Na2S4O6
Ch (4) C2H5OH

(5) FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O (6) Na2O2 (7) FeS2

(8) CaOCl2
r ts
(9) Ca(OCl)2 (10) CrO5 (11) (NH4)2SO4

ts
(12) Na2S2O8
xp e
(13) HCN (14) HNC (15) Ba[H2PO2]2
er
yE x p
r yE
ist
(16) OsO4 (17) NaH (18) CH3SO3H (19) Ba2XeO6

ist r
em
em
(20) Ba(SCN)2 (21) K[Co(C2O4)2.(NH3)2] (22) K4P2O7

Ch (23) CrO2Cl2 (24) Mn3O4

C h
(25) Ca(ClO2)2 (26) H2SO5

(27) Fe0.93O

r ts
E xpe r ts
y
is tr
E xpe
em r y
Ch m ist
e
Ch
Page # 4
 RE DOX REAC TION S
EXERCISE-1 (Subjective Questions)

r ts
r ts
Balancing of Redox reactions
xp e
x p e E
Q.1 Balance following reactions :
ry
(i)
yE
Zn + NO3– + H+  Zn2+ + NH4+ + H2O
r ist
(ii)
m ist
I2 + NO3– + H+  IO3– + NO2 + H2O
hem
e C
Ch
(iii) H2O2 + ClO2 + OH–  ClO2– + O2 + H2O

(iv) Cl2 + KOH  KClO3 + KCl + H2O

(v) H2O2 + KMnO4  MnO2 + KOH + O2 + H2O

ts r ts
r xpe
HNO2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4  HNO3 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
e
(vi)

x p
NaNO2 + NaI + H2SO4  NO + I2 + Na2SO4 + H2O
E
y
(vii)
yE r
s
(viii)
i tr
P + HNO3  HPO3 + NO + H2O
m ist
em e
Ch
(ix) K2Cr2O7 + HCl  KCl + CrCl3 + H2O + Cl2

Ch (x)
(xi)
MnO4– + C2O42– + H+  CO2 + Mn2+ + H2O
Cr2O72– + C2O42– + H+  Cr3+ + CO2 + H2O

(xii) KMnO4 + H2S + H2SO4  KHSO4 + MnSO4 + S + H2O

r ts ts
(xiii)

x p e
H2O2 + I– + H+  I2 + H2O
er
(xiv)
E
Cr2O72– + NO2– + H+  Cr3+ + NO3– + H2O
y x p
r yE
m
(xv)
ist
AsO33– + IO3–  AsO43– + I–
ist r
e H2S + Cr2O72– + H+  Cr3+ + S8 + H2O
em
Ch
(xvi)

(xvii) I2 + SO2 + H2O  SO42– + I– + H+

C h
(xviii) MnO4– + SO2 + H2O  Mn2+ + SO42– + H+

(xix) ClO– + Br–  BrO3– + Cl–

r ts
BaCrO4 + KI + HCl  BaCl2 + I2 + KCl + CrCl3 + H2O

xpe
(xx)

E r ts
y
is tr
E xpe
em r y
Ch m ist
e
Ch
Page # 5
 RE DOX REAC TION S
N-factor calculations

r ts
Q.2
r ts
Find the N-factor of base in following reactions
xp e
(i)
p e
Al(OH)3 + HCl  Al(OH)Cl2 + H2O
x E
ry
E ist
(ii) Al(OH)3 + H2SO4  Al(OH)(HSO4)2 + H2O

r y
MgAl(OH)5 + HCl  MgCl + AlCl3 + H2O

ist
(iii)
(iv)
m
Ba(OH)2 + HCl  Ba(OH)Cl + H2O
Ba(OH)2 + HCl  BaCl2 + H2O
hem
e
(v)
C
Ch
(vi) R–NH2 + HCl  R– NH3 Cl–

CH 2  NH 2 CH 2  NH 3 Cl 
(vii) | + HCl 
|
CH 2  NH 2 CH 2  NH 3 Cl 
ts r ts
x p er
E xpe
yE 
r y
ist
(viii) + HCl

is tr
em em
Ch Ch
Q.3 Find the N-factor of acid in following reactions
(i) H3SbO4   KH2SbO4 + H2O
KOH

(ii) H3SbO4 + KOH  K2HSbO4 + H2O

(iii) H2SO4 + KOH  KHSO4 + H2O
(iv)
r ts
H2SO4 + KOH  K2SO4 + H2O
ts
(v)

x p e
H3PO4 + NaOH  Na3PO4 + H2O
er
(vi)
yE + NaOH  + H 2O
x p
s tr ryE
em i
(vii) NaOH
 + H 2O
ist
Ch hem
(viii) KOH
 C
(ix)
t
KOH

r s
E xpe r ts
y
xpe
Q.4 Find the N-factor of underlined specie in following reactions :

is
(a) tr
N2H4  N2 + NH3 (b) KMnO4  K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

em r yE
ist
(c) CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O (d) Cl2  ClO4– + Cl–

Ch (e) As2S3 + Mn(NO3)2 + K2CO3  K3AsO4 + K2SO4 + K2MnO4 + NO + CO2

em
Ch
(f) Bi2S3  Bi+5 + S (g) Ba(SCN)2  BaSO4 + HCN
(h) 3Mn+7  2Mn+2 + Mn+4 (i) K4Fe(CN)6  Fe3+ + CO2 + NO3–

Page # 6
 RE DOX REAC TION S
Q.5 Calculate normality of a salt solution [of a metal sulphate] having concentration 21.6 % w/v if its superoxide
has 16 % by mass of oxygen.
r ts
r ts xp e
x p e Acid Base Titration
E
ry
Q.6
r yE
Calculate volume of 1N H3PO4 required to react with 20ml 2N Ca(OH)2 solution.
ist
Q.7
m ist hem
Calculate volume of 1N H2SO4 required to react with 20ml 1M Al(OH)3 solution.
e C
Q.8
Ch
Calculate volume of 0.4 M NaOH required to react with following mixture
HCl (1 mol) + H2SO4 (2 mol)

Q.9 Calculate volume of 0.2 M H2SO4 required to ract with following mixture
ts r ts
r xpe
NaOH (1mol) + Ca(OH)2 (2 mol)

x p e
Q.10
yE
A solution containing 4.2 g of KOH and Ca(OH)2 is neutralized by an acid. It consumes 0.1 equivalent
yE r
r ist
of acid, calculate the percentage composition of the sample.

is t m
Q.11
em e
How many ml of 0.1 N HCl are required to react completely with 19 gm mixture of Na 2CO3 and

Ch
Q.12
NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of two?
Ch
H3PO4 is a tri basic acid and one of its salt is NaH2PO4. What volume of 1 M NaOH solution should be
added to 12 g of NaH2PO4 to convert it into Na3PO4?

r ts Redox Titration
ts
x p e er
Q.13
E
It requires 40 ml of 1M
y
Ce4+ to titrate 20ml of 1M Sn2+ to Sn4+.
x p
What is the oxidation state of the

r
cerium in the product.
yE
m ist ist r
A volume of 10.0 ml of 1 M SeO2 reacted with exactly 20 ml of 2 M CrSO4. In the reaction, Cr2+ was
e
Q.14

Ch em
oxidized to Cr3+. To what oxidation state was selenium converted by the reaction.
h
Q.15 C
Potassium acid oxalate K2C2O4 · 3H2C2O4·4H2O can be oxidized by MnO4– in acid medium. Calculate
the volume of 0.1M KMnO4 reacting in acid solution with 5.08 gm of the acid oxalate.

Q.16 A 1 g sample of H2O2 solution containing x % H2O2 by mass requires x cm3 of a KMnO4 solution for

r ts
complete oxidation under acidic conditions. Calculate the normality of KMnO4 solution.

Q.17
xpe ts
Metallic tin in the presence of HCI is oxidized by K2Cr2O7 to stannic chloride, SnCl4. What volume of
E r
y
r xpe
deci-normal dichromate solution would be reduced by 11.9 gm of tin. [Sn = 119]

is t
Q.18
em yE
Calculate the number of millimoles of K2Cr2O7 which will completely react with 40 ml 0.1 M KI solution.
r
Ch
Q.19
m ist
Calculate volume of 0.4 M KMnO4 required to react with following in acidic medium.
KHC2O4 (1 mol) + H2C2O4 (2 mol)
e
Q.20 Ch
Calculate volume of 0.4 M NaOH required to react with following mixture.
KHC2O4 (1 mol) + H2C2O4 (2 mol)
Page # 7
 RE DOX REAC TION S
Q.21 Calculate volume of 0.2 M KMnO4 required to react with following mixture in acidic medium.
KHC2O4 (128 gm) + H2C2O4 (180 gm)
r ts
r ts xp e
Q.22
p e E
520 gm mixture of Fe2O3 & FeO reacts completely with 158 gm KMnO4 in acidic medium. Calculate
x
the mole % of Fe2O3 in mixture.
ry
r yE ist
Q.23

m ist em
Calculate the millimoles of Br2 produced when 10 ml of 0.1 M BrO3¯ reacts with excess of Br¯.

h
e C
Ch
Q.24 5g sample of brass was dissolved in one litre dil. H2SO4. 20 ml of this solution were mixed with KI,
liberating I2 and Cu+ and the I2 required 20 ml of 0.03 N hypo solution for complete titration. Calculate
the percentage of Cu in the alloy.

Q.25
ts
A 0.96 g sample of Fe2O3 solid of 50% purity is dissolved in acid and completely reduced by heating the
ts r
r xpe
solution with zinc dust. The resultant solution is cooled and made upto 100.0 mL. An aliquot of 25.0 mL

p e
of this solution requires 30 mL of 0.01 M solution of an oxidising agent for titration. Calculate the
x
yE r yE
number of moles of electrons taken up by 1 mol of oxidising agent in the reaction of the above titration.

Q.26
is tr ist
0.84 g iron ore containing x percent of iron was taken in a solution containing all the iron in ferrous
m
em e
condition. The solution required x ml of a dichromatic solution for oxidizing the iron content to ferric

Ch
state. Calculate the normality of dichromatic solution.
Ch
Q.27 5g of pyrolusite (impure MnO2) were heated with conc. HCl and Cl2 evolved was passed through
N

r ts
excess of KI solution. The iodine liberated required 40 mL of
10
hypo solution. Find the % of MnO2 in

ts
the pyrolusite.
x p e er
yE x p
Q.28
r E
A 5.0 cm3 solution of H2O2 liberates 0.508g of iodine from an acidified KI solution. Calculate the
y
m ist
strength of H2O2 solution in terms of volume strength at STP.
ist r
e em
Ch
Q.29 One litre of a mixture of O2 and O3 (O3  O2 + O2– )at NTP was allowed to react with an excess

C h
of acidified solution of KI. The iodine liberated required 40 ml of M/10 sodium thiosulphate solution for
titration. What is the percent of ozone in the mixture?
Assume O2 is not interferring in the above reactions.

Q.30 An aqueous solution containing 0.10g KIO3 (formula wt. = 214.0) was treated with an excess of KI

r ts
solution. The solution was acidified with HCl. The liberated I2 consumed 45.0 ml of thiosulphate solution

xpe
to decolourise the blue starch - iodine complex. Calculate the molarity of the sodium thiosulphate
solution.
E r ts
y
Q.31
is tr xpe
0.56 g of lime stone was treated with oxalic acid to give CaC2O4. The precipitate decolorized 45 mL of
E
em 0.2N KMnO4 in acid medium. Calculate % of CaO in lime stone.
r y
Ch
Q.32
m ist
Hydrogen peroxide solution (20 mL) reacts quantitatively with a solution of KMnO4 (20 mL) acidified
e
Ch
with dilute H2SO4. The same volume of the KMnO4 solution is just decolorized by 10mL of MnSO4 in
neutral medium simultaneously forming a dark brown precipitate of hydrated MnO2. The brown precipitate
is dissolved in 10mL of 0.2M sodium oxalate under boiling condition in the presence of dilute H2SO4.
Write the balanced equations involved in the reactions and calculate the molarity of H2O2.
Page # 8
 RE DOX REAC TION S
Back Titration

r ts
Q.33
r ts p e
50gm of a sample of Ca(OH)2 is dissolved in 50ml of 0.5N HCl solution. The excess of HCl was titrated
x
p e
with 0.3N – NaOH. The volume of NaOH used was 20cc. Calculate % purity of Ca(OH)2.
x E
ry
Q.34
r yE ist
One gm of impure sodium carbonate is dissolved in water and the solution is made up to 250ml. To 50ml

m ist hem
of this made up solution, 50ml of 0.1N – HCl is added and the mix after shaking well required 10ml of
0.16N – NaOH solution for complete titration. Calculate the % purity of the sample.
e C
Ch
Q.35 10 g CaCO3 were dissolved in 250 ml of 1 M HCl. What volume of 2 M KOH would be required to
neutralise excess HCl.

Q.36
t
A 3.00g sample containing Fe3O4, Fe2O3 and an inert impure substance, is treated with excess of KI
ts r s
r xpe
solution in presence of dilute H2SO4. The entire iron is converted into Fe2+ along with the liberation of

p e
iodine. The resulting solution is diluted to 100 ml. A 20 ml of the diluted solution require 11.0 ml of 0.5 M
x
yE r yE
Na2S2O3 solution to reduce the iodine present. A 50 ml of the diluted solution, after complete extraction

r ist
of the iodine requires 12.80 ml of 0.25 M KMnO4 solution in dilute H2SO4 medium for the oxidation of

is t
Fe2+. Calculate the percentages of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 in the original sample.
m
em e
Ch
Q.37
Double titration
Ch
A solution contains Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. 20ml of this solution required 4ml of 1N HCl for titration
with Ph indicator. The titration was repeated with the same volume of the solution but with MeOH.
10.5 ml of 1 N HCl was required this time. Calculate the amount of Na2CO3 & NaHCO3.

Q.38
r ts
A solution contains a mix of Na2CO3 and NaOH. Using Ph as indicator 25ml of mix required 19.5 ml of
ts
p e er
1 N HCl for the end point. With MeOH, 25 ml of the solution required 25ml of the same HCl for the end
x
E
point. Calculate g/L of each substance in the mix .
y x p
r yE
m ist istNr
Q.39
e em
200ml of a solution of mixture of NaOH and Na2CO3 was first titrated with HCl with indicator Ph.

Ch
10

C h
17.5 ml of HCl was required for end point. After this MeOH was added and 2.5 ml of same HCl was
again required for next end point. Find out amounts of NaOH and Na2CO3 in the mix.

Q.40
r ts Hardness of water
Calculate the weight of CaO required to remove hardness of 10 6 L of water containing 1.62 gram

xpe
Ca(HCO3)2 per litre.

E r ts
y
tr xpe
Q.41 Hardness of water is 180 ppm of MgSO4. Express it in terms of ppm of CaCO3.

is E
Q.42
em r y
0.00012 % MgSO4 and 0.000111% CaCl2 is present in water. What is the measured hardness of water

Ch
& millimoles of washing soda required to purify 1000 L water.

m ist
e
Ch
Q.43 A sample of hard water contains 96 ppm of SO 24  and 183 ppm of HCO3 , with Ca2+ as the only
cation. How many moles of CaO will be required to remove HCO 3 from 1000 kg of this water? If
1000 kg of this water is treated with the amount of CaO calculate above, what will be the conentration
(in ppm) of residual Ca2+ ions (Assume CaCO3 to be completely insoluble in water)?
Page # 9
 RE DOX REAC TION S

EXERCISE-2 (Objective Questions)

r ts
Single correct
r ts xp e
x p e E
+ 14H+  2Cr3+ + 7H
y
1. Cr2O7 2– + 6I– of Cr2O72– is :
2O + 3I2, then equivalent weight

yE ist r
M

istr M M

em
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
3 6 2

em C h
Ch
2. For the redox reaction, MnO4– + C2O42– + H+  Mn2+ + CO2 + H2O
The correct coefficients of the reactants for the balanced reaction are :
MnO4– C 2 O4 2– H+
(A) 2 5 16
(B) 16 5
ts 2
r ts
er xpe
(C) 5 16 2
(D) 2
x p 16 5
E
yE r y
3.
tr
Which of the following is a redox-reaction-
is
(A) 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Zn  Na2[Zn(CN)4]+ 2Ag
m ist
em e
Ch
(B) BaO2 + H2SO4  BaSO4 + H2O2

Ch(C) N2O5 + H2O  2HNO3

(D) AgNO3 + KI  AgI + KNO3

4. The number of moles of KMnO4 that will be needed to react completely with one mole of ferrous
oxalate in acid solution is
r ts ts
(A) 3/5
x p e
(B) 2/5 (C) 4/5 (D) 1
er
yE x p
5.
r
MnO4 is good oxidising agent in different medium changing to –
yE
MnO4

m ist Mn2+
MnO24
ist r
e em
Ch
MnO2
Mn2O3
Changes in oxidation number respectively are – C h
(A) 1, 3, 4, 5 (B) 5, 4, 3, 2 (C) 5, 1, 3, 4 (D) 2, 6, 4, 3

6. The normalities of 1 M solution of HCl, 1 M H2SO4 and 1 M H3PO4 in complete neutralization are
respectively
r ts
xpe
(A) 1 N, 2 N and 3 N (B) 2 N, 3 N and 1 N
(C) 0.1 N, 0.2 N and 0.3 N
E
(D) 3 N, 2 N and 1 N
r ts
y
7.
is tr xpe
An aqueous solution of 6.3 gm of oxalic acid dihydrate is made upto 250 ml. The volume of 0.1 N
E
m
NaOH required to completely neutralize 10 ml of this solution is
e r y
Ch ist
(A) 40 ml (B) 20 ml (C) 10 ml (D) 4 ml

em
Ch
8. In the standarization of Na2S2O3 using K2Cr2O7 by iodometry the equivalent mass of K2Cr2O7 is
M. Mass M. Mass M. Mass
(A) (B) (C) (D) Same as M. Mass.
2 6 3
Page # 10
 RE DOX REAC TION S

9.

r ts
If mA gram of a metal A displaces mB gram of another metal B from its salt solution and if the equivalent

r ts
weights are EA and EB respectively then equivalent weight of A can be expressed as

xp e
mA
x p e mA  mB mB
E mA
(A) EA= m  E B (B) EA = (C) EA = m  E B
ry
(D) EA =  EB
E ist
EB mB
B

r y A

10. ist hem

When BrO3 ion reacts with Br– in acid medium, Br2 is liberated. The equivalent weight of Br2 in this
m
e C
Ch
reaction is
5M 5M 3M 4M
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 3 5 6

ts r ts
r xpe
11. 100 ml of H2O2 is oxidised by 200 ml of 0.01 M KMnO4 in acidic medium. 100 ml of same H2O2 is

p e
oxidised by V ml of 0.01 M KMnO4 in basic medium (MnO4– reduced to MnO2.) Hence V is :
x
yE r yE
ist
500
r
1000
(A) 500

is t (B) 100

m
(C)
3
(D)
3

em e
12.
Ch Ch
In the mixture of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3, volume of a given HCl required is x ml with phenolphthalein
indicator and further y ml required with methyl orange indicator. Hence volume of HCl for complete reaction
of NaHCO3 is :
x
(A) 2x (B) y (C) (D) (y – x)
2

13.
r ts ts
3.92 g of ferrous ammonium sulphate (Eq. mass = 392) are dissolved in 100 ml of water. 20 ml of this

p e er
solution requires 200 ml of potassium permanganate during titration for complete oxidation. The weight
x
E
of KMnO4 (Eq. mass = 31.6) present in one litre of the solution is
y x p
r yE
ist
(A) 13.6 g (B) 0.316 g (C) 14.76 g (D) 34.78 g

ist r
14.
em
3 g of an oxide of a metal is converted to chloride completely and it yielded 5 g of chloride. The

Ch
equivalent weight of the metal is
hem
(A) 3.325 (B) 13.25 (C) 23.52
C (D) 33.25

15. 0.3gm of a sample of an oxalate salt is dissolved in 100 cc of water. It required 90 cc of N/20 KMnO4
solution for complete oxidation. The percentage of oxalate (C2O42–) in the given sample is
(A) 33 (B) 66 (C) 26 (D) 96

r ts
xpe
16. What volume of 0.955 M HCl, in milliliters, is needed to titrate 2.152 g of Na2CO3 to the equivalence
point?
E r ts
y
r xpe
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl (aq)  2NaCl (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

is
(A) 4.25 ml t (B) 21.5 ml (C) 84.0 ml (D) 42.5 ml

em r yE
17.
Ch ist
0.7 g of a sample of Na2CO3.xH2O were dissolved in water and the volume was made to 100 ml. 20 ml
m
e
Ch
of this solution required 19.8 ml of N/10 HCl for complete neutralization. The value of ‘x’ is:
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 6

Page # 11
 RE DOX REAC TION S
18. The ratio of equivalent weights of C2H5OH in the following reactions is :
(i) C2H5OH  CH3CHO
r ts
(ii) C2H5OH  C2H5ONa
r ts xp e
(A) 1 : 4
p e
(B) 1 : 1
x
(C) 1 : 2
E
(D) 1 : 3

ry
r yE ist
ist em
19. An element A in a compound ABD has oxidation number An–. It is oxidised by Cr2O72– in acid medium.

m h
In the experiment 1.68 × 10–3 moles of K2Cr2O7 were used for 3.26 × 10–3 moles of ABD. The new
e C
Ch
oxidation number of A after oxidation is :
(A) 3 (B) 3 – n (C) n – 3 (D) + n

20.
ts r ts
When the ion Cr2O72– acts as an oxidant in acidic aqueous solution the ion Cr3+ is formed. How many

r xpe
mole of Sn2+ would be oxidised to Sn4+ by one mole Cr2O72– ion :
(A) 2/3
xp e
(B) 3/2 (C) 2 (D) 3

yE r yE
21.
is tr ist
A sample of hard water contain 20 mg of Ca2+ ions per litre. How many milli equivalent of Na2CO3
m
em would be required to soften 1 litre of the sample?
e
Ch
(A) 0.5 (B) 0.1 (C) 0.2
Ch (D) 1

22. 1 litre solution of unknown molarity is titrated by taking its 50 mL solution against KI solution is strong

r s
acid medium of excess HCl. The equivalence point was detected when 10 mL of 0.1 M KI was consumed.
t ts
x p e
The molarity of KIO3 solution is :
er
(A) 4 × 10–4 M

yE
(B) 2 × 10–2 M (C) 4 × 10–3 M (D) 2 × 10–3 M
x p
r yE
23.
m
BrO3 –+
ist
5Br– + 6H+  3 Br2 + 3H2O
ist r
e em
If 25.0 mL of 0.200 molar BrO3– is mixed with 30.0 mL of 0.450 molar Br– solution that contains a large

Ch (A) 5.00 × 10–3 mole C h

excess of H+, the amount of Br2 formed, according to the equation above, is
(B) 8.10 × 10–3 mole
(C) 1.35 × 10–2 mole (D) 1.50 × 10–2 mole

24.
ts
An equimolar mixture of Na2C2O4 and H2C2O4 required V1 litre of 0.1 M KMnO4 in acidic medium
r
xpe
for complete oxidation. The same amount of the mixture required V2 litre of 0.2 M NaOH for neutralization.

E
The ratio of V1 to V2 (V1/V2) is :
r ts
y
r xpe
(A) 2 : 5 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 4 : 5 (D) None of these

is t
em r yE
ist
25. 1 gram at a sample of CaCO3 was strongly heated and the CO2 liberated was absorbed in 100 mL of

Ch 0.5 M NaOH. Assuming 90% purity for the sample. How much mL of 0.5 M HCl would be required to

em
Ch
react with the solution of the alkali to reach the phenolphthalein end point?
(A) 73 mL (B) 41 mL (C) 82 mL (D) 87 mL

Page # 12
 RE DOX REAC TION S
One or more correct

r ts
r ts xp e
26.

x p e
Which of the following represent redox reactions :
E
(A) Cr2O72– + 2OH–  2 CrO42– + H2O (B) 2CrO42– + 2H+  Cr2O72– + H2O
ry
yE ist
(C) 2MnO4– + 3Mn2+  5MnO2 (D) 2Cu+  Cu + Cu2+

istr
27.
m
For the reaction :
hem
e
H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2  CaHPO4 + 2H2O
C
Ch1 mol 1 mol
which are true statements :
(A) equivalent weight of H3PO4 is 49 (B) resulting mixture is neutralised by 1 mol of KOH.
(C) CaHPO4 is an acid salt

ts r ts
r xpe
(D) 2 mol of H3PO4 is completely neutralised by 1.5 mol of Ca(OH)2.

x p e
28.

yE r yE
11.2 g of mixture of MCl (volatile) and NaCl gave 28.7 g of white ppt with excess of AgNO3 solution.

ist
11.2 g of same mixture on heating gave a gas that on passing into AgNO3 solution gave 14.35 g of white

is
ppt. Hence :
tr
em (A) ionic mass of M+ is 18
em
(B) mixture has equal mol fraction of MCl and NaCl

Ch Ch
(C) MCl and NaCl are in 1 : 2 molar ratio (D) atomic mass of M is 10

29. H2C2O4 and NaHC2O4 behave as acids as well as reducing agents. Which are correct statements ?
(A) equivalent weight of H2C2O4 and NaHC2O4 are equal to their molecular weights when behaving as
reducing agents

r ts
(B) 100 ml of 1 N solution fo each is neutralised by equal volume of 1 M Ca(OH)2
ts
p e
(C) 100 ml of 1 N solution of each is neutralised by eqaul volumes of 1 N Ca(OH)2
x er
(D) 100 ml of 1 M solution of each is oxidised by equal volumes of 1 M KMnO4
yE x p
r yE
30.

m ist ist r
A solution of Na2S2O3 is iodometrically titrated against 0.25050 g of KBrO3. This process requires 90
ml of Na2S2O3 solution the strength of the Na2S2O3 is [BrO3– reduces into Br–]
e em
Ch
(A) 0.2 M (B) 0.1 M (C) 0.05 M (D) 0.1 N

31. Consider the following redox reaction : C h

KMnO4 + Na2S2O3 + H+  Mn2+ + SO42– + K+
Which of the following is (are) true regarding the above redox reaction?

(A)
5
r ts
mol of Na2S2O3 is oxidized by one mole of KMnO4.

xpe
8

E
(B) Oxidation number of sulphur changes from +4 to +12.
r ts
y
r xpe
(C) Change of medium from acidic to basic will have no effect on the stoichiometry of reaction.

is t
(D) Change in medium from acidic to basic will change the nature of product.

em r yE
Ch ist
32. A sample of steel weighing 0.30 g was subjected to a chemical reaction to convert its sulphur impurity to

m
H2S(g). The evolved gas required 2.40 mL 0.02 N iodine solution. Which of the following statement(s)
e
Ch
is (are) true?
(A) Iodine is reduced to iodide (B) H2S is oxidized to S
(C) Steel contain 0.256% of S by weight
(D) The reaction of H2S with I2 is a precipitation reaction rather than a redox reaction
Page # 13
 RE DOX REAC TION S
Match the column :

r ts
33.
r ts p e
Match List I (compounds) with List II (oxidation state of nitrogen) and select the correct answer using
x
p e
the codes given below the lists :
x E
List I List II
ry
(A) NaN3
r yE (P) +5
ist
(B)

m
(C) NO ist
N2 H 4 (Q)
(R)
+2
–
1
hem
e 3
C
Ch
(D) N 2O 5 (S) –2

34. Match the stoichiometric coefficients in List I with the species in List II and involved in the balanced
equation of the following reaction:
FeC2O4 + MnO4– + H+  CO2 + Mn2+ + Fe3+
ts r ts
r xpe
List I List II
(A) FeC2O4
x p e (P) 3
(B) MnO4 –

yE (Q) 5
r yE
tr ist
(C) H + (R) 10
is
(D) CO2 (S) 24
m
em e
Ch
35. Match te following
List I
Ch List II
(A) Change of NO to NO3– (P) Oxidation number changes from +7 to +2
(B) Change of P4 to H2PO2– (Q) Oxidation number changes +6 to +3
(C) KMnO4 in acidic medium
r ts (R) Oxidation number changes from 0 to + 1
ts
p e
(D) K2Cr2O7 in acidic medium
x
(S) Oxidation number changes from +2 to +5.
er
yE x p
36.
r E
Consider the redox-reactions of Column I and match them with the entries of with Column II.
y
ist ist r
Column I Column II

em (A) KMnO4 + H2O2  Mn2+ + O2 (P) One mole of reducing agent reduces more than

Ch K2CrO4 + H2S  Cr + SO2 em

two moles of oxidizing agent.
h
C
(B) 3+ (Q) One mole of oxidizing agent oxidizes more than
one mole of reducing agent.
(C) H2O2 + H2C2O4  H2O + CO2 (R) One mole of oxidizing agent oxidizes less than
one mole of reducing agent.
(D) K2CrO4 + FeS  Cr3+ + Fe3+ + SO2 (S) One mole of oxidizing agent oxidizes one mole

r ts of reducing agent.

xpe
Question No. 37 to 39 (3 questions)
E r ts
y
xpe
Hard water is having soluble salts of calcium and magnessium which forms precipitates with the carboxilate

s tr
ion present in soap according to the equation.
i
em 2RCOONa + Ca2+ / Mg2+  (RCOO)2 Ca/Mg¯ + 2Na+
r yE
Ch ist
On the basis of removal of hardness, it can be of two types :
(1) Temporary hardness and (2) Permanent hardness
(1)
em
Temporary hardness : It is due the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium in water.
It is easily removed by following processes :
(a) By boiling of water

Ch
M(HCO3)2  MCO3¯ + H2O + CO2
Page # 14
 RE DOX REAC TION S
(b) By the addition of Na2CO3
Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3  CaCO3¯ + 2NaHCO3
r ts
r ts xp e
p e E
(c) Clarke’s process : By the addition of exact amount of Ca(OH)2, because excess will also impart
x ry
E ist
hardness in water.

r y
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2  2CaCO3¯ + 2H2O

m ist Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2  MgCO3¯ + CaCO3 + 2H2O

hem
e C
Ch
(2) Permanent hardness : It is due the present of chlorides and sulphates of Ca2+ and Mg2+. It can not be
removed by boiling or by the addition of Ca(OH)2.
Removal of permanent hardness
(i) By adding Na2CO3 or Na3PO4

s
CaSO4 + Na2CO3  CaCO3¯ + Na2SO4
t r ts
er xpe
3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4  Ca3(PO4)2¯ + 6NaCl

x p
(ii) Ion exchange resins process
E
yE r y
r ist
2+

t
2RnH + Ca  (Rn)2 Ca + 2H+
Acidic resin Cation
is exchanger

m
em e
Ch (iii) Permutit process
Ch
Ca2  Na 2 Z  CaZ  2Na   Na 2 Z is the sodiumzeol ite

(Na 2 Al2Si2O8 .H2O)
Mg2  Na 2 Z  MgZ  2Na  

r ts ts
(iv) Calgon (calcium gone) process : Na6(PO3)6 is called calgon which is written as Na2 [Na4(PO3)6]

x p e er
[Na4(PO3)6]2– + M2+  [Na2M(PO3)6]2– + 2Na+

yE x p
[where M = Ca2+ / Mg2+]

r yE
37.
m ist ist r
One litre of a sample of hard water contains 1 mg of CaCl2 and 1 mg of MgCl2. Then the total hardness
e in terms of parts of CaCO3 per 106 parts of water by mass is :
em
Ch (A) 1.954 ppm (B) 1.260
h
(C) 0.946
C
(D) None of these

38. Consider the temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of Ca(HCO3)2 and spacific gravity of
hard water is 1. Then the weight of CaO required for 106 litre of water remove the temporary hardness of
1000 ppm is:
(A) 3.6 × 104 gm
r ts
(B) 6.5 × 104 gm (C) 5.6 × 105 gm (D) 8.5 × 105 gm

39.
xpe
For a given sample of water containing the following impurities.
E r ts
y
r xpe
Mg(HCO3)2 = 73 mg/L. Ca(HCO3)2 = 162 mg/L. CaSO4 = 136mg/L.

is t
MgCl2 = 95 mg/L. CaCl2 = 111 mg/L and NaCl =100 mg/L

em Then the total hardness (temporary and permanent) of above water sample is :
r yE
Ch ist
(A) 300 ppm (B) 350 ppm (C) 450 ppm (D) 500 ppm

em
Ch
Page # 15
 RE DOX REAC TION S
Assertion & Reason :

r ts
40.
r ts p
Statement-1 In MnO4– + 5Fe2+ + 8H+  Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O, MnO4– acts as oxidizing agent
x e
p e
and Fe2+ acts as reducing agent.
x E
ry
E ist
Statement-2 The reactions involving simultaneous loss or gain of electron among the reacting species

r y
ist
are called oxidation-reduction reactions.

m hem
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is correct explanation for Statement-1

e C
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is NOTcorrect explanation for Statement-1

Ch
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true

41. Statement-1 In the balanced redox reaction x Cu2O + y NO3– + 14 H+  6Cu2+ + NO + 7H2O,

ts
the n-factor of Cu2O and NO3– is 2 and 3 respectively.
r ts
er xpe
Statement-2 Since reciprocal of n-factor’s ratio is molar ratio and so, x : y = 2 : 3

x p E
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is correct explanation for Statement-1

yE r y
ist
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is NOTcorrect explanation for Statement-1

is tr
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false

em (D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true

em
Ch Ch

r ts ts
x p e er
yE x p
r yE
m ist ist r
e em
Ch C h

r ts
E xpe r ts
y
is tr
E xpe
em r y
Ch m ist
e
Ch
Page # 16
 RE DOX REAC TION S

r ts
r ts EXERCISE-ZERO
xp e
x p e E
Q.1 (1) –1 (2) +2 (3) +1 (4) –3 (5) +4
ry (6) +5
(7) +6
r yE
(8) –3 (9) –3 (10) – 1/3 (11) +2
ist (12) +1
(13) +5
m ist (14) +2 (15) +7 (16) +6
hem
(17) +3 (18) +6
e C
Ch
(19) +6 (20) +2

8
Q.2 (1) + (2) +1 (3) +2.5 (4) –2 (5) +2 (6) +1
3

ts r ts
r xpe
(7) +2 (8) zero (9) +1 (10) +6 (11) –3 (12) +6
(13) +2 (14) +2
xp e (15) +1 (16) +8 (17) –1 (18) +6

yE r yE
r ist
(19) +8 (20) +4 (21) +3 (22) +5 (23) +6 (24) +8/3

is
(25) +3 t (26) +6 (27) +200/93
m
em e
Ch Ch
Q.1 (i) 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3  2AlCl3 + 3BaSO4.
EXERCISE-1
Q.1 (i) 4Zn + NO 3– + 10H+  4Zn2+ + NH4 + 3H2O
(ii)
r ts
I2 + 10NO3– + 8H+  2IO3– + 10NO2 + 4H2O
ts
x p e
H2O2 + 2ClO2 + 2[OH]–  2ClO2– + O2 + 2H2O
er
p
(iii)

r yE
3Cl2 + 6KOH  KClO3 + 5KCl + 3H2O
E x
ist y
(iv)

ist r
em (v) 3H2O2 + 2KMnO4  2MnO2 + 2KOH + 3O2 + 2H2O

Ch (vi) 5HNO2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4  5HNO3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 3H2O

hem
(vii) NaNO2 + NaI + H2SO4  NO +
1
C
I + Na2SO4 + H2O
2 2
(viii) 3P + 5HNO3  3HPO3 + 5NO + H2O

(ix)
r ts
K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl  2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 7H2O + 3Cl2

xpe
(x) 2MnO–4  5C 2O –4 + 16H+  10CO2 + 2Mn+2 + 8H2O
(xi) 2

E
Cr2 O 7 –  3C 2 O 4– + 14H+  2Cr3+ + 6CO2 + 7H2O
2

r ts
y
is
(xii) tr
2KMnO4 + 5H2S + 4H2SO4  2KHSO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5S + 8H2O
E xpe
em H2O2 + 2I– + 2H+  I2 + 2H2O
r y
ist
(xiii)

Ch (xiv) Cr2O72–  3NO2 + 8H+  2Cr+3 + 3NO3 + 4H2O

– –

em
Ch
(xv) 3AsO3 3– –
+ IO3 3AsO4 3– +I –

3
(xvi) 3H2S + Cr2O7–2 + 8H+  2Cr+3 + S8 +72O
8
Page # 17
 RE DOX REAC TION S
– +
(xvii) I2 + SO2 + 2H2O  –2
+ 2I + 4H
s
SO 4

s er t
er t
(xviii) 2MnO 4– + 5SO2 + 2H2O  2Mn+2 + 5SO 4–2 + 4H+
xp
(xix) 3ClO + Br  BrO3– + 3Cl–
– –

x p ryE
r yE 3
ist
ist
(xx) BaCrO4 + 3KI + 8HCl  BaCl2 + I2 + 3KCl + CrCl3 + 4H2O

em
2

em C h
Q.2
Q.3
Ch (i) 2
(i) 1
(ii) 2
(ii) 2
(iii) 5
(iii) 1
(iv) 1 (v) 2
(iv) 2 (v) 3
(vi) 1 (vii) 2 (viii) 1
(vi) 1 (vii) 2 (viii) 1 (ix) 2
Q.4 (a) 4/3 (b) 2 (c) 8 (d) 7/4 (e) 28, 2

ts
(f) 10 (g) 12 (h) 13/3
s
(i) 61
r t
er xpe
Q.5 1 Q.6 40 ml Q.7 60 ml Q.8 12.5 l
Q.9 12.5 l
x p E
yE r y
tr ist
Q.10 KOH = 35%, Ca(OH)2 = 65% Q.11 V = 3 lit.
is m
Q.12
em 200 mL Q.13 + 3 Q.14 zero
e Q.15 V = 160 ml

Ch Ch
2
Q.16 0.588 N Q.17 4 lit. Q.18 Q.19 3l
3
Q.20 12.5 l Q.21 6l Q.22 16.66% Q.23 3
Q.24 38 % Q.25 5 Q.26 0.15 N Q.27 0.174g; 3.48%
Q.28 4.48% Q.29
r ts
6.57% O3(by weight) Q.30 0.0623M
ts
x p e er
Q.31 45%

yE
Q.32 0.1M Q.33 1.406% Q.34 90.1%
x p
r yE
ist
Q.35 V = 25 mL Q.36 Fe2O3 = 49.33%, Fe3O4 = 34.8% Q.37 0.424 gm ; 0.21 gm

ist r
Q.38
em 23.32 gm ; 22.4 gm Q.39 0.06 gm ; 0.265 gm Q.40 560 Kg
Q.41
Ch
150 ppm Q.42 2 ppm, 20 m mole.
hem Q.43 1.5, 40 ppm
EXERCISE-2 C
1. B 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. A
8. B 9. A 10. C 11. C 12. D 13. B 14. D
15. B 16. D 17. B
r ts 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. D
22. C 23. B
xp
24. Ce 25. C

E r ts
y
xpe
26. CD 27. ABC 28. AB 29. BCD 30. BD 31. AD 32. ABC

is tr
33. A  R ; B  S ; C  Q ; D  P 34. A  Q ; B  P ; C  S ; D  R

em r yE
ist
35. A  S ; B  R ; C  P ; D  Q 36. A  Q ; B  R ; C  S ; D  P, R
37. A
Ch 38. C 39. C
em
Ch
40. B 41. C

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