aluminum hydroxide

Ammonium nitrate
Guanidine

Berkelium
Einsteinium
Gadolinium
Livermorium
Manganese
Neptunium
Phosphorus
 Isotopes
atoms of a given element that
differ in the number of neutrons
…and consequently in mass.
Directions: Decode the following items given the
clues using the alphabet
1._______9-19-15-20-15-16-5-19
After which define each words
Directions: Decode the following items given the
clues using the alphabet
2_______20-18-1-3-5-18
After which define each words
Directions: Decode the following items given the
clues using the alphabet
3.______18-1-4-9-15-1-3-20-9-22-5
4After which define each words
Directions: Decode the following items given the
clues using the alphabet
4.______21-18-1-14-9-21-13
After which define each words
Directions: Decode the following items given the
clues using the alphabet
5.______3-15-2-1-12-20
After which define each words
Working with Atomic Notation

A
z X Chemical Symbol

Atomic Mass
(of Isotope)
Atomic Number
 Example #1

12
6 C Chemical Symbol

Atomic Mass
(of Isotope)
Atomic Number
 Example #2

13
6 C Chemical Symbol

Atomic Mass
(of Isotope)
Atomic Number
 Example #3

14
6 C Chemical Symbol

Atomic Mass
(of Isotope)
Atomic Number
Some isotopes of carbon

12
6 C
13
6 C 6 C
14
 10 47

Ne
Neon
Ag
Silver

20.1797 107.8682

3 11

Li
Lithium
Na
Sodium

6.941 22.98977
Various ways of identifying
Isotopes
• Using atomic notation,
Example: 126 C or simply 12 C

•Using the mass notation.

Example: Carbon-12 or C-12
(read “carbon twelve” or “C twelve”)
 Some Isotopes of Carbon
mass atomic # of p+ # of e- # of no
notation notation
C-11 C
11
6 6

C-12 C
12
6 6

C-13 C
13
6 6

C-14 C
14
6 6
 Another example of isotopes
1
H
1
2
1 H 3
1H
or

H-1 H-2 H-3

 The Isotopes of Hydrogen
mass atomic # of p+ # of e- # of no
notation notation
Hydrogen- 1
H 1 1
1
Hydrogen- 2
H 1 1
2
Hydrogen- 3
H 1 1
3
 Figure #1 Figure #2 Figure #3

p+ = p+ = p+ =
no = no = no =
e- = e- = e- =
 Isotopes
atoms of a given element that
differ in the number of neutrons
…and consequently in mass.
 Why are masses on the periodic
table usually expressed as decimal
numbers?

• masses on the table are weighted

averages of all known isotopes of
the element of interest
 Keep in mind:
It is not possible to determine how many
different isotopes exist by looking at the
periodic table.
It is not possible to determine the
frequency of various nuclides by looking
at the periodic table.
Abundance of Isotopes
• Isotopes are atoms that have the same
number of protons but different numbers of
neutrons. The atomic masses of isotopes
differ. The percentage of atoms with a
specific atomic mass found in a naturally
occurring sample of an element is known as
its relative abundance.
• Since different isotopes have different relative
abundances, some are more naturally
abundant on Earth than others. Relative
abundances are usually expressed as
percentages, which means that the relative
abundances of all of an element’s stable
isotopes always add up to 100 percent. The
average atomic mass of an element is a
weighted average of these values.
 another way of looking at it:

Imagine having 10,000 H atoms

1H occurrence 9,998
1

2
1 H occurrence 1.56
3
1 H occurrence 0.44
That means the weighted average is:
1
1H 1 x 0.9998 = 0.9998

2
1H 2 x 0.00156 = 0.00312

3
1H 3 x 0.00004 = 0.00012
Weighted Average (0.9998 + 0.00312 + 0.00012)  1.01
Zn has 5 naturally occurring isotopes
64
30 Zn occurrence
66
30 Zn occurrence
67
30 Zn occurrence
68
30 Zn occurrence
70
30 Zn occurrence
Zn has 5 naturally occurring isotopes
64
30 Zn occurrence 49 %
66
30 Zn occurrence ~28 %
67
30 Zn occurrence ~4 %
68
30 Zn occurrence ~18 %
70
30 Zn occurrence ~1 %
Zn has 5 naturally occurring isotopes
64
30 Zn 49 %
66
30 Zn ~28 %
67
30Zn ~4 % 65.39
68
30 Zn ~18 %
70
30 Zn ~1 %
 (parenthesis) on the
Periodic Table indicate the
most stable isotope
stable means “longest living”
Parenthesis also suggest the element of
interest is radioactive.
 Review problem #1
Represent the following using atomic notation.

92

U
Uranium

238.0289
 AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
EXAMPLE
Calculate the average atomic mass of iridium
using the following data for two iridium
isotopes. Isotope mass (u) relative
abundance
Ir-191 191.0 0.3758
Ir-193 193.0 0.6242
• Calculate the average atomic mass of
lithium, which occurs as two isotopes that
have the following atomic masses and
abundances in nature: 6.017 u, 7.30% and
7.018 u, 92.70%.
• Hydrogen is 99% 1H, 0.8% 2H, and 0.2%
3H. Calculate its average atomic mass.
• Chlorine has two isotopes. Chlorine-35 has
an actual mass of 34.9689 u and chlorine-37
has a mass of 36.9659 u. In any sample of
chlorine atoms, 75.771% will be chlorine-
35 and 24.229% will be chlorine 37.
Calculate the average atomic mass of
chlorine.
• Copper has two isotopes. Copper-63,
which has an atomic mass of 62.93 u and
copper-65, which has an atomic mass of
64.93 u. In any sample of copper atoms,
69.1% will be copper-63 and 30.9% will be
copper-65. Calculate the average atomic
mass of naturally occurring copper.
Steps to find Percent Abundance

1. Step 1: Calculate the Average

Atomic Mass
-Determine the element’s atomic mass from your
isotopic abundance problem on the periodic
table.
2. Step 2: Set up the Relative
Abundance Problem
-see the following formula:
(M1)(x) + (M2)(1-x) = M(E)
--M1 denotes the mass of one isotope’
--x denotes its relative abundance.
--The mass of the second isotope is denoted by M2.
--M(E) denotes the periodic table element’s atomic
mass.
Note: The sum of these two isotopes equals
100% of all the elements found in nature. The
equation can be written in either percentage or
decimal form.
Step 3: Determine the Relative
Abundance of the Unknown
Isotope by solving for x.
-Calculate x using algebra.
•To begin, implement the distributive property:
•Now, combine similar terms.
•Determine x.
4. Step 4: Determine the percentage
of abundance
-Since x and (1-x) are numbers, multiply them by 100 to
get the percentage of one isotope.
Example 1: Determine the relative abundance
of the isotopes if the masses of one isotope of
nitrogen, nitrogen-14, are 14.003 amu and
another isotope, nitrogen-15, are 15.000 amu.
Example 2: Determine the percent abundance
of chlorine isotopes,35Cl and 37Cl given that
chlorine’s average atomic mass is 35.45 amu
Example
Lithium has two naturally occurring isotopes:
lithium-6 and lithium-7. If the average atomic
mass of lithium is6.941 amu, which isotope is
the most abundant? How do you know?
• Antimony has two naturally occurring
isotopes. The mass of antimony-121 is
120.904 amu and the mass of antimony-123
is 122.904 amu. Using the average mass
from the periodic table, calculate the
abundance of each isotope. Z