Week 2

GENER
Prepared By: Alvin Castillo
AL
CHEMI
STRY 1

Special Science Teacher 1

San Jose Community High School

Learning Task 1
Pre-Assesment:
A) Multiple-Choice Questions: place your answers in the space to the left of each question.
_____1) One atomic mass unit is defined as weighing
a. 1/16 the mass of O-16 b. 1/12 the mass of C-12
c. 1/32 the mass of S-32 d. 1/10 the mass of B-10
_____2) Which of the following represents isotopes of the same element?
a. 818O and 818O b. 816O and 818O
18
c. 8 O and 918F d. 919F and 1019Ne
_____3) Which of the following represents isotopes of different elements?
a. 818O and 818O b. 816O and 818O
c. 818O and 918F d. 919F and 920F
_____4) A nucleus of Mg-25 contains how many neutrons?
a. 12 b. 13 c. 25 d. 37
_____5) What is the nuclear charge of a nucleus of Potassium-32?
a. +15 b. +17 c. +32 d. +47
_____6) How many electrons orbit a nucleus of N-13?
a. 6 b. 7 c. 13 d. 19
_____7) How many electrons does it take to weigh the same as a proton?
a. 1 b. 100 c. 957 d. 1836
_____8) Carbon-12 contains 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons. Which subatomic particle,
if changed, would change the identity of the element?
a. proton b. neutron c. electron d. all of the above

Lesson 1: What are Isotopes?

What are isotopes?
Isotopes are various types of an atom that have the same number of protons but a
different number of neutrons. Any elements, such as carbon, potassium, and uranium, have
several naturally-occurring isotopes. Isotopes are defined first by their element and then by the
sum of the current protons and neutrons.
There are three carbon isotopes found in nature: carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.
All three of them have six protons, but their neutron numbers-6, 7, and 8 respectively-all vary.
This means that all three isotopes have different atomic masses (carbon-14 is the heaviest) but
have the same atomic number (Z=6).
Example on the isotopes of hydrogen:
Protium H–1 Deuterium H–2 Tritium H – 3
In the periodic table, you can find that all the elements have a different atomic number. The
above example of hydrogen atom can have three isotopes with different mass values, but all of
them with the same atomic number. Any isotopes of the elements are radioactive in nature, emit
invisible radiation and decay into the isotopes of other elements. They are isolated by an
instrument called a mass spectrograph.
Table 1 shows the common usage of isotopes:
Table 1 Common isotopes and their uses

Isotope Uses
Xenon – 133 Lung imaging
Potassium – 43 Myocardial scan
Iron – 59 Anemia diagnosis
Gold – 198 Liver disease diagnosis
Fluorine – 18 Brain imaging, bone scan
Sodium – 24 Monitoring blood circulation
Calcium – 47 Study of calcium metabolism
Phosphorus – 32 Location of ocular, brain and skin tumors
Carbon – 14 Determining the age of once-living artifacts
Sterilization of medical equipment, gamma ray irradiation of
Cobalt – 60
tumors
Brain imaging, liver function, diagnosis and treatment of thyroid
Iodine – 131
activity
Determination of red blood cell volume, spleen imaging,
Chromium – 51
placenta location
Brain, thyroid, liver, bone marrow, lung, heart, and intestinal
*Technetium – 99m
scanning; blood volume determination

Learning Task 2
Direction: Match the following isotopes by tracing a line in column A to its uses in column B.
A. Monitoring blood circulation
1. Iron – 59

2. Cobalt – 60 B. Anemia diagnosis

C. Sterilization of medical equipment, gamma ray

3. Sodium – 24
irradiation of tumors

4. Gold – 198 D. Lung imaging

5. Xenon – 133 E. Liver disease diagnosis

Lesson 2: Naming and Writing formulas for Chemical Compound

Learning Task 3

Direction: Color the following ions according to its charge.

Blue – Cations (Positive Ions) Red – Anions (Negative Ions)

NO3 - Zn2+ SO3 2- O2- C 2H 3O 2 - K+ Fe3+ PO43- I- C2O42-

How many anions are there? ___________________
How many cations are there? ___________________
There are 5 monoatomic ions and 5 polyatomic ions given above. I want you to write
these in column below.

Monoatomic Ions Polyatomic Ions

made up of only made up of
one atom more than
one type of
atom

Molecular Formula
A molecular formula uses chemical symbols and subscripts to indicate the exact
numbers of different atoms in a molecule or compound. An empirical formula gives the simplest,
whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound. A structural formula indicates the bonding
arrangement of the atoms in the molecule. Ball-and-stick and space-filling models show the
geometric arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Isomers are compounds with the same
molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.

Ions
An ion is defined as an atom or molecule that has accrued or lost one or more of its
valence electrons, resulting in a net positive or negative electrical charge. In other words, the
number of protons (positively charged particles) and electrons (negatively charged particles) in
a chemical species is unbalanced.
Cations and Anions
Ions can be classified into two broad categories: cations and anions.
Cations are ions with a net positive charge since the number of protons in the species is greater
than the number of electrons. The formula for a cation is shown by a superscript accompanying
the formula representing the number of the charge and the "+" symbol. A integer, if present, is
followed by a plus sign. If only "+" is present, this means that the charge is +1. For eg, Ca2 +
indicates a cation with a charge of +2.
Anions are ions with a net negative charge. There are more electrons than protons in anions.
The number of neutrons is not a factor of whether an anion is an electron, a functional group, or
a molecule. Like cations, the anion charge is indicated using a chemical formula superscript. For
example, Cl-is the chlorine anion symbol that carries a single negative charge (-1). If a number
is used for the superscript, it precedes the minus symbol. Sulfate anion, for example, is written
as: SO42-

Binary Compounds
Binary compounds are made up of two parts. An example of this is carbon dioxide with a
chemical formula of CO2. It is created by the combination of carbon and oxygen. Ionic and
molecular compounds are two classes of binary compounds. The ion charge is written as a
superscript in the upper right corner of the element symbol. The positive ion is often written
before the negative ion.

Ionic Compounds Molecular compounds

It is made up of a cation (+) and It is made up of two non-metals.
an anion (-).
They are named by giving the name of
They are named by giving the name of the first nonmetal and then that of the
the cation first, followed by the name of the second nonmetal modified by the ending -
anion. ide. Molecular compounds are usually
gases.
Example: Example:
MgCl2 magnesium chloride HCl hydrogen chloride

cation→ Mg2+ Cl- ← anion cation→ H+ Cl- ← anion

Criss-cross
Method = MgCl2 Criss-cross
Method = HCl

Binary Covalent Compounds

Binary covalent compounds are compounds composed of only two elements, such as
carbon dioxide. Prefixes are used in the naming of binary compounds to denote the number of
atoms found in each non-metal. Table 2 shows the prefixes used in naming binary covalent
compounds

Prefix Meaning Prefix Meaning

mono- 1 hexa- 6
di- 2 hepta- 7
tri- 3 octa- 8
tetra- 4 nona- 9
penta- 5 deca- 10

Example:
CO2 carbon dioxide SO2 sulfur dioxide
CO carbon monoxide SO3 sulfur trioxide
N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide

Ternary Compounds are made up of three elements. The naming of ternary compounds
follows the same rule as that of the binary ionic compound: the name of the cation is given first,
followed by the name of the anion.
Examples: NaNO3 sodium nitrate → Chemical name
 cation→ Na+ NO3- ← anion

Criss-cross Method = NaNO3 → Chemical Formula

BaCrO4 barium chromate → Chemical name

cation → Ba2+ CrO42- ← anion

Criss-cross Method = Ba2(CrO4)2 = BaCrO4 → Chemical name

Acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions. Acids can be a binary or ternary.

Binary Acids Ternary Acids

It is composed of hydrogen and another It is made up of hydrogen and an anion, usually
element, usually a nonmetal. containing oxygen.
The first part of the name consists of the root
The first part of the name starts with the word of the name of the element, modified by the
prefix hydro- followed by the name of the ending –ic. The second part consists of the word
element, modified by the ending –ic. The ‘acid’. If there is another acid with the same atoms,
second part consists of the word ‘acid’. the suffix –ous is used to denote the one with a
Name = hydro- (root name of element) smaller number of atoms. Name = (root name of
-ic + acid element) -ic (or –ous) + acid
Example:H2S hydrosulfuric acid Examples:HNO3 nitric acid
HI hydroiodic acid HNO2 nitrous acid
Common Monoatomic Ions

F H N MC S T
R
e g i Hg u c i
b 2 2 3 + 2 2 3 4
+
+ + + + + + +

C P A C Z F S
A N
o b u a n e n
g 2 2 3 a 2 2 3 4
+ +
+ + + + + + +

N C A S S C P
A
i u l Kr n o b
u 2 2 3 + 2 2 3 4
+
+ + + + + + +

Common Polyatomic Ions

Name Formula and Charge Name Formula and Charge

ammonium NH4+ hydroxide OH−
acetate C2H3O2−,or CH3COO− nitrate NO3−
bicarbonate HCO3− nitrite NO2−
(hydrogen carbonate)
bisulfate HSO4− peroxide O22−
(hydrogen sulfate)
carbonate CO32− perchlorate ClO4−
chlorate ClO3− phosphate PO43−
chromate CrO42− sulfate SO42−
cyanide CN− sulfite SO32−
dichromate Cr2O72− triiodide I3−

LEARNING TASK 4

FORMULA NAME FORMULA NAME

P2O5     potassium hydroxide
  sulfur tetraiodide Zn(OH)2  
SbBr5     Calcium sulfate
  phosphorus trichloride FeSO4  
  sulfuric acid   magnesium ion
HClO     phosphate ion

Direction: Complete the table below by filling up the missing formula or chemical name?

Lesson 2: Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas

As we have seen, the formula of a compound tells us the numbers of atoms of each
element in a unit of the compound. However, suppose we needed to validate the purity of a
compound to be used during a laboratory experiment. From the formula we could calculate what
percent of the whole mass of the compound is contributed by each element. Then, by
comparing the result to the percent composition obtained experimentally for our sample, we
could determine the purity of the sample.
Percent Composition by Mass
The percent composition by mass is the percent by mass of each element in a
compound. We expressed this mathematically,
n x mm of element
% composition by mass = mm of compound x 100
Where as
n = number of atoms
mm = molar mass = g/mol
Let’s try to compute the percentage composition of H 2O. Which do you think has the
highest percentage composition between hydrogen and oxygen?

1. Identify the elements/atoms given.

2. Count the number of atoms of each.
3. Identify the molar mass of the element, use your periodic table.
4. Multiply the number of atoms by the molar mass of the element.
5. Get the sum of the elements molar mass to get the molar mass of the compound.
6. Divide each molar mass of element by the molar mass of the compound.
7. Multiply the quotient to 100 to get the percentage composition of the element.
 H 2 x 1.01 g/mol = 2.02 g/mol = mm of H2
O 1 x 16.00 g/mol = 16.00 g/mol = mm of O

mm of compound = 18.02 g/mol H2O

H 2.02 g/mol ÷ 18.02g/mol x 100 = 11.21%

O 16.00 g/mol ÷ 18.02g/mol x 100 = 88.79%

100%
Let’s try NaCl,

Na 1 x 22.99g/mol = 22.99g/mol = mm of Na
Cl 1 x 35.46g/mol = 35.46g/mol = mm of Cl

mm of compound = 58.45g/mol NaCl

Na 22.99g/mol ÷ 58.45g/mol x 100 = 39.33%

Cl 35.46g/mol ÷ 58.45g/mol x 100 = 60.67%

100%

Empirical Formula from Percent Composition

A compound’s empirical formula can be calculated from the percent composition.
Because percentage is given, it is convenient to assume 100.00 grams of the compound. You
may follow these simple steps:

1. Identify the elements given.

2. Assume 100.00 grams of the compound.
3. Change the percentage to grams.
4. Converted the mass to moles by dividing the mass to its molar mass, use your periodic
table of elements.
5. Cancel same units.
6. Get the ratios of the moles of the elements in the compound.
7. Chemical formulas are expressed in whole numbers, therefore divide the number of
moles by the smallest value. Empirical formulas are expressed as the lowest whole
number ratio between the atoms

Let’s try to solve this problem,

A compound is found to consist of 7.81% C and 92.19% Cl. What is the empirical
formula of the compound?
7.81% C = 7.81g x 1 mol C = 0.65  smallest value
12.01g/mol

92.19% Cl = 92.19g x 1mol Cl = 2.63

35.45g/mol
C = 0.65 = 1
0.65 The empirical formula is C1Cl4 or CCl4

Cl = 2.63 = 4

0.65
A compound is found to consist of 43.64% P and 56.36% O. The molar mass for the
compound is 283.88 g/mol. What is the empirical formula and molecular formula of the
compound?
43.64% P = 43.64g x 1 mol C = 1.409  smallest value
30.97g/mol

56.36% O = 56.36g x 1mol Cl = 3.523

16.00g/mol

P = 1.409 = 1
1.409 The empirical formula is P2O5

O = 3.523 = 2.5

1.409

If the subscripts are not yet in whole number. Multiply the subscripts by a factor to get the
smallest whole number. When multiplied by 2 empirical formula is P2O5.

Learning Task 5
Directions: Solve the following problems in a separate sheet of paper. Show your solution and
box your final answer.

1. What is the % C in glucose by mass in glucose (C6H12O6)?

2. What is the % O in glucose by mass in glucose (C6H12O6)?
3. An oxide of chromium is made up of 5.20 g chromium and 5.60 g oxygen What is the
empirical formula of the oxide? (Note: An oxide of nitrogen contains 63.1% oxygen and
has a molar mass of 76.0 g/mol.)
4. What is the empirical formula for this compound?
5. What is the molecular formula of the compound?

POST ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What is the formula for percent mass composition?
n x mm of element
A. % composition by mass = mm of compound
mm of element
B. % composition by mass = mm of compound
n of element
C. % composition by mass = mm of compound
n x mm of compound
D. % composition by mass = mm of element

2. Which chemical formula is composed of 119g/mol of molecular mass?

A. CH4 B. H2O C. NaCl D. MnO4

3. What is the primary use of isotope Yttrium – 90?

A. cutting tools C. jet engine coatings
B. super conductors D. to treat cancer and shrink tumors

4. It is known to be the most abundant isotope of Hydrogen.

A. H B. 11H C. 12H D. 13H

5. A sample of copper weighing 6.93 g contains how many moles of copper atoms?
A. 0.109 mol B. 1.09 mol C.10.9 mol D. 109 mol

6. Which of the following is a polyatomic anion?

A. Bromide B. Iodide C. Nitrite D. Sulfide

7. Which of the following is a binary compound?

A. BaCrO4 B. HNO2 C. HNO3 D. MgCl2

8. How many chlorine atoms are there in dinitrogen tetrachloride?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

9. What is the correct charge of sulfate?

A. 1- B. 2- C. 3- D. 4-

10. What is the charge of a cation?

A. negative B. neutral C. positive D. unknown

11. Which of the following is the correct empirical formula for C4H10?
A. C2H5 B. C4H5 C. C2H10 D. C4H10

12. Ionic compounds are made up of

A. Two metals C. Cation and anion
B. Two non-metals D. 1 metal and 2 nonmetals

13. What is the correct formula of chromate ion?

A. PO42- B. PO43- C. PO44- D. PO45-
14. What is the structural formula for water?

A. B. C. D.

15. Which element in H3PO4 has the lowest percentage composition?

A. polonium
B. hydrogen
C. oxygen
D. phosphorus