Current, Resistance and

Electromotive Force
Engr. Nikko John Leo S. Lobos, ECE, ECT
 Current
A current is any motion of charge from one region to another.
The motion of the electrons is random, so there is no net
flow of charge in any direction and hence no current.

The net effect of the electric field is that in addition

to the random motion of the charged particles
within the conductor, There is also a very slow net
motion or drift of the moving charged particles as a
group in the direction of the electric force

This motion is described in terms of the drift

velocity of the particles. As a result, there is a net
current in the conductor.
Current

The SI unit of current is the ampere

Current, Drift Velocity, and Current
Density
EXAMPLE
 Resistivity
The current density in a conductor depends on the electric
field and on the properties of the material

At a given temperature, J is nearly directly proportional to

E and the ratio of the magnitudes of E and J is constant.
This relationship, called Ohm’s law

We define the resistivity of a material as the ratio of the

magnitudes of electric field and current density.

The reciprocal of resistivity is conductivity

we note that good electrical conductors,
such as metals, are usually also good conductors of heat
A material that obeys Ohm’s law reasonably well is called
an ohmic conductor or a linear conductor
 Resistivity and Temperature
The resistivity of a metallic conductor nearly always The resistivity of graphite (a nonmetal)
increases with increasing temperature decreases with increasing
temperature, since at higher
temperatures, more electrons are
“shaken loose” from the atoms and
become mobile; hence the
temperature coefficient of resistivity of
graphite is negative. this is the
principle of a type of thermometer
called a thermistor
 Resistance
For a conductor with resistivity ρ the current density J at a
point where the electric field E is given by Eq. (25.5), which
we can write as

is often called Ohm’s law, but it is important to understand

that the real content of Ohm’s law is the direct
proportionality (for some materials) of V to I or of J to E

Because the resistivity of a material varies with temperature, The

resistance of a specific conductor also varies with temperature
 Resistor
The first two bands (starting with the band nearest an end)
are digits, and the third is a power-of-10 multiplier,

The fourth band, if present, indicates the precision

(tolerance) of the value; no band means ±20%, a silver
band ±10% and a gold band ±5%. Another important
characteristic of a resistor is the maximum power it can
dissipate without damage.
Example
Example
 Electromotive Force and Circuits
For a conductor to have a steady current, it must be part
of a path that forms a closed loop or complete circuit

So there can be no steady motion

of charge in such an incomplete
circuit.
The direction of current in such a
device is from lower to higher
potential, just the opposite of
what happens in an ordinary
conductor. The influence that
makes current flow from lower to
higher potential is called
electromotive force
 Internal Resistance
Real sources of emf in a circuit don’t behave in exactly the
way we have described; the potential difference across a
real source in a circuit is not equal to the emf.

The reason is that charge moving through the material of

any real source encounters resistance. We call this the
internal resistance of the source, denoted by .

The potential Vab called the terminal voltage, is less than

the emf because of the term representing the potential
drop across the internal resistance .
Example
 Potential Changes Around a Circuit
The net change in potential energy for a charge q making
a round trip around a complete circuit must be zero.
Hence the net change in potential around the circuit must
also be zero; in other words, the algebraic sum of the
potential differences and emfs around the loop is zero.
Energy and Power in Electric Circuits
Examples
 Problems

Ans: 1.42A

Ans: 6.67V
 Problems

Ans: R = 0.8ohm , 0.2ohm