2.

2. Comment on the following terms:

1. Lexico-grammatical (categorial) meaning – categorial (part-of-speech) meaning, a shared

meaning within members of lexico-grammatical group of words (part-of-speech class). Also the
term "grammatical category" refers to specific properties of a word that can cause that word
and/or a related word to change in form for grammatical reasons (ensuring agreement between
words).
2. Combinability- the most typical combinability of the noun is its combinability with the article
and the adjective because as a rule only nouns combine with articles and adjectives. Nouns may
also combine with adverbs, verbs, pronouns and prepositions.
3. The category of number- is a property of nouns and pronouns, and indicates quantity. Number
has two values:
 singular: indicates one only
 plural: indicates two or more
4. The category of case- is a property of pronouns and nouns, and expresses their relationship to
the rest of the sentence. Case has three values (two of which do not apply to nouns):
 subjective (pronouns only): when the word is the subject
 objective (pronouns only): when the word is the object
 possessive (pronouns and nouns): when the word indicates possession (ownership)
5. The category of gender- is a property of nouns, and differentiates the sexes. Natural gender has
three values:
 masculine: indicates male
 feminine: indicates female
 neuter: indicates everything else
6. Animate nouns- the nouns which refer to people, animals and living beings is an animate noun.
7. Inanimate nouns- refer to things that are not alive.
8. Collective nouns- refer to a group of people, animals or objects as a group; family, company,
etc.. When a collective noun is used in the singular, the verb can be either Singular or Plural.
If a singular verb is used then the noun is seen as a single entity. If a plural verb is used, then the
noun is seen as consisting of a group of individuals.
9. Countable nouns- the nouns that have both a singular and a plural form/and we can count
them.The plural is normally made by the addition of '-s'.
10. Uncountable nouns-are for the things that we cannot count with numbers. They may be the
names for abstract ideas or qualities or for physical objects that are too small or too amorphous
to be counted (liquids, powders, gases, etc.). Uncountable nouns are used with a singular verb.
11. Singularia tantum- a noun is a singulare tantum if it only has a singular form. Singularia tantum
nouns typically occur in specific semantic classes. For example, proper names and material
nouns often lack plurals. Depending on context, speakers can construct plural forms that are
normally missing. Substituting absent singular forms, by contrast, is very unusual.
12. Pluralia tantum-a noun, by contrast, only appears in the plural form.
13. Augmentative plurals-the form of expressing plurality for stylistic purposes in poetry and literary
prose.
14. Declinable nouns- capable of being declined; specifically, in grammar, capable of changing its
termination in the oblique cases: as, a declinable noun.
15. The genitive case- is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying
another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to
the other noun. A genitive can also serve purposes indicating other relationships.
16. The absolute genitive- is a grammatical construction consisting of a participle and often a noun
both in the genitive case, which is very similar to the ablative absolute in Latin. A genitive
absolute construction serves as a dependent clause, usually at the beginning of a sentence, in
which the genitive noun is the subject of the dependent clause and the participle takes on the
role of predicate.
17. A zero article- the term zero article refers to an occasion in speech or writing where a noun or
noun phrase is not preceded by an article (a, an, or the). The zero article is also known as the
zero determiner
18. Generalization- the invariable grammatical meaning of the indefinite article (a/an)
19. Concretization- the invariable grammatical meaning of the definite article (the)