Kami Export - Dummett Paul Energy English For The Gas and Electricity Indu

nergy English is an essential resource for professionals working in
he gas and electricity industries who need to improve their

ommunication skills.
classroom use, Energy English contains

Ideal for self-study or
4 topic-based units, and 12 business communication skills units.
he topic-based units cover areas such as electricity transmission and
gas exploration and production. Aimed primarily at building relevant
vocabulary, these units also contain listening, reading, grammar and
pronunciation exercises. The 12 business communication skills units
are aimed at developing fluency and cover key speaking and writing
tasks such as Presenting and Negotiating. In addition, there is an
extensive grammar section, a full answer key and an audio script.
The accompanying MP3 CD contains all the listening, pronunciation

and recorded speaking activities.
A Teacher's Bookis available containing ideas on how to use the

material in class or with individual students, and additional
photocopiable communication activities. The audio is also available as
a two-CD classroom set.
Paul Dummett e@o online learning ltd and

is Director of a
freelance writer and teacher. He has been teaching
managers in the energy industry around the world for
over 15 years.
Targeted language learning for specific businesses & industries
ISBN 978-0-462-09877-7
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Contents
Introduction 4
Map of the book 6
Preface 9
TOPIC UNITS The electricity and gas supply chain 10

Unit 2 The organisation of the market 12
Unit 3 The different players
Unit 4 Electricity generation 16
Unit 5 The nuclear debate 18
Unit 6 Gas exploration and production 20
Unit 7 Electricity transmission 22
Unit 8 Gas transport and storage 24
Unit 9 Electricity and gas distribution 26
Unit 10 Energy pricing and billing 28
Unit 11 Energy retail and customer relationship management 30
Unit 12 Energy in the home 32
Unit 13 Energy services 34
Unit 14 Trading and power markets 36
Unit 15 Financial reporting and control 38
Unit 16 Green issues
Unit 17 Renewable energy 42
Unit 18 Sustainable development
Unit 19 Safety 46
Unit 20 IT systems 48
Unit 21 IT solutions 50
Unit 22 Support services (1) 52
Unit 23 Support services (2) 54
Unit 24 The future of the industry 56
COMMUNICATION UNITS Unit 1 Presenting yourself and your company 58

Unit 2 The art of listening 60
Unit 3 Socialising and small talk 62
Unit 4 Asking for and giving opinions in meetings 64
Unit 5 Formal meetings and seminars 66
Unit 6 Telephoning 68
Unit 7 Hosting a conference call 70
Unit 8 Giving a presentation 72
Unit 9 Explaining how things work 74
Unit 10 Training and clarifying instructions 76
Unit 11 Writing emails 78
Unit 12 Negotiating 80
Further grammar practice 82

Audio script 99
Answer keys
Topic units 112
— Communication units 122
— Further grammar practice 126
3
Introduction
Energy English is for people working in the electricity and gas industries who want to improve their
vocabulary, communication skills, pronunciation and grammatical accuracy. The book is designed so that you
can use it on your own, but it can also be used in class.
WHAT'S IN ENERGY ENGLISH?
Topic units
There are 24 Topic units, which focus on topics such as Electricity transmission and Energy senäces.
Each Topic unit contains:
• vocabulary development exercises

• grammar presentation and practice
• pronunciation activities
• reading comprehension activities
• listening comprehension activities
Communication units
There are 12 Communication units, which focus on skills such as Telephoning and Writing emails.
Each Communication unit contains:
• practice of key functional language

• listening comprehension activities (with the exception of Unit 11 Writing emails)
• speaking activities (with the exception of Unit 11 Writing emails)
• a language box summarising key phrases
Further grammar practice

For each grammar point presented in the Topic units, you will find extra explanation and practice in the
Further grammar practice section. It is not intended to be an exhaustive grammar reference, but provides
useful practice of key grammar points.
Audio CD
There is an MP3 Audio CD at the back of the book which contains all the Listening and Pronunciation
exercises. This disc can be played on your computer, or it can be transferred to your MP3 player.
Answer key and audio scripts

At the back of the book, ideal for self-study, you will find answers with explanations, as well as full audio
scripts for all the listening and pronunciation exercises.
There is a Map of the book on pages 6-8 which gives detailed information about what is in both the Topic
and Communication units.
There is a Teacher's Book available for classroom use.
4
Introduction
TIPS ON HOW TO USE ENERGY ENGLISH
e Choose the units that are most relevant to you. You don't have to do the units
in any particular order.
• Manage your study time and keep a record of what you have done. Don't spend
too long working on a unit without a break. Each unit should take about
60 minutes.
• Revise and review the language you have learnt before starting a new unit.
• Find a colleague to practise your English with.

• Memorise the key phrases in the language boxes at the end of the
Communication units.
• Use the internet to find interesting and relevant articles on energy topics to
develop your vocabulary further, for example the websites for the Financial Times
(www.ft.com) or the BBC (www.bbc.co.uk).
• Create your own Energy English wordlist with translations into your language.
We hope you enjoy using this book and that it helps you in your professional Life.
Good luck!
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PREFACE
Energy plays an increasingly important role in local, national and world politics. More
than that, it is central to the principal question of our age: 'How can we maintain
economic growth in a way that is environmentally sustainable?'
The networks that deliver our energy have changed little in the last 50 years. However,
the way we produce and store it and the methods for dealing with waste products are
developing all the time, as we search for greener and more efficient solutions.
As a manager in this industry you need to explain and debate energy issues in a
coherent and convincing way; and because English has become the international
medium of communication in business and technical matters, you need to be able to
do this in English.
I have spent the last 20 years teaching managers in the energy industry, trying to
support them in this endeavour. This book is a distillation of that experience. I hope
it will provide you with the support that you need.
Paul Dummett
June 2009
9
The electricity and gas supply chain
'There is always someone in the supply chain who wins and someone who
loses.' John Felmy, Chief Economist, American Petroleum Institute
In the energy sector, which part is 'winning' at the moment and which is
'losing'? Was it the same 10 years ago?
1.1 Label the photos of stages in the energy supply chain. Use these words.
LNG terminal wind turbines central heating boiler trading room utility bill gas field
large industrial customer u gas meter n electricity substation high voltage lines
gas meter 3
gas field 4 LNG terminal 5 wind turbines
1 high voltage lines 2
high voltage lines trading room 8

electrity substation 9 central heating 10 utility bill
6 7
boiler
1.2 Complete the gas and electricity supply chains. Use these words.
Energy services Transport and storage Transmission u Generation Supply and retail
3 Generation
Exploration and production (EP)
Trading and wholesale Trading and wholesale
1 Transport and storage 4 Transmision
Distribution Distribution
Supply and retail

5
Supply and retail
2 Energy services Energy services
PRONUNCIATION 2.1 Listen and underline the stress in these words.
O CD TRACK 2
What is the general rule for:
generation retail industrial transmission
a words that end -ion? the previous syllable industry production storage customer
b words of three or more syllables? the first one turbine utility exploration meter
c nouns with two syllables? the first one distribution service energy terminal
2.2 Listen again and repeat.
10
Topic Unit 1
The passive is formed with the verb be + past participle.

Gas is extracted from underground reservoirs.
The passive page 82
3 Complete the sentences about the supply chain. Use the passive form of the verbs.
1 Most electricity is stilt generated (still / generate) by burning fossil fuels like coal and gas.
2 The problem with electricity is that it cannot be stored
(cannot / store).
is owned and operated 3 In most countries the transmission grid (own and operate) by one company.
4 If a country doesn't have its own reserves, the gas must be sourced (must / source) from abroad.
is traded
5 On a day-to-day basis, energy (trade) on the spot markets.
is vertically integrated 6 / means
If a company (vertically integrate), it it both produces energy and sells it to the
end user.
7 is supplied
I buy my gas from one company, but my electricity (supply) by another.
8 Local distribution networks need to be maintained (maintain) constantly.
are generally provided 9 Energy services, like maintenance of hot water boilers, (generally / provide) by external
companies.
Superlatives are formed with adjective + -est (one and some two-syllable words)
or most + adjective (some two-syllable words and those of three or more).
Comparison of regular adjectives
cheap --+ the cheapest lucky —+ the luckiest
page 83
expensive the most expensive secure -+ the most secure
4.1 Complete the questions about the supply chain. Use the superlative form of the adjectives.
most profitable
1 Which part of the supply chain is ? (profitable)
riskiest
2 Which part of the supply chain is ? (risky)
most stable
3 Which part of the supply chain is ? (stable)
most capital intensive
4 Which part of the supply chain is ? (capital intensive)
most labour intensive
5 Which part of the supply chain is ? (labour intensive)
newest
6 Which part of the supply chain is ? (new)
4.2 Now write your own answers.
4.3 Listen to the Vice-Chairman of ABC Energy speaking about his business and make notes
0 CD TRACK 3 about his answers to the six questions in 4.1. Compare his answers with yours.
4.4 Listen again to a part of the passage and write one word in each space.
1
CD TRACK 4 It's much more difficult to say with the rest of the chain because it depends on and demand at
a particular moment. If you are only a 2 and the cost of energy is low, then you can make a lot
of money. But if it is high, then your 3 obviously will be affected. On the other hand, if you are
4
a integrated company then it doesn't matter if the cost of energy rises, because you will make
more money at the 5 end of the chain, even though you make Less 6
Forhow long do you think this traditional model of the supply chain will
continue? When it is replaced by a new model and what will that model be?
11
The organisation of the market
Which activities in the supply chain does your company manage? Is your
company independent or part of a larger group?
1.1 Complete the description of how the energy sector has changed in the last 20 years. Use
these words.
regulated entrants capital state n house open

historical wires subcontractors n competitors
Twenty years ago, the energy business was dominated by 1

state -owned monopolies which controlled
everything from the power plant to the domestic meter. Nowadays, companies operate in a market divided
between 2 regulated activities, such as transmission and distribution, and activities 3 open to
competition, like electricity generation or energy retail. Often the 4 wires and pipes that transport
the electricity and gas are still owned by the 5 historical supplier, but in other areas there are many new
6 entrants to the market. In production these tend to be large, established energy companies because
the 7capital expenditure needed is so great. But in retail and supply there is a variety of
8 competitors There are also more 9 subcontractors doing jobs like maintenance, metering or construction,
.
activities that in the past were done in-10

house
PRONUNCIATION 1.2 Listen to the completed passage in 1.1 and underline the stress in these words.
CD TRACK 5
dominated domestic historical competitors maintenance
monopoly regulated expenditure subcontractors construction
PRONUNCIATION 1-3 Listen and repeat the words in 1.2.
O CD TRACK 6
2.1 Before reading the text in 2.2, match words 1—7 with meanings a—g.
I unbundle f a remove government controls

2 deregulate
a b sell products more cheaply than
3 end user d c everything owned by a company
4 border g d consumer
5 incumbents e e historical companies
6 undercut b f separate
7 assets c g frontier
2.2 Now read about the European energy market. What are your views on the EU energy policy?
Despite the efforts of the European Commission to create been doing things the wrong way round. He thinks it should
a single European market for energy, cross-border sales have forced the integrated national companies to unbundle
between countries in Europe are relatively few. Moreover, their activities first. Instead, it tried to encourage new
within each country energy is in the hands ofa few national entrants which were non-integrated companies to compete
giants: EDF and GDFSuez in France, E.ON and RWE in with the old monopolies. But these new competitors,
Germany, and so on. whether they were producers or retailers, found it expensive
As a result, energy prices can vary from one European and complicated to get access to the networks.
i'
member state to another by up to 100%. The European Finally the European Commission demanded that the
Commission has been trying to deregulate the market but, national giants separate the transport and distribution
according to Dieter Helm of the University of Oxford, it has networks from the other parts of their businesses. But the
12
Topic Unit 2
incumbents thought that separation of energy production and different parts of their business would be vulnerable to
transmission assets would make them less competitive and takeover by foreign firms which are not subject to EU rules,
not necessarily bring lower prices to customers. What is the such as the Russian company Gazprom. Such companies
point of introducing competition, they argued, if it does not could 'superbundle' the different parts of the energy supply
benefit the consumer? chain and undercut competitiors by being involved in every
They were also worried that, if they were broken up, the activity from the gas well to the end user.
2.3 According to the text, are these statements true (T) or false (F)?
I There is now a single market for energy in Europe. False

2 The amount people pay for energy is very different from one European country to another. True
3 You have to separate integrated companies before you can have real competition. True
4 The big energy giants agree that unbundling will benefit consumers. False
5 Companies from outside the EIJ could benefit if member states are forced to unbundle. True
There are many different ways to link ideas. The form of the sentence depends on which
words and phrases you use; for example:
Linking words page 83
It's cheap to buy and it's efficient. In addition to being cheap to buy, it's (also) efficient.
3 Complete the second sentence so that it expresses the same idea as the first.
1 Despite the European Commission's efforts, there are still very few cross-border sales.
Although ±he-Europ
few-cross-border-sales—
2 There is greater competition, but prices have not come down.
Despite greater competition, prices have not come down
3 They have relaxed regulation and encouraged more competition.
As well as having relaxed regulation, they have also encouraged more competition
4 In addition to exporting gas to Europe, Russia also exports to China.
Russia exports gas to China and Europe
5 In theory, there is an open market. However, prices still vary a lot from one country to another.
Although there is an open market, prices still vary a lot from one country to another.
6 The plan failed because there was not enough support for it.
The plan failed owing to the lack of support.
4-1 These words describe mergers and acquisitions. What is the difference in meaning between
each pair?
1 to take over / to merge Take over is sell a company and merge is combine a company
2 to sell off / to spin off
sell off is sell all of your company and spin off is separate the company
3 a merger / a joint venture a merger is a contract between two or more companies and a joint venture is temporary
4 to acquire / to buy a stake in you can acquire something but you only can buy a stake in a company
5 a takeover bid / a leveraged buyout a takeover bid is an offer to buy a company and a leveraged buyout is an
offer to buy a percentage of a company. xaito

4.2 Listen to an industry analyst talking about future trends in the energy sector. What will
O CD TRACK 7 happen about these things?

a big mergers and acquisitions Will slow down their opportunities
b smaller scale acquisitions They will problably increase
c spin-offs They will continue with their tendency
Do you agree with the predictions? What other predictions can you make for
the structure of the industry?
13
The different players
What role does the government have in the energy sector in your country?
Is it an important role or just a minor one?
1.1 Complete the table.
Verb Activity Person / Type of company
to explore
1 exploration an EP company
to 2 produce production
producer
to trade
4
trading a trader
to wholesale wholesale wholesaler

to retail
6
retailing a retailer
to store storage a 7 storekeeper

to 8 supply supply a supplier
to subcontract
9 subcontracting a 10 subcontractor
to regulate regulation a
11
regulator
to consume 12 consumption a consumer
PRONUNCIATION 1.2 Listen and repeat the words from the table. Note that the syllable stress sometimes changes
O CD TRACK 8 between the verb and the noun.
We use these modal verbs to express obligation, prohibition and necessity:

must for an obligation
Modal verbs page 84
mustn't for a prohibition
should / shouldn't for something which it is right / not right to do
don't have to for something which is unnecessary.
You don't have to pay immediately, but you must pay within 30 days. You mustn't be late.
You should listen to the advice of your colleagues. You shouldn't ignore it.
2 Make sentences about the roles of the different players in a competitive energy market. Use the
modal verb you think is most appropriate.
shouldn't 1 Energy companies / subcontract work involving the safety of their installations to subcontractors.
shouldn't 2 Electricity companies / be allowed to cut off the supply to a customer who doesn't pay his/her bill.
shouldn't 3 The generation of nuclear power / remain under government control

should 4 The regulator / control the price of energy to the final consumer.
must 5 The regulator / ensure there is fair competition in the market.
must 6 The regulator / encourage the network operators to become more efficient.
should 7 Consumers / be able to change their energy supplier as often as they like.
don't have to 8 Consumers / reduce their energy consumption if they don't want to.
3.1 Read the mission statement opposite of OFGEM, the UK regulator, and answer the questions.
1 Which types of company does OFGEM especially aim to regulate? OFGEM aims to regulate electricity and gas companies
2 How does it help to ensure security of supply to users? Promoting competitive gas and electricity markets
3 Which types of consumer does it especially aim to protect? OFGEM aim to protect vulnerable customers
14
Topic Unit 3
Promoting choice and value

ofgem for all gas and electricity customers
Protecting consumers is *OFGEM's first priority. We do this by promoting

competition, wherever appropriate, and regulating the monopoly companies which
run the gas and electricity networks.
Other priorities and influences include:
helping to secure Britain's energy supplies by promoting competitive gas and

electricity markets — and regulating them so that there is adequate investment in
the networks, and
helping the gas and electricity industries to achieve environmental improvements
as efficiently as possible, and
• taking account of the needs of vulnerable customers, particularly older people,
those with disabilities and those on low incomes.
*Ofgem = Office of the Gas and Electricity Markets
3.2 What is the role of the regulator in your country? In what way is its mission similar
or different?
4 Complete the descriptions of customers in different market segments. Use these words.
firms n intensive multi public n householders
1 Large business customers: especially energy- intensive industries.
2 Local government authorities: they are in charge of public buildings like hospitals or universities.
3 Small or medium-sized enterprises: some of these are in a single location. Others are multi -site
customers.
4 Business or non-residential customers: this group includes small firms of 3-15 people, like
lawyers, accountants and so on.
5 Residential customers: these are sometimes called householders
You will hear an energy retailer describing the types of offer available to different segments
O CD TRACK 9 of the market. As you listen, match statements 1—6 with the correct market segment (a—c).
Sometimes more than one segment is possible.
1 They like to have energy-saving advice. c

2 They take out insurance against failure of equipment. c
3 They want information that will help them to monitor their a large business customers
consumption.
b b small business customers
4 They tend to take fixed-price contracts. b c residential customers
5 They want flexible contracts. a

6 They take gas contracts with interruptible supply. a
One group not mentioned above consists of the consumer associations who
protect consumer interests. How strong are these groups in your country?
How do they influence energy companies?
15
Electricity generation
How does your country generate its electricity? What is the largest source
of power and the newest source of power?
1 Complete the table of energy sources and generating plants. Use these words.
renewables hybrid n electric n coal fuel n farm thermal cycle fired heat
Primary energy source
Fossil fuels
2 Renewables Other
oil, gas, 1
coal hydro, wind, solar, biomass,
nuclear 3 fuel
geothermal
Plants
Conventional thermal plant Alternative energy plants Other
oil-fired plant hydro-7

electric plant nuclear power plant
farm 9 hybrid plant (e.g. solar +
gas-fired plant
coal-5 fired plant solar power plant thermal)
combined 6 cycle biomass power plant CHP plant (combined 10
heat
gas plant
tidal power station and power)
2-1 Label the diagram of a coal-fired plant. Use these words.
generator furnace steam n condenser turbine chimney cooling tower mill
chimney
1 steam 4
generator
2
mill 5
furnace 0 turbine 6
3
cooling tower 7
condenser 8
PRONUNCIATION 2.2 Listen and repeat the words in 2.1.
CD TRACK 10
16
Topic Unit 4
3.1 Complete the sentences about electricity generation. Use these words.
efficient u large-scale abundant n saved put build main
1 It will take two years to build the plant. dismantle

2 Our first nuclear reactor was put into service in 1963. take out
3 The process is very efficient inneficient
4 The oil generator is used as the main energy source for the hospital. back-up
5 The plant is suitable for large-scale generation of electricity. small-scale
6 A lot of heat is saved in this process. wasted
7 Coal is a(n) abundant fuel in some countries. scarce
3.2 Now write the opposite of the sentences in 3.1.
E.g.: 1 If will take two years to dismantle the plant.
The comparison of most adjectives is made by adding -er / -est to the end of the
adjective, or by putting more / most in front of it. But some adjectives are irregular.
Comparison of irregular adjectives
page 85
good —+ better the best.
4 Complete the table of irregular adjectives.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
good better the best

bad 1 worse 2 the worst
little less
3 the least
many
4 more the most
far
5 further the furthest
5.1 Each type of power station has good points and bad points. Choose the correct words to
complete the list of advantages and disadvantages of hydro-electric power stations.
Advantages Disadvantages
Energy source more reliable / reliant than wind or • Barriers / Dams very expensive to build
solar • To create a reservoir you have to water / flood a
Produce almost no waste / rubbish. large area
Can be brought until / up to full capacity quickly • Expensive to put on board / on line because they
Exploitation / Operating costs relatively low. are often far from the transmission grid
Can be used for both base / basic and peak load • Negative impact on / to biodiversity in the area
demand
5.2 Now make a list of advantages and disadvantages for coal-fired power stations.
5.3 Listen to an interview between a journalist and an energy company spokesperson about plans
CD TRACK 11 to build a new coal-fired power station. Compare your list in 5.2 with the points you hear.
What do you think are the potential advantages and disadvantages of

distributed (on-site) power for the big electricity companies?
17
The nuclear debate
Are people your country generally in favour of nuclear power, or are they
in
opposed to it? What are their reasons? What do you think?
1 Complete the information about the French nuclear industry. Use the words in the lists.
under in output site installed u fresh constraints
1 France is the largest producer of nuclear energy in the world, with 59 reactors operation.
2 That means over 430 TWh of capacity.

3 The water-cooled reactors use water from rivers or lakes for cooling.
on the use of this water mean that in hot summers can be affected.
4 Regulatory
5 France has a new generation of reactor, the EPRt currently construction at Flammanville.
6 Another similar plant has also been approved, but the exact is yet to be decided.
reprocessing n decommissioning high-level lifetime storage disposal closed
7 The of these new plants is expected to be over 50 years.
8 France uses a fuel cycle, which means that used fuel is sent for
9 One of the aims of this policy is to reduce the amount of radioactive waste.
10 The right long-term solution for the of nuclear waste is still being investigated.
11 At the moment highly radioactive waste is vitrified and put in temporary
12 France has already begun some its earliest reactors.
2.1 Write the missing nouns.
Verb Noun Verb Noun
1 a crack
to leak a to crack
4
to contain containment to threaten
2 5
to proliferate to dispose of
3 6
to transport to contaminate
2.2 Complete the top six concerns about nuclear power. Use nouns from the list in 2.1.
1 A radiation caused by a in the

On Wednesday afternoon there was
containment vessel of the reactor
an incident at the Krsko nuclear
2 of the local water supply power plant in Slovenia, 75 km
3 The of a terrorist attack from Austria and 130 km from the
4 of nuclear weapons using know-how gained in civil Italian border. The Krsko power
plant, built by Westinghouse and
nuclear programmes
using one pressurised water reactor
5 of nuclear waste
Long-term of 600 MWE, was brought into
6 An accident involving of fuel or waste service in 1981.
There was a loss of coolant
liquid from the reactor and the
3 Read the text about a nuclear accident in Europe in 2008
plant was immediately shut down.
and answer the questions. A spokesman said there was no
threat of contamination. However,
1 Find a word which means 'accident'.
the incident triggered the EU's
2 What was the danger to the reactor?
'Ecurie' early warning system for
3 What did the operators do? nuclear emergencies and all 27
4 What danger was there to the public? member countries were alerted.
5 Find a verb which means 'caused something to begin'.
18
Topic Unit 5
When making comparisons, we can use qualifiers to emphasise

that a difference is big or small.
Qualifiers
page 85 Nuclear plants are much safer than they used to be.
4 Choose the right words to complete the sentences.

1 France is by more / far the most reliant on nuclear power of any nation.
2 The technologies used today are only slightly / rather different from those of 20 years ago.
3 The power produced by modern nuclear plants is more / much greater than in the past.
4 Public opposition to nuclear power is• not nearly / by far as great now as it was in the 1970s, when it was
at its height.
5 Even environmentalists are a little / quite less opposed to nuclear power nowadays.
6 The positions of Germany and Spain towards nuclear power are nearly / quite similar.
5.1 Listen to the first part of an interview with an industry analyst about the efficiency of
O CD TRACK 12 nuclear plants and complete the comparisons with other forms of generation.
1 Nuclear is concentrated form of energy.

2 This makes plants to operate compared other thermal plants.
3 In terms of thermal efficiency, they do worse than other conventional thermal
plants.
4 But in terms of cost efficiency, they do
5 Plants in the US now operate at an average of 90% capacity, which is gas-fired
plants.
5.2 Listen to the second part of the interview and complete the list of issues the speakers
O CD TRACK 13 mention.
1 cost / investment
2 and for investors
3 of a plant
4 costs
5 and threat of
6 disposal of
5.3 Listen again to the second part and complete the sentences making comparisons.
1 Construction takes than with other thermal plants.
2 On the upside, the life of these plants is not it used to be.
3 They are quite different those of 50 years ago.
4 As far as waste is concerned, we're really no forward we were 20 years ago.
Look at how some words in these phrases are linked together. Listen and repeat.
O CD TRACK 14
The initial investment the viabilityuof a project
An economic uncertainty the threat of a terrorist attack
/w/
Operate at an avera e of 90% there was also a loss of coolant
'Waste is the Achilles heel of the nuclear industry.' What does this statement
mean to you? Do you agree with it?
19
Gas exploration and production
What are the main problems and gas EP business? Are they
risks in the
technical, political, business risks or something else?
1.1 Match the newspaper headlines with the extracts.
E Big 3 not interested in exploration rights

A US lifts ban on drilling in Arctic
F GAS COMPANY REJECTS TAKEOVER BID
B Japan and China resolve territorial differences
G Gulf facing a gas shortage

c Russia faces enormous technical challenge
H RIG EVACUATED OVER FIRE
India's resources untapped because of legal obstacle
3 North Sea gas exploration is suffering

1 The platform was not yet over a 2 The two countries have been in intense
negotiations about how they can jointly because of rising costs and a shortage
producing reservoir, but only drilling an
develop the natural gas fields in the of skilled labour. Companies are instead
exploration well, Aspokesmansaid, 'The
disputed waters of the East China Sea. looking at less mature fields in Africa
well remained under control during the
and Russia where the risk-reward ratio
no environmental damage
incident and
is better. When the government recently
has been reported.' The company is
offered 150 exploration licences in the
now working with the safety authorities North Sea, none of the majors — BP,
to investigate the cause. 5 Even though the US President has now Exxon and Shell — applied for them.
given permission for companies to
exploit oil and natural gas reserves in
4 The world's most hydrocarbon-rich
these remote areas, no-one knows the 6 Big sources of gas are locked on the
region does not seem to have enough
extent of the reserves. They are not Yamal Peninsula and on the Arctic
gas. It is estimated that by 2015 the
proven because the fields were surveyed coast but high winds, bad soil, and ice
shortfall will reach 7,000bn cubic
in the 1980s and the technology used make bringing itonstream a logistical
feet. Gas is much needed by energy-
nightmare. Moreover, the offshore
at the time is no longer considered
intensive industries such as aluminium
accurate. reserves are up to 500 km from the
and fertilisers, and also for power
coast.
generation.
8 Shareholders voted against the deal

7 Up to now, most resources are ground. But there is another problem. At
because it did not take into account the
unexploited because they have only the moment the law does not guarantee
true value of the company's reserves of
been surveyed by geological and an exploration company the right to a
coal seam gas. Natural gas found in coal
Geophysical and mining lease when they have made a
seismic analysis. deposits — also called coal bed methane
geo-chemical mapping would reveal discovery. has attracted interest recently because
more accurately what is deep under the
of rising commodity prices
1-2 Find words or phrases in the extracts with these meanings.
6 far away from developed areas (extract 5)

1 active (extract 1)
2 in partnership (extract 2) 7 sure (extract 5)
8 connecting it to the transport network (extract 6)
3 not enough (extract 3)
4 younger; newer (extract 3) 9 precisely (extract 7)
5 the amount which is lacking (extract 4)

10 a fixed-term contract to extract oil or gas (extract 7)
2.1 Write the opposite of the adjectives. Use these words.
shallow low reduced random thick n mature n depleted a abandoned
1 an active well 5 a thin layer of rock

6 deep reserves
2 a high cost
3 an increased risk
7 a new field
4 an untapped reservoir
8 targeted drilling
20
Topic Unit 6
2.2 Add the prefix un- or in- to the adjectives to form the opposites.
1 an efficient method 5 an accessible area
2 a successful drilling operation 6 proven reserves
3 reliable information 7 a profitable operation
4 accurate data
2-3 Listen and

he company is happy to report the successful drilling of
0 CD TRACK 15 repeat the phrases
three horizontal wells in the Scarab field where proven
from 2.1 and 2.2.
gas reserves are yet untapped. The Scarab field borders the
Pachnoda field, which is already producing. A total of six wells

3 Read this press
will be drilled from the onshore base to reach reservoirs six
release about a recent
kilometres from the coast and two kilometres deep.
drilling operation.
This operation has been made possible by developments
Which factors are
in seismic imaging, which has enabled more clearly targeted
likely to make this a
drilling, and therefore greater accuracy in horizontal wellbore
successful operation?
trajectories. The wellbores run through gas and oil reserves
several hundred metres long and ten metres thick.
Extended reach drilling from onshore has the advantage that
drilling can be done more cheaply than for offshore operations.
Write the missing preposition in each sentence. Use these words.

Prepositions of place
in on a at n to from n under n off in n on at
page 86
1 The platform is situated the coast of Scotland in the North Sea.

2 The reserves are too deep the ground to make extraction economic.
3 'Wildcat' drilling refers to drilling done over three miles the nearest producing well.
4 When the gas arrives the treatment facility, all the contaminants are removed.
5 All reservoirs leak, essentially a vertical direction.
6 We have recorded high hydrocarbon values the surface of the soil.
7 Gas is exported from Abu Dhabi Kuwait.

8 The problem is that the field lies a geological fault line.
9 The wells are mostly the desert.
10 One of the biggest dangers is fire the wellhead.
5-1 Many people say we have already reached 'peak oil', that is, the world's stocks of oil are now
O CD TRACK 16 in decline. Is it the same for gas? Listen. What is the geologist's conclusion about peak gas?
5.2 Listen again and complete the sentences.
1 The two types of gas mentioned at the beginning are associated gas and unassociated or
gas.
2 mg of associated gas was wasted in 2006.
3 Companies are beginning to capture associated gas because it is economically
4 The problems with recovery of unconventional gas are that it is and
5 Sour gas (with a high sulphur content) is a problem because it is
6 'The Stone Age did not because of a of stone.'
What the future for the EP industry? Do you think gas

is will be replaced by
other sources of energy?
21
Electricity transmission
What factors does a transmission system operator need to take into account
when forecasting electricity demand each day?
1.1 Label the photos. Use these words.
dispatching centre substation pylon u live-line workers n meters

underground cables overhead lines a insulators
win
3 4
1 2
7 8
5 6
152 Listen and repeat the words from 1.1.
O CD TRACK 17
Look at the use of the -ing form and infinitive in these sentences.
Further grammar practice It is easy to make mistakes when you are tired.
The '-ing' form and infinitive
page 86 Would you mind closing the door?
There are many verbs, adjectives and phrases in English which are followed by the -ing
form or infinitive, and which you will need to learn case by case; for example:
avoid doing, be willing to do, be permitted to do, without doing, etc.
2 Complete the sentences. Use these verbs in the -ing form or infinitive.
monitor n carry out u withstand get read repair transmit z lay lower fit
1 These days it is difficult

permission to build new lines.
High-voltage overhead lines are designed electric currents over 30 kV.

2
3 The most efficient solution for a meter is remote reading.
Environmental laws require us underground cables in areas of natural beauty.

4
5 Substations are generally used the voltage.
The dispatching centre is in charge of the flows of electricity across the grid.
6
7 We recommend polymer insulators, not traditional ceramic ones.
8 Live-line working enables us damaged lines without interrupting supply.
9 Pylons have to be able wind speeds of above 150 kph.

maintenance while the line is still active.
10 Live-line working involves
22
Topic Unit 7
3 Complete the table of the duties of a transmission system operator (TSO). Use these words.
implement z minimise respond to a take into account maintain n carry out guarantee
1
consider protect ... the interests of all parties
2
upgrade . electric lines
3
deal with cope with . emergencies
4
schedule plan .. work on the line
5
assess manage ... risks
6
develop come up with ... cost-effective solutions
7
improve prioritise system security
4 Read the text about the responsibilities of the UK TSO. Then answer the questions.
he British Electricity Trading and Transmission Arrangements and may anticipate that more energy will be generated than consumed, or
specify the systems and methods of sale, purchase and transmission vice versa. Unchecked, this would result in system frequency falling or rising
of wholesale electricity. A principle of the arrangements is that to an unacceptable degree. The balancing mechanism provides a means by
electricity should be traded bilaterally between willing buyers and sellers at which NGC can buy or sell additional energy close to real-time to maintain
prices under terms agreed between the counter-parties. Trades are carried energy balance, and also to deal with other operational constraints of the
out primarily 'Over the Counter' (OTC) and on the Power Exchanges. Transmission System.
However, the characteristics of electricity mean it is almost inevitable Specifically, the balancing mechanism allows electricity companies/
that quantities of energy generated and consumed will deviate from the traders (if they wish) to submit Offers to sell energy (by increasing
quantities for which contracts have been agreed in advance. Consequently, generation or decreasing consumption) to the system and Bids to buy energy
central arrangements are required to: meter the quantities produced and (by decreasing generation or increasing consumption) from the system, at
consumed by each party; compare these with the quantities covered by prices of the company's choosing. NGC accepts Offers and Bids as necessary
bilateral contracts, and provide financial settlement for the differences to balance the system and seeks to do so at the least cost by taking the lowest-
(known as 'imbalances'). priced Offers and accepting the highest-priced Bids consistent with factors
The arrangements also include a 'balancing mechanism'. The National Grid such as transmission system constraints.
Company (NGC) has a licence obligation to manage the Transmission System
It is the job of the TSO to:

1 balance / equal / suit supply and demand.
2 read / meter / supervise the quantities produced and consumed by each party.
3 provide financial compensation / settlement / advice for differences between what is contracted and what
is actually supplied or consumed.
4 anticipate differences between supply and demand and maintain system frequency / level / tension.
5 buy and sell electricity in real / true / actual time to maintain this balance.
6 buy electricity at the lowest price offered and sell it to the highest consumer / bidder / third party.
7 be aware at the same time of the restrictions / difficulties / constraints on the transmission system.
How has the job of the TSO changed with the introduction of competition? Listen to a
O CD TRACK 18 spokesperson for an independent TSO and compare your answers with his.
5-2 Listen again and complete the sentences. Put one word in each space.
1 We area and financially separate entity.

2 All our customers must be treated and for third access.
3 These include the cost of maintaining and the network.

4 We add an agreed margin for our own profits on a basis.
5 They ask us to our cost forecasts and pressure on us to reduce these.

6 We use a stamp system.
7 The price depends on the that is transmitted, not the distance it
What other ways are there to charge for the transport of electricity across
the grid, apart from the 'postage stamp' system? Are they any fairer?
23
Gas transport and storage
How does your company's gas arrive in the transport network? Is the
company dependent on one main source or does it source gas from a variety
of places?
1.1 There are essentially three sources of gas for the distribution network: by pipeline direct from
the gas field, via LNG tanker, or from underground storage. Label the pictures. Use these words.
LNG terminal gas liquefaction plant n underground gas storage facility
LNG tanker underground gas pipes gas pipeline
1 2 3
4 5 6
1-2 Match a—f below with facilities 1— 6 in 1.1.
a a compressor station d an injection well
b a regasification plant e supercooling

c a trench f a fleet
PRONUNCIATION 2 Listen and repeat these words. Notice the pronunciation of the letters -age /1d3/.
CD TRACK 19 storage manage village marriage percentage package
shortage damage advantage encourage voyage voltage
3.1 Listen to an interview with the manager of a transport company about the amount of gas lost
O CD TRACK 20 during transportation. Answer the questions.
1 Which is the bigger problem: technical or non-technical losses?

2 How are they reducing technical losses?
3 What are the three types of non-technical loss he mentions?
3.2 Listen again and fill in the figures.
1 The compressor stations are situated every miles.
2 The gas is pressurised to psi.
3 Technical losses are at

4 Parts of the system were built in the
5 The target for technical losses is or
6 The biggest pipes are inches in diameter, or mm.

7 The smallest pipes are inch.
8 Non-technical losses are % of the gas transported.
24
Topic Unit 8
3.3 Listen and repeat these figures.
O CD TRACK 21 1 the 1960s 1989 2012 2020

12.50/0 300 mm 2000 km
3 0.5 cm 0.75 cm 1.5 cm 15.15 cm
GRAMMAR
As we saw in Unit 1, the past participle of regular verbs is formed by adding -ed.
But many common English verbs are irregular.
Irregular verbs
page 88 Some gas is lost through leaks. If bills are not paid, action will be taken.
4.1 Complete the description of different types of underground gas storage facility. Use the past
participle of the verbs. Some are irregular, some are not.
Gas storage is important for two reasons. The first is because demand for gas is seasonal - more is 1 (consume) in winter than in summer. This
Gas storage
means that gas is 2 (inject) into storage facilities during the summer and then 3 (withdraw) during the winter. The second reason for
having storage is in case the supply of gas through the pipelines is 4 (cut) off - an insurance against a shortfall in supply. Gas storage facilities can
(split) into two types: those that are 6 (need) to cover base load requirements and those used for peak load. For base load,
two types of underground storage facility are 7 (make) use of: depleted gas reservoirs and aquifers, For peak load gas, salt caverns are usually 8
(choose) because the gas can be 9 (take) out quickly and the storage facility can also be 10 (replenish) quickly.
4-2 Find words or phrases in the text above that mean the opposite of 1—5.
1 constant through the year 4 base load
2 to put in or inject 5 a full reservoir
3 an excess
5 Read the extract from an article about the LNG business. What is the main trend identified in
this market?
A LIQUID MARKET? be delivered at short notice to where buyers will pay the highest price. So the long-term
THE OLD CONSTRAINTS of gas supply are beginning to disappear. Customers that were bilateral contracts of the past, where a supplier agreed to pipe or ship gas to a customer
once reliant on the existing continental pipeline networks are finding they have more for a period of 15 years, are slowly being replaced by a more liquid market, similar to the
options.As more investment is made in LNG - both tankers to carry the liquefied gas and oil market. LNG tankers are travelling halfrtray around the world from the Gulf of Mexico to
terminals to receive it and store it - the gas market is becoming more flexible. Gas can deliver gas to the energy-hungry industrial countries of east Asia.
GRAMMAR
The present continuous tense is formed with to be + verb + -ing. We can use it to
describe ongoing trends.
Uses of the present continuous
page 88 The market is becoming more flexible. Old constraints are beginning to disappear.
6 Complete the sentences describing trends in the gas industry. Use the present continuous tense.
1 Consumers (become) more energy-conscious.
2 Gas companies (invest) more money in big infrastructure projects.
3 In western Europe domestic consumption (level) out after years of increase.

4 Use of gas for power generation (increase).
5 Oil and gas companies (focus) more on gas and less on oil than in the past.
Make two more sentences of your own describing trends you can observe in
the energy industry.
25
Electricity and gas distribution
Who owns the distribution networks in your country? How old are the
networks? Are they in good condition or in need of upgrading?
1.1 You are going to hear an interview with the manager of an electricity distribution network.
Before you listen, complete the interviewed s questions. Use these words.
Question forms
page 89 What How long a What kind n Why Who
When a What n How much How many
1 owns the network?

2 is the lease?
3 are your main responsibilities?
4 is the contract reviewed?

guarantees do you have that the concession will not be taken away from you?
5
6 do you invest in the network each year, on average?
7 people work in the company?
8 of jobs do they do?

9 is meter reading not one of their jobs?
1.2 Listen to the interview and check your answers.
O CD TRACK 22
1.3 Listen again and complete these answers to the questions in 1.1 with the correct verb.
I The network is to them by the local authority.
2 The lease 30 years.

3 Their job is to and maintain the network.
their obligations.
4 The contract is reviewed annually to ensure they
5 The concession will as long as there are no major problems.
6 The amount of the investment from year to year.
7 The company 700 people.

8 The company's employees don't meters.
9 Meter reading is to a subcontractor.
2.1 Complete the labels on the diagram. Use these words.
medium n fuse circuit u breaker pole mains cable
132kV 33 kV
Primary circuit Stepdown transformer
(2
voltage) 11 kV
Secondary 4
(low voltage)
6 box
High voltage
Substation Circuit
Substation Utility
3 Underground 7
1
5 supply
26
Topic Unit 9
2.2 Listen and repeat the words from 2.1.
CD TRACK 23
2-3 Match 1—6 with a—f to make sentences about problems with the electricity network.
1 The voltage 4 A pole a blew. d ... failed.
2 The fuse 5 The substation b ... caught fire. ... cut through a cable.
3 The transformer 6 A construction worker c . fell down. dropped.
3.1 Listen to an engineer who works in gas distribution describing the different jobs he has had
O CD TRACK 24 in his career. Answer the questions.
1 How many jobs has he had?
2 What did he have to do in order to become a network planner?
3 What did he decide to do about the job in the control room? Why?
3.2 Look at these phrases from track 24 and try to remember or guess the missing verbs. Then
listen again to the engineer and check if you were right.
1 to new homes to the mains supply 4 to a joint (between two pieces of metal)
2 to a leak 5 to the work when it is under way
3 to a trench 6 to any problems
4.1 What are the main obligations of a distribution company to the users of the network? Make a list.
4.2 Read the extract from a distribution company's customer charter. Match gaps 1—5 with
a-e below.
Disconnection interruptions in a year; 2 if we are more vegetation and building structures well clear of electric
We prefer not to disconnect you, but sometimes we than 15 minutes late for an appointment. lines; to inform us of loads connected or planned to
have no choice. The reasons could be: in case of an be connected to the distribution system.
Unplanned interruptions
emergency; for planned maintenance;
Unplanned outages are occasionally unavoidable. Connections
(e.g. for non-payment of your bill). They can occur in the following situations: there are When connecting you to the mains electricity supply,
Compensation payments storms; a tree falls on the line; birds or animals make we promise: to connect you within one business day
In certain cases we can offer you financial contact with power lines; 3 of receiving a request from your retailer; 5
compensation for inconvenience: if you experience to advise you or your electncian of our requirements
Your obligations to us
more than 20 hours of unplanned, sustained 4 for your new electrical installation.
Your obligations are: to keep all
a to provide, install and maintain standard metering equipment

b not to tamper with any equipment belonging to the distribution company
c at the request of your retailer
d if a power surge or dip (sudden voltage variation) damages your appliances

e vital equipment fails
GRAMMAR
We form a negative infinitive by putting not before to + verb.
not to do / not to be doing not to have done / not to have been doing
The -ing form and infinitive
page 86 We prefer not to disconnect you. I am disappointed not to have been consulted.
5 Are the sentences right or wrong? Correct the wrong ones.
1 1 not told him to worry. 4 It is important to attempt the repair not yourself.
2 Our aim is not money to waste. 5 1 would prefer not to speak about this.
3 They are not instructed to take risks. 6 It was wrong of him to not have called.
In your company, what operational experience is necessary for senior

managers to have?
27
Energy pricing and billing
Do you have a universal energy tariff for residential customers, or many
different types of tariff? What does the tariff depend on, e.g. quantity
consumed, level of power delivered or method of payment?
1.1 Match the different types of tariff 1-6 with the needs of customers a—f.
1 Dual fuel tariff a Wants to use energy from renewable sources.

2 Pre-payment meter b Wants paperless billing and a cheaper tariff.
3 Online tariff c Wants to know exactly how much they will pay for their energy
4 Fixed price tariff over a given period.
5 Green energy tariff d Wants to pay a cheaper rate for electricity used at night (e.g. to
6 Off-peak tariff power storage heaters).

e Wants to buy gas and electricity from the same supplier (usually
at a discount).
f Wants a 'pay as you go' option to avoid getting a big bill after
they have consumed the energy.
1.2 Read the extract from a website offering advice to energy consumers on fixed price contracts.
Then match the words in italics in 1—5 below with the meanings a—e.
1 short-term price spikes eoe
2 the term of the contract
consumerHatters.eo
3 to stick with
If you are thinking of entering into a fixed price contract
4 floating prices to protect against short-term price spikes, look out for the
5 get-out clause
following things:
a stay d length * What is the term of the contract? In the long term it
b escape e variable may be better to stick with floating prices.

c sudden rises
* What is the get-out clause, i.e. is there a cancellation
charge for leaving the contract early?
2.1 Power companies in the UK are trying to make their bills easier for customers to
understand. Look at the example bill on page 116 and match items 1—8 with the notes of
explanation a-h below.
Understanding your bill

qhpowcr a a You can send a cheque, pay online or telephone us with your credit card details. Or you can set up a
monthly direct debit arrangement with your bank.
b This is the consumer tax you must pay.
c This is the tariff you have chosen.
d Detach this from your bill and send it to us with a cheque stating the amount you are paying.
e For this period we have estimated your energy use. Please call us with the actual reading, if you
can.
f This is the number to call if you have a gas leak or a power failure.
g This is a two-tier tariff: you pay a cheaper rate after you have consumed a certain amount of gas
and electricity.
h This is a fixed service charge for your connection to the electricity network.
28
Topic Unit 10
2.2 Now answer these questions about the bill on page 116.
1 What are the four possible payment options mentioned?
2 What do they mean when they say 'the actual reading'?
3 What is the rate of consumer tax?
4 What does 'quote this when you call ust mean at the top of the bill?
5 What is the deadline for payment?
LISTENING 3 Listen to a call from a customer to a call centre operator and answer the questions.
O CD TRACK 25 1 What is the problem with the woman's bill?
2 What is the operator's explanation for the mistake?

3 What solution does the operator propose?
4 What does the customer have to do when she receives the bill? Why?
4 Read the article about intelligent (smart) meters and answer the questions.
1 What advantages will smart meters bring to the consumer in terms of:
a energy consumption? b microgeneration of electricity? c payment?

2 What are the benefits to the supplier in billing?
Within the next ten years suppliers will roll out smart meters to 25
IMETERUSI
million homes gas and electricity.
for both
Suppliers will install two-way communication systems that will display
real-time information for consumers on energy use in the home. The
nature of the display will be a competitive market issue and will allow
suppliers to differentiate themselves in the market.
In addition:
• Smart meters will enable suppliers to introduce flexible tariffs that

measure consumption over fixed time periods.
• Automatic and actual meter readings will bring an end to estimated
bills.
• Smart meters will have the capability for import and export, which will
microgeneration technology.
facilitate
• Suppliers will cater for both credit and debit customers for electricity
(in other words a customer will be able to switch between credit and
pre-payment) and the same benefits could apply to gas customers.
PRONUNCIATION 5
O CD TRACK 26 automatic cause taught launch authority fraud daughter auction
GRAMMAR
We often use the future form will for making predictions, but there are other
possibilities, depending on how sure we are of the prediction.
Future forms page 89
6 Look at the predictions. Which is the most confident and certain? Which is the least?
1 I think prices will rise next year.

2 Prices are going to rise next year.
3 Prices could rise next year.
4 I'm sure prices won't stay the same.
Make three predictions (either confident or less certain) about what you
think will happen to energy prices in the next two years.
29
Energy retail and customer
relationship management
What is the priority for your customers these days? Is it to have a good
retail
price, good quality of service, green (renewable) energy, or advice and help
with energy efficiency?
1.1 Listen to a manager from the retail division of an energy company talking about how they try
to develop their business. Answer the questions.
0 CD TRACK 27
1 What does the company focus on?
2 For what two reasons will people switch their supplier?
3 What does the company monitor closely for selling opportunities?
4 What channels do they use to approach new customers?
1.2 Listen again and complete the sentences. Put one word in each space.
1 Our main focus is on keeping our customers
2 People are prepared to pay a for good service.
3 Our efforts are focused on added from them by selling other services.
4 We hope to pick up some new customers simply by of
5 Our strategy here is to work installers of gas and electricity
equipment.
6 Finding new is much more difficult.
7 We do a lot of calling and mailing of potential customers.
8 But the is relatively low.
2-1 Choose the right words to complete the list of actions and counter-actions between customer
and supplier.
The customer ... The supplier
1 moves / changes house makes / does an appointment for a new connection

2 does/ makes a complaint manages / handles the complaint
3 swaps / switches supplier loses / drops a customer
4 is not at/ in home guesses / estimates the meter reading
The supplier The customer
5 invoices / credits the customer -+ pays / pays for the bill
6 proposes / offers boiler insurance takes in / out boiler insurance
7 advertises / advances a new tariff signs into / up for a new tariff

8 carries out / makes a satisfaction survey --4 gives / tells their opinion
PRONUNCIATION 2.2 The ending -es is pronounced /IZ/ after ch, she s, z and a soft g. Listen and repeat these
O CD TRACK 28 verbs from 2.1.
switches loses guesses

manages
advertises invoices changes proposes
30
Topic Unit 11
3 What channels does your company use to communicate with customers? Complete the
description of communication channels. Use these prepositions.
by z in on to in n with n in by on
1
In the old days customers used to visit our agencies person to pay their bill or ask a question.
Nowadays most communication is 2 phone using call centre staff. Bills are generally sent out
3
the post and then the customer telephones to pay 4 a credit card. (Some people prefer
to pay 5 cheque.) Younger customers tend to go 6 the web to view their account or make a
payment online. We advertise 7 TV, the internet, and 8 newspapers and magazines.
4.1 When you phone a call centre, what are the things which make it a good or bad experience?
Make a list.
4.2 Now complete the list of criteria used by companies when setting targets to measure call
centre efficiency. Use these words.
spent referred n hangs Turnover n Average Speed resolution Overall
Call centre efficiency evaluation

1
of answer
2
call handling time
3
customer satisfaction
First call 4
Call abandon rate (customer 5
4
up during call)
6
of staff
Time 7 on after-call work
Number of calls 8 to specialists
GRAMMAR
Embedded questions can be used to sound more polite in English. Look at these examples.
Embedded questions Direct Embedded
page 90 When did he arrive? Can you tell me when he arrived?
Has he arrived? Could you tell me if / whether he has arrived?
Notice the change in word order:

Can you tell me when he arrived? NOT Can you tell me when did he arrive?)
5 Correct the underlined mistakes in these sentences.
1 Can anyone tell me how long does it take on average to deal with a call?
2 Who knows what is the answer to this customer's question?
3 Do you always ask yourself would it be better to pass the customer on to a specialist?
4 Are you aware of how long do you spend answering each call?
5 Can you say when is the best moment for the operator to update the customer's records?
6 Can you tell me when did a customer last qet anqry with you, and what was the reason?
7 Can anyone explain why is there such a high turnover of staff in this activity?
8 Do you know what are the incentives that companies use to keep call-centre staff?
What are the three most common reasons for a customer to call your
company? Are they related to billing, new products and services, quality of
supply, or something else?
31
Energy in the home
How conscious these days are consumers about energy saving in the
home? Is it the same for other sectors, for example small businesses
and small industry?
1.1 Label the household appliances. Use these words.
kettle TV u radiator thermostat microwave oven u tumble dryer
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
1.2 Choose the right word to complete these sentences about energy saving.
1 You can win / save on average E60 per year by using small / low energy Light bulbs.
2 Most large appliances like washing machines come with an energy efficiency mark / rating from A to G.
3 You can waste a lot of energy by leaving your television on standby / back-up.
4 Always remember to extinguish / switch off the light when you leave the room.
5 Another way to reduce your electricity bill is to switch / turn down the thermostat on your radiators.
6 Never load / fill your kettle with more water than you need.
7 Never let / leave an iron on when you are not using it.
8 Tumble dryers have very high energy consumer / consumption.
PRONUNCIATION 2 The sound /A/, as in but, can be produced by the letter u, o or ou. Listen and repeat these words.
bulb study reduction money young

O CD TRACK 29
tumble hurry oven income country
consumption cut company government enough

LISTENING
3.1 Make a list of what you consider to be the top five ways to reduce your domestic energy bill.
O CD TRACK 30
Then listen to a consumer adviser and compare your answers.
32
Topic Unit 12
3.2 Complete the speaker's statements about energy efficiency measures.

1 the and walls.
2 Make sure there are no from doors, and your windows.

3 your old with a more efficient one.
4 all the with low-energy
5 the down by one or two degrees.
3.3 Listen again and answer the questions.
1 What can your own supplier offer for energy efficiency?

2 Why are home microgeneration solutions not always a good option?
3 What can you do at the Energy Savings Trust website?
4 What can you get if you are old or on a low income?
4 Read the description of SSE's Better Plan and answer the questions.
1 What incentive does it offer people to save energy?

2 In what way is the tariff a 'green' one?
We give you cash credits, special

Get paid to save of great discounts — just
bonuses and
for using less energy. Plus
lots Notes
1 We guarantee that for every
energy with 5SE! we give you 100%
at no extra cost.
cleaner, greener hydro-electricity unit of electricity used by
Better Plan customers we'll
Join our Better Plan. All the hints and tips put a unit of hydro-electricity
Up to €25 cash credit for cutting your bill
into the national grid.
in this leaflet will help you save energy and
— Free eco-monitor worth €45, (It makes saving
2 Get €25 credited to your bill
money. But we've come up with an even
energy easy.) when you reduce your energy
better plan to help you save money and help Free Better Plan booklet full of hints and tips use by 20%. Get €15 credited
the planet — we pay you for being more — f 10 cash credit for switching to online billing to your bill when you reduce
energy efficient. Incredible, but true! — Exclusive discounts on energy-saving appliances your energy use by 10%.
Note the form of the verbs in these sentences with if and when.
If you want, we can do a complete check of all the wiring in your house ... for free!
Time clauses
page 91 When you join SSE, you will receive a booklet with energy-saving advice.
5.1 Look back at the Better Plan text and complete these sentences.
1 If you reduce your energy use by 20%, you will

2 You will receive E15 credit if you
3 When you sign up, you will worth €45.
4 You will get €10 cash credit if you
5 If you buy energy-saving appliances from them, you can
5.2 Complete these other offers. Put the verbs into the right tense.
1 If you (recommend) a friend, we (give) you f30 credit.
2 If you (be) worried about the condition of your boiler, you (call) us to
arrange a free safety check.
3 We (send) our catalogue of green products when you (sign) up for our green
tariff.
4 We (give) you a free no obligation quotation if your home (need) insulating.

5 When you (buy) a new boiler from us, we (install) it free of charge.
What does your government do to help people save energy in the home?
Are there programmes to develop eco-homes or energy-efficient homes?
33
Energy services
What are the service needs of companies these days? To what extent can
your company or its services subsidiary meet these needs?
I Complete the list of services. Use these words.
compliance recycling cleaning reception trading systems
1 energy management and savings 5 electrical maintenance

2 waste collection and 6 and security staff
3 emissions 7 and building maintenance services

4 health and safety audits and
2.1 Complete the table of nouns and verbs connected with energy services.
Verb Noun Verb Noun
1
7
operate implementation
2 8
manage assist
3 9
maintain build
4 10
installation evaluation
5 11
develop fund
6
advice
2-2 Complete the text about energy services. Use the noun or verb form of the words in brackets.
We can
1
(assist) construction companies in the 2 (build) of new homes.
There are a lot of new regulations in this industry - efficiency ratings, eco labels and so on. We
Offer 3 (advise) to companies on how to 4 (implement) measures for energy
efficiency that will meet these new standards. For some of these, 5 (fund) can be
obtained from the government in the form of grants to help with the cost.
If the company wants to use microgeneration units in the houses, we will 6 (evaluate)
the best options for them. We can also offer project 7 (manage) services for their
purchase and 8 (install). Once the units are in place companies can, if they wish, make
longer-term contracts with us to 9 (maintain) them.
PRONUNCIATION 2.3 Listen and repeat the verbs and nouns from 2.1. Note that the syllable stress often changes
between the verb and the noun.
O CD TRACK 31
3.1 These words all appear in the next exercise. Match them with the correct definitions.
to upgrade headquarters n co-generation turnkey a chain multi-site
1 in many different locations 4 the principal offices of a company

2 with retail branches in different cities 5 producing heat and power
3 to improve 6 providing and installing equipment ready for
operation
34
Topic Unit 13
3.2 Look at some references from an energy services provider showing what experience they have
with different clients. Match each project with the client who you think commissioned it.
Projects
1 Upgrading an internal electricity distribution system _d_
2 Complete facilities management service for an office building including energy management, cleaning,
reception staff, security, conference services
3 A turnkey co-generation project to provide both heat (steam) and power

4 A district heating system using heat produced by burning domestic waste
5 Insulation for newly built homes
6 Installation of a multi-site electricity metering system
Clients
a The headquarters of a cosmetics retailer
b A large paper mill

c A supermarket chain
d A car production plant
e A local authority
f A construction company
4.1 Listen to an industry analyst speaking about the energy services business. Does he think it is
O CD TRACK 32 a business with a good future or not? Do you agree with him?
4.2 Listen again and complete the text.
'For energy suppliers who also provide energy services, there will In spite of these cost pressures, energy services is a
always be a 1
between helping the client to business, because industry increasingly
2 their , on the one hand,
3 wants and needs these services. There are three reasons for
and making a profit from 4 of gas or electricity, this: the high 8 of energy, increasingly
9
on the other. It's not a very easy business to be in anyway, because environmental regulations, and
it has quite high marketing and finance costs. That's because in government like energy performance
11
order to enable businesses to s the energy that they can take advantage of. '
efficiency improvements they want to make, it's necessary to offer
them low interest rate 6
GRAMMAR
Look at this sentence: In spite of the cost pressures, it is a growing industry.
Now look at these other ways of expressing the same idea.
Linking words to contrast
page 91 There are cost pressures, but it is a growing industry.

Although / Even though there are cost pressures, it is a growing industry.
In spite of / Despite the cost pressures, it is a growing industry.
5 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.
1 The equipment is old-fashioned, but it works well.
Although
2 It costs a lot of money. Nevertheless, I think it is worthwhile.
In spite of
3 Although it is an expensive form of energy now, the costs will come down.
but
4 There were technical difficulties, but the project went ahead.
Despite
What business opportunities can you see for energy services companies
in today's world, where sustainability and environmental protection are
increasingly important?
35
Trading and power markets
How do you think the energy trading business was affected by the financial
crisis of 2008?
1.1 The company Enron, which built its business on energy and commodities trading, went
bankrupt in 2001 after a financial scandal. Read the article. What contribution did Enron make to
the energy sector, according to the writer?
Seven years after Enron went out of business example, can now hedge against the risk of bad
because of accounting fraud, the philosophy that weather ruining his crops.
it developed — that anything and everything could But energy trading is here to stay. Companies
be traded, from weather forecasts to electrons — continue to look for ways both to protect
is still alive. themselves from the risks of price volatility and
Opponents of the new markets say that they also to profit from this volatility when possible.
are dangerous and that speculation is out of Ironically, for a company which took such
control, blaming the financial crisis of 2008 on a enormous risks, Enron's legacy has been to make
The lack of regulation. Supporters say that they have risk management into a highly sophisticated
created new forms of insurance that can protect activity central to the financial success of energy
individuals against economic risks. A farmer, for companies.
1.2 Underline the sentence in the text that best sums up Enron's contribution to the way things
are done now.
1-3 Find words or expressions in the text with these meanings.
1 went bankrupt 4 offset the risk
2 people who are against something 5 extreme fluctuations in price

3 unmanageable 6 make money on
1.4 Find answers in the text to these questions.
1 Why did Enron go bankrupt?

2 What is blamed for the financial crisis of 2008?
3 What are the two objectives of energy trading?
PRONUNCIATION 2 When pronouncing /er/, as in say, try to exaggerate the length of the sound so that it is not
O CD TRACK 33 confused with /e/, as in let. Listen and repeat these words.
change create made safe exchange sale retail
trade available delay paid failed maintain date
3.1 Listen to the CEO of an energy group describing how his trading division relates to other
O CD TRACK 34 activities of the business. Answer the questions.

1 What are the two activities of the trading department?
2 Which one is riskier?
3.2 Listen again and complete the summary.
The optimisation department's job is to 1 the best 2 from our various assets. These
3
are trades, like buying electricity on the 4 market or selling an LNG tanke{s
5 7
But it has to be 6 up with financial trading to against 8 risks - using
10
financial derivatives to other sales or purchases and so the risk. The other type
12
of trading involves trading all types of energy products - electricity, gas, oil, 11 . It's
high-risk and 13
36
Topic Unit 14
4 Complete the table about buying and selling. Use these words.
for from asking put n purchase n seller
Buying Selling
to buy something 1 someone to sell something to someone

the buyer the 2
to bid 3 to offer
the bid price the a

price
a sale
6
a call option a option
5.1 One of the instruments traders use is the buying and selling of options. Complete this
technical definition of how options work. Use words from the table in 4.
An option gives the the right to exercise the option and buy (the option) or
(the 'put' option) the underlying commodity at the strike price on or before the expiry date.
5-2 Find terms in the technical definition above with these meanings.
a The product that is the real subject of the deal

b The deadline to exercise the option
c The agreed amount that you have to pay for the underlying commodity
A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence. English has

Further grammar practice a lot of them, and it's important to know which one to use. Compare the following:
page 92
We've had complaints from our staff. We've had complaints about our staff.
Payment must be made by Monday. Payment must be made on Monday.

You should turn 'down the gas. You should turn off the gas.
5.3 Choose the correct prepositions to complete this description of how options work.
An option is a right to trade a financial product (the underlying asset) lin / on / at a certain price 2by / until
/ up to a specified date. The seller is legally obliged to sell the asset during this time if the buyer chooses
to buy. But the buyer has no obligation to buy it 3to / from / by the seller. He can simply let the expiry date
pass "instead / before / without doing anything.
Imagine you are interested in buying some land, which is valued 5at / on / for €100,000. You think you can
get permission to develop the land, sell it from / for / to a developer and make money 7by / on / in the
deal. Unfortunately, you don't have the money to buy the land Sin / at / by the moment. So the seller agrees
to give you an option to buy the land 9for / with / from f100,000 10in / at / on or before a certain date - for
example, Ilby / within / during one year.
So you pay the seller f5,000 to have this option and it is guaranteed 12by / to / on a legally binding
contract. Then you try to get planning permission to develop the land. If you are successful, the value of
the land will increase 13to / up to / towards €300,000 and you will exercise your option and buy the land.
When you sell it 140ver / forward / on to the developer, you will make f195,000. If planning permission is
denied, 150n / in / at the other hand, you will not exercise the option, because you are not obliged to. In
this scenario you will lose E5,000.
Why do you think traders are paid so much money? Are they paid according
to their qualifications, their ability, the demands of the job, or the profits they
make for the company?
37
Financial reporting and control
Isyour company listed on the Stock Exchange or does it have only private (or
state) shareholders? What are the implications of this for financial reporting?
1.1 There are three main types of company financial statement. Match the name of the statement
with the correct definition.
The profit and loss account u The cash flow statement The balance sheet
1 shows all the things the company owns (its assets) and all its debts (its liabilities).
The basic equation is assets = liabilities + shareholders' equity.

2 shows how much cash is available to the company in a given period. In other
words, cash receipts minus cash payments. This is not the same as the company's working capital, which
equals current assets minus current liabilities.
3 lists all the income and expenditure from operations. The income includes the
turnover (total revenue from sales) and any other income.
1-2 Write the opposite of these financial terms. Use these words.
long-term n expenditure net loss n unprofitable debtor liabilities fixed costs
1 variable costs 5 current
2 income 6 profit
3 assets 7 creditor
4 gross 8 profitable
1.3 Study the financial summary for DTE Energy and answer the questions below.
1 What expression does this American company use for 'turnover + other income'?
2 What can you say about the company's cash flow in 2007?
3 What about profitability (the 'bottom line') in 2007 compared with 2006?
4 What about the company's debt over the period shown?
5 What about the company's working capital in the second quarter of 2008 compared with other years?
6 Overall, does the company seem to be in a healthy situation or not?
Financials (In millions of USD)

Incgme Statement Quarterly (Jun '08) Annual (2007) Annual (2006)
Total Revenue 2,251.00 8,506.00 8,159.00
Operating Income 157.00 1 ,635.oo 1,060.00
ENERGY COMPANY
Net Income 28.00 971.00 433.00
Bal?nqe Sheet
hotal Current Assets 3,894.00 3,995.00 3,961.00
Total Assets 23,906.00 23,754.00 23,785.00
Total Current Liabilities 3,834.00 4,231.00 4,164.00
Total Liabilities 18,005.00 17,901.00 17,936.00
Total Equity 5,901.00 5,853.00 5,849.00
Cash Flow
Net Income/Starting Line 28.00 971.00 433.00
Cash from Operating Activities 657.00 1,125.00 1,456.00
-471.00 - -1,194.00
Cash from Investing Activities 330.00
Cash from Financing Activities 182.00 —1 ,468.00 -203.00
Financial Summary
(Public, NYSE:DTE) Net Change in Cash 368.00 -13.00 59.00,
38
Topic Unit 15
PRONUNCIATION 2 Listen and repeat these words. Underline the syllable where the stress falls.
O CD TRACK 35 liabilities unprofitable cash flow assets creditor revenue

turnover expenditure equity receipt variable minus
3 Complete the second sentence with a noun so that it means the same as the first.
1 We need to borrow more money. * We need to increase our borrowing .
2 They owe a Lot of money to the banks. —+ They have a lot of with the banks.
3 The bank lent us the money. -4 We took out a from the bank.
4 We'll invest $10m in the plants. --+ We'll make a $10 million in the plants.
5 We spend very little on advertising. —+ Our advertising is very small.

6 We saved a lot by reducing travelling costs. —+ We made big on travelling costs.
7 We'll begin to pay back the money next year. * We'll begin next year.
8 We'll sell off the business. * We'll put the business up for
9 The company is worth f300m. * The of the company is f300m.
Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form: I paid a bill. / I paid some bills.
Uncountable nouns have only one form: I need some information.
Countable and
uncountable nouns
The expression of quantity we use depends on which kind of noun it is.
page 92
4 Choose the right word to complete the sentences.

1 The company invests many / a lot ofmoney in R & D.
2 much / many people working in the auditing team.

There are not
3 We need a few / a little more information before we can make a decision.
4 We don't have a little / much time.
5 There are a few / a little figures I need to check first.
6 There are much / many different ways to present the accounts.

7 There are a few / a little costs that we can reduce.
8 Our profit margins have improved much / a little in the last two years.
Listen to the financial controllers of three different companies describing their company's
0 CD TRACK 36 financial situation. Write down the main financial issue facing each company.
Company A:
Company B:
Company C:
5.2 Listen again. Complete the sentences.
1 Company A was 40% t so they implemented a policy of voluntary

2 Company B wants to reduce its working capital
3 They are trying to reduce the time between issuing an and receiving
4 They also want to decrease the they make for operating costs.
5 Company C now has to publish its accounts every
6 Mistakes can have a serious effect on the
7 They have set up rigorous internal and systems.
How would you describe your company's financial approach? What are its
short-term financial priorities? Is it in a position to expand its operations?
39
i
Green issues
What do you believe is the cause of climate change? What do you think is the
solution? Is there a technological solution?
I Complete the summary of the climatic problems facing the planet. Use these words.
greenhouse emissions disasters u warming

levels gases u change u floods melt
OVER THE LAST 20 YEARS the planet has

experienced a significant rise in temperatures and
an increase in natural
1
such as
droughts and 2 Most scientists now
accept that man has contributed to these problems of
climate 3 and global 4
Pollution caused by carbon dioxide 5
6
and by other greenhouse has
helped to warm the planet. If something is not done
about it, the ice caps will 7 sea
8 will rise and the 9
effect will get worse.
PRONUNCIATION 2 The letter 'i' can be pronounced /al/ as in time or /1/ as in sit. Listen and repeat these words.
O CD TRACK 37 environment rise ice climate tidal biomass

scientist disaster risen emissions wind private
GRAMMAR Increases and decreases can be expressed using a verb + an adverb or an adjective + noun.
Furthergrammar practice
Global temperatures have risen steadily.
Adjectives and adverbs
page 93 There has been a steady rise in global temperatures.
3 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.
1 We need to reduce C02 emissions drastically.

There needs to be a in C02 emissions.
2 The price of oil has increased sharply.

There has been a in the price of oil.
3 We will only reduce energy consumption if we raise the price significantly.
We will only reduce energy consumption if there is a in the price.

4 There has been a dramatic fall in emissions from factories.
Emissions from factories have
5 There has been a slight decrease in pollution from cars.
Pollution from cars has
40
Topic Unit 16
4.1 Listen to an environmental expert talking about green energy tariffs. Answer the questions.
0 CD TRACK 38 1 Does he think green tariffs help to reduce C02 emissions?
2 What, according to him, would be a 'real' green electricity tariff?
4.2 Listen again and read the audio script on page 104. Find words or phrases used by the expert
with these meanings.
1 knowledge or consciousness
2 giving a false impression
3 changing (to a green tariff)
4 plants already in operation

5 true or real
6 claims made by companies that seem green but aren't really
7 reach that objective

8 stricter
5.1 Match these expressions about targets 1—4 with the diagrams A—D.
1 set a target Diagram

2 fail to reach the target Diagram
3 reach/achieve the target Diagram
4 exceed the target Diagram
GRAMMAR
We use prepositions to help express trends and statistics.
There was a sharp downturn in sales in August.
Prepositions
page 92 We expect growth to continue at this rate over the next six months.
5.2 Choose the right prepositions to complete these sentences about C02 emissions targets.
1 In / On 1800 the amount of C02 in the air was measured at / for 280 ppm (parts per million).
2 In 2006 it had risen at / to 390 ppm and is now increasing with / by 2 ppm a year.
3 By / On average, an Indian emits 0.85 tonnes of C02 per year compared to the average American, who
emits just under / down 20 tonnes.
4 In 2007 the G8 countries set a target of reducing emissions with / by 50% by / until the year 2050.
5 The Stern review said that in /at a level of 550 ppm of C02, we would see a rise of/ in global
temperatures by / of 30C.
6 It recommended that C02 emissions should be stabilised with / at 450 ppm over / between the next
20 years.
7 Others disagree and say that an increase in / of sea temperatures of between / from 2 and 3 degrees
would be catastrophic.
What targets has your company set for a) reducing C02 emissions and b) the
percentage of green energy it will produce?
41
Renewable energy
In your view, what is the most promising form of renewable energy?
1.1 Listen to an energy expert. Which four new alternative technologies does she mention?
O CD TRACK 39
Ig2 Listen again and complete the sentences.
1 There was a Lot of excitement about biofuels as a cleaner to
2 In some areas biofuels have replaced food , causing food

3 The cost of capturing and CO makes it uneconomical.
4 Carbon capture really needs government to work.
5 The benefits of large-scale photovoltaic plants could be

6 The electricity would be transmitted through a supergrid across Europe.
7 The algae can be daily and its oil extracted to make

8 This technology carbon capture with production.
2uI Complete the descriptions of renewable forms of energy. Use these words.
breaking down producing harnessing pumping burning

turning converting separating generatfh@ re-injecting
1
Wind -genera-ting— electricity with onshore or offshore wind turbines
Solar capturing heat with solar panels or 2 solar energy into electricity with
photovoltaic cells
3 any organic material - wood, animal waste, rubbish, etc. - in a
Biomass landfill
conventional furnace
4
Biogas biodegradable waste in a digester to produce methane gas
5
Hydro turbines with the use of free-falling water
6
CHP (combined heat both heat and power using fossil fuels or renewables
and power)
7
Tidal the power of incoming or outgoing ocean tides using barrages in
estuaries
Wave using the rise and fall of the sea to compress air to turn turbines
8
Geothermal water through a system of underground pipes to absorb the Earth's
natural heat
9
Hydrogen reformed natural gas into hydrogen and C02, burning the hydrogen
and then 10 the C02 into the gas field to pump out more gas
42
Topic Unit 17
2.2 Why are CHP and Hydrogen, as described in 2.1, not strictly 'renewable' forms of energy?
Which of these adjectives could you use to describe them instead?
clean environmentally friendly u carbon-free highly efficient
2.3 Renewable energy is not always necessarily environmentally friendly. In your opinion, what
negative impact can each of these renewables have on the environment?
wind power tidal power u biomass solar
The most common way to express purpose in English is to use the simple infinitive.
Expressing purpose I went to the post office to post a letter. / We'll need more staff to achieve our targets.
page 94
Sometimes we have to use other expressions, especially when the purpose is negative.
I set my alarm so that I wouldn't be late.
I'm meeting James so that we can discuss the budget.
He braked in order not to hit the dog. NOT He braked to not hit the dog.
3.1 Complete the sentences about problems with different renewables. Use these words.
to prevent n so that to avoid in order to so as not to
1 Before building a hydro-electric power station, a large area needs to be flooded you can
form a reservoir behind the dam.
2 Researchers are trying to develop quieter wind turbines disturb those who live near them.
3 Wind turbines are positioned get maximum wind.
4 Campaigners asked for the tidal barrage to be placed further down the estuary disturbing the
wildlife.
5 We plan to install a security fence intruders from entering the plant.
3.2 Now complete these sentences in a grammatically correct way. Use your own ideas.
1 We are investing $10 million in renewable energy in order to
2 They fitted a filter to the chimney to avoid
3 The wind turbines have been located offshore so as not to
4 Each house has been fitted with solar panels so that
5 The top of the digester is sealed to prevent
The English alphabet letters are often mispronouned. Listen and repeat.
0 CD TRACK 40 B c D 1 J K L M
N o p Q R s z
4 Listen and repeat these abbreviations. Do you know what each one stands for? Check your
0 CD TRACK 41 answers on page 119.
LNG the UN
the EIJ IT the IAEA
'The only serious interest in renewables has been when governments have
subsidised it, or have imposed targets on industry with schemes like Green
certificates.' What is your view of this statement and do you think it is fair?
43
Sustainable development
What does the term 'sustainable development' mean to you?
1.1 Complete the summaries of the responsibilities which a company has to its stakeholders. Use
these words.
value security satisfaction u treatment impact
• To ensure customer 1 • To guarantee fair 4 of suppliers
• To give shareholder 2 o To offer job 5 to employees
• To have a positive 3 on the local community
1.2 Read the opinion of Richard Branson, the CEO of Virgin. Do you agree with him?
'We put employees first, customers second, and shareholders third. Because if your employees are happy,
they will do a better job, which makes your customers happy, which leads to more sales, which makes your
shareholders happy.'
Which stakeholder group would you say your company puts first? Why?
2.1 Read the text about energy companies and sustainable development. Answer the questions.
1 How are energy companies' responsibilities for sustainable development different from those of other
companies?
2 Inwhat ways are they the same?
II working with environmental charities

Sustainable around the world.
There are also the more general

development targets of sustainable development to
consider. For any company, these involve
Energy companies have a particular
taking care of the interests of all the
role to play in this field, since they rely,
stakeholders. In the case of employees,
more than many other businesses, on
it means:
the world's declining natural resources.
II offering job security, a safe working
So, the first two an energy
priorities for
environment and career opportunities
company in its sustainable development
II promoting equal opportunity and
policy are:
diversity.
II combating climate change
II conserving resources and promoting Inthe case of shareholders, the local
energy efficiency. community and suppliers, it means:
II ensuring strong company performance,
Linked closely to these aims are two
growth and job creation
other goals:
II fair treatment of suppliers.
IN innovating to find technologies that will
improve our environment
2.2 Find words or phrases in the text with these meanings.
1 depend on 5 looking after
2 decreasing 6 encouraging people from different backgrounds
3 fighting 7 guaranteeing
4 connected strongly 8 just / honest
44
Topic Unit 18
3 Listen and underline the stress in these phrases.
O CD TRACK 42 mineral resources climate change environmental charities

sustainable development energy efficiency job security
company performance equal opportunities local community
Listen again and repeat.
4.1 Listen to descriptions of three sustainable development projects funded by an energy
O CD TRACK 43 company's sustainable development foundation. What was the basic idea of each project?
Project 1: to buildings
Project 2: to cars at home
Project 3: to to schoolchildren
4.2 Listen again and answer the questions.
1 What was the name of the first project?
2 What are the three benefits of green facades on buildings?
3 Who had the idea for the second project?

4 What kind of vehicles have mainly used natural gas up to now?
5 Who are the partners in the third project?
6 What did the children do to get the necessary information?
4.3 Complete these phrases from the listening passage. Put one word in each space.
1 We are always looking out for interesting independent projects to involved
2 We were so that we agreed almost immediately.
3 We a small subsidiary to develop this technology.
4 Initially its funds came from us, but pretty soon it will be
5 Its ideas have been across the region.
4.4 Listen again and check your answers.
GRAMMAR
We use the past simple for actions which are finished and happened at a specified time in the past.
Present perfect A few years ago one of our technicians developed a system for refuelling natural gas vehicles at home.
page 94
We use the present perfect when a past action has a strong connection with the present. In this
case the action starts in the past and continues to the present.
Up to now, natural gas has been mainly used for public transport vehicles.
5 Choose the correct tense to complete these sentences.

1 We have been working / worked with them since 2006.
2 We have published / published our first sustainable development report four years ago.
3 The first climate change targets have been set / were set at the Kyoto Conference.
4 So far we have had / had little interest from business customers in our green tariff.
5 We have been launching / launched our energy-saving initiative in 2007.

6 For the last five years we have been developing / developed more efficient wind turbines.
7 We have always been committed / were always committed to social responsibility.
8 Last year we have invested / invested fl.4 million in community projects.
What sustainable development projects is your company involved in? What is
the purpose of these projects?
45
Safety
What are the most common types of accident in your company? How serious
are these, usually?
I Complete the words in these sentences describing workplace accidents. The first two letters
have been given.

1 He was badly bu in a fire.
2 No-one was killed, but three people were in

3 There were no ca reported as a result of the explosion.
4 Three workers were ex to a small dose of radiation.
5 The pipes were da by a mechanical digger.

6 The driver was eL by an overhead electricity line.
7 He su severe shock, but otherwise he was not hu
2 Complete these safety notices with the correct verb.
1 2 3
careful special care ATTENTION
3.1 You are going to hear a spokesperson describing their company's approach to safety. Before
you listen, complete the sentences. Use these words.
prevented a followed z assessed encouraged taken provided
1 First, all safety risks must be properly

2 Precautions can then be to control these risks.
3 Regular training in safety procedures must be for all staff.
4 Staff must also be monitored to check that safety procedures are being
5 Good practice can be by a system of rewards.
6 Bad practice can be by strict supervision and control.
3.2 Now listen and answer the questions.

O CD TRACK 44 1 What is the CEO's role regarding safety?
2 Why is safety taken so seriously?
3 What must managers do?
3-3 Listen again and complete the idiomatic phrases in italics.
1 If there's an accident, he can't the
2 Safety is a of mind.
3 The consequences of cutting when laying an underground gas pipe are too serious.
4 Everything has to be done the
5 Carrying out work safely should be second to every employee.

6 Managers must lead by
7 It's about what you preach.
What do you think each idiom means? Formulate your own definitions.
46
Topic Unit 19
3.4 Now match these definitions with the phrases in 3.3.

a to follow the same principles yourself that you tell others to follow
b an approach or a way of thinking

c an instinct, something that you do without needing to be reminded
d to follow procedures correctly
e to take the quickest and easiest route, but not the correct route
f to give responsibility to someone else rather than take it yourself
g to act in a way that shows others how to act
4 Read the account of an accident on a gas network in Bangladesh. What caused the initial gas
leak? Where did the explosion take place?
OLLOWINGAGAS EXPLOSION •
pipeline leakage close to the hotel when : supply in order to carry out repairs, but it
on the sixth floor of the Hotel : the accident happened. seems that gas had already leaked into an
Orchard Plaza in Dhaka, Titas Gas They found that an electrical cable had enclosed room higher up in the building
Transmission and Distribution Ltd. will : been laid too close to the pipe. Over a and that some other spark triggered
conduct a full survey ofthe city's gas pipe : period of time sparks from the cable had the explosion. Luckily, there were no
network. Engineers were repairing a gas eroded the pipe. They shut down the gas casualties.
GRAMMAR
We use different tenses when telling a story. Look at the verbs in the text above.
The past continuous describes the background to the main event.
Past tenses
page 95 They were repairing a gas pipeline leakage when the accident happened.
The past perfect describes events which happened some time before the main event.
Gas had already leaked into an enclosed room.
The past simple describes the main events in sequence (one after the other).
They found an electrical cable. They shut down the gas supply. The accident happened.
5 Complete the account of an accident at a nuclear power station in Japan. Use the correct past
tense form, active or passive, of the verbs in brackets.
O n August 9th, 2004

(kill)
seriously injured at a Japanese nuclear

and seven
four
2
contract
power
workers
(be)
plant in
water
It
Company
seems the pipe burst because not enough cooling
9 (inject) into the reactor's turbine.
officials said that no radiation 10
Mihama. (leak) from the burst pipe because the water was part
They 3 (carry out) routine maintenance of the secondary cooling system. Consequently they
4 11
work when a cooling pipe (burst) and (decide) not to evacuate the local area.
5
(discharge) steam at a temperature of A safety spokesman said the disaster could have been
approximately 270 degrees Celsius. Four 6 prevented if the plant had been equipped with a better
(die) immediately and the others 7 (take) to leak detection system.
hospital where they 8 (treat) for burns and
heart and lung damage.
6.1 In English, the less important words in a sentence (e.g. prepositions, auxiliary verbs,
articles) are not usually stressed. Listen to these sentences and cross out words which are not
0 CD TRACK 45
stressed.
I The regulations are clear. 4 Gas had leaked from the pipe.
2 The accident could have been prevented. 5 Seven were killed and thirty were injured.
3 We were waiting for a call from our boss. 6 He broke both arms when he fell off the ladder.
Think about a workplace accident that you know of. What happened? What
was the background? What action was taken as a result?
47
IT systems
What is your company policy on computer hardware? Does it provide
managers with a laptop or notebook computer to work from home with? Who
is given a Blackberry?
I Label the components in the pictures. Use these words.
mouse z workstations speakers router server z laptop

printer firewall keyboard wireless link screen base unit
The internet
5
9
Typical office 2
network
1
4
12
Switch
6
10
11
1 5 9
2 6 10
3 7 11
4 8 12
PRONUNCIATION 2.1 Listen to the two groups of words, A and B. In each group, the same vowel sound is present in
all the words except one. Answer the questions for each group.
O CD TRACK 46
A speaker keyboard PC printer screen
B server wireless cursor network search
1 What is the sound? B:
2 Which word does NOT contain it? B:
3-1 Listen to a hardware manufacturer talking about the way people will use computer hardware
in the future. What three new ways of interacting with the computer does he describe?
O CD TRACK 47
3.2 Listen again and complete the sentences.
1 Up to now we have interacted with computers using a and a
and manipulating the

2 Now, however, we are seeing new ways of interacting: touching the
objects that appear on it.
3 This idea of a 'natural user is redefining the way we relate to computers.
4 The computer will also have more interfaces with other communication media.
5 These advances are going to make more simple and more accessible.
Topic Unit 20
Note the verb forms used with each of the underlined time phrases in these extracts from
Further grammar practice track 47.
Expressions of time
page 96 Up to now we have interacted with computers present perfect
It remains the same as it was 20 years ago. past simple
Now we are seeing new ways of interacting ... present continuous
Some of us have been using speech recognition for some time. present perfect continuous
In the future we will have screens all over the house. 'will' + infinitive without to'
The devices that you use every day . present simple
4 Complete the sentences. Look at the underlined time phrases and put each verb in its correct
form, using one of the tenses above.
(back) up our files every night.

2 1 (buy) a new notebook last week.
3 My computer (behave) strangely for some time.
4 I'm sorry. I (use) the printer at the moment.
5 1 (use) voice recognition technology for the first time three days ago.
6 1 (print) out the documents later_tQday, if you like.
7 Technology (improve) enormously over the last five years.

8 I usually (check) my emails each morning when I'm on the train.
9 I expect I (see) her again in a few days at the Frankfurt conference.
10 Up to now the time difference (not be) a problem.
11 1 (look) at the new logo now on my screen. It looks great to me.
12 I'm so sorry to be late. (you / wait) for a long time?
5.1 Complete the words in these sentences (the first letter has been given) describing problems
with computers. Then think of possible solutions.
1 Itm sorry, I can't access your details at the moment. The server is d
2 My screen has f • nothing is happening at all.
3 I can't run this program. Our old computers are not c with the new software.
4 I can't c to the internet from my hotel.
5 My computer is running really s . I think it may have a virus.
6 There's no problem with the software. It's either the connection or the hardware that is f
5.2 Now match these possible solutions with the problems in 5.1.
a Run antivirus software on the computer. If that doesn't work, try to free up some memory.
b Try switching off the computer and restarting it.
c Check the connection and the hardware separately.

d The easiest thing would just be to find an internet café.
e You probably need to upgrade your computer.

f Wait until the server is up and running again.
What are the most common problems that people in your company
experience with computer hardware? What do you think will be the next
revolution in computer hardware?
49
IT solutions
What are the main difficulties your company encounters when implementing
new software solutions? Are they related to the quality of data, getting
the support of the users, technical problems that interfere with day-to-day
business or something else?
1-1 All these adjectives can be used to describe software solutions. Match words from A and B
to make pairs that have a similar meaning, e.g. practical and useful.
A practical reliable straightforward off-the-shelf buggy customised

B user-friendly unreliable useful dependable bespoke standard
1.2 Think of three different software applications you use regularly. Apply one adjective to each.
2.1 Read the text about EDF Energy's new system for giving quotations (estimates) to customers.
What does this new IT solution do? What are the benefits to the customer and to the company?
EDF improves customer service

EDF Energy has rolled out an IT solution to cut down on the They are now able to pay for the work straight away by credit or
paperwork needed to provide quotations
administrative time and debit card, and benefit from reduced paperwork, since the new
for customers requiring a new connection or an alteration to system involves paperless or largely paper-free processes.
their service.
EDF Energy technicians and service staff access the system
The company chose a tailor-made system from Capgemini. remotely using portable computers to enable them to confirm
Household and small business customers can now state their details of work needed, give instant quotes with dates and prices,
requirements and receive instant quotations. They can also agree and provide customers with up-to-date information on the
a date for work to be carried out at the time of the initial site progress of each individual job.
survey.
2-2 Find words in the text with these meanings.
I implemented in one location after another 4 needs (paragraph 2)
(paragraph 1) 5 from a distance (paragraph 4)

2 reduce (paragraph 1) 6 the latest (paragraph 4)
3 customised (paragraph 2)
3 Think about the benefits that IT systems bring to energy companies. Then match the two halves
of each phrase below.
Good IT systems can enable an energy company to:
I minimise a with accurate bills.
2 automate b with regulatory requirements.

3 save c administrative costs.
4 provide the customer d manual data entry.
5 increase e key information.

6 enhance f time and money.
7 comply g the number of user errors.
8 reduce h customer satisfaction.
9 access i reporting and planning capability.
50
Topic Unit 21
4.1 Abbreviations are often used in describing business IT solutions. Complete these common
examples.
1 ERP Resource Planning 4 KPI Key Performance I
System 5 ROI Return 0 Investment

3 CRM Customer Relationship M 6 TCO Total C of Ownership
4.2 Listen and repeat. What other useful industry abbreviations do you know?
CD TRACK 48
GRAMMAR
Non-native speakers of English often make mistakes with these words: a / some, all /
everything, nothing / anything, none / any, most / the majority, all / the whole.
Determiners
Compare these two sentences:
page 96
Let's look at all the options. (all = plural) Let's look at every option. (every = singular)
5 Choose the right words to complete the sentences.

1 There isn't a / some problem that doesn't have a solution.
2 None / Any of the main software providers had the right solution.
3 All the / The whole files are kept on a secure server.

4 I tried all / evetything, but I couldn't make it work.
5 There is nothing / anything I can do, I'm afraid.
6 We sell more or less the same software solutions in all / every markets.
7 Most / The majority of companies are trying to reduce their IT costs.
8 We have rolled out the program throughout the whole / all the company.
6-1 Listen to an interview between a journalist and a manager in the IT department of an energy
O CD TRACK 49 company. Answer the questions.
1 Why has the company had to invest so much in new IT systems?
2 What would the board of the company like to see from IT now?
6.2 Listen again and complete the answers to the questions the interviewer asks.
1 Does the company invest a lot in IT?

Yes, but it's because each needed its own IT system.
2 Why couldn't they just use the systems that existed already?
Because their had changed.
3 But you have updated your own internal systems too, haven't you?
Yes, because our business has too. For example, customer are more
4 Do all the new systems pay for themselves?

It's very difficult to the total cost of
5 Why is it so difficult?
The investment includes a lot of training and help from and programmers.
6.3 Look at the audio script for track 49 on page 105. Find words with these meanings.
1 to separate different businesses to
2 the old or existing computer systems the system

3 companies which are new in the market new
4 programs that calculate how much a customer has to pay software
5 to put in new software to
6 economies and general advantages and benefits

7 the cost of keeping the system running costs
Are the challenges facing your company similar? Write two sentences that
describe the key IT issues in your company today.
51
Support services (1)
How are support functions accounting and purchasing organised in your
like
company? Are they centralised at the headquarters, decentralised to the
business units or are they outsourced?
Read the text about shared services centres. Answer the questions.
1 What are their main benefits?

2 What are the main problems in implementing them?
3 What is one solution to this problem?
K8GOsekeeping at
HARED SERVICES
headquarters
CENTRES are a way of which has traditionally decentralised its
consolidating support functions, such operations, you may

experience resistance
as IT, HR or Accounting, into a single provider to change from staff who are unwilling to
for thewhole company. If you can replace relocate or to retrain. Resistance may also
100 people working at various sites with 50 come from trade union leaders, who will be
people working in a single shared services suspicious that this is a first step to the
centre, the cost and efficiency benefits can outsourcing of support functions.
be enormous. So it is better for everyone if the transition
Transferring accounting processes (like to more centralised support functions is
payment of invoices or management of the done gradually. Bear in mind that not all
payroll) from a number of offices to one centralisation is helpful: you do not have to
or two large integrated centres does not go all the way down this route if it does not
sound too difficult. But if you are a company suit your company's situation.
1.2 Find words or expressions in the text with these meanings.
1 the only supplier of something 4 don't want to

2 different locations 5 subcontracting to external companies
3 the list of the amounts to be 6 step by step
paid to employees 7 is not right for
Relative pronouns are used to connect ideas and sentences. We use who / whom /
Further grammar practice whose for people, where for places, and which / whose for things.
Relative pronouns
page 97
Resistance may also come from trade union leaders, who will be suspicious ...
If you are a company which has traditionally decentralised
2 Complete these sentences with whor which, whose, whom or where.
1 I'll ask Jim, is the expert in these matters.

2 This is the number of the bank account into the money will be paid.
3 She's the person idea it was to introduce shared services centres.
4 London is the town I was born.

5 Munich, is where I work, is a much smaller city.
6 It's a department main function is to reduce costs.
7 The GMT union, I belonged to many years ago, still has a lot of members.
8 The Chief Accountants to we spoke said the Sarbanes-Oxley Act had helped to reduce risk.
52
Topic Unit 22
3 Look at these steps in the purchase of goods and put them into the correct order.
Pay the invoice Raise a purchase order

Order the goods Receive the goods and the invoice
Match the invoice with the proof of receipt
4.1 What information about each employee needs to be collected in order to calculate the
o€scsoqotl
.93.ao payroll? Fill in the missing letters in these words.
96.36
zoo
ooo 1 Government tax c d (to calculate the tax rate)
63 000
TAO .52 04 2 Level of b S s
3 Any o v payment which is due

Any n s s the employee has earned
c _U security reference
PRONUNCIATION 4.2 Listen to these words and place them in group A if they contain an /el/ sound, and in group B
O CD TRACK 50 if they contain an 1/00/ sound. Which word can go in both columns?
payroll code basic u pay a bonus change rate social overtime
A /el/ raise
B /oo/ loan
5-1 Your company wants to buy pipes for transporting gas. Complete the list of things you would
negotiate with a supplier. Use these words.
price quality lead-time length
1 The product
2 The of the contract
3 The basic (before any discount)
4 The from order to delivery
5.2 Complete these statements by a purchaser about each of the points in 5.1. Use the correct
form of the word in brackets.
1 We will not accept any pipes which are (defect)

2 We can offer you a one-year contract. (renew)
3 We would expect a significant in the price for these quantities. (reduce)
4 There will be incentives for on-time delivery and for late delivery. (penalise)
5.3 Listen to a purchasing manager describing how work is subcontracted in distribution.

O CD TRACK 51 Complete the sentences describing the process.
1 First, we draw the full technical for the contract.
2 Then we put out a for , inviting from various contractors.

3 The issue is whether the can the technical of the contract.
4 We make a and then invite each to offer their best price.
5 Finally, we the contract to the company which offers the best
How would you describe the relationships your company has with its
suppliers? Are suppliers treated as partners in business or is the relationship
tougher and more competitive?
53
Support services (2)
What are the main human resources and legal issues facing your company at
the moment?
HUMAN RESOURCES
1.1 Read the advertisement and answer the questions.
GRADUATE ENGINEERS ABC

ENERGY
WANTED
Are you a motivated young graduate looking for a
rewarding career with an established and forward-looking
energy company? We have exciting opportunities for the
1 What type of engineers are they trying to recruit?
2 What do they mean by 'a rewarding careen

3 What do they mean when they say they are 'a forward-looking company'?
1.2 Listen to an HR director describing the key HR issues for her energy company. Choose the
sentence which best summarises her views.
O CD TRACK 52
a Engineers need management opportunities.
b Technical training is too limited.
c Keeping technical talent is the key issue.
1.3 Listen again and complete these sentences from the passage.
1 The main problem is recruiting and people with strong technical
2 Competition between companies to these is very strong.
3 People with a business have had a much better-defined career
4 Energy companies need to the contribution of engineers more and them properly.
5 Otherwise, they will or may not even us in the first place!
2.1 Choose the right words to complete the sentences.
I He has decided to retire / resign and retrain as a teacher.

2 The company was forced to fire / lay off 300 workers for two months because business was so bad.
3 She will retire / resign next year when she is 62.
4 The former Press Officer has been appointed / joined as Director of Communications.
5 I trained / appointed originally as an engineer but I have spent most of my career in marketing.
6 I graduated / hired from the London Business School in 2007.
7 Because he was taking personal payments from suppliers, the company was forced to fire him / make
him redundant.
8 We are trying to empower / delegate more responsibility to middle management.
9 We have laid off/ taken on 30 new people to work in our new renewable energy division.
10 We encourage managers to delegate / empower their staff.
PRONUNCIATION 2.2 Listen and repeat these verbs from 2.1.
O CD TRACK 53 take on fire graduate train lay off

appoint
make redundant retire empower resign delegate
54
Topic Unit 23
LEGAL ISSUES
3 Read the text about legislation in the electricity sector in Switzerland. Match the words in
italics 1—10 with these meanings.
a voted in favour of f guarantee
b states g requires
c became law h must be
d in accordance with i have the right to
e condition j force companies to obey
THE CREATION OF SWISSGRID

The draft Electricity Supply Act of Switzerland was first submitted to The Swiss distribution companies must transfer ownership of the
the Swiss parliament in 2004. The parliament Ipassed it in 2007 and network to Swissgrid within five years. The act also 6stipulates that
it2came into force on 1 January 2008. a new regulatory body be established. The regulator will lensure
The law 3caIIsfor the opening of the market in two stages. After compliance with the provisions of the act and 8enforce them if
five years all consumers will be eligible to choose their electricity necessary. The regulator will no longer issue network tariffs, but will
supplier but will also have the option to remain captive. The second arbitrate in any disputes between competitors.
stage, full liberalisation, is subject to an optional referendum. The new law also promotes renewable energy. 9 Under the act,
A specific 4requirement is that an independent transmission network independent generators will 10be entitled to remuneration at cost for
operator, Swissgrid, be set up which 5shalI be majority Swiss-owned. feeding renewable energy into the system.
4-1 Complete the steps in the process of the The law is 1
passage of laws and Acts of Parliament, from

the initial writing of the law to the changing or The law is debated.
cancelling of it. Use these words.

The law is 2
passed u amended n applied n drafted

The law comes into force.
The law is 3
The law is challenged in the courts.
The law is 4 OR repealed.
GRAMMAR
We use the third conditional to speculate about past events: if + past perfect would have +
past participle.
Conditional sentences
page 98 If the regulator had done its job, it would have stopped these companies overcharging consumers.
4.2 Complete the sentences about an energy law which has already been passed. Use the third
conditional form of the verbs.
I If they (consult) people in the industry first, they (draft) the law very differently.
2 If the government (not be) in such a hurry, they (debate) the law properly.
3 If they (think) more carefully about the consequences for energy companies, the law
(not be passed).
4 If the law (not be passed), we (not / have to) increase our prices.
5 If they (try) to pass such a Law in America, it (be challenged) in the courts.
6 We (support) it if the government (accept) our amendment.
What laws affecting the energy industry have been passed in your country in
recent years? What were the main aims of the laws?
55
The future of the industry
What your company look like in 10 years' time? Will it still have the same
will
main activity? Will it have sold off any activities? Will it have acquired or
developed new activities?
1 Add a preposition to complete these predictions.

In the coming years we will ...
1
o diversify different areas
o continue to concentrate 2 our core activities
unprofitable businesses
invest heavily 4 new technologies
• try to break 5 new markets abroad.
Which of these predictions are true of your company?
2.1 Look at the different curves and match

them with the correct descriptions.
remain stable grow steadily u

decrease slightly u rise sharply slow down
250
History Projections
200
2-2 Look at the graphs. Are the sentences
true (T) or false (F)? c: 150 Liquid
1 Overall energy use is forecast to grow significantly

between now and 2030. 100 Coal
2 Fossil fuels will remain the primary form of energy Natural gas Renewables
consumed. 50
3 The future for coal looks more uncertain, because Nuclear
its use will slow down between 2010 and 2030.

1990 2000 2005 2010 2020 2030
4 The part of renewables in global energy use will
World marketed energy use by fuel type 1990—2030
rise sharply over the next 20 years.
5 Nuclear energy's share of electricity generation
Coal
will continue to grow steadily.
Natural gas
6 In 2030 over half the world's electricity will be
30 Z Renewables
generated by coal-fired plants.
7 Overall, the prospects for natural gas are very
20
good.
8 The amount of oil used for electricity generation
will remain stable. 10
0
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
World electricity generation by fuel 2005—2030
56
Topic Unit 24
3.1 It is very important to distinguish between long and short vowel sounds in English. Listen
and underline the words which contain a long vowel sound.
O CD TRACK 54
stable fossil sharp remain
consume global predict decrease
period steady double uncertain
GRAMMAR
We can use bound to and likely / unlikely to express degrees of certainty.
BP is bound to win the contract. It's certain that BP will win the contract.)
Expressing degrees of certainty
page 98 There are two ways of phrasing sentences with likely / unlikely.
BP is likely / unlikely to win the contract.
OR
It is likely / unlikely that BP will win the contract. It's probable / improbable
that BP will win the contract.)
Rewrite the sentences using bound to, likely or unlikely.
1 It is doubtful that renewables will meet all of our energy needs.
Renewables are unlikely to meet all our energy needs.

2 It is certain that someone will find a technological solution to climate change.
3 Nuclear power will probably play a bigger role in the future.
4 It is certain that developing countries will need to build a large number of power plants.
5 It is certain that the energy needs of developed countries will also increase.
6 It is probable that the price of oil will continue fluctuating.
4.2 Make three predictions of your own about energy consumption and energy use in the next
two decades. Use the expressions in 4.1.
5.1 Listen to an analyst speaking about the energy challenge of climate change. How does she
O CD TRACK 55 answer these questions?
1 we be able to meet this challenge by improving energy efficiency?

Will
2 we be able to meet this challenge by switching to renewables?

Will
3 What are the other solutions to the rise in C02 emissions?
5.2 Match the words in italics in phrases 1—5 from the Listening passage with their
opposites a-e.
1 in the long run a compulsory

2 a massive shift b reckless
3 wishful thinking c tiny
4 a voluntany limit d short
5 a prudent action e realistic
How do you think the problem of scarce mineral resources and climate
change will be solved in the next 50 years?
57
Presenting yourself and your company
What is your job title in English? How do people address you at work — by
your first name or second name?
I Which of the following is not the right thing to say when presenting your business card?
a Here's my card.
b Let me give you my card.

c I present my card to you.
d This has my full job title and contact details.
DESCRIBING YOUR JOB

2 Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.
I I work ABC.
2 I report directly the Head of Distribution.
3 I'm in charge a small team.
4 I'm responsible developing new business.

5 I specialise renewable energy projects.
6 I'm interested new energy sources.
7 My job consists two main functions.

8 I take part board meetings every month.
9 Currently I'm working an interesting project.
3 Look at these statements from a first meeting. Express the same idea using the words given.
1 Hi, my name's Sam Geary and I'm with ABC Energy.
Hi, my namers Sam Geary and I workfor ABC Energy.

2 Our main business is energy supply and services.
We work
3 There are over 6,000 employees in the company.
Hli I'M THE ASSOCIATE DEPUTY
The company
ASSISTANT MANAGER To THE
4 There are three main divisions in the company.
PRESIDENT OF MARKETING.
The company is divided
5 I'm responsible for developing business with small
and medium-sized enterprises.

I am in charge
6 I joined the company three years ago.

I have been
7 Part of my job is to research new technologies.
My job involves
8 ABC Energy was originally a distribution company.
ABC Energy started life
9 Our current objective is to develop energy

services.
At the moment we
10 I hope Itm not telling you things you know
already.
Forgive me
11 Can I give you any other specific information?
Is there anything
58
Communication Unit 1
INTRODUCING YOURSELF AND YOUR COMPANY

4.1 Listen to this first meeting between representatives of two energy firms and answer the
CD TRACK 56 questions.
1 What is the subject of the meeting?

2 What are the jobs of the two speakers?
3 What is Ute's company's current objective?
4.2 Listen again and complete the responses.
1 We've spoken on the phone, I think. It's nice to meet you properly.
I'm very you too.

2 Thank you for seeing me today.
Not
3 Would you like some coffee?
No, 1 you. I just had breakfast at the hotel.
4 Perhaps you could tell me a little, first of all, about your company.
Yes,
5 You have just given a brief presentation of your company at an international energy conference.
0 CD TRACK 57 At coffee afterwards a man approaches you and starts a conversation. Listen and respond in a
natural way when you hear the cue. After your response you will hear a suggested response. Before
you listen, complete the table below.
Your job title
Your main responsibilities
Length of time in the company
Your company's main business
Your current project
TIPS
Presenting yourself and your company
People from different
companies and countries Hello, my name is ...
sometimes use different terms I work for ... in the ... division.
and jargon. If you haven't Iam responsible for ...
researched these before Iam in charge of ...
meeting clients and suppliers, My job is to / My job ... involves ... -ing ...
don't be afraid to ask what

The company was / We were founded in ...
they mean, And don't forget,

We were originally a ... company.
they may not be familiar with
We started life as a ... company.
your terminology!
Over the years we have expanded / diversified / consolidated our activities.
Now our principal / main business is ...
The company has ... main activities / different branches.
The company is divided into / organised in ...
Currently I am interested in ...(-ing) .
At the moment we are working on / researching/ looking for ...
The main challenge facing us today is ..
59
The art of listening
How easy do you find it to understand native and non-native speakers in
English? What causes you difficulties? How good a listener are you in your
own language?
WHAT MAKES A GOOD LISTENER?

1.1 Make a list of the characteristics of a good listener.
1.2 Listen to an expert on communication skills talking about what makes a good listener. Note
O CD TRACK 58 the main points and compare your list with hers.
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Point 4
SHOWING INTEREST
2.1 In conversation we show interest in the way we respond to what people say. Match the
situations with the responses.
1 1'm afraid we didn't get the contract. (bad news) a Have you? In the same job?
2 ABC may be taken over by Gazcom. (surprise news) b Really! That is interesting.
3 1'm getting married next January. (very good news) c Hmm. I wonder why.
4 Petra has been promoted to the board. (old news) d Oh, dear. I'm sorry to hear that.
5 Apparently the government is going to change e Yes, I know. I heard.
the law. (puzzling news) f Are you? Congratulations!

6 1've worked for them for 12 years. (neutral news)
TIPS
Tryto relax when listening in 2.2 Look at the statements. Decide how you would respond with an appropriate comment and a
English. It's not an examination. follow-up question.
If you miss something, check 1 I work for ABC Energy.
at the end with questions like Oh yes, I know the company. What do you do there?
If I understood correctly, you 2 We've just moved to New York.
said that ... ? Are you saying
that 3 We have a girl of 17 and a son who's 19.
4 I have four weeks off this summer.
5 I play tennis, I do yoga and I swim twice a week.
6 The company has just announced a merger with DEF Energy.
7 I've only been working for them for two weeks.
8 Our national economy is really depressed at the moment.
9 I'm trying to learn Chinese at the moment.
60
DEALING WITH THINGS YOU CAN'T UNDERSTAND
3.1 Sometimes people talk too quickly or with a heavy accent, or use words that you do not
0 CD TRACK 59 understand. In these cases you will need to check your understanding of what they say.
Read these extracts from three conversations. Then listen to the conversations and underline the
words or phrases that the listener is not sure about.
Conversation 1
'We're in a bit of trouble with the ASA, because they say our advertisement suggests that gas is a green
energy. They say it's misleading.'
Conversation 2
'If the government imposes a windfall tax on utility companies' profits, our shareholders are going to be very
angry.'
Conversation 3
'We really want to build new plants because there's going to be an energy shortfall in the next decade or so,
but these sorts of decisions aren't just taken overnight.'
3.2 Listen again and complete the phrases the Listener uses to check understanding.
Conversation 1
I I'm not the ASA. Who are they?
2 And is their problem with your advertisement?
3 sorry, 1 the word 'mislead'.
Conversation 2
4 Sorry, what do you a 'windfall tax'?
Conversation 3
5 An energy
6 Oh, I see. And I what you said about the night?
4 Someone is explaining a new energy law and you need to clarify some details. Read the
O CD TRACK 60 prompts. Then listen to the speaker and ask questions using the prompts when you hear the cue.
After your response you will hear a suggested question.
1 Ask the meaning of the word 'unveil'.
2 Check the day that the law will be presented.

3 Ask for clarification about the type of compensation.
4 It's not clear to you what the utility companies will have to do. Ask about this.
Responding to news Checking meaning

Very good news: Congratulations! / That's wonderful. Did you say Tuesday?
Surprising news: Really! / Goodness! / How Was that fifteen, or fifty?
interesting!
Who / What did you say was the cause of this?
Bad news: Oh, dear. / What a shame. / I'm sorry to
When / Why did you say that happened?
hear that.
Sorry, I didn't (quite) catch who / what/ when / why ..
I don't understand why / how .
What kind of tax is that?
What do you mean by 'windfall'?

I'm not familiar with the term 'windfall'.
61
Socialising and small talk
How do you make business guests feel relaxed? What topics of conversation
do you find work best? What do you avoid talking about?
CONVERSATION TOPICS
1.1 A business contact from France, whom you know quite well, is visiting your company for a
couple of days after the New Year. Complete your questions to her. Put one word in each space.
1 was your trip? No delays, I hope.

2 Is the family
3 Did you have a break over the New Year?
4 And is business?
5 Did you manage to away over the holidays?

6 How are in France these days?
7 So plans have you got for this year?
1.2 What questions could you use to greet visitors to your organisation?
RESPONDING TO WHAT PEOPLE SAY

2 Replace the words in italics in B to make common short responses.
1 Sorry, can just I take this call? Sure, go Off. ahead

2 I'm sorry to be late. Don't trouble.
3 I'm afraid I can't come to lunch tomorrow. Don't mind. Another time perhaps.
4 Thanks very much for all your help. Don't speak about it.
5 I looked, but I couldn't find your glasses. Well, thanks for trying any more.
6 I can give you a lift to the station, if you like. That's very kind to you, but I can walk.
7 This is Sarah, who works with me. It's well to meet you, Sarah.
8 Hello again, Jordi. You're looking very well. Thanks. Also are you.
9 How's business? Busy like ever. But good, thank you.
10 So, I'll see you on Wednesday at 10 a.m. Great. I'll look forward for it.
11 Shall we go for a coffee? Yes, that will be nice.
12 Will you be attending the trade fair in June? Yes, I hope it.
13 Do you know if their office is open on Saturday? I'm not sure, but I can confirm.
14 Do you know where the library is? Sorry. I regret I don't.
15 I'd be very grateful if you could help. Well, I'll do the best, but I can't promise anything.
3 Look at this conversation at a conference in which Speaker B gives very short, impolite answers.
Write longer, more polite answers to keep the conversation going better. Then listen and compare
O CD TRACK 61
your answers.
A Hello, Jane, isn't it? I think we met at last year's conference.
B Yes, hello. 1
TIPS A It's nice to see you again. How are you?
Find out what topics of

B Not bad. 2
conversation people from other

A Are you still doing the same job?
cultures enjoy discussing and

B Yes. 3
which topics are taboo.

A Actually, I wanted to ask you a question, if you don't mind.
B What? 4
62
A I'm interested in transferring to your division. Do jobs come up from time to time?
B I don't know. 5
A Well, I don't want to trouble you, but if you hear of something, I'd be very grateful if you could let me
know.
A That's very kind of you. Are you going to the dinner tonight?
B I can't. You? 7
A No. I have to leave at six. Well, good to see you and I hope we meet again soon.
B Likewise. 8
4 Listen to ten statements and questions. Respond in a natural way when you hear the cue. After
O CD TRACK 62 your response you will hear a suggested response.
So, How WAS GREAT THANKS. /

Yoog SKIING APART FRoM
HOLI DAY? LITTLE
ACCIDENT.
Socialising and small talk

Pleased to meet you. (first meeting) How do you do?
Good to see you again. How are you? Very well, thank you. And you?
(when you know them already)
Would you like a coffee? Yes, thank you. / Yes, I'd love one. / No, thanks.
Would you like to go to an Italian restaurant That would be great. / That sounds great.
for lunch?
That was an interesting talk. Yes, it was. Do you think ...?
It's my son's 18th birthday at the weekend. That's exciting. How are you celebrating it?
My car broke down this morning. Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. / That's bad luck.
I'll see Claude when I'm in Paris. Oh, give him my regards.
I'll give you a lift to the station. That's very kind of you.
Do you know if ...t? I'm afraid I don't, but I can check. /

I can try to find out.
Do you think they'll sign the contract? I hope so. / I expect so. / I doubt it.
I can't make it to the meeting on Friday. Don't worry. / Never mind.

Do you mind if I smoke? Please go ahead.
Actually, you're not allowed to.
Thank you. Not at all. / You're welcome. / Don't mention it.
I'm leaving now. 0K, see you later. / See you again soon, I hope.
63
Asking for and giving opinions in
meetings
'Better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to speak out and remove
all doubt.' Abraham Lincoln
Are there any situations where you would follow this advice?
I A colleague has a problem and wants your advice. Which of these responses is not the right
thing to say?
a So, what's up? c Sure. How can I help?
b So, whaMs your problem? d 0K. What did you want to talk about?
2 In each of these sentences someone asks for or gives an opinion. Use the words in brackets to
complete another sentence which has the same meaning.
1 What's your opinion of the new finance director?
What ? (think)
2 How do you feel about the merger?
What the merger? (views)

3 For me, it doesn't make much difference.
As , it doesn't make much difference. (concerned)
4 That's not the approach I would take.

1 that approach. (agree)
5 I think it's a bit risky.
It me. (seems)
6 I think they've been very lucky.
If they've been very lucky. (ask)
7 The size of the investment makes a difference.
It the size of the investment. (depends)
8 That's debatable.
That's (opinion).
3 What if someone has no opinion? Which of these responses is the most direct (and impolite)?
Which is the most reasonable and polite?
What do you think of the plan to reorganise the department?

a Your guess is as good as mine.
b I'm afraid I don't know enough about it to comment.
c I don't know and I don't really care.
d It's not something I've thought about.
4.1 Listen to two people in a meeting give their opinions about their company's policy towards
O CD TRACK 63 people who do not pay their bills. Answer the questions.
1 What type of non-payer do they discuss?
2 What support does the government give?
3 What solution do they agree on?
64
4.2 Listen again and complete the sentences. Put one word in each space.
1 As those in difficulty are , what do you think we

2 I have about direct financial support.
3 But , it's a whether they can continue to pay for the energy they're
using.
4 There's a real old people.
5 and , most people have no conception of simple energy-saving measures.

6 1 agree you.
4.3 Match the expressions from the conversation 1-8 with expressions that have the same
meaning a—h.
1 That hadn't occurred to me. a I don't think that matters.
2 By and large, . b I can see good and bad things about ...
3 As far as ... is concerned c In terms of ...
4 There's a real issue with . d At the end of the day, it's about .
5 That's not really an issue. e Generally speaking

6 Ultimately, it's a question of ... f That's absolutely right.
7 I completely agree with you. g I hadn't thought of that.

8 I have mixed feelings about ... h ... is a real concern.
5 Listen to someone asking you for your opinion on different subjects. Respond in a natural way
CD TRACK 64 when you hear the cue. After your response you will hear a suggested answer.
TIPS
Asking for opinions Giving opinions
When we express negative
What do you think about ...? I think/ feel / believe ...
opinions in English, we often

How / What about In my opinion ..
soften the impact of them
How do you feel about ...? It seems to me that ...
with qualifiers, e.g. That's not

What are your•views on ...? As seeI it ...
really a big issue; it seems a

Do you think ... should ...? For me
bit risky.
From my point of view, ... I don't think ...
If you ask me I have mixed feelings about it.
I doubt whether ...
Generalisations I'm certain that ...
On the whole
I'm in two minds about it.
Generally speaking I'm afraid I have no idea.

By and large, .
I feel sure that ... Agreeing

I completely agree with you.
Examples That's absolutely right.
A good example is ...
I don't agree with you / that ...
Take ..., for example ...

I see what you're saying, but ...
... is a case in point.

My thoughts entirely ...
In places such as .
65
Formal meetings and seminars
Inyour organisation are meetings generally used to reach a decision or to
give approval to a decision that has already been taken?
I How frequent are your meetings? Put these time expressions in order, from very frequent to not
so frequent.
annually daily fortnightly u monthly every other day n six-weekly
Very frequent Not so frequent
2.1 Explain these terms about meetings in your own words.
the venue the layout the chairperson the agenda

the minutes u the outcomes AOB follow-up
2.2 Complete the definitions of the terms. Use the correct form of these verbs, active or passive.
agree arrange take discuss take place u run raise record
1 The agenda is a list of points to be

2 The layout is how the room is
3 The chairperson the meeting .
4 The venue is where the meeting

5 The minutes what has been said.
6 The outcomes are what action has been

7 AOB is the last item where participants can any other points.
8 The follow-up is the action to be as a result of decisions made at the meeting.
PARTICIPATING IN A MEETING
3 What is the right thing to say in these situations in a meeting? Write your ideas. Then listen
O CD TRACK 65 and compare your answers.
1 Someone says something interesting, but not relevant to the discussion.
That' an interesting point but I think it's probably a subject for another discussion.
2 You want to interrupt the person speaking to make a comment.
TIPS
It can be difficult to keep

3 You want to stop someone who is trying to interrupt you.
up with a discussion when
lots of people are speaking 4 You want to make sure you have understood what someone has just said.
and interrupting. So prepare
the points you want to make 5 You think your colleague can answer a question better than you.
before the meeting, and be
sure to make them before the

6 You think the discussion is going too slowly and you should discuss the next point.
discussion moves on, e.g. Can I
just say one thing 7 Everyone is getting tired and you would like to suggest a short break.
8 Someone has just said something that you think is very useful to the discussion.
66
FACILITATING A SEMINAR
4.1 Listen to Sarah Atwell welcoming participants and introducing the main speaker at a one-day
CD TRACK 66 seminar. Answer the questions.
1 What is the subject of the meeting?

2 What will happen in the afternoon?
3 What can the participants pick up at the end of the day?
4 Who is the guest speaker?

5 What does one of the audience say about the talk?
4.2 Listen again and complete the phrases that the facilitator uses. Put one word in each space.
1 Please to approach me at any time if you have questions.

2 Before to our guest speaker, I'd just like to the
programme.
3 also: the last train back to the city centre is at 7.45 p.m.
4 So now, I'd like to a to Gordon Millicent.

5 Some of you may already be Mr Millicent.
6 So, we'd like to the discussion to the

7 Yes, the in the back - sorry, I don't your name.
5 You are chairing a departmental meeting on marketing strategy. Read the notes below. Then
0 CD TRACK 67 listen to the prompts and respond in a natural way. After your response you will hear a suggested
answer.
Purpose of meeting To decide what to do with a brand of

energy services for residential customers,
called 'Home Comfort'.
Background The brand has not been performing well.
First item on the agenda The possibility of re-launching the brand.
LANGUAGE OF MEETINGS Getting back to the point

I think that's a subject for another discussion.
Beginning
Could we focus on the main issue?
Ithink we should start. / Let's get started. / Shall we begin?
Interrupting / Preventing interruptions
Stating objectives
If I could just interrupt/ come in here ...
So, the aim of this meeting is to ... / So we are here today to
Could I just make one point?
I'd just like to remind you of the main points on the agenda
Sorry, could I just finish?
Giving the background
Checking understanding
As you know, ... / As you probably know, ..
So, if I understand correctly, you're saying that ... / Do you mean that.
Inviting people to speak
Jane, could you stan by giving us your views?
Summarising
So can we all agree that ...?
Paul, would you like to comment on that?
So, to sum up / to recap ...
David, you look a little unsure.
Closing the meeting

Moving the discussion forward
Thank you all for your contributions.
Time is moving on; could we go on to the next item?
So, if there are no further points, I think we should stop there.
Deflecting questions
I can't really comment on that.
I think that Jane is better placed to answer that.
67
Telephoning
What problems do you encounter when speaking on the phone in English?
What strategies do you have for dealing with them?
PROBLEMS ON THE PHONE

I In which situations might you find these responses useful? Make notes.
1 Sorry, can you speak up a bit? 5 Sorry, who's calling?
2 Sorry, I didn't catch that. 6 Sorry, I'm not quite with you.
3 Sorry, you're breaking up. 7 1 think you've been put through to the wrong person.
4 Can I call you back? 8 Can I ask you to put this information in an email?
BASIC TELEPHONE RESPONSES
2 We often use I'll + infinitive to say what we are going to do at the moment when we decide.
Complete the response to these statements with I'll
A Could I speak to Sarah, please?

B Sarah? One moment, I'll just see if she is at her desk.
A Can you just tell her that David Roberts called?

B Certainly. I'll the message.
2 A Can I speak to someone who deals with energy efficiency services?
B Certainly. I'll just through.
3 A I'm sorry. Jane's not here at the moment.
That's 0K. I'll later.
4 A Do you have the figures for last month?

B Not in front of me. I'll by email.
5 A He's with someone right now, but he'll only be a minute.
B 0K. I'll for a moment.

6 A The address is i-n-f-o @ powerflo (f-l-o) dot com.
B I'll just that back to you: i-n-f-o at p-o-w-e-r-f-l-o dot com.
7 A I'll speak to James and see what he thinks, and then I'll get back to you.
B 0K. I'll your call.
3 Read the telephone conversation and try to guess what B's responses are. Then listen and
O CD TRACK 68 compare your answers.

A Hello. Is that Daniela?
Yes, I
A Hi, Daniela. It's Frank from HBC. Is this a good moment for you to talk?
TIPS B Yes, it's fine. How 2
Always have key telephone

A Well, I'm trying to write a summary in English of the group's ethics policy and I wondered if you had
phrases ready to hand so that anything already written in English.
B I think we may do, but | 3 . Where 4
you can get clarification if you
need to, e.g. Sorry, I'm not

A I'm at the office today.
5
quite with you; I didn't catch
B
your name, etc.

A No, it isn't - anytime before Friday would be great.
B 0K. If I find something, 6
A Thanks. You have my email address, don't you?
A Well, thanks very much. And sorry for the trouble.

8
B
68
TAKING MESSAGES
4.1 Pronounce these letters and telephone numbers. Then listen and check.
O CD TRACK 69 aeioughjorwy
UK numbers: 0800 452 9044 0277 634001
US numbers: 555-701-6331 866-907-3235
4.2 Practise saying and spelling out these contact details as you would on the telephone. Then
O CD TRACK 70 listen and check if you were right.
1 d.helm@warwick.ac.uk 2 j_gilroy@yell.com 3 www.free-enerjie.com

4 John Gayle Tet: 0207 234 1121 5 Sarah Jackson Tet: 0121 300 4898
LISTENING
5 Listen to two telephone messages and complete the notes.
O CD TRACK 71
Message for: Message for:
From: From:
Tet: Tet:
Message: Message:
Action required: Action required:
6 Your name is Peter Jones. You are organising a seminar in Budapest next autumn. You receive
CD TRACK 72 a call from someone who will be attending the seminar (she works for a foreign subsidiary of your
company). Read the notes and listen to the call. Respond in a natural way when you hear the cue.
After your response you will hear a suggested response.
Conference dates: Friday 7 and Saturday 8 November. Participants may choose to come either day
or both days (see programme)

Accommodation: We will arrange your hotel for you. Just let us know which days you are attending.
Information: We will send you a full programme for the conference two months before the
event and a summary of the conference two weeks after.
TELEPHONING
Caller Receiver
Hello, my name's David. I'm from
ABC. Can I speak to ...? One moment, I'll get her for you.
Hello, this is David from ABC. Can I speak to .
Sure. I'll put you through.
Hello, is Fiona there? / Is that Fiona? Yes, speaking.
Receiver Caller
Who's calling? It's David from ABC.
Can I ask what it's concerning/ about? Yes, I'm calling about the contract.
I'm sorry, the line's engaged.
Would you like to hold? No, that's 0K. I'll call back later.
I'm afraid she's not here today.
Can I take a message? Well, could you just tell her I called?
Yes, could you ask her to call me back as soon as
possible?
Does she have your number? I think so, but you can note it anyway. It's
Does she know where to reach you? My mobile number is .
0K. I'll see she gets the message.

0K. I'll pass on the message. Thank you very much. Bye.
69
Hosting a conference call
What are the advantages of conference calls compared to face-to-face

meetings? What are the main disadvantages?
1.1 Complete the tips for making a conference call. Use these words.
agenda n sms u record off on mute notes headset
1 Be time. Whether you're the leader or just a participant, you should dial in on time.
2 Distribute an . Then even the quieter participants will have a chance to prepare to speak.
3 Use a . It cuts out distractions and prevents other people from hearing your conversation.
4 your meeting. Either for yourself or to put on the internet as a podcast for others to hear.
5 Be careful using the button. Don't say anything you wouldn't mind people hearing anyway.
6 Say at the beginning if you need to call early. Then you won't disrupt the discussion.
7 Take . This will help you to keep focused during the call.
8 Use . It's not rude to text your colleagues, or send messages with Twitter, during a call.
1.2 Which of the points in 1.1 do you agree or disagree with?
2 Read phrases 1—8 used by a moderator in a telephone conference. Match the words in italics
with words or phrases a—h that have the same meaning.
1 I think we're all present. a investigate

2 0K. Let's move on.
3 I think we've covered the main points. c a summary of what has happened up to now
4 Can you look into this before the next meeting? d one after another
5 John will give us an update on progress. e discussed

6 That was a very fruitful meeting. f go to the next point
7 Please try to keep it brief. g productive
8 I'll ask each of you to speak in turn. h short
3.1 Listen to the introduction given by a moderator at the beginning of a conference call. What
O CD TRACK 73 does he say about
• the aim of the conference call
• the length of the conference call
• when and for how long participants should speak
3.2 Listen again and complete the phrases that he uses.

7
1 Can I just take a
2 0K, Ids started. Did everyone receive the
3 We have about minutes , I think.
4 After that I'll each of you in turn to give your comments.

5 We'll minutes per person.
6 When you'd like to speak, please until the speaker has finished.
41 Listen to this extract from later on during the same conference call. What is the problem?
CD TRACK 74
70
4.2 Listen again and fill in the missing words.
1 Sorry, we seem to have Bob

2 stay us and I'll you in a moment.
5 You have to host a teleconference on sales results for the last month. The participants are all
O CD TRACK 75 regional sales representatives. Read the notes below describing what you have to say. Then listen to
the prompts and make each point one by one when you hear the cue. After your response you will
TIPS hear a suggested answer.
It's important to prepare for Welcome the participants and begin.
any meeting, but especially • Ask the participants to introduce themselves.

a teleconference, where you • Ask each participant to give their sales results and comments. Insist they are brief.
have a limited number of • Ask Jane to begin.

opportunities to speak. So • See if anyone wants to comment on what they have heard.
make notes in English before • Conclude the meeting and thank everyone.
the meeting.
ER... I THINK
WE'RE ALL
READY Now.
TELECONFERENCING
I think James has just joined us. Welcome, James.
0K. I think we're all present. Let's begin.
Can everyone hear me 0K?
Can I just ask each of you in turn to introduce yourselves / give your name and job title?
Before you speak, please identify yourself to the group.
Please keep your comments short and to the point. If you talk for too long, I may interrupt you.
Does everyone have a copy of the report in front of them?
You should all have received a copy of the agenda.
I'd like to begin by asking Nick to say a few words about ...
I'd like to ask everyone in turn to give a brief update on their project.
0K, thank you, Jane. Time is a little short, so I think we should move on ...
Can I bring in Sasha here? / Sasha, can you give us your views on this, please?
Would anyone like to comment on that? / Does anyone have something they'd like to add?
I think we've covered all the main items.
If I can just summarise what we've agreed .
Nick, you'll look into and report back at the next meeting. / Nick, you'll take care of ...
Hervé will send out the minutes of this meeting to all of you in the next couple of days.
Thank you everyone. It was a very productive / useful meeting.
Thank you everyone for your time and contributions.
71
Giving a presentation
Think of a presentation you have attended which was really memorable. What
made it memorable? Was it the content, the visual aids supporting it or the
delivery of the speaker?
1 Complete the following principles of giving a presentation. Use these verbs.
Know Begin Use Keep Explain Involve
1 It Short and Simple (KISS). Not only the overall length, but also the length of each part,
and even of each sentence.

2 your audience. What do they know already? What effect do you want to achieve?
3 your audience. People remember a little of what they hear, more of what they see, but
most when they participate.

4 visual aids, but don't rely on them. Slides and graphics add variety and impact to your
presentation. But they must be interesting and limited in number! Don't read full lines of text from a
slide. Speak about the graphic or bullet points on it.
5 and end powerfully. People remember the first and last things that they hear. Make sure
you make a strong impact at the start and leave them with something to remember you by.
6 what you're going to say, then say it, then remind people of what you said. Use the
introduction to prepare your audience for your theme. Then develop the theme. At the end, remind them
of the theme again.
2.1 Listen to the beginnings of three presentations given at an international energy conference.
O CD TRACK 76 Which one do you like the most? Why? Make notes.
2.2 Listen again. Put a in the boxes in the table below to show where you think the strong
points of each presentation are. If you think they are especially strong, put s/ V.
Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3
Impact
Organisation
Clarity
Audience awareness
Audience involvement
2.3 Listen a third time and complete these sentences from the presentations.
1 Speaker 1: Presenting isn't my strong point, so please me.
2 Speaker 1: Before I begin, could I just ask for a of
3 Speaker 1: I'll ask some of you later to your with us.
4 Speaker 2: I will another 20 minutes to and answer your questions

about our work.
5 Speaker 3: I think we should then.
6 Speaker 3: Now can you to your and read them your list.
7 Speaker 3: 0K, I'll you there.
72
3 Correct these sentences from a presentation. The mistake is in the part in italics.
Remember to speak slowly

1 First of all, I'd like to tell how happy I am to be here.
2 I am very pleased to have this opportunity for speaking to you.
when you present. When you're
nervous, it's an easy mistake to

3 ltd like to begin with giving you a little of the history of nuclear power.
speed up, which can make you

4 I speak for about 20 minutes and then answer your questions.
difficult to understand.
5 I am going to divide my talk with three parts.
6 If you look this chart, you can see ...
7 Please feel free to interrupt at some time if you have a question.

8 So, in conclusion, I would just like to go back the main points again.
4 Prepare a one-minute presentation about a current project. Use any useful phrases from the
language box below.
AS You CAN SEE,

POWERP01NT IS NOT .Thank hosts
MV STRONG POINT
Introduce myself
•Tell J oke
THE LANGUAGE OF PRESENTATIONS

1 Introductions
My name is ... and I I'm hereto/ going to I talk to you about/ tell you about/ explain ...
I I'd like to ...
First of all, can I say thank you for inviting me here today / for coming / for your kind introduction.
2 Giving an overview of your presentation

speak for about 20 minutes and leave time at the end
I'll for questions.
Could I ask you to leave any questions until after the presentation?
Please stop me at any time if you have a question.
Please bear with me, as English is not my first language.
So, I'd like to divide my presentation into three main areas / two parts.
3 Signalling the progression of ideas

I'd like to start I by saying/ explaining/ showing you / describing .
I with a brief introduction to/ a short film / quotation from / a story.
First/ To begin with I'm going to .
Now / Next/ Finally I I'd like to I move on to/ turn to ...
I let's I look at /examine/ analyse
4 Referring to visual aids

As you can see from this chart / diagram
If you look at this graph / picture, you can see ..
This map /slide illustrates / shows .
5 Concluding
Finally / In conclusion I'd like to say that ...
I'd like to end / finish I by saying ...
I with a brief summary of ...
So, if you have any questions, I'll do my best to answer them.

So, if there aren't any more questions, I'll end there. Thank you very much for listening.
73
Explaining how things work
When is the last time you had to explain how something works? What was it?
An everyday object or something connected to your work?
1 Look at the photos and complete the table with the sentences below. Write the correct
Letter a—f.
B
tbv86H
t 57
What is it? What's it for? / What does it do? Benefits
A1 2 3
5 6
a It's an ecostapler.
b It enables you to keep an eye on, and so reduce, your energy use.
c It's called an energy monitor.
d It's for stapling sheets of paper together.
e It allows you to attach pieces of paper together without using metal staples.
f It measures domestic electricity consumption.
2-1 Match 1—4 with to make statements about the composition of the energy monitor in 1.
1 It consists of a plastic.
2 It's about b like an iPod.

3 It looks a bit c 10 centimetres in height.
4 It's made mainly of d a wireless monitor and a sensor clip.
TIPS 2.2 Complete the table with words to describe the dimensions of something.
It helps the listener if you
Noun Adjective Opposite adjective
use comparisons when you
1
describe devices, e.g. It looks a length long
bit like a bicycle pump; it works
3
2
strong
on the same principle as a
4
microwave oven. width wide
5 shallow
deep
6
high low
size big
8
weight light
9
thickness thick
74
3 Look back at the phrases used in 1 and 2. Then complete the second sentence so that it means
the same as the first.
1 You can make holes in paper with it.
It's for
2 The containment vessel has three main parts.
The containment vessel consists

3 The advantage is that you don't have to hold your phone in your hand when you use it.
You can use your phone without

4 You can run faster wearing these shoes.
These shoes enable

5 The materials used are wood and metal.
It is made
6 The walls have a thickness of about 50 cm.
The walls are
4 Look at the photo on the left. Listen to a description of how wire strippers work and complete
O CD TRACK 77 the explanation. Put one word in each gap.
1
They are very to operate. You 2 place the wire between the jaws at the right place
3 4
to the size of your wire, the length of wire that you want stripped on one
5
of the jaws. Then 6 the handles together 7 and pull the wire
8
through the jaws. This 9 will remove the plastic insulating cover from the wire.
5 Look at the objects below. You will be asked some questions about them. Make notes if you
O CD TRACK 78 wish, then listen to the questions and respond when you hear the cue. After your response you will
hear a suggested answer.
00
00 0
Item Purpose Composition How it works
1 TV remote control
i
2 Swiss army knife
3 microwave oven
4 eggtimer
IT'S A DESCRIBING THINGS AND

HOW THEY WORK It looks like
It's called a ... It resembles ...
It's for + -ing ... It enables / allows + someone + to do ...
It's used for + -ing. It means you can do ... without + -ing ...
It consists of ... They're very simple / easy to operate.
It's made up of ... (e.g. three main parts) You simply ... (e.g. place, put)
It's made (out) of ... (e.g. plastic) You just .
75
Training and clarifying instructions
What was the last training course you attended? What kind of training was
it? What methods did the trainer use to motivate you to learn?
1.1 Complete these questions which you could ask to check instructions in the event of a fire in
the building. Use the -ing form or infinitive of the verb in brackets.
To make sure your meaning is
clear, ask open questions that

1 Did you say that we should close the doors when (leave) the building?
will really test the listener's

2 What should we do if we don't remember (close) the doors?
understanding, rather than yes/

3 Are we allowed to get out of the building more quickly by (use) the lift?
4 Should we try (help) others get out or just look after ourselves?
no questions, e.g. Why do you
think we do this? What do you
5 What would be the right thing (do) if the fire was in the corridors and the emergency stairs?
6 What was the point you made about (take) personal possessions with us?
think happens next?
7 So, whose job is it (ensure) that everyone is out of the building?
8 I didn't follow what you said about when it was safe (return) to the building.
1-2 What answers would you give to the questions?
2 During a training course you will sometimes need to ask for help or clarification. These
statements are all ways of doing this, but they are too direct. Change them to make them sound
more polite, using the words given in brackets.
1 I didn't hear you.
(repeat)
2 I'm lost.
(confused)
3 I don't understand what you said.
(follow / you)
4 This is too theoretical for me.
(give / practical example)

5 Explain that again.
(go through / time)

6 Tell us why we need to do it this way.
(the reasoning / behind)

7 What do you mean, 'better'?
(understand / mean / by)

8 You've given us too much information.
(take in / at once)
3.1 Listen to an extract from a health and safety training session. Answer the questions.
O CD TRACK 79 1 Who is the training for?

2 How does the trainer try to engage her audience?
3 What health and safety issue does the trainer address?
76
3.2 Listen again and complete the sentences. Put one word in each gap.
1 Manager Sorry, I don't you.
Trainer MY is that it's up to you as managers to your team's basic safety.
2 Manager you that we are personally responsible?
Trainer Well, no, not the that an individual can sue you for damages.
3 Manager Sorry, I'm a . I didn't that last part.
Trainer what I'm saying is you check that all cables are out of the way.
4 Manager Sorry, that's a lot to take . Could you just through those
points one by one?
Trainer Don't I'll give you a at the end.
4 You are attending a training session on customer care. Listen to five different points from the
CD TRACK 80 trainer and respond to each one when you hear the cue, using the information in the notes below.
After your response you will hear a suggested answer.
1 You can't hear him very well.
2 Ask for a practical example.

3 You don't understand why it needs to be done in this way.
4 You don't understand 'standardisation'.
5 You understand now.
CAN You
ARE Yoo SATJC,...?
DO You
MEAN...? ABOVT...?
FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS AND TRAINING

Did you say that we should ...?
What would be the right thing to do if ...?
What was the point you made about ...?
I didn't follow what you said about ...
I don't really understand what you mean by (e.g. 'better')
Sorry, could you speak up a little? We can't hear you at the back.
Sorry, could you repeat that?

Sorry, I didn't really follow you.
Could you just go over that one more time?

Could you give us a practical example?
Could you just explain the reasoning behind this?
It's quite a lot to take in / understand all at once.
Thanks. I'm with you now. / I understand / get what you are saying.
Thank you. think I I've got that now.
77
Writing emails
A business email can be written like a formal letter or like a spoken
conversation. What kind of emails do you usually write in your own language?
FORMAL AND INFORMAL

I How you address someone depends on your relationship to them. Write the correct endings for
the email greetings. Use these words.
best sincerely wishes faithfully regards
3 Hello / Hi John 4 Dear Ms Smith, 5 John,

1 Dear Sir / Madam, 2 Dear John,
best sincerely wishes
Yours faithfully Kind regards All the Yours Best
TIPS 2.1 Complete the table of informal expressions and their formal equivalents. Use these words.
Be concise and to the point regret require obtain request further consider enquire opportunity
ju
when writing in business. The
question should not only be

Informal or conversational Formal written
What can I add to make this
clearer? but What can I apologise for not being able to take your call.
I I'm sorry I couldn't take your calli
take away to make it more

would like to
1 request about .
I'd like to ask about I
concise?
am writing to 2
enquire a copy of ...
I'm calling to ask for a copy of...
I
We 3 require more background information on

We need more background information on ...
...
She'll get back to you as soon as she can. She will respond / reply as soon as possible.
hope you will 4

consider our offer.
I hope you'll think about our offer.
I
Let us know how you want to proceed. Let us know how you wish to proceed,
I'll try to arrange a meeting for next week. I will attempt to arrange a meeting for next week.
It may be difficult to 5 obtain permission from

It may be difficult to get permission from
We're looking forward to working with you on We are looking forward to co-operating with you on
16 regret that have not been able to

haven't been able to
I .
I'm afraid I
The attachment seems to be missing. The attachment appears to be missing.
hope we will have an

7 opportunity to
I hope we'll have a chance to I
Has there been any 8

further progress on ...c?
Has there been any more progress on ...?
2.2 Make this email to Johann Wetz more informal. Change the words and phrases in italics.
E •l Subject:
getting back am afraid

Dear Mr Wetz say sorry
Iwould like to apologise for the delay in responding to you. have been very busy and regret that I I
a chance Ihave not yet had an opportunity to look properly at the figures you sent me. However, my boss
ask about here, Birgit Schultz, has seen them and has requested more background information. She says that
she requires this information in order to prepare her report to the board. If you wish to discuss this
needs to want to talk any more
further, please call me.
Best regards Yours sincerely
Sylvia
78
COMMON EXPRESSIONS IN WRITING
3 Complete the email extracts. Put one word in each gap.
Sending attachments
Here, as discussed, is the agenda. Hope it's 0K. A quick thank you
Thank you for contacting Skillvest. I hope the 2 attached file
Thanks 5 for sending this. I will get back to
gives you the information you need. you with my comments by the end of tomorrow.
Thank you for your email. Please 3 find attached

the details of our renewable energy plan. If you have any
questions, please don't hesitate to contact me.
I'm sorry. 14 forgot to attach the file. Here it is now.
Arrangements
A note of acknowledgement
Yes, Monday sounds fine. I'll look forward to 10 seeing
16 received your email and I will contact you next
you then.
week from Berlin.
Can we meet next week to discuss the project? Thursday or
Just to confirm what we have agreed: next week fit/suit me best,
7 I
Friday would 11
will send you a detailed description of the project.
I'm 12 sorry have to cancel our meeting on Tuesday.
I
You can then send me your comments and we can Can we 13 meet another time later in the week?
8 take it from there.
Once 14 again my apologies.
I'll be in 9 soon. contact/touch
Requests
• I hope you don't 15 mind me contacting you. am trying I
to collect data on customer satisfaction in the group and I was

16 wondering if you could help me with any data you have.
Many thanks.
• Please can you 17 let me know asap whether you are able
to attend the seminar on Friday.
Dear Jon, ABBREVIATIONS

Thanks for sending this.
4 Abbreviations save time when writing. Match the abbreviations 1—12 with their meanings a—I.
We'll see next Monday.
1 cc copied to 7 asap as soon as posible a that is b regarding / about
Please, remember that. Bye for the attention aproximately c
2 Attn: or FAO 8 approx. please note d as soon as possible
3 for example 9 number
no. e for the attention of f for example
4 i.e. that is 10 bccconfidentially copiedgtoespecially h confidentially copied to
5 inc. including 11 Re: regarding/about i including j copied to
6 esp. especially 12 please note k approximately I number
5 A colleague whom you know well has sent you an email attaching the agenda for a meeting
next Monday. Write a short email reply. Include these points.
Thank the sender

• Confirm your attendance
o Request one item to be added to the agenda (details of this are in a document you attach to the email).
79
Negotiating
How would you describe your own negotiating style? Are you tough and
demanding or do you prefer a gentler and quieter approach?
I Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use the words in brackets.
1 We'd like a reduction on the asking price.
Can you ? (discount)
2 We still have to resolve a few issues.

There . (obstacles)
3 They refused to move from their position.

They didn't . (concessions)
4 How low can you go on the price?
What ? (bottom line)
5 We cannot change the price.
The price . (negotiable)
6 We have drawn up a preliminary contract.

We . (drafted)
7 We reached a compromise with them.
They . (halfway)
PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS IN A NEGOTIATION

2.1 The first thing to do in any negotiation is to find out the other party's situation and needs.
Look at these questions from a negotiation between a gas distributor and a supplier of gas pipes.
O CD TRACK 81
Complete the supplier's questions. Put one word in each gap. Then listen to the whole conversation
and check your answers.
1 So, can you me some details about your company?
2 How do you renew urban gas pipes?
Avoid phrases that make the
3 I ask how you budget for this capital investment?
negotiation personal. For to reduce?
4 Is that a cost you are
example, instead of saying thinking that you're satisfied with the pipes you've used up to now?
5 Am I right
You're talking about your own
6 How important is the issue of quality you?
concerns, say We should try to
7 Have you ever other types of pipe?
take everyone's interests into
8 And, speaking, what quantities did you have in
account here,
2.2 Listen again to the conversation. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)?
1 They renew the pipes every ten years.

2 Cost is a priority for them.
3 They are interested in polyethylene pipes.
4 They will need 300 kilometres of new pipe this year.
80
NEGOTIATING
3 When negotiating, we often use the conditional form would + infinitive to say, in a polite way,
that something is possible, but not definite. Complete these statements from a negotiation. Use
would with one of these verbs.
have be reserve be need offer depend try
1 I would need to talk to my boss about that first.
2 That quite difficult for us.

3 you us any discount on that?
4 That on the quantity ordered.
5 I don't think we a problem with that.
6 In return we to give you accurate estimates of our needs.
7 We the right to use other suppliers, if necessary.
8 I think we able to agree to those conditions.
4 Your company would like to reduce the cost of car hire. You are going to negotiate with a
O CD TRACK 82 new supplier. Read the notes you have made. Then speak to the supplier. After each sentence or
question there will be a pause for you to speak, and then you will hear a suggested response.
100K. LETS BE 0K, BDT

0b •ective: to find a chea er car rental firm
price is the most important thing
COMPLETELY OPEN ONLY IF You
wm-l EACH OTHER Go FIRST
Needs: about 200 bookings / cars per month
Questions to ask: What discount can they offer

s we're lookin for a minimum 20% ?
NEGOTIATING LANGUAGE Being direct

To be perfectly honest ... / To tell you the truth
Opening
Let me outline our position ... / Our position is this: ... Helping them to see it your way
Let me explain what it is we're looking for. If you look at it from our side/ point of view ... / If
you put yourself in our shoes ...

Making proposals and recommendations
If you were able to ..., then I think we could ... Buying time
Would you be willing/ able/ prepared to In I would need to talk to my .
return we could Could we come back to that point in a moment? / If
I think we should (do) / It would be better if we (did) we could leave that for now ...
Stressing the important points Summarising

The bottom line for us is ... So can we agree that we will ... / So, if I could just
For us the key thing is ... sum up, you have agreed to .
Rejecting / Accepting
That would be difficult for us.
That sounds fine. / I don't think that would be a
problem.
81
UNIT 1 The passive
Present simple He is promoted.
Present continuous He is being promoted.
Present perfect He has been promoted.
Past simple He was promoted.
Past continuous He was being promoted.
Past perfect He had been promoted.
going to He is going to be promoted.
will He will be promoted.
would / should He would / should be promoted.
can / could, may/ might He can / could / may / might be promoted.
ought to He ought to be promoted.
Infinitive to be promoted
Past infinitive to have been promoted
Transform the sentences from active to passive.
1 We've replaced all the old meters with new ones.

All the old meters
2 Houses will consume less energy in the future.
Less energy
3 We're going to announce the results next week.
The results
4 We watch the monitors constantly.
The monitors
5 Someone has tried this solution before.
This solution
6 They ought to have reported the fault immediately.
The fault
7 We are installing a new IT system at the moment.
A new IT system
8 The government didn't give permission for the new coal plant.
Permission
9 The regulator ensures that there is fair competition.
Fair competition
10 You should always switch off the lights as you leave a room.
Lights
11 They ought not to have authorised the work.
The work
12 They were due to discuss the merger at the next board meeting.
The merger
82
Comparison of regular adjectives
Number of syllables Adjective Comparative Superlative
tall taller the tallest

one cool cooler the coolest
big* bigger the biggest
happy* * happier the happiest

lucky luckier the luckiest
two or more boring more boring the most boring

careful more careful the most careful
efficient more efficient the most efficient
comfortable more comfortable the most comfortable
* One-syllable adjectives ending in one vowel + one consonant double the final consonant.
** Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y change they to i and add -er and -est.
as as
We can also use as ... as to compare things:
London is bigger than Pans. Paris is not as big as London.
The Sony laptop is as fast as the Apple.
Complete these sentences. Use the comparative or superlative form of the adjective in brackets.
1 People who love their work are generally people. (happy)

2 It looks difficult, but in fact it's you think. (easy)
3 Some parts of the network are the company itself. (old)
4 It's the new development I've read about in years. (exciting)
5 Coal is than gas. (polluting)

6 Take the train. It's than driving. (quick)
7 They aren't as other companies, but you get what you pay for. (cheap)
8 Birmingham is big city to us. (near)
9 The option is not necessarily the right one. (expensive)
10 Getting the job done on time is as keeping it within budget. (important)
UNIT 2 Linking words
Adding information
She's rich and successful.
In addition to being rich, she's (also) successful.

As well as being rich, she's (also) successful.
She's rich. Furthermore, she's successful.
Sequencing information
We had a drink. Then we went to see a show.
When we had had a drink, we went to see a show.
After having a drink, we went to see a show.
We had a drink. After that / Afterwards, we went to see a show.
After going / I've gone to Paris, I'll go on to Stuttgart. (future)

First I'll get to the hotel, then I'll call the office. (future)
83
Contrasting information Stating reasons or consequences
It's cheap, but it's good quality. My train was delayed, so I was late.
Although it's cheap, it's good quality. My train was delayed. Consequently, I was late.
In spite of / Despite being cheap, it's good As a result of my train being delayed, I was late.
quality. I was late because my train was delayed.

In spite of / Despite its low price, it's good I was late on account of / because of / owing to
quality. my train being delayed.
It's cheap. Nevertheless, it's good quality. I was late. This was due to my train being
It's cheap. However, it's good quality. delayed.
Make new sentences with the same meaning. Use the linking words and phrases given.
1 The washing machine has a triple A energy rating and a full three-year warranty.
In addition to
2 I'll introduce the main speaker when I've explained the programme.
After
3 It's an expensive option. Furthermore, it's quite risky.

As well as
4 He lost the election because he didn't explain his policies clearly.
He didn't explain his policies clearly. Consequently,
5 The bank refused to fund the project, so the company abandoned it.
The company abandoned the project, owing to

6 She has faults, but she's a good manager.
In spite of
7 It's not an easy training course. Nevertheless, it's worth doing it.
Although
8 He talked for about 30 minutes. Afterwards, he invited questions.
When
UNIT 3 Modal verbs
o We use must/mustn't and should/shouldn't followed by the infinitive without to to express obligation.
We cannot put another auxiliary (e.g. will, do/did, have/had) in front of them, so the past and future
are formed with have/had to.
Present Past Future
We must go. We had to go. We'll have to go.

We should go. We should have gone.
• We use don't have to when there's no obligation to do something, and don't need to when it isn't
necessary to do something.
Present Past Future
We don't need/have to go. We didn't need/have to go. We won't need/have to go.
Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

1 You didn't have to / hadn't to read all the details. I only asked you to get the main idea.
2 If it says 'strictly confidential', then you don't have to / mustn't read it.
3 You should / shouldn't accept the amount they have offered. It's much too little.
4 We'll must / have to hurry or we'll miss the deadline.
5 If you were feeling ill, you should have / had to taken the day off.
84
6 1 don't need to / mustnt have an answer now. You can tell me tomorrow.
7 We mustn't / shouldn't have offered them so many options. It just confused them.
8 1'm sorry for the delay. I must / had to finish some work before I left.
9 1 don't must / have to take the job, but I think it will be good for my career.
10 1 think we will should / have to wait and see what they say.
UNIT 4 Comparison of irregular adjectives
Adjective Comparative Superlative
good better the best

bad worse the worst
far further the furthest
little less the least
many more the most
Complete the sentences. Use the correct word from the table.
1 A conventional petrol car emits C02 than a hybrid car.
2 Don't worry. Losing the contract isn't as as it seems.

3 Last time I took the test I scored zero, so I can't do than that this time!
4 The new rig is away from the coast than the original one.
5 Meeting the deadline will be the of our problems keeping within budget will be much
harder.
6 It's not a great idea, but it's than some of the others I have heard.
7 There are only 3,000 people working in distribution now; not as as there used to be.
8 I can't promise anything, but I will do my
UNIT 5 Qualifiers
Qualifiers give extra information about a difference or a similarity between things.
much, a lot, far bigger/ cheaper/ more expensive / less complicated (than)
much, by far the biggest/ the cheapest/ the most expensive / the least complicated
not nearly, nothing as big/ as cheap / as expensive / as complicated (as)

like
completely, very, different from / to

totally
exactly, precisely, just the same (as)
Complete the sentences. Use each of these qualifiers once only.
nothing a much lot completely nearly exactly by far much
1 The process of nuclear fusion is different from that of nuclear fission.

2 The government's position on nuclear is the same as it has always been.
3 It is cheaper to subcontract the work than to do it in-house.
4 Nuclear offers the best solution to our energy needs.
5 Oil is not as cheap as it was a decade ago.
6 Nuclear power is a less controversial than it used to be.
7 Uranium is more expensive than it was 10 years ago.
8 The chances of a nuclear accident are like as great now as they were 30 years ago.
85
UNIT 6 Prepositions of place
Location Motion
in London, Norway, the company walk into the room

at the station, home, the office go to Spain
on the train, the bus, the ground, the come from China
surface, the right/left move to a new house
3 kilometres from Moscow along the road
outside the cinema
100 metres under the ground
next to the post office
opposite the bank
Choose the correct prepositions to complete the sentences.

1 The factory is three kilometres in / outside the town in / on the road to London.
2 In the winter we usually go into / to a little skiing resort in / at Austria.
3 When you arrive in / at our offices, take the Lift up / to the third floor.
4 We met to / at university and now we work in / at the same department.

5 It's a device used to / at landfill sites for extracting methane gas from into / under the ground.
6 The rig is situated in / on the North Sea 100 kilometres on / from the Danish coast.
7 When you are in / into the turbine hall, it's difficult to hear anyone speaking.
8 They have moved at / to a new location opposite / next to the railway station.
9 When you drive into / in the car park, the main entrance is at / on the left.
UNIT 7 The -ing form and infinitive
Verb + -ing Verb + infinitive
enjoy, finish, consider plan, decide
involve, risk, avoid, delay promise, offer, agree, forget
mind, imagine, suggest know how
insist on encourage, persuade someone

succeed in ask, tell someone
think of advise someone
+ DOING + TO DO
look forward to allow someone
apologise for remind someone
teach someone how
thank someone for need (someone)

accuse someone of want (someone)
criticise someone for would like (someone)
prevent someone from
Adjective/participle + -ing Adjective + infinitive
interested in easy / difficult
keen on possible / impossible

excited about pleased / glad / sorry
worried about ready / unprepared
+ DOING + TO DO
involved in willing/ reluctant
committed to able / unable
used to likely / unlikely
good at/ bad at certain, bound, sure
86
Phrases + •ing
before / after / when / while

in addition to/ as well as
despite / in spite of + DOING
without
instead of
remember, try, stop, regret
These verbs can be followed by either the -ing form or the infinitive, but the meaning is different.
I remembered to pick up the tickets. (I thought about it, then I did it)
I remember picking up the tickets. (a memory about something that happened in the past)
We tried to change our supplier, but unfortunately it wasn't possible. (we made an effort to change)
We tried changing our supplier, but it didn't make much difference. (we experimented with a new supplier)
We stopped watching the presentation at lunchtime. (we were watching it, then we stopped)
We stopped to watch the presentation at lunchtime. (we interrupted another activity in order to watch it)
I regret telling him that the company is in trouble. (past action: I told him, and I wish I hadn't)
I regret to tell you that the company is in trouble. (future action: I'm going to tell you something
unpleasant)
Complete these sentences. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets (-ing form or infinitive).
1 They registered the company abroad to avoid (pay) so much tax.
2 Despite (make) very careful forecasts, we still risk (go) over our budget.
3 The union said its members were willing (work) longer hours if necessary.
4 My job involves (manage) a small team of engineers.

5 We are considering (relocate) the factory to a site in Eastern Europe.
6 He promised (teach) me how (use) the new photocopier.

7 I can't really comment without (know) more about the background.
8 He advised us (wait) a few weeks before (make) them an offer.
9 They are bound (lower) their price if we wait a little. They're used to (give)
discounts.
10 1'm really looking forward to (meet) her.

11 Hello. I remember (meet) you at the conference in Basel last year.
12 They stopped the reactor (carry out) some routine maintenance on the plant.
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Irregular verbs
Study the past forms of these common verbs and complete the exercise.
Present Past Past participle

rise rose risen
raise raised raised
lie lay lain
lay laid laid
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
become became become

run ran run
choose chose chosen

freeze froze frozen
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
froze lay chose u laid fallen felt risen raised
1 They have over 600 kilometres of new pipeline.
2 We a new supplier from about 30 possible candidates.

3 The price of oil has to a new low this month.
4 They only their prices by 5% last year.
5 On balance, we that polyethylene pipes were the best option.

6 Work on the underwater pipeline had to stop because the lake
7 The company share price has from $34 to $38.
8 The plant idle for 3 years because it was uneconomical to run it.
UNIT 8 Uses of the present continuous
The present continuous is used:
1 to describe trends
It's getting more and more difficult to recruit good engineers.
2 to describe situations which are temporary or which take place around now
I'm using my wife's car this week because mine is being serviced.
Currently we're working on a vety exciting research project.
3 with always to express that something happens more often than is good or right
This computer is always crashing. / He's always cHticising me.

4 to describe future arrangements where the time and/or place is fixed
I'm flying out to Shanghai on Tuesday morning. / We're meeting at the cinema.
I Complete the sentences about ongoing trends in the energy industry. Use the present
continuous form of these verbs.
improve a increase enter try z become disappear
1 The number of applications for electricity all the time.

2 At the same time, consumers to reduce their consumption.
3 Medium-sized energy companies as new global energy giants emerge.
4 At the same time, some new firms specialising in renewables the market.
5 Getting minerals from deep in the ground more economically viable.
6 This is because techniques for extracting these resources
88
2 Match the sentence halves.

1 We are renegotiating a to Bill right now.
2 He's always saying b at the restaurant at seven.
3 Can I call you back? I'm speaking c our contract with them at the moment.
4 I'm meeting her d about increasing our prices.
5 We're thinking e this month.
6 We are offering a 20% reduction on new boilers f the wrong thing.
UNIT 9 Question forms

• We use what when there are many things to choose from, and which when there is a limited choice: What
do you want to do this weekend? Which one would you like, the red one or the blue one?
• Who, what and which can be the subject or the object of the question: Who told you that? / Who did you
tell? and What happens next? / What do you mean?
• How long is often used for duration of time, e.g. How long have you been waiting?
• How much can be used to ask about the price of something as well as the quantity: How much does it
cost? / How much oil do we need?
Complete this conversation between two people who are going to attend a conference. Use the
question words and the correct form of the verbs given.
Question words: when what kind of which how-nor-any who how much how long where
Verbs: attend work come cost be begin take attend
A 1 How many. people 2are attending the conference?
B About 400, I think.

3
A to get to the conference centre?
B Only 10 minutes by taxi.
A 5
a taxi 6
B About $12.
7
the seminars 8
B The first one is at 9.30 a.m.

And 9
of the four seminars 10
this morning?
B The one on clean coal technology sounds interesting.
11
the speaker?
B A man called Dave Butz.
12
from?
B Texas, I think.
And 13 14
company for?
B An electricity generation company.
UNIT 10 Future forms
• We generally use will for predictions. We can also use going to to make a confident prediction.
• When there is visual evidence that something is about to happen, we use going to: Look! It's going to
rain.
• When there is only a possibility of something happening we often use could or might: It could/ might
rain tomorrow. NOT It can rain tomorrow.
• be bound to means something is certain: Ask Gerry. He's bound to know the answer.
• (un)likely means something is (im)probable. It can be used in two ways. It's (un)likely that he will
win. / He's(un)likely to win.
89
Choose the correct word to complete the predictions.
1 Look out! That pylon is going to / will fall.
2 1'm certain that he will / could get the job.

3 It is going to / might go wrong, but I don't think it will.
4 Don't worry. I'm sure it will / might all be all right in the end.
5 It's bound / likely that these negotiations will continue for some time.
6 1 think the market can / could fragment in the coming years.
7 1 expect that there will / can be a lot of investment in solar power in the next decade.
8 Tidal power, on the other hand, is likely / probable to develop more slowly.
9 If you make them a good offer, they are bound / unlikely to accept.
10 Since he already has nine out of the 10 votes, it's clear that he is going to / might win.
UNIT 11 Embedded questions

We can embed questions to make them sound more polite. Note the change of word order.
What's the time? Can you tell me what the time is?
Where's the meeting room? Do you know where the meeting room is?
In yes/no questions, add if to the question.
Is Paul coming? Do you know if Paul is coming?

Are we going to be on budget this month? Can you say if we're going to be on budget this month?
Complete the conversations. Use the prompts in brackets.
Excuse me. Can you tell me when (the next train to London / leave)?
B Sure. At 15.35.
A And (I / can / buy) my ticket here?
B Yes, you can.
A How much (a second class ticket / cost)?
B It's €12 return.
Hello.
B Hello, it's Frank Field here. (that / be) Jane?
A No, it's Kate. I'm afraid Jane is out of the office at the moment.
B Do you know when (she / be back)?
A No, I'm sorry, I don't.

B well, (you / could / ask) her to call me when she comes back?
A Sure. Can you just tell me what (your number / be) and I'll give her the
message?
I'm sorry. (you / wait) long?

B No, I haven't, it's 0K. (you / exchange) foreign currency here?
A Yes, we do.
B Can you tell me what (the exchange rate / is) for the dollar today?
(you / mean) the US dollar?
B Yes, that's right.
90
UNIT 12 Time clauses
We can use these time words and phrases to link two clauses about the future. The form is
usually this: time word + present tense + will/ can.
if n when as soon as before after until as long as
Before I go, I'll show you how to shut down the computers.
As soon as the bill is paid, the supply will be reconnected.
If you want a copy of the report, I can get one for you.
Note: With after, when and until we often use the present perfect in the time word clause, rather than the
present simple.
After you have done the report, we can go and have lunch.
I'll know more about it when I've heard back from the supplier.
Join the sentences. Use the time word given and put the verb in the time clause into the present
simple or present perfect.
I I'll know. I'll tell you.
As soon as
2 There might be a problem. We'll stop the project immediately.
3 The stock exchange market will open. The price of oil will fall.
When
4 No-one in the company will be able to advise me. I'll ask a consultant.
If
5 The bank will open at nine. I won't be able to withdraw the money before then.
Until
6 Jane might not be able to come. Will you come in her place?
7 I'll read the report. Then I'll call you.

After
8 I'll write the report. I'll need to do some research.

Before
9 The price of energy will remain low. We won't reduce our consumption.
As long as
10 I'll carry on working. I'll finish the job.
until
UNIT 13 Linking words to contrast
See Unit 2 for explanation and more practice.
Complete the sentences. Use these words.
but despite although nevertheless a in spite even
1 we don't have much money to spend, we'd like to modernise our plant.
2 though there were bigger companies bidding for the contract, we still submitted a bid.
3 having implemented a number of energy-saving measures, we still find that our energy costs
are too high.
4 We would like to help, we do not currently provide solar energy solutions.
5 There are a few technical difficulties with this project. I'm confident that we will succeed.
6 of our different backgrounds, we work well together.
91
UNIT 14 Prepositions
Prepositions with statistics Prepositions in specific phrases
Sales rose from 8 to 10 million units. on the phone, holiday, a journey/trip, strike,
Sales rose by 2 million units. business, (the) TV, a diet, purpose
There was a rise in sales of 12%. in cash, difficulty, love, the dark, the middle, the
end
Inflation stood at 5%.
at the age of, least, the most, first, the top, a
Inflation remained at 5%.
cost of, the beginning of
Inflation levelled out at 5%.
by accident, chance, plane, bus
Inflation peaked at 5%.
Inflation reached a peak of 5%.
borrow from / lend to, buy from / sell to
Be careful with these verbs and their prepositions, which are often confused in English.
We borrowed money from the bank to pay for the equipment.

I lent my laptop to Helen because hers was broken.
I bought this car from a fiend, and it's broken down twice already.
They've sold 30 per cent of their company to a multinational.
Complete the sentences with prepositions.

1 We need to borrow least €5 million the bank to fund the project.
2 Having been financial difficulty for some time, the end the company was sold
a foreign buyer.
3 first I was unsure about my new role, but now I like it.
4 the wrong person accident.

I gave the message
5 When Lehmann Brothers went bankrupt 15 September 2008, the Dow Jones fell
5%.
6 Sorry you couldn't contact me last week. I went Spain business.
7 There has been a gradual reduction working hours, 40 hours per week
37.
8 We're the middle of an energy crisis.
9 The price peaked $148 per barrel the beginning of 2008.
10 1'm sorry. I'm the phone just now. I'll talk to you later.
UNIT 15 Countable and uncountable nouns

o We never put a final 's' at the end of an uncountable noun, e.g. information, work, advice, equipment,
machinety, furniture. The indefinite article with these nouns is always some.
• If we want to specify one thing when talking about uncountable nouns, we have to use a phrase like a
piece of or a bit of, e.g. a piece of equipment, a bit of advice.

• We generally use much (uncountable) in negative statements and in some questions, but in affirmative
statements we generally use a lot of, e.g. I have a lot of work to do.
• a few (countable) and a little (uncountable) mean 'not a lot, but some'. If you use few and little without
a, then you are emphasising that it is a small number or amount, e.g. We have few options = We don't
have many options.

• We use a number of with countable nouns and an amount of with uncountable nouns.
Choose the correct words to complete the conversations.

1 A 0K. We don't have much / many time left. Are there a / any questions?
B Yes. You said that the company has much / a lot of money to invest. But why do we need to spend it?
A Well, of course there isn't a fixed amount / number that we have to spend, but, if we don't, we will pay
much / a lot of tax at the end of the year.
92
I have an / some important announcement to make. It's a /a piece of classified information, so please
don't repeat it. The chairman has decided to step down at the end of the year.
B I think that a few / few people will be surprised, since he's 77. Who's going to take over?
A There are a number / an amount of candidates, but I can't give you more detail / details at the
moment.
Can I give you an / some advice?

B Sure.
A When you switch on the computer, wait a little / a few time for it to warm up before you open
a / some program.
UNIT 16 Adjectives and adverbs
• Adjectives describe nouns. They come before the noun, and they never change
their form.
a long road difficult questions Italian is a beautiful language.

• Adjectives come after too and between not and enough
It's too far to walk. The room is not big enough to hold 200 people.
• Adverbs can describe verbs and adjectives.

She responded vety quickly. It's relatively expensive.
It was badly damaged. loften go there for lunch.
• Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the adjective. Note the exceptions: hard,
fast, late, well.
He arrived late. Please don't speak so fast. She works too hard.
• Adjectives (NOT adverbs) are used after the following verbs: be, seem, look, sound,
smell, taste, feel.
Your hair looks nice today. That smells good. What's cooking?
Note: The word hardly has a different meaning. It means 'almost not at all', e.g. I
hardly know him.
Correct any mistakes in the use of adjectives or adverbs in these sentences. Tick the correct
sentences.
1 I thought the machine was very good designed.

2 The process is very quick.
3 We have worked very hardly on this project.
4 The price has risen dramatically in the last six months.
5 The plant operates at very high temperatures.

6 One hour is not enough long to discuss all the things we have to discuss.
7 I was pleasant surprised to hear that we aren't going to move offices.
8 Ten o'clock sounds great. I'll see you then.

9 I know it seems strangely, but that is what he wants to do.
10 He's an excellent speaker and always entertains his audience.
11 The company does its best to act responsible.

12 This is not a very environmental-friendly product.
13 1'm sorry to keep you waiting. My train left London lately.
14 1'd like to buy a new car, but it is too expensiye.
93
UNIT 17 Expressing purpose
• to prevent is different from to avoid. We prevent someone or something from doing

something, whereas we avoid doing something ourselves.
The police prevented the demonstrators from entering the site.
We avoided having to put up our prices this year.

• so that is generally followed by will or can when talking abut the present and
future, and would or could when talking about the past.

Make notes so that you'll be able to remember what was agreed.
We agreed to meet so that we could discuss the project in detail.
o not to do must be preceded by so as or in order when expressing a negative
purpose.
We took a taxi so as not to be late.

1 We have tested the new device thoroughly so as / so that to be absolutely sure it works.
2 They had to modify their plans so that they can / could get permission to build the new plant.
3 The plans have so far been kept secret to prevent / avoid the story from reaching the media.
4 We ask the views of residents first to prevent / avoid alienating them.
5 An energy tax is being introduced so that people will / would be more careful about their energy use.
6 In order to not / In order not to have any confusion, I told them all our conditions.
7 The reason we have a regulator is so that there can / could be fair competition.
8 1 changed job so as not to / not to get too comfortable. I need to be challenged.
9 1 wrote to the minister for getting / to get her views.
10 To prevent / avoid getting into trouble, you shouldn't act before consulting your boss.
UNIT 18 Present perfect
We use the present perfect simple:

• to describe things which happened in the recent past and have an impact on the present
I've just had a really good idea for the sales conference.
e to describe events at an indefinite time in the past, i.e. the time is not specified
Have you ever visited a nuclear power station?
o to describe things which started in the past and are continuing now - this could include actions which
are themselves finished, but are part of an unfinished project
I've lived in London all my life.

We've had responses from about one million customers so far.
NB. If the time in the past is specified, we use the Past Simple.
We use the present perfect continuous:

• to describe actions which started in the past and are continuing now
How long have you been working here?
I've been trying to contact him for the last two days.
• to focus on a recent action rather than a result
I've been painting my bedroom. (Compare with I've painted my bedroom — it's finished!)
Complete the telephone conversation. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets (past simple,
present perfect simple or present perfect continuous).
A Hello, Jim. How are you? | 1 (try) to call you earlier, but | 2 (not / get) any
answer. Is this a good moment?
B Yes, it's fine. Sorry, | 3 (be) in meetings all day today. How can I help?
A Well, it's about the proposal that | (send) you last week. Katja 5 (just / look) at
it and she'd like us to make some changes.
94
B One moment. Let me just get it up on my screen and remind myself of the details. | 6 (work)
on other things and 17 (not / see) it for a while. 0K ... what changes is she suggesting?
A Well, we originally 8 (propose) a fixed price for a period of three years, but she says that's too
long.
B What period is she thinking of?
A Just one year. I told her that | 9 (think) that was too short.
10
B (anyone / mention) this to the customer yet?
A No, certainly not. I don't think they will accept one year.
UNIT 19 Past tenses
Look at the sentences and the timeline which shows the difference between the three past tenses.
We arrived at eight o'clock: When we arrived, we all ate dinner. (past simple)
We arrived at 8.30: When we arrived, they were eating dinner. (past continuous)
We arrived at nine o'clock: When we arrived, they had eaten dinner. (past perfect)
(Dinner was from eight until nine o'clock. Our arrival time is shown by the three arrows.)
8 p.m. Dinner 9 p.m. The past
When we arrived, we all ate dinner. Now

When we arrived, they were eating dinner.
When we arrived, they had eaten dinner.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets (past simple, past
continuous or past perfect).
1 When I opened the window a bird (fly) in!
2 He discovered the mistake while he (check) some old files.
3 I called him, but he (already / leave) the office.

4 The sun (shine) so we bought sandwiches and (eat) them in the park.
5 Three hundred people applied for the job, but we (only / interview) 12 of them.
6 The computer (make) a strange noise so I switched it off.
7 By the time we decided to bid for the contract, the company (already / choose) another
supplier.
81 (wait) for an hour and then I left.
91 (live) in Berlin at the time that the Wall came down.

10 We (live) in Berlin for nine years before moving to Munich.
II The ground was wet because it (rain) earlier.
12 The experiment (fail) because the equipment hadn't been checked properly.
95
UNIT 20 Expressions of time
It is helpful to recognise which expressions of time are commonly used with different tenses.
This doesn't mean that these time expressions will only be used with these tenses, but it's a good
general guide.
often, usually, every day, nowadays present simple
at the moment, currently, now, this week, this month, still

present continuous
already, yet, just, ever, never, so far, up to now, over the last five years present perfect simple
for and since, how long just present perfect continuous
yesterday, three years / two days ago, last week / month / year, in 1998 past simple
while, at that time, when past continuous
before that time, already, previously past perfect
in 2 weeks, in 3 years' time, by the end of the month, tomorrow, next year, sooner or later future (will)

1 That's the best idea I've never / ever heard!
2 He retired / has retired last year, at the age of 72.
3 I've been working here for / since 20 years, but not always in the same department.
4 We are currently / nowadays working on a very exciting new project.
5 Our sales target increases by at least 5% this / evay year.
6 I have made / made a lot of very good contacts since I took up the job in 'International'.
7 We were both working for an oil company at the moment / at that time.
8 You have / will have an answer by the end of the week.
9 The final report will be ready for / in three weeks' time.
10 I've yet / just been reading a fascinating article about solar power.
11 I asked him to send me the information three days ago and I'm always / still waiting.
12 When I got there, the meeting had already begun / already began.
UNIT 21 Determiners
with countable nouns with uncountable nouns
a job, some jobs some work
a car, some cars some transport
a machine, some machines some machinery
a suitcase, some suitcases some luggage
some and any

Open questions: Do you have any questions?
Offers: Would you like some coffee?
no and any
If we want to say there is a lack of a something we can use either of these forms:
I have no / I don't have any idea.
idea.
There is no information about them. / There any information about them.

isn't
Any on its own means one of an indefinite number or amount.

You can call me any time you want to.
Anybody can sell, if they follow these simple pönciples.
96
Correct any mistakes in the sentences. Tick the correct sentences.
1 Can you give me an advice?

2 I don't have some more details I can give you, I'm afraid.
3 There is nothing I can do about it. It's out of my control.
4 Do you need any help with your research?

5 I have a news that may interest you.
6 Isn't there nothing we can do to win the customer back?
7 Do you need some more people to help you with the project?
8 There are some very good ideas in this proposal.
9 Anyone likes to be told that they are wrong.
10 Don't worry. Anyone can make mistakes.
UNIT 22 Relative pronouns
who, that and which

The basic rule is that who is used for people and which is used for things.
She is a person who doesn't accept failure.
Contracts are generally awarded to the company which Qffers the lowest price.
In both sentences above we could use that instead of who and which in the underlined relative clause.
However, if the relative clause contains extra information, we can't use that.
I met John Beck, who is a former colleague, at the conference. (who is a former colleague is extra
information: the sentence still makes sense without it.)
where
Where is used for places. We can't replace where with that.
This is the site where the new factoty will be built.
whom
Whom is used instead of who in more formal (often written) English when who is the object of the verb.
It is sometimes used in combination with a preposition.
The scientist whom you mentioned in your talk is French, I think.
The scientist to whom you referred in your talk is French.
Omission
If who, which or that is the object in a clause which contains essential (i.e. not
extra) information, we can leave it out altogether.
It's the company (that) I used to work for.
The woman (that,) I spoke to was very kind.
whose
whose indicates that something belongs to someone / something, and is used in a
relative clause instead of his / her / their / its.
I had to help a man whose car had broken down.

It's a non-profit organisation whose mission is to reduce carbon emissions.
Choose the correct alternative to complete the sentences.

1 The companies to (who / whom / which) the law applies are those with over 20 employees.
2 The company, (who / that / which) was founded in 1890, went bankrupt last year.
3 He's a man for (who / whom / which) I have the greatest respect.
4 It's a website (where / that / which) you can learn about new technologies.
5 Gerhard Stringer, (who / that / -) published his book last year, will be talking at the conference.
6 The woman (whose / that / which) answered the phone spoke English.
7 The people (whose / that / which) house we rented were engineers like us.
8 It's a problem (who / that / whose) won't go away.

9 It was a decision (who / whom / —) everyone was happy with.
10 She's a manager (who / whom / whose) work is very much appreciated by the company.
97
UNIT 23 Conditional sentences
There are two types of conditional sentence used for hypothesising.
The second conditional (if + past simple, ... would + infinitive without to)
We use this form to speculate about the outcome of unreal or improbable situations in the present or
future.
If I had my car with me today, I would drive you to the station. (but I don't have it)
It would be better for everyone if she took the job. (but she probably won't take it)
Note: we often use If I were you rather than If I was you when we give advice.
The third conditional (if + past perfect, ... would have + past participle without to)
We use this form to speculate about a different outcome of real events in the past which can't be
changed.
If J had studied harder at school, I would have got better exam results.
If I hadn't tried to lift the box, I wouldn't have injured my back.

Note: We can combine the second and third conditional: If I hadn't tried to lift the box, I would be at
work today.
Complete the sentences with the correct conditional form of the verb in brackets.
1 If 1 (be ) you, I would wait and see.

2 We (buy) it, if the price was a little lower.
3 If 1 (know), I would have told you.

4 It would be terrible if it (rain) on the presentation day.
5 What would you do if you (be) in my shoes?
6 If we had longer, we (can) continue our discussion.
7 If they had followed correct safety procedures, the accident (not / happen).
8 If the oil tanker (be) fully loaded, the damage would have been far worse.
9 If I hadn't acted in such a hurry, I (not / be) in this situation now.

10 We could have visited the new site if we (have) more time.
UNIT 24 Expressing degrees of certainty

See Unit 10 Further Practice for an explanation of likely to and bound to.
Rearrange the words to make predictions about different forms of energy.
1 fossil fuels / to remain / likely / the most common source of energy / are
2 bound to / cheaper / solar power / is / become
3 that / nuclear power / is / grow / steadily / it / will / likely
4 renewables / to supply / more than 30% / are / of our energy needs / unlikely
5 are / sooner or later / run out of / we / oil / bound to

6 is / the car industry / find / bound to / an alternative to oil
7 will / global electricity consumption / fall / that / unlikely / is / it
8 unlikely / are / for long / to subsidise / governments / renewable energy
98
Audio script
TRACK 4
new investments. This trend for large-
Audio script It's much more

rest of the chain
difficult
because
to say with the
it depends
scale mergers and acquisitions will slow
down as opportunities become more
TOPIC UNITS on supply and demand at a particular limited. However, we can expect to see
moment. If you are only a retailer and the more companies either taking over or
UNIT 1 cost of energy is low, then you can make buying stakes in small and medium-sized
a lot of money. But if it is high, then businesses that are developing renewable
TRACK 2
your margins will obviously be affected. and other new technologies. Renewable
generation utility transmission
On the other hand, if you are a vertically energy deals rose by 50% in 2007. At the
industry service customer
integrated company then it doesn't
same time large integrated companies will
turbine industrial meter
matter if the cost of energy rises, because continue to spin off their infrastructure
distribution storage terminal
you'll make more money at the upstream divisions — distribution networks, gas
retail exploration
end of the chain, even though you make storage facilities, and so on.
production energy
less downstream.
TRACK 3
The most profitable activity? Wellt our UNIT 3
newest business, and probably the most
UNIT 2
O TRACK 8
profitable last year, was our trading O TRACK 5
to explore exploration an E.p company
office in London. It didn't represent the Twenty years ago, the energy business to produce production a producer
biggest turnover, but with just 45 traders was dominated by state-owned to trade trading a trader
and back office staff, it generated huge monopolies which controlled everything to wholesale wholesale a wholesaler
revenues in relation to its costs.
from the power plant to the domestic to retail retail a retailer
It's much more difficult to say with the
meter. Nowadays, companies operate to store storage a storage company
rest of the chain because it depends in a market divided between regulated
to supply_ supply a supplier
on supply and demand at a particular activities, such as transmission and
to subcontract subcontracting
moment. If you are only a retailer and the distribution, and activities open to a subcontractor
cost of energy is low, then you can make competition, like electricity generation to regulate regulation a regulator
a lot of money. But if it is high, then or energy retail. Often the wires and
to consume consumption a consumer
your margins will obviously be affected. pipes that transport the electricity and
On the other hand, if you are a vertically O TRACK 9
gas are still owned by the historical
integrated company then it doesn't For residential customers one of the
supplier, but in other areas there are
matter if the cost of energy rises, because many new entrants to the market. In most important things is to offer energy-
you'll make more money at the upstream saving advice, and also insurance against
production these tend to be larger
end of the chain, even though you make equipment failure, which can be very
established energy companies because
less downstream. the capital expenditure needed is so
costly to repair or replace.
Transmission and distribution are the Small businesses also like to insure
great. But in retail and supply there is
most stable industries, because we will a variety of competitors. There are also
themselves against this kind of risk, but
always need the infrastructure in order the other thing they want is information
more subcontractors doing jobs like
to transport the energy. Then again, about their consumption. So we offer
maintenance, metering or construction,
they will never make a lot of money tools like smart meters that collect data
activities that in the past were done in-
because their profit margin is fixed by house.
and then put it on a website for the
the regulator. They also employ the customer to view. This helps them to
O TRACK 6 manage their consumption. Many of these
most people because the networks need
constant maintenance. dominated monopoly domestic customers prefer fixed-price contracts so
regulated hismrical expenditure that they can make their budgets for the
The riskiest activity is probably
competitors subcontractors year more accurately.
generation and, in gas, exploration and
maintenance construction Large industrial customers tend to have
production. That's because they're very
capital intensive. Building a
power station may not see any return

new nuclear
o
O TRACK 7
In recent years the sector has seen

quite a lot of expertise already
they have a buyer dedicated to energy

— often
for at least five years. Also, the return alone. So the solutions we offer this
intensive merger and acquisition activity,
isn't necessarily guaranteed. If there's a from IJS$43bn in 2003 to US$372.5bn sector are much more sophisticated.
nuclear accident somewhere in the world, Electricity contracts tend to be flexible -

in 2007. Healthy revenues have made
or suddenly the cost of uranium rises that is to say, the customer is able
companies cash-rich and eager to find
sharply, you could be in big trouble.
99
also the decommissioning cost.
to monitor the wholesale price and UNIT 5
choose when to purchase. With gas they B Yes, that is factored in when
TRACK 12
can get a lower price by opting for an considering the viability of a project,
A There is renewed interest in nuclear
but no-one can predict exactly how
interruptible supply. That means that
generation. The US is planning 45 long it will take because of the
on a certain number of days in the year
new reactors over the next 20 years radioactive nature of the materials.
their supply can be interrupted by the
and also a number of new plants are A So, that's one economic uncertainty.
transporter. Of course to do this they
planned for Europe. Nuclear used to be Are there any other reasons we
need to have some alternative back-up
rather unpopular, so what's changed? shouldn't invest in nuclear plants?
supply of energy.
B Well, two things are driving this. The B Well, security not safety of the
...
first is economic. Nuclear is the most
plant itself, because these days
UNIT 4 concentrated form of energy - that is
nuclear plants are constructed and
to say, you get huge amounts of power operated to very high standards.
TRACK 10
from a relatively small amount of fuel. They are quite different from those
generator furnace steam condenser
This makes plants cheaper to operate of 50 years ago. The security issue is
turbine chimney cooling tower mill
compared to other thermal plants that rather the threat of a terrorist attack
TRACK 11 use fossil fuels. The second is concern on a nuclear facility. The second
A This is a very controversial plan, isn't about pollution. Nuclear power issue is waste. Short-term disposal
it? At a time when everyone is saying produces no C02 emissions and this is not a problem, but as far as long-
that we need more renewable energy, has made it much more acceptable to term storage of radioactive waste is
you're planning to build a plant using ecologists and to the public in general. concerned, we're really no further
coal, the dirtiest energy of all. How A You say nuclear plants produce a lot of forward than we were 20 years ago.
can you possibly defend that? power. Do they do this efficiently?
B Well, first of all I have to stress that B Well, there are different aspects of
O TRACK 14
more than the initial investment

this is a efficient plant efficiency. If you mean energy or
the one which it is replacing - about thermal efficiency, they do a little
the viability of a project
20% more efficient, in fact. So the worse than other conventional thermal an economic uncertainty
much the threat of a terrorist attack

pollution will be less. The plants, about 38% compared to the
second point is about the energy mix. newest gas plants which can be
operate at an average of 90%
we need renewables, but there was also a loss of coolant
Of course about 55% efficient. But in terms of
alone they cannot provide our energy cost efficiency, they do much better.
needs. We need a balanced approach Operating costs are lower and the
UNIT 6
and that means continuing to use load factor, in other words how much
some fossil fuels. Coal is cheap and time each plant is being used to full O TRACK 15
abundant and this plant will guarantee capacity, is much higher than it was an active well an abandoned well
the jobs of hundreds of miners. 20 years ago. Many plants in the US now a high cost a low cost
A You say it's more efficient, but I have operate at an average of 90% capacity, an increased risk a reduced risk
some statistics here that say your which is similar to gas-fired plants. an untapped reservoir
plant will produce 70% more C02 than a depleted reservoir
O TRACK 13
an equivalent-sized combined cycle a thin layer of rock a thick layer of rock
A But you haven't mentioned the
deep reserves shallow reserves
gas plant. What's going to happen
building cost, the initial investment.
to all that carbon dioxide? The a new field a mature field
B No, that definitely is a downside.
technology exists to capture it. Will targeted drilling random drilling
Construction takes much longer than
you be using this technology? an efficient method
with other thermal plants, typically
B I have to correct you there. Carbon an inefficient method
five to ten years. That means higher
capture and storage is a technology a successful drilling operation
finance costs and higher risks for
that is still being developed and, at an unsuccessful drilling operation
investors (because the payback time
the moment, it's not really economic. reliable information
is longer). On the upside, the life
But certainly we haven't ruled out unreliable information
of these plants is not as short as it
using it in the future. In fact, that's accurate data inaccurate data
used to be. A plant being built now
what we hope to do. an accessible area an inaccessible area
can expect to be in service for 50-60
proven reserves unproven reserves
years.
a profitable operation
A That's the building cost, but there's
an unprofitable operation
100
Audio script
TRACK 16 O TRACK 18
B Well, there are two types of loss —
Peak gas is obviously [inked to peak A So how have things changed? technical and non-technical. Technical
oil because a certain amount of gas B We are now a legally and financially
losses are where gas is lost through
production is associated gas, that is to separate entity. This is because we inefficiencies in the system itself -
say, gas which is gathered at the same have to be able to prove that all our
leaks and losses in pressure over long
time as oil is produced. The other source customers - generators and energy
distances. Compressor stations are
— unassociated or stranded gas — is suppliers - are treated fairly and
situated at regular intervals (usually
unconnected to oil production. Up to now impartially when they apply for access
every 60 miles or so) to boost the
a lot of associated gas has simply been to the grid - what's called third party
pressure back up to 1000 psi, and the
thrown away by being vented or flared at access. So the historical supplier does
energy used to power the compressors
the point of production, because it wasn't not get any preferential treatment. counts as a loss. So, overall we
economic to collect it. We're all familiar A And what about the cost of
calculate that about 4.5% of the gas
with the sight of an oil platform at night transmitting the electricity? Are you
transported is lost technically.
illuminated by the flare from its top. In no longer able to set the price you A And can you improve that situation?
2006 the total amount of gas wasted in choose for this?
B Yes, we can. Replacing or lining old
this way was estimated at 150 billion B More or less that's right. We submit steel pipes - some of which were
cubic metres a year. That's nearly a third the costs of transmission to the
built in the 1940s — which are given
of Europe's annual gas consumption. regulator. These include the cost
to corrosion with polyethylene pipes
Fortunately, though, companies are of maintaining and upgrading the
is one answer. Using hi-tech leak
beginning to capture rather than flare network and of dispatching the
detection tools is another. So, in ideal
this associated gas because high prices electricity. We then add an agreed
circumstances, you could get the figure
make it economically viable. Also because margin for our own profits on a cost-
down to about 1 or 2%.
there's increasing pressure to reduce air plus basis. A How big are the pipes?
pollution. A So what incentive is there for you to
B They vary. From 42 inches for the
The whole question in fact is an economic reduce the costs?
largest continental pipelines - that's
one. In proven reserves we have about 70 B That comes from the regulator. They
about 1,000 mm — to 0.5 of an inch in
years of gas left. There is a lot more non- ask us to justify our cost forecasts and
the local network. But a much bigger
associated gas than this around, but most put pressure on us to reduce these problem is non-technical losses - that
reserves - in the Middle East, for example year by year. is to say, gas which is either not
— are what is called 'unconventional' gas. A And how is the price to the customer
metered correctly, or not paid for by
That means that recovery is difficult and calculated? By quantity, by distance or
the customer, or stolen. About 9%
expensive, either because the gas is sour, by some other factor?
of gas is lost in this way and this is
that is, corrosive because of its high B We use the same system as is used
where our efforts are mainly focused
sulphur content, or it is 'tight' gas — in in most of Europe - that is to say,
. in reducing fraud.
other words it needs to be pumped out of a postage stamp system. The price
the reservoirs in which it is held. depends primarily on the quantity
O TRACK 21
So when people talk about 'peak gas', that is transmitted, not the distance 1 the 1960s 1989 2012 2020
they really mean that the gas available it travels. It's like sending a letter 2 12.5% 300 mm 2000 km
through conventional means of gathering nationally - the price is the same 3 0.5 cm 0.75 cm 1.5 cm 15.15 cm
is limited. But the Stone Age didn't end whether you send it to a house in
because of a lack of stone and it's the the next street or to a house 300
UNIT 9
same with gas. The question is not when kilometres away.
will we reach peak gas, but what else will o TRACK 22
come along in the meantime to replace it. A Who owns the network?
UNIT 8 B It's owned by the local authority and
O TRACK 19 leased to us as a concession.

UNIT 7 A How long is the lease?
storage shortage manage damage
TRACK 17 B The current one lasts 30 years and has
)
village advantage marriage encourage
dispatching centre substation pylon another eight years to run.
percentage voyage package voltage
live-line workers meters underground
A What are your main responsibilities?
O TRACK 20 B Our job is to operate and maintain
cables overhead lines insulators
A How much gas is lost in the
the network, but also to extend it and
transportation process? upgrade it when necessary.
101
A When is the contract reviewed? up with on-the-job training. Actually, a I'll get a copy sent to you today. It
B The concession itself will be lot of it is to do with following safety was an estimated bill, so when you
renegotiated in eight years, but procedures. get it, please check your current meter
the contract is reviewed every year After about three years, I was offered a reading against the bill and then call
to ensure that we are fulfilling our job as a network planner. That meant I us if there is a significant difference.
obligations and meeting the needs of had to go back to engineering college for
O TRACK 26
customers. a year — the company funded it. Mainly
automatic cause taught launch
A What guarantees do you have that it the training was with computer modelling
authority fraud daughter auction
will not be taken away from you? tools. Basically, a network planner is
B In theory none. But in practice we responsible for planning the details of
have an understanding with the local the work to be done on the network - UNIT 11
authority that the concession will Looking at plans of the existing buildings
TRACK 27
continue as long as there are no major and utilities, liaising with the local
Winning new customers is difficult
problems. planning department and any residents
and expensive. Our main focus is on
A How much do you invest in the or businesses that will be affected by the
retaining customers - keeping our
network each year, on average? work, and then preparing the staff and
existing customers loyal. Customers are
B There is no average. It varies very
materials to do the work. When the work
attracted to another company for really
much from year to year. The figures for is under way I have to oversee it and
only two reasons: they see an offer of a
last year are in our annual accounts. resolve any problems that come up.
cheaper price, or they are unhappy with
A How many people work in the I've been doing that for four and a
the service of their existing supplier
company? half years now. I was recently offered
and think they'll get superior service
B Directly we employ about 700 staff. another promotion, working in the local
elsewhere. People will pay a premium for
A What kind of jobs do they do? distribution control room, monitoring gas
good service ... what I mean is, they're
B The majority are maintenance flows and pressure across the network,
unlikely to be attracted away from a
engineers and technicians, but watching out for both technical and non-
company where they feel they're getting
there are also planners, dispatching technical losses. It's a responsible job,
good service if the price advantage is,
controllers, surveyors, etc. but we but to be honest I prefer what I'm doing
say, only 6 or 7%. So this is where our
don't read meters. now, being outdoors and dealing with
efforts are focused — on keeping our
A Why is meter reading not one of their people.
customer base happy and getting added
jobs?
value from them by selling other services.
B Because we recently outsourced this
UNIT 10 By building a reputation for good
work to a subcontractor who could do
service, we hope to pick up some new
it more cheaply. TRACK 25
customers simply by word of mouth. We
A Hello, ABC Energy. Can I help you?
TRACK 23 also monitor the new housing market
B Yes, I moved house eight months ago
medium fuse circuit breaker pole very closely so that when a project for
and I called you from my new home
mains cable a new development or refurbishment of
to set up my account. All that seemed
an existing building is announced we
TRACK 24 0K. The problem is I haven't received
can make an offer to the developer. Our
I started out as a network engineer, a bill yet. They're supposed to come
strategy here is to work in partnership
laying and maintaining pipes and every three months.
with installers of gas and electricity
connecting new homes to the mains A 0K. Let me just look at this. Can I
equipment to make these offers.
supply. That involved a team of us have your customer number?
Finding new prospects is much more
being sent out, sometimes to do routine B I don't know it. It would be on my bill
difficult. We do a lot of cold calling and
work, sometimes on emergency call-out if I'd had one, but I haven't.
mass mailing of potential customers to
when a leak was detected, on the city's A Not a problem. Can I have your name
advertise and promote our offers, but, I
distribution network. We had to dig holes and postcode, in that case?
have to say, the success rate is relatively
and trenches using mechanical diggers, B Yes, it's Tara James and the postcode
low.
make the repair or install the new is OX14 7QT.
equipment and then fill in the holes and A 0K. I'll just get your details up on the O TRACK 28
make good. I had done an apprenticeship screen Yes, a bill was sent to you manages advertises switches invoices
before as a plumber so welding joints on 12 May. Did you not receive it? loses changes guesses proposes
and that kind of thing was quite familiar B No, I didn't.
to me. Most of the other skills I picked A 0K. It may have been lost in the post.
102
Audio ,script
O TRACK 32 or purchases and so cover the risk.

UNIT 12
For energy suppliers who also provide These are basically trades on paper;
TRACK 29 energy services, there will always be a the energy may not ever be physically
bulb tumble consumption study tension between helping the client to delivered.
hurry cut reduction oven company optimise their consumption, on the one B And what's the other type of trading?
money income government young hand, and making a profit from sales of A The other type is not part of our
country enough gas or electricity, on the other. It's not traditional core business, in fact.
a very easy business to be in anyway, a relatively new and specialised
TRACK 30 It's
because it has quite high marketing and activity. It involves trading all types of
Your supplier's website will probably have
finance costs. That's because in order energy products - electricity, gas, oil,
tips on how to reduce your energy bill. It
to enable businesses to fund the energy
will also have offers for new gas boilers coal, C02 — mostly using complicated
efficiency improvements they want to financial instruments - and taking
and other energy-saving equipment, like
make, it's necessary to offer them low risks in order to profit from changes
standby reduction devices. They may
interest rate loans.
also offer microgeneration solutions, like in the price of energy. Some people
In spite of these cost pressures, energy would call it speculation, I guess. It's
wind turbines and solar energy panels.
services is a growing business, because high-risk and high-return - as opposed
However, these are expensive to install
industry increasingly wants and needs to hedging, which I mentioned before,
and the payback time may not make this
these services. There are three reasons where the aim is to reduce risk. But in
an economic solution.
for this: the high price of energy, fact, this second type of trading brings
Another option is to do a survey of your
increasingly strict environmental
home yourself. You can do this online at in huge profits for the group.
regulations, and government incentives
the Energy Savings Trust website. Generally
the conclusions for most households are
like energy performance certificates that
they can take advantage of. UNIT 15
the same: insulate the roof and walls of
your house — the main source of heat O TRACK 35
loss. Make sure there are no draughts from turnover unprofitable
UNIT 14 liabilities
windows or doors. Double glazing your expenditure cash flow equity assets
windows is the best way to do this. If you TRACK 33 receipt creditor variable reyenue
have an old boiler, replace it with a new,
change trade create available made minus
more efficient one. Fit all the lights with delay safe paid exchange failed
O TRACK 36
low-energy bulbs. And lastly, turn the sale maintain retail date
A A gas distribution and supply
thermostat down by one or two degrees. TRACK 34 company in eastern Europe Well,
You can compensate for this by wearing A We do two types of trading. The first
our first job was to get our wage bill
warmer clothes, like an extra jumper.
to optimise our energy portfolio.
is down. The labour costs were much too
There are some government grants We have an optimisation department high. There were two reasons for this:
available for major improvements, but whose job to get the best value
is firstly, we were about 40% overstaffed
generally they only apply to people on from our various assets: the gas in compared to similar operations in
very low incomes, or to the elderly.
the pipeline from long-term supply Western Europe. Secondly, a lot of
contracts, or electricity generating employees were over 40 years old and
capacity. They regularly call on the
UNIT 13 since people are paid according to
trading team to buy energy so that their seniority, they were expensive. So
) TRACK 31 we can fulfil our obligations to we implemented a policy of voluntary
onerate operation customers, or sell it when they see a redundancies to reduce this section of
manage management good opportunity. These are physical the workforce.
maintain maintenance trades, like buying electricity on the B An electric power generator in
install installation spot market or selling an LNG tanke{s North America The key issue for
deyelop deye_lopment cargo. But it has to be backed up with us is working capital. The more we
a dyise advice financial trading to hedge against can decrease our working capital
implement implementation price risks. requirement, the better our cash flow
assist assistance B What do you mean by financial situation is. One way to do this is to
build building trading? reduce the time between issuing an
evaluate evaluation A Using financial derivatives, such as
invoice and receiving payment from
fund funding futures contracts, to offset other sales our customers. But that isn't so easy
103
up for green tariffs, companies would be further research and development algae
in this industry. The other way is
forced to build new generating plants. will remain just a boutique, small-scale
to make operational processes more
efficient so that the provisions we But it is more likely that we will achieve fuel.
make for operating costs don't need to that goal through tougher government O TRACK 40
be so large. targets. B c D
C An independent transmission 1 J K L M N
operator in western Europe Our main o p Q s
UNIT 17
task in the last two years has been to v w x z
change the way we report our financial TRACK 39
O TRACK 41
accounts. In the past we were a state- Initially, there was a lot of excitement
LNG a JV the UN
owned company and we published about biofuels as a cleaner alternative to
the EIJ IT the IAEA
accounts once a year. Now, as a listed petrol. And it is true that they generally
company we have to report our results produce less C02 when burnt. It's also
every six months in accordance with true that they provide useful income
UNIT 18
International Accounting standards. for farmers in developing countries.
These accounts are studied very The problem is that in some areas they O TRACK 42
carefully by investors and the markets mineral resources
have replaced food crops, causing food
and any mistakes can have a serious shortages, and, in other areas, rainforests sustainable deyglopment
effect on the share price. So we have have been cut down to make way for company performance
also had to set up rigorous internal them. climate chanqe
control and auditing systems. Carbon capture is also on the face of it energy efficiency
a very attractive idea, because it returns equal opportunities
carbon (in the form of C02) to the earth, environmental charities
UNIT 16 where it came from. Unfortunately, it's joh security
an expensive process and at the moment local community
TRACK 37
environment scientist rise disaster the cost of capturing and storing C02 is
O TRACK 43
ice risen climate emissions tidal uneconomic. It really needs government We have partnerships with various
wind biomass private subsidies to work. environmental charities, but we're always
One of the most interesting new ideas is
looking out for interesting independent
TRACK 38
to site large-scale photovoltaic arrays in projects to get involved in.
Awareness of environmental problems is
the Sahara desert. The investment would One example was a project called 'Green
now very high. As a result, more people
be enormous - some say in the region of up your city'. The developers' idea was
are switching to green energy tariffs $450 billion - but the benefits could be
to put living walls and living roofs on
than ever before. But are they really
huge. It would be three times as efficient buildings, both new and old. They showed
contributing to a greener world? The fact
as similar plants in Europe because of the us an old 1960s office block where they
is that these offers are often misleading.
constant sunshine and produce about 100 had grown a variety of plants on one
By switching to a green tariff you haven't
gigawatts of power. The idea would be vertical wall - an area of about 200
necessarily created more green energy
to transmit it as direct current through a square metres. We were so impressed that
in the system. When they offer a green
super-grid stretching across Europe. we agreed funding almost immediately.
tariff, what the company actually means
Another excellent idea was developed by There are several benefits to these green
is that your electricity will come from a rocket scientist at MIT. He put tubes facades: firstly, cosmetic — it can turn an
existing plants that use renewables.
with green algae on to the chimney ugly building into a pretty one. Secondly,
Another customer, not on a green tariff,
stacks of a 20 MW power plant. The algae it acts as insulation for the building, and,
could therefore get less or no green
grew, consuming 40% of the C02 for
thirdly, it absorbs C02.
energy as a result.
photosynthesis, and this resulted in much Another one, a few years ago, was
The only genuine green tariff is one
lower pollution from the plant. On top developed by one of our own R & D
which invests the money customers pay
of that the algae can be harvested daily technicians. It was a system for refuelling
in new renewable energy plants to be
and its oil can then be extracted to make natural gas vehicles at home using a
built today and tomorrow. Any other
biodiesel for transport. This is perhaps domestic compressor. Up to now natural
claim is just 'greenwash', I'm afraid. An
the most exciting technology because gas has been mainly used for public
increase in the use of renewables could in
it combines carbon capture with fuel transport vehicles - like city buses
the end be driven by consumer demand.
production. Unfortunately it's still only which get refuelled at the bus depot.
In other words, if enough people signed
at an experimental stage, and without
104
Audio script
The idea is to extend this to cars. So we 3 We were waiting for a call from our unavoidable. Five years ago we were
set up a small subsidiary to develop this boss. an integrated company. Deregulation
technology and market it. Initially its 4 Gas had leaked from the pipe. meant that we had to unbundle
funds came from us, but pretty soon it 5 Seven were killed and thirty were generation, transmission, distribution
injured.
and retail. Each new division needed
will be self-financing.
Education is another area that we 6 He broke both arms when he fell off its own IT system.
see as very important and we have the ladder. A Why couldn't they just use the legacy
partnerships with various local authorities systems — the ones that existed
to run energy awareness projects with already?
schoolchildren. In one project we got

UNIT 20 B Because their activity had changed.
children to run a secret audit of energy TRACK 46 Take transmission, for example. They
are not just sending our electricity
use in the school. They then reported A speaker keyboard PC printer
back to the school's management and screen to our customers any more. They
together agreed various solutions and B server wireless cursor network also deal with new entrants, each of
initiatives to reduce energy waste. The search

whom has to have a separate contract
project resulted in the school saving with the grid operator. And all these
TRACK 47
about 30% on its energy bill and its ideas exchanges - electricity going through
Up to now we have interacted with the network from one supplier to one
have been rolled out across the region.
computers using a keyboard and a mouse. customer - have to be reported to the
For most people the basic way of using a regulator. That's a lot of data.
UNIT 19 computer remains pretty much the same A 0K, I can see that. But what about
as it was 20 years ago. Now, however, your own internal systems? You've
TRACK 44
we are seeing new ways of interacting: updated those too, haven't you?
It states quite clearly in our safety policy
touching the screen and manipulating B That's true, because our business has
that the CEO himself is accountable for
the objects that appear on it; computer changed too. We sell gas now, as well
our health and safety record. If there's
vision, where the machine sees what you as electricity, so we need new billing
an accident, he can't pass the buck to
are doing and reacts to it; and lastly, software. Customer contracts are also
anyone else. That's how seriously we take
speech recognition, which some of us more complicated, so we have had
the issue in our company. I think it has
have already been using for some time. to install new CRM software. Another
to be like that - because safety isn't just
This idea of a 'natural user interface' is
example is purchasing — where there is
another regulation to be followed. It's
redefining the way we relate to computers now a centralised IT system for buying
a state of mind. The consequences of
so that the experience becomes more equipment and services. It's reduced
cutting corners when, for example, laying
instinctive and less mechanical. In the
purchasing costs enormously.
an underground gas pipe are too serious.
future we will have screens all over the
A So you're getting a return on your
A gas leak could cause an explosion
house, on the living room table, on the investment there. Is that true for all
which could in turn result in people
bedroom wall, in the bathroom even! the new systems? Do they pay for
dying. The home computer will also have more themselves?
So even though it may seem boring or
interfaces with other communication
B Hmm ... the problem is it's very
time-consuming or expensive at times,
media, the devices that you use every day difficult to measure. I mean both
everything has to be done by the book.
like the phone, the home entertainment the total cost of ownership and the
Carrying out work safely should be second
system, satellite navigation. It sounds savings or benefits that the system
nature to every employee, like putting the
complex, but in fact these advances are
brings.
handbrake on when you park your car. In
going to make computing more simple A Why is it so difficult?
order for this to happen, managers, from
and more accessible. B Well, the investment includes a lot
middle management to the most senior
of user training - which isn't always
level, must lead by example. It's not just
budgeted in - and also help from
about training, although of course that's UNIT 21
external consultants and programmers
important. It's about practising what you
O TRACK 48 to improve the system or remove
preach.
ERP OS CRM KPI ROI TCO bugs and to ensure compatibility with
TRACK 45 existing systems. Once you start down
TRACK 49
1 The regulations are clear. this road, it's difficult to stop. That's
A Does the company invest a lot in IT?
2 The accident could have been the issue that the board wants to
B Yes. In fact, senior management
prevented. solve: how to reduce ongoing costs so
thinks we spend too much. But it's
105
that we can stop investing and just UNIT 24 Ute No, I won't, thank you. I just had
enjoy the benefit of the new IT. breakfast at the hotel.

O TRACK 54
Dave 0K. Well, let's get started, then. I
stable consume peciod fossil global think we have a shared interest here in
UNIT 22 steady sharp predict double remain
exchanging experiences of renewable energy
decrease uncertain
TRACK 50 projects. But perhaps you could tell me a
payroll code basic pay bonus O TRACK 55 little, first of all, about your company ...
change rate social overtime The discussion about the energy Ute Yes, of course .
challenge facing us today ignores several Dave ... and particularly what you
TRACK 51
important facts. First of all, we all know are doing in the area of reducing C02
First we draw up the full technical
that in the long run energy-efficiency emissions. Then I'll explain something
specifications for the contract - the
improvements will just mean higher about our latest initiatives in this area.
schedule for the work, the quality level
energy use. This in turn — unless there is Ute 0K. I have a small brochure
expected and so on. Then we put out a
a massive shift away from fossil fuels - for you which describes the history
call for tender, inviting bids from various
will translate into higher C02 emissions.
of the company and also a copy of
contractors. At this point the price is
our environmental report, but I will
not the issue, only whether the bidders And how quickly we can move from fossil
just explain a little about our current
can meet the technical demands of the fuels to renewables is questionable.
situation and also about my job as
contract. When we have considered each These transitions take generations, not
Renewable Energy Advisor. As you know,
bid, we make a shortlist and then invite a few years, and no amount of wishful
we're an independent energy supplier
each candidate to offer their best price. thinking can accelerate them. China's
in the north of Germany. We generate
Finally, we award the contract to the coal consumption increased by 1 billion
about 50% of the energy we sell and
company which offers the best value, that tonnes from 2000 to 2006 and its oil
the other 50% we source externally. We
is, the best balance between price and consumption by 55%. People say carbon
are very interested in installing more
quality.
sequestration is the answer to this
local generation capacity close to our
challenge. But this technology is decades
customers so that we can reduce our
away from being an economic reality.
UNIT 23 dependence on outside companies.
There are only two things that can
O TRACK 57
TRACK 52 prevent the rise in C02 emssions. One is a
Suggested answers in italics
The main problem for us these days is long and severe depression of the global
A Hello, my name is Said Ali. I was just
recruiting and retaining people with economy; the other is voluntary limits on
strong technical skills. That's because listening to your presentation.
energy use. The first is quite likely; the
B Pleased to meet you, Said. I hope you
there's currently a shortage of qualified second would be a prudent action, but
engineers, so competition between
found it interesting.
apparently not for mankind.
companies to hire these graduates is very
A I'm afraid I arrived a little late. Could
I just ask you a couple of questions

strong. The problem is that, in the past,
career opportunities for engineers were COMMUNICATION UNITS about it?
B Yes, of course.
quite limited. Traditionally, it has been
UNIT 1 A I missed your introduction. What
people with a business background who
is your job exactly? Do you work in
have gone into management. They have O TRACK 56
Finance?
been able to follow a much better defined Dave Hello, it's Ute, isn't it?
B Actually, I work in the Audit
career path, with regular promotion and Ute Yes, that's right.
department. I'm responsible for
pay increases. So all energy companies Dave Hit I'm Dave Redman, the
are realising this now: that we need to financial control.
Sustainable Development Officer. We've
recognise the contribution of engineers
A And what does that involve exactly?
spoken on the phone, I think. It's nice to
B Well, it's my job to collect the financial
more and reward them properly. Otherwise meet you properly.
results of the different business units.
they will leave or may not even join us in Ute I'm very pleased to meet you too.
A Oh. I see. That explains why you were
the first place! Thank you for seeing me today. I know
talking about reporting. And have you
you're very busy.
TRACK 53 been working for this company for a
Dave Not at all. It's always very useful
appoint make redundant take on
long time?
to hear about the experiences of other
retire fire empower graduate resign B No, I joined only two years ago.
companies in this area. Would you like
train delegate lay off A And what are you working on at the
some coffee?
moment?
106
Audio script
B We are doing an audit ofa Swedish Conversation 2 B I'm very well, thank you.
subsidiary. A If the government imposes a windfall A Are you still doing the same job?
tax on utility companies' profits, our B Yes, I'm still working in the IT
shareholders are going to be very department.
UNIT 2 A Actually, I wanted to ask you a
angry.
TRACK 58 B Sorry, what do you mean by a 'windfall question, if you don't mind.
There are several keys to being a good tax'? B Of course. Go ahead.
listener. Body language is one of them. A It's a kind of one-off tax that the A I'm interested in transferring to your
Adopting a pose that relaxes the person government uses if it thinks an division. Do jobs come up from time to
speaking to you and maintaining eye industry is making too much profit. time?
contact with them are both important. B Oh, I see. B I'm afraid I don't really know. But I
But don't overdo the eye contact by fixing Conversation 3 can check, if you like.
them with your gaze for too long. A We really want to build new plants A Well, I don't want to trouble you, but
The second thing is to listen well before because there's going to be an energy if you hear of something, I'd be very
you give your own views. Resist the shortfall in the next decade or so, but grateful if you could let me know.
temptation to form your own response these sorts of decisions aren't just B I'll certainly do my best, but I can't
before the other person has finished taken overnight. promise anything.
speaking, because this will just distract B An energy what? A That's very kind of you. Are you going
you. When the other person has finished A A shortfall you know, a gap between to the dinner tonight?
speaking, instead of offering your supply and demand. B It's a shame, but I'm afraid I can't.
own opinion immediately, get more B Oh, I see. And I didn't catch what you How about you?
information from them or at Least check said about the night? A No. I have to leave at six. Well, good
that you have understood what they have A I said these decisions aren't taken to see you and I hope we meet again
said by rephrasing it.
overnight - in other words, not very soon.
The third thing is to show appreciation quickly. B I hope so too. Bye for now.
for what they have said. Be grateful to O TRACK 60 TRACK 62
them for sharing information with you.
Suggested answers in italics Suggested answers in italics
Praise them for making a good point or A The government is about to unveil a 1 I'm so sorry to be late. My train was
expressing their ideas well.
new energy law. delayed.
Lastly, don't relate everything that is said
B What do you mean by 'unveil'? Don't worry. It's no problem.
to your own experience - always try to
A 2
They're going to present the law to Would you Like to go to see a film
understand their point of view and their
parliament next Thursday. tonight?
background better. B Did you say Thursday or Tuesday? That would be nice. What film did you
TRACK 59 A The law will give consumers the right have in mind?
Conversation 1 to due compensation if they feel 3 I'll see our old friend Terry next week
A We're in a bit of trouble with the ASA, they're being overcharged. when I'm in Stockholm.
because they say our advertisement B Sorry. What kind of compensation is you? Please give him my regards.
Will
suggests that gas is a green energy. that? 4 Do you think it's going to rain at the
They say it's misleading. A It's the utility companies themselves weekend?
B I'm not familiar with the ASA. Who are who will have to foot the bill for this. I hope not. I have a tennis match on
they? B Sorry, I don't understand what the Saturday.

A Oh, they're the Advertising Standards utility companies will have to do? 5 Do you mind if I open the window?
Authority.
It's a little hot in here.
B Ah! And what exactly is their problem No, of course not. Go ahead.
UNIT 3 6 Can I introduce you to Veronique, our
with your advertisement?
A They say it misleads people about the O TRACK 61 new sales manager?
green nature of gas. A Hello, Jane, isn't it? I think we met at Hello, pleased to meet you, Veronique.
B Sorry, I don't understand the word last yea(s conference. I'm Paul.
'mislead'. B Yes, hello again. I remember we both 7 Do you know what the exchange rate
A It means give people wrong managed to escape early from that is for the dollar today?
information. rather boring final session. I'm afraid I don't, but I can check.
A It's nice to see you again. How are 8 I've booked a taxi for you for three
you? o'clock. That should give you plenty
107
of time to get to the airport. B I completely agree with you. may already be familiar with Mr Millicent,
Thank you. That's very kind of you. A Do you think that gas will come down as he advised the previous government on
9 Thank you so much for all you have in price in the next few years? deregulation.
done. I don't know what I would B I doubt it. Gordon Thank you, Sarah, very much,
have done without your help. A Do you know any countries which for your welcome ... I hope I have
Don't mention it. Any time. subsidise energy for consumers? covered all the main points. Thank you
10 Jane couldn't come. I'm afraid she's B Yes, in the Middle East, for example. very much for your attention.
Sarah So, we'd Like to open the
Oh, I'm sorny to hear that. Please give discussion to the floor. Can I have the
her my best wishes.

UNIT 5 first question? Yes, the gentleman in the
O TRACK 65 back row — sorry, I don't know your name.

I That's an interesting point, but I think Bob Bob Stevens from the Transport
UNIT 4 Division. Thank you for your explanation
it's probably a subject for another
TRACK 63 discussion. — it was very clear. I just wanted to
A Sot look, we've established that there 2 Sorry, can I just come in here? pick up on one thing you said about
are two categories of non-payer - 3 Sorry, could I just finish making my distributed generation ...
those who can't afford to pay and point? Thank you. O TRACK 67
those who won't pay. As far as those 4 If I understand you correctly, you're Suggested answers in italics
in difficulty are concerned, what do saying that ...
A Begin the meeting.
you think we should do? Do we need 5 I think that Jane is better placed to
B So good morning, everyone. Shall we
to offer some kind of support? answer that.
begin ?
B I have mixed feelings about direct 6 I'm afraid time is a little short. Shall
A State the objective of the meeting.
financial support. We can offer them we move on to the next item? B The aim of this meeting is to decide
different terms of payment — like 7 I think we should probably take a
what to do with our Home Comfort
repaying their debt over a longer break at this point. brand.
period. But ultimately, it's a question 8 That's a really good point. A Give the background.
of whether they can continue to pay B As you probably know, the brand has
O TRACK 66
for the energy they're using. There's not been performing well in recent
Sarah First of all, I'd like to welcome
a real issue with old people, but
everyone here today to this seminar on months.
the government already offers them A Focus people's attention on the first
the government's new energy bill. My
financial support.
name is Sarah Atwell and I'm facilitating item.
A Yeah, so what we really need to do is
B So, if we could focus on the first item
the discussions today. Please feel free to
to educate people how to use energy on the agenda — re-launching the
approach me at any time if you have any
more sensibly, so they don't waste it.
brand.
questions.
By and large, most people have no A Invite David to speak.
Before handing over to our guest speaker,
conception of simple energy-saving B David, would you
I'd just like to go through the programme like to begin by giving
measures, like making sure their homes
for today. After the first speech, there'll us your views on this?
are draught-free. A Move the discussion forward.
be a short break for coffee and then
B I completely agree with you. B 0K. Time a little short. Perhaps we
we'll return for a Q&A session. Lunch will is
TRACK 64 be in the hall from 12.30 till two, and should move on to the next item on the
Suggested answers in italics after that we'll divide into small working agenda.
A Do you think that nuclear power is a groups to discuss aspects of the bill and A Close the meeting.
implications for the different parts of B So, if there are no further points, I
good thing? its
B I have mixed feelings about it. On the our business. A couple of reminders also: think we should stop there. Thank you,
one hand it's carbon free; on the other the last train back to the city centre is at everyone.
hand the waste is dangerous. 7.45 p.m. and copies of the full text of
A What's the best type of heating to the new bill will be available to collect at
UNIT 6
have in your house? the end of the day.
B It depends on your budget. For me, it's So now, I'd like to give a warm welcome O TRACK 68
underfloor heating. to Gordon Millicent, the Minister for A Hello. Is that Daniela?
A I think energy is still too cheap. Energy, whose speech will focus on the B Yes, speaking.
People, particularly businesses, don't main details of the new bill. Some of you A Hi, Daniela. It's Frank from HBC. Is
use it carefully. this a good moment for you to talk?
108
Audio script
B Yes, it's fine. How can I help? My email address is adam (a-d-a-m) All Yes, yes ...
A Well, I'm trying to write a summary underscore cheyo (c-h-e-y-o) at citylink Chair Good. So as you can see, the
in English of the group's ethics policy (all one word) dot co (c-o) dot u-k. Look first item is the marketing plan for next
and I wondered if you had anything forward to hearing from you. Thanks. year. We have about 50 minutes left, I
already written in English. think. So what I'd like to do is to ask

O TRACK 72
B I think we may do, but I'll have to Bob to give us an update on the plan.
check. Where can I call you? Please keep it brief, Bob. After that I'll
A Hello, can I speak to Peter Jones,
A I'm at the office today. call on each of you in turn to give your
please?
B Is it urgent? comments. We'll allow three minutes
B Yes, speaking.
A No, it isn't - anytime before Friday per person and then we can all discuss
A Oh hello, my name is Katrina Weitz.
would be great. together the best way forward. During
I'm calling about the seminar in
B 0K. If I find something, I'll get back to the open discussion, when you'd like
Budapest.
you. to speak, please wait until the current
B Oh yes, Katrina, How can I help?
A Thanks. You have my email address, speaker has finished and then address me,
A I'd just like to confirm a couple of
don't you? and give your name. I will then invite
details about the seminar. First of allr
B Yes, of course. you to speak. Our aim today is to finalise
are you arranging the hotel or do I
A Well, thanks very much. And sorry for the marketing plan so that it can be
need to do that myself?
the trouble. presented to the board next week.
B No, we can arrange that. Which days
B It's no problem.
will you be attending? TRACK 74
TRACK 69 A Only the Friday. I am arriving on Chair So can I bring in Bob at this
a e i ou g h jor Thursday evening and leaving on point? . . Bob, are you there? Sorry,
0800 452 9044 0277 634001 Friday evening. we seem to have lost Bob temporarily ...
555-701-6331 866-907-3235 B 0K. I'll book a room for Thursday night. Bob Hello, I can hear you. Can you ...
A The other thing I wanted to know point is ... expensive ...

TRACK 70
is whether I can get a summary of Chair Sorry, Bob. The line is very bad.
1 d-dot-helm (h-e-l-m) at warwick (w-a-
Saturday's proceedings after the Stay with us and I'll come back to you
r-w-i-c-k) dot ac (a-c) dot u-k
conference? in a moment. I'm glad you can hear us,
2 j-underscore-gilroy (g-i-l-r-o-y) at yell
B Yes, we will send you a summaty of the though.
(y-e- double l) dot com
conference highlights about two weeks
3 w-w-w dot free dash enerjie (e-n-e-r-j- O TRACK 75
after the event.
i-e) dot com Suggested answers in italics
A That's great. Thank you very much.
4 John Gayle (j-o-h-n g-a-y-l-e) A Welcome the participants and begin.
Well, I look forward to seeing you in
Telephone number: 0207 234 1121 B Hello, eveyone. Thank you for calling.
Budapest.
5 Sarah Jackson (s-a-r-a-h j-a-c-k-s-o-n) I think we're all present, so let's begin.
B Me too. Goodbye, Katrina.
Telephone number: 0121 300 4898 A Ask the participants to introduce
themselves.
TRACK 71
UNIT 7 B Can I just ask each of you in turn to
Message 1
introduce yourselves ?
Hi, this is James Mason from KFW calling O TRACK 73
A Ask each participant to give their sales
with a message for Paula Rice. I have a Chair So, I think we're all here. Can 1
results and comments. Insist they are
question about your account with us. just take a roll call? Bob?
brief.
Could you call me back on 01235484 500. Bob Hello, everyone.
B 0K. So I'd like each of you now to give
I'll be here this afternoon until 5 p.m. Chair Jacques?
your sales results and any comments
Many thanks. Jacques Yes, I'm here.
that you have. Please keep your
Message 2 Chair Sarah?
comments shod and to the point.
Hello. My name is Adam Cheyo Sarah Yes, hello — I can hear you clearly.
A Ask Jane to begin.
(c-h-e-y-o). I'm the energy buyer at Chair Frederica? ... Frederica ... sorry' B Jane, perhaps you could begin.
Citylink IJK. I was expecting to receive everyone ... we'll just have to wait a few
A See if anyone wants to comment on
a proposal from you for our electricity minutes until Fre...
what they have heard.
supply next year. We are looking at Frederica Hello, can you hear me? It's
B Does anyone have anything they would
various proposals and our deadline for a Frederica here.
like to add?
decision is next Friday. Could you email Chair Hello Frederica. 0K, let's get
A Conclude the meeting and thank
me your proposal as soon as possible. started. Did everyone receive the agenda?
everyone.
109
B I think we've covered the main points. there. That's great. Let's hear a couple of UNIT 10
Thank you all for your time. examples now ... yes, you sir ...
TRACK 79
A 0K. Now, I know some of you, busy
UNIT 8 UNIT 9 managers that you are, will be

thinking that you have more important
} TRACK 76 -O TRACK 77
things to be doing than listening to
Speaker 1 They are very easy to operate. You simply
me tell you about basic office health
Hello. My name's Jeff Richards. Those of place the wire between the jaws at the
and safety. But just remember that,
you who were at last year's conference right place according to the size of your
apart from anything else, a workplace
will remember me as the guy who bored wire, leaving the length of wire that
accident is not at all a good reflection
you for hours about safety standards at you want stripped on one side of the
on the person in charge of the office.
nuclear plants. Well, here I am again, I'm jaws. Then squeeze the handles together
So the aim of this session is to reduce
afraid - this time to talk about safety firmly and pull the wire back through the
that possibility.
certification and a scheme that we are jaws. This action will remove the plastic
B Sorry, I don't really follow you.
piloting in the UK. Presenting isn't my insulating cover from the wire.
A My point is that it's up to you as
strong point, so please bear with me.
O TRACK 78 managers to ensure your team's basic
Before I begin, could I just ask for a
Suggested answers in italics safety.
show of hands? Who here has already
1 B Are you saying that we are personally
organised external certification of their
A What's the benefit of a TV remote responsible?
plants? I see, about half of you. Welt,
control? A Well, no, not in the sense that an
I'll ask some of you later to share your
B It enables you to change the channel individual can sue you for damages if
experiences with us. But first I'd like to
on your TV without getting up. there's an accident. But in the sense
begin with a brief history of the project
A And how does it work? that your employees look to you for
we are now piloting. Back in 2004 we
B You point it at the TV, press a button leadership, yes, you are. So, let's
Speaker 2 and it sends an infra-red signal to the look at the most common cause of
Good afternoon. My name is Satoru Sato.
workplace accidents ... Can anyone
I'd like to begin by thanking our hosts,
2 guess what that is?
the University of Notre Dame here in
A What can you use a Swiss army knife C Electrical faults?
the United States for organising this
A That's right, or at any rate, accidents
conference. It is a great honour for me to
B For cutting things, opening bottles or connected to electrical installations.
have this opportunity to speak to you. I
cans. It has a screwdriver, too. The most important thing to stress
work for the ITER nuclear fusion project,
A What's it made of? here is that the office should be
which is the subject of my presentation
B The tools are all made of steel and the equipped with enough electrical
today. I will speak for about 40 minutes
outside is made of strong plastic. sockets. If it isn't, you'll find people
and during this time I hope to give you
3 start trailing cables across the floor
a clearer idea of what the aims of the
A What's the advantage of a microwave and these become a safety hazard
ITER project are and what progress we
oven? themselves.
have made so far. I will leave another
B It enables you to heat or reheat food C Sorry, I'm a little confused. I didn't
20 minutes to hear and answer your
very quickly. catch that last part.
questions about our work. So, if you look
A And what are the main components? A Basically what I'm saying is you
at this first slide you will see .
B It consists ofa small oven with a should check that all cables are out of
Speaker 3 rotating table inside and a panel with the way. Also, never overload a socket.
0K, is everyone settled? I think we controls on the outside. Inside is a You should bear in mind that certain
should get started, then. I'd just like to
magnetron tube which fires microwaves appliances demand a heavier electrical
try a little experiment. Can you make a
at the food. load than others. It's not your job to
list - either a mental note or you can
4 maintain installations, just to use your
write it down if you prefer - of all the
A How does a classic glass egg timer common sense.
things that you have thrown away today.
work? C Sorry, that's quite a lot to take in.
I mean anything - from a piece of paper
B It uses gravity. When you turn it upside Could you just go through those points
to a half-eaten sandwich . 0K. Now
down, the sand in the top chamber falls again, one by one?
can you turn to your neighbour and read
slowly through a narrow gap into the A Don't worry, I'll give you a handout at
them your list 0K I'll stop you bottom chamber. the end.
110
Audio script
TRACK 80 B Very important.

UNIT 12
A 0K, have you ever considered other
1 O TRACK 81
types of pipe?
A Hello, my name is Gerald Bellamy. Can A So, can you give me some details
B Yes, as I just mentioned -
I just check that you can hear me at about your company?
polyethylene.
the back? B Sure. We are the network manager A And, roughly speaking, what quantities
B Not vey well. Can you speak up a of the gas and electricity grids in
did you have in mind?
little ? the Nottingham area. Our job is to B We're looking at approximately 300
2 maintain the existing networks and to
kilometres of new pipe this year.
A Right, good customer care is a matter upgrade them when necessary.
A How often do you renew urban gas
TRACK 82
of asking the right questions.
B Suggested answers in italics
Could you give us a practical example of pipes?
that? B We do repairs to the system all the A So, how can we help you?
3 time, but once every 10 years we do B Our position is simple. We are currently
A We have developed a series of standard a thorough check of the whole system paying too much for car hire and are
questions that will fit every situation. with a view to replacing sections of looking for a cheaper supplier.
B Excuse me, but what is the reasoning pipe which are old or degraded. A What is the most important thing for
behind that? A May I ask how you budget for this you? Price, flexibility, quality of cars?
4 capital investment?
B The key thing for us is the price.
A B We prepare a three-yearly budget - the A Well, if you were able to guarantee a

I admit it may seem strange to treat
individuals using standardisation. cost of any renewals is included in certain amount of business, we could
B I don't really understand what you this. offer a very competitive price.
A And that a cost you are hoping to B Would you be able to manage 200
mean by 'standardisation.' is
5 reduce? bookings a month?
A By standardisation I mean using a B We're always conscious of the cost,

A That wouldn't be a problem for us.
fixed set of questions and responses but security of the system has to come B And what discount would you be
that we know people respond well to. first. prepared to give us on that quantity?
B A Am thinking that you're

A I would have to speak to my boss, but
Thanks. I'm with you now. I right in
satisfied with the pipes you've used up

at least 10%.
to now? B To be perfectly honest with you, that
B Yes, more or less. We're interested in would not be enough.
replacing some older carbon steel pipes

with polyethylene ones.
A How important is the issue of quality
to you?
111
Answer key — Topic units
UNIT 1 Exercise 4.2 4 the incumbents thought that
Open answers separation ... would ... not necessarily

Exercise 1.1
bring lower pHces to customers
2
Exercise 4.3
gas meter 5 T: ... foreign firms . . could ... undercut
3 gas field
1 the most profitable: trading
competitors
4 LNG terminal 2 the riskiest: electricity generation and
Exercise 3
5 wind turbines gas exploration
6 3 the most stable: transmission and Suggested answers
electricity substation
distribution 2 Despite there being more competition,
7 trading room
8 large industrial customer 4 the most capital intensive: electricity / Despite greater competition, prices
generation and gas exploration have not come down.

9 central heating boiler
10 5 the most labour intensive: transmission 3 As well as relaxing regulation,
utility bill
and distribution they have (also) encouraged more
Exercise 1.2
6 the newest: trading competition.
1 Transport and storage 4 Russia exports gas to (both) Europe and
Exercise 4.4
2 Energy services China / not only Europe, but also to
3 Generation 1 supply 2 retailer 3 margins
China.
4 Transmission 4 vertically 5 upstream 6 downstream
5 Although in theory there is an open
5 Supply and retail market, prices still vary a lot from one
UNIT 2
Exercise 2.1 country to another.
Exercise 1.1 6 The plan failed owing to a lack of
generation industry turbine
1 state support. / The plan failed owing to
distribution retail production
2 regulated there not being enough support.
utility service industrial storage
explomion energy transmission
3 open Exercise 4.1
customer meter terminal 4 wires
1 to take over = to take control of, buy or
5 historical
a In words that end -ion, the stress acquire a company
6 entrants
always falls on the syllable before to merge = when two companies join to
7 capital
the -ion. become one
8 competitors
b In words of three or more syllables, the 2 to sell off = to sell a company or a
9 subcontractors
stress usually falls on the third syllable division of a company
10 house
from the end. to spin off = to make a part of an
c In nouns with two syllables, the stress Exercise 1.2 existing company an independent
usually falls on the first syllable. @minated monopoly domestic business, e.g. a subsidiary
Exercise 3 regulated historical expenditure 3 a merger = a permanent joining of two

competitors subcontractors companies
2 cannot be stored
maintenance construction a joint venture = when companies join
3 is owned and operated
to work on a temporary project
4 must be sourced Exercise 2.1
4 to acquire = to buy a company
5 is traded If 2 a 3 d 4g 5 e 6b
to buy a stake in = to buy part of or a
6 is vertically integrated Exercise 2.2 share in (e.g. a 20% stake) a company
7 is supplied
Open answers 5 a takeover bid = an offer to buy a
8 to be maintained
Exercise 2.3 company at a certain price
9 are generally provided
a leveraged buyout = the buying of a
1 cross-border sales ... are relatively
Exercise 4.1
company using borrowed money (often
few
1 the most profitable using the assets of the company to
2 energy prices ... can vaty ... by up
2 the riskiest guarantee the loan). Companies that do
to 100%
3 the most stable this are called private equity firms.
3 new competitors ... found it
4 the most capital intensive
expensive and complicated to get access
5 the most labour intensive
to the networks
6 the newest
112
Answer key
Exercise 4.2
UNIT 5
a The trend for big mergers and
Exercise 1 Exercise 1
acquisitions will slow down.
b The number of smaller scale 1 coal 6 cycle I in
2 Renewables 7 electric 2 installed

acquisitions, especially in renewable
3 fuel 8 farm 3 fresh
and other new technology sectors, will
increase. 4 thermal 9 hybrid 4 constraints; output
c Spin-offs of infrastructure divisions will

5 fired 10 heat 5 under
continue. Exercise 2.1 6 site
7 lifetime
1 chimney 5 turbine
UNIT 3 8 closed; reprocessing
2 mill 6 generator
9 high-level
Exercise 1.1 3 furnace 7 cooling tower
10 disposal
1 exploration 7 4 steam 8 condenser
storage company II storage
2 produce 8 supply Exercise 3.1 12 decommissioning
3 producer 9 subcontracting 1 build 5 large-scale
Exercise 2.1
4 trading 10 subcontractor 2 put 6 saved
5 wholesaler 11 regulator 1 leak (or leakage [uncountable])
3 efficient 7 abundant
6 retail(ing) 12 2 proliferation
consumption 4 main
3 transportation / transport
Exercise 2 Exercise 3.2 4 threat
Suggested answers Suggested answers 5 disposal
I Energy companies shouldn't 1 It will take two years to close / shut 6 contamination
subcontract work ...
down / dismantle the plant.
Exercise 2.2
2 Electricity companies should be 2 Our first nuclear reactor was
allowed to cut off .
1 leak; crack 4 Proliferation
decommissioned / taken out of
3 The generation of nuclear power should 2 Contamination 5 disposal
service in 1963.
remain ...
3 threat 6 transportation
3 The process is very inefficient.
4 The regulator doesn't have to control 4 The oil generator is used as the back- Exercise 3
the price ...
up energy source for the hospital. 1 incident
5 The regulator should ensure there is ... 5 The plant suitable for small-
is 2 that without cooling it would overheat
6 The regulator must encourage ...
scale generation of electricity (or 3 They shut the reactor down.
7 Consumers should be able to change .
microgeneration). 4 none, according to the spokesman
8 Consumers don't have to reduce .
6 A lot of heat is wasted in this process. 5 triggered
Exercise 3.1 7 Coal is a scarce fuel in some countries.
Exercise 4
1 monopoly companies Exercise 4 1 far 4 nearly
2 by promoting competition and making 1 worse 3 the least 5 further 2 slightly 5 a little
sure there is adequate investment in 2 the worst 4 more 3 much 6 quite
the networks
Exercise 5.1 Exercise 5.1
3 vulnerable consumers - the old, the
disabled, those on Low incomes Advantages: reliable; waste; up to; 1 the most 4 much better
Operating; base 2 cheaper; to 5 similar to
Exercise 3.2
Disadvantages: Dams; flood; on line; on 3 a little
Open answers
Exercise 4
Open answers 1 building; initial
1 intensive 4 firms
Exercise 5.3 2 high finance costs; high risks
2 public 5 householders
3 expected life
3 multi Advantages: part of a balanced energy
4 decommissioning
mix; cheap; coal is abundant; provides
Exercise 5 5 security; a terrorist attack
jobs for miners
6 radioactive waste
lc 2b, c 3b 4b Disadvantages: dirty / emits a lot of C02
(70% more than a gas-fired plant); carbon Exercise 5.3
capture is very expensive 1 much longer 3 from
2 as short as 4 further; than
113
Exercise 5.2 UNIT 8
UNIT 6
1 stranded
2 150 billion
1 gas pipeline
3 viable
2 LNG tanker
4 difficult; expensive
3 LNG terminal
Exercise 1.2 5 corrosive
4 gas liquefaction plant
1 6 end; lack
producing 5 underground gas storage facility
2 jointly
6 underground gas pipes
3 a shortage of UNIT 7
Exercise 1.2
4 less mature Exercise 1.1
5 shortfall
al b 3 c 6 d 5 e 4 f 2
1 insulators
6 remote Exercise 3.1
2 substation
7 proven 1 Non-technical losses (9%) are greater
3 pylon
8 bringing it onstream 4 overhead lines than technical losses (4.5%)
9 accurately 2 By replacing or lining steel pipes with
5 underground cables
10 a mining lease
6 dispatching centre polyethylene ones and improving leak
Exercise 2.1 7 live-line workers detection
1 abandoned 5 thick 8 meters 3 Incorrect metering, non-payment by the
2 low 6 shallow customer, and theft / stealing (fraud)

Exercise 2
3 reduced 7 mature 6 Exercise 3.2
1 to get monitoring
4 depleted 8 random 2 to transmit 7 1 60
fitting
Exercise 2.2 3 reading 8 to repair 2 1000 6 42; 1000
1 inefficient 5 inaccessible 4 to lay 9 to withstand 3 4.5 7 0.5 / half an
2 unsuccessful 6 unproven 5 to lower 10 carrying out 4 1940s 89

3 unreliable 7 unprofitable Exercise 3 Exercise 4.1
4 inaccurate 1 take into account 5 minimise 1 consumed 6 needed
Exercise 3 2 maintain 6 implement 2 injected 7 made

3 respond to 7 guarantee 3 withdrawn 8 chosen
Suggested answer:
The reserves are proven and the 4 carry out 4 cut 9 taken
5 split 10 replenished
neighbouring field is already producing; Exercise 4
new technology ('extended reach drilling')
1 balance 5 real Exercise 4.2
means that the offshore oil can be drilled 6 bidder seasonal
2 meter 1
from onshore, which is much cheaper.
3 settlement 7 constraints 2 withdraw
Exercise 4 4 frequency 3 a shortfall
1 off 6 on Exercise 5.1 4 peak load

2 under 7 to 5 a depleted reservoir
The independent TSO must be legally and
3 from 8 on Exercise 5
financially separate.
4 at 9 in
It must prove impartiality in dealing with Suggested answer:
5 in 10 at The main trend is towards a more flexible
third parties.
Exercise 5.1 The tariff it charges for transmission is and liquid market.
Suggested answer: agreed with the regulator. Exercise 6

He says there are 70 years of proven Its margin is fixed by the regulator.
1 are becoming
reserves and more gas which could be Exercise 5.2 2 are investing
extracted if prices stay high. But 1 3 is levelling
legally
he thinks that before we reach peak gas, 2 4 is increasing
fairly; impartially; party
another source of energy will be found to 5
3 upgrading are focusing
replace it.
4 cost-plus
5 justify; put
6 postage
7 quantity; travels
Answer key
UNIT 9 UNIT 10 UNIT 11

Exercise 1.1 Exercise 1.1 Exercise 1.1
1 Who 6 How much le 2 f 3b 4 c 1 keeping existing customers loyal and
2 How long 7 How many Exercise 1.2 selling them other services
3 What 8 What kind 2 for a lower price (usually more than 6

5b
4 How often 9 Why or 7%) or better service quality
5 What Exercise 2.1 3 building development, especially the

(see page 116 for example bill) new housing market
Exercise 1.3
4 cold calling (calling people they have
1 leased 6 varies
Exercise 2.2 had no contact with before) and mass
2 lasts 7 employs
mailing (sending advertising out in the
3 operate 8 read 1 Cheque, online payment, by credit card
post)
4 are fulfilling 9 outsourced over the phone, direct debit
5 continue 2 'actual' means the real reading; 'current' Exercise 1.2
means the present reading (in this 1 existing; loyal
Exercise 2.1
context it could be the same thing) 2 premium
1 pole 5 circuit
3 5% for gas and 17.5% for electricity 3 getting; value
2 medium 6 fuse
(consumer tax = VAT) 4 word; mouth
3 breaker 7 mains
4 Tell us this number. 5 in partnership with
4 cable
5 5 June 2009 6 prospects
Exercise 2.3 7 mass
Exercise 3 cold;
If 2 a 3 d 4 c 5b 8 success rate
1 She is in a new house and has not
Exercise 3.1 received a bill for eight months. Exercise 2.1
1 two 2 The bill probably got lost in the post. 1 moves; makes 5 invoices; pays
2 go back to engineering college for a 3 He will send a copy of the bill issued 2 makes; handles 6 offers; out
year first in May. 3 switches; loses 7 advertises; up for
3 He didn't take it, because he preferred 4 She must check the current meter 4 at; estimates 8 carries out; gives
a job which involved being outdoors reading against the reading on the
Exercise 3
and meeting people. bill. This is because the bill is for an
lin 2 by 3 in 4 with
estimated amount.
Exercise 3.2 5 by 6 on to 7 on 8 in
1 connect Exercise 4
Exercise 4.1
2 detect 1 a Customers will be able to see their
Open answers
3 dig energy consumption in real time.
4 weld b The meters will be able to record Exercise 4.2
5 oversee electricity supplied and exported to the 1 Speed
6 resolve grid from microgeneration units. 2 Average
c Electricity customers will be able to 3 Overall
Exercise 4.1
choose to pre-pay, or be billed in the 4 resolution
Open answers
normal way after consumption. 5 hangs
Exercise 4.2 2 Suppliers will no longer have to 6 Turnover
estimate bills (and they won't have to 7 spent
Exercise 5 send a meter reader to each home and 8 referred
1 I told him not to worry. site). Exercise 5

2 Our aim is not to waste money. Exercise 6 1 how long it takes
3 They are instructed not to take risks. 1 It's very probable. 2 what the answer is
4 It is important not to attempt the 2 This is a very confident and certain 3 if it would be better
repair yourself. prediction. 4 how long you spend
5 3 This is the least confident. It's a 5 when the best moment is
6 It was wrong of him not to have called. possibility.

6 when a customer last got angry; what
4 It's very probable. the reason was
7 why there is
8 what the incentives are
115
Example Bill
cor use with
'Jnit 10 Need Help? Mon-Sat 8am-8pm

Exercise 2.1
qhpower
0845 777 8880 Sunday IOam-4pm
p. 28.
We can only speak to the account holder.
See p. 115 for Bill Date 21st May 2008
7nswers.
Customer Reference Number: 1211 1312 1413
Your Gas & Electricity Bill This your unique reference number.
Electro Plan 100 0 is
Please pay E319.40 by 5th June 2008 Please quote this when you call us.
Billing Summary Moving home? Take us

Energy efficiency
Bill period 18th November 2007 to 20th May 2008
with you!
Your last bill $97.23
0845 777 8880 0845 777 8880
Payment received on €97.23

29th December 2007 - thank you credit For advice on saving To give us your meter
money by becoming readings on the day you
Standing charge 1 May — 31 October €51.30 more energy efficient. move.
Energy you've used (estimated reading) €244.34

Please see back for detail
If you have a query 24-hour Emergency
VAT at 5% on gas, 17.5% on electricity O €23.76

Please call us on
Service - 0800 888 7770
0845 777 8880 - we
To pay €319.40
will try to resolve your Ifyou have any
See back for payment options O problem straight away. dangerous situation
We must receive payment by 5th June 2008 call us immediately.
Thank you for choosing Gin Power
Your usage — in detail

For more information about this calculation, go to ginpower.co.uk/billing/
Meter readings for meter number 12345678901234
Your current tariff is Electro Plan 100
Previous reading Recent reading Units used Units as kWh Pence per kWh Charge for
energy used
3223 (gas) 3425 202 6349 over 54 days First 1177 kWh @ 3.717p 43.75
Next 5172 kWh @ 2. loop 108.61
66112 (electricity) 66909 797 over 54 days First 222 kWh @ 16.439p 36.49
Next 572 kWh @ 9.657p 55.53
15 Nov 2007 20 May 2008

(reading) (estimate) O
NotEast Energy payment slip O Bank Giro Credit
By transfer from NotEast
Reference (customer account number) Credit account number Amount due account number
320
220
Cashier's stamp and

inittials
1 Total Cash
Your signature
Cheques
Date
Please do not write or mark below this line or fold this counterfeit.
116
Answer key
IIT 12 Exercise 5.2 3 It is an expensive form of energy now,

1 recommend; will give but the costs will come down.
>rcise 1.1
2 are; can call 4 Despite there being / Despite the
washing machine
3 will send; sign technical difficulties, the project went
kettle
4 can / will give; needs ahead.
dishwasher
5 buy; will install
iron
UNIT 14
tumble dryer
UNIT 13 Exercise 1.1
thermostat
fridge freezer
Exercise 1 It made trading and risk management
microwave oven 2 recycling 5 systems central to energy companies' business.
television 3 trading 6 reception Exercise 1.2

light bulb 4 compliance 7 cleaning
The last sentence: Enron's legacy has
nacise 1.2 Exercise 2.1 been to make risk management into a
ave; low 5 turn 1 operation 7 implement highly sophisticated activity central to the
ating 6 fill 2 management 8 assistance financial success of energy companies.
tandby 7 [eave 3 maintenance 9 building Exercise 1.3

witch off 8 consumption 4 install 10 evaluate
1 went out of business
5 development 11 funding
!rcise 3.1 2 opponents
6 advise
speaker suggests: 3 out of control
Exercise 2.2 4 hedge against the
w gas boiler; other energy-saving risk
pment, like standby reduction 1 assist 6 evaluate 5 price volatility
ces; microgeneration solutions, like 2 building 7 management 6 profit from
I turbines and solar energy panels; 3 advice 8 installation Exercise 1.4

lation; double glazing; low-energy 4 implement 9 maintain
1 Because of accounting fraud.
s; turning down the heating. 5 funding
2 A lack of regulation in financial
rcise 3.2 Exercise 3.1 markets.
asulate; roof I multi-site 4 headquarters 3 To protect companies from the risks of
raughts; double glaze 2 a chain 5 co-generation price volatility and to profit from this
eplace; boiler 3 to upgrade 6 turnkey volatility when possible.
it; lights; bulbs. Exercise 3.2 Exercise 3.1

urn; thermostat
1 The first is helping to optimise the
rcise 3.3 energy portfolio and hedging to reduce
Exercise 4.1
ps (advice) for energy saving; offers risk associated with physical trades; the
He says that in spite of high costs, it is
n gas boilers and standby reduction second is speculating on changes in
a growing industry. Industry increasingly
evices; microgeneration solutions the price of (different types of) energy
wants and needs these services.
ley are expensive to install and the products.
Exercise 4.2 2 The second one is riskier.
ayback time may be too long.
n online energy survey of your home 1 tension 7 growing Exercise 3.2

government grant for major 2 optimise 8 price
I get 8 price
nprovements 3 consumption 9 strict
2 value 9 offset
4 sales 10 incentives
rcise 4 3 physical 10 cover
5 fund 11 certificates
offers cash credits, bonuses and 4 spot 11 coal
6 loans
scounts for saving energy. 5 cargo 12
Exercise 5 6 backed 13
every unit you consume, SSE puts a high-return
nit of hydro-electricity into the grid. I Although the equipment is old- 7 hedge
fashioned, it works well.
rcise 5.1 Exercise 4
2 In spite of (it) costing a lot of money, I
ill get €25 credited to your bill 1 from 4 asking
think it is worthwhile.
duce your energy use by 10% 2 seller 5 purchase
ceive / get a free eco-monitor 3 for 6 put
vitch to online billing
exclusive discounts
117
Example Bill
For use with

Unit 10 Need Help? Mon-Sat 8am-8pm
Exercise 2.1 0845 777 8880
qtpower
Sunday 10am-4pm
on p. 28. We can only speak to the account holder.
See p. 115 for Bill Date 21st May 2008
answers. Customer Reference Number: 1211 1312 1413
Your Gas & Electricity Bill This is your unique reference number.
Electro Plan 100 0 Please quote this when you call us.
Please pay €319.40 by 5th June 2008
Billing Summary Energy efficiency Moving home? Take us

Bill period 18th November 2007 to 20th May 2008 with you!
Your last bill 07.23
0845 777 8880 0845 777 8880
Payment received on €97.23

29th December 2007 - thank you credit For advice on saving To give us your meter
money by becoming readings on the day you
Standing charge 1 May — 31 October €51.30 more energy efficient. move.
Energy you've used (estimated reading) €244.34

Please see back for detail If you have a query 0 24-hour Emergency
VAT at 5% on gas, 17.5% on electricity O €23.76 Please call us on

Service - 0800 888 7770
0845 777 8880 - we

To pay E319.40
will try to resolve your If you have any
See back for payment options O problem straight away. dangerous situation
call us immediately.
We must receive payment by 5th June 2008
Thank you for choosing Gin Power
Your usage — in detail

For more information about go to ginpower.co. uk/billing/
this calculation,
Meter readings for meter number 12345678901234

Your current tariff is Electro Plan 100
Previous reading Recent reading Units used Units as kWh Pence per kWh Charge for
energy used
3223 (gas) 3425 202 6349 over 54 days First 1177 kWh @ 3.717p 43.75
Next 5172 kWh @ loop 2. 108.61
66112 (electricity) 66909 797 over 54 days First 222 kWh @ 16.439p 36.49
Next 572 kWh (g) 9.657p 55.53
15 Nov 2007 20 May 2008

(reading) (estimate) O
NotEast Energy payment slip O Bank Giro Credit
By transfer from NotEast
Reference (customer account number) Credit account number Amount due account number
320
220
Cashier's stamp and

inittials
Total Cash
Your signature Cheques
Date
Please do not write or mark below this line or fold this counterfeit.
116
Answer key
Exercise 5.2 3 an expensive form of energy now,

UNIT 12 It is
1 recommend; will give but the costs will come down.

Exercise 1.1
2 are; can call 4 Despite there being / Despite the
1 washing machine
3 will send; sign technical difficulties, the project went
2 kettle
4 can / will give; needs ahead.
3 dishwasher
5 buy; will install
4 iron
UNIT 14
5 tumble dryer
UNIT 13 Exercise 1.1
6 thermostat
7 fridge freezer
Exercise 1 It made trading and risk management
8 microwave oven 2 recycling 5 systems central to energy companies' business.
9 television 3 trading 6 reception Exercise 1.2

10 light bulb 4 compliance 7 cleaning
The last sentence: Enron's legacy has
Exercise 1.2 Exercise 2.1 been to make Hsk management into a
1 save; low 5 turn 1 operation 7 implement highly sophisticated activity central to the
2 rating 6 fill 2 management 8 assistance financial success of energy companies.
3 standby 7 leave 3 maintenance 9 building Exercise 1.3

4 switch off 8 consumption 4 install 10 evaluate
1 went out of business
5 development 11 funding
Exercise 3.1 2 opponents
6 advise
The speaker suggests: 3 out of control
Exercise 2.2 4 hedge against the risk
a new gas boiler; other energy-saving
equipment, like standby reduction 1 assist 6 evaluate 5 price volatility
devices; microgeneration solutions, like 2 building 7 management 6 profit from
wind turbines and solar energy panels; 3 advice 8 installation Exercise 1.4
insulation; double glazing; low-energy 4 implement 9 maintain
1 Because of accounting fraud.
bulbs; turning down the heating. 5 funding
2 A lack of regulation in financial
Exercise 3.2 Exercise 3.1 markets.
1 Insulate; roof 1 multi-site 4 headquarters 3 To protect companies from the risks of
2 draughts; double glaze 2 a chain 5 co-generation price volatility and to profit from this
3 Replace; boiler 3 to upgrade 6 turn key volatility when possible.
4 Fit; lights; bulbs. Exercise 3.2 Exercise 3.1

5 Turn; thermostat
ld 2 a 3b 4 e 5 f 6 c 1 The first is helping to optimise the
Exercise 3.3 energy portfolio and hedging to reduce
Exercise 4.1
1 Tips (advice) for energy saving; offers risk associated with physical trades; the
He says that in spite of high costs, it is
on gas boilers and standby reduction second is speculating on changes in
a growing industry. Industry increasingly
devices; microgeneration solutions the price of (different types of) energy
wants and needs these services.
2 They are expensive to install and the products.
Exercise 4.2 2 The second one is riskier.
payback time may be too long.
3 An online energy survey of your home 1 tension 7 growing Exercise 3.2
4 A government grant for major 2 optimise 8 price
1 get 8 price
improvements 3 consumption 9 strict
2 value 9 offset
4 sales 10 incentives
Exercise 4 3 physical 10 cover
5 fund 11 certificates
1 It offers cash credits, bonuses and 4 spot 11 coal
6 loans
5 cargo 12
discounts for saving energy.
Exercise 5 6 backed 13
2 For every unit you consume, SSE puts a high-return
unit of hydro-electricity into the grid. 1 Although the equipment is old- 7 hedge
fashioned, it works well.
Exercise 5.1 Exercise 4
2 In spite of (it) costing a lot of money, I
I will get E25 credited to your bill
1 from 4 asking
think it is worthwhile.
2 2 seller 5 purchase
reduce your energy use by 10%
3 receive / get a free eco-monitor
3 for 6 put
4 switch to online billing
5 get exclusive discounts
117
Exercise 5.1 Exercise 2 Exercise 4.2
buyer; call; sell liabilities turnover unprofitable 1 awareness 5 genuine

expenditure cash flow equity assets 2 misleading 6 'greenwash'
Exercise 5.2
receipt creditor variable revenue 3 switching 7 achieve that goal
a the underlying commodity
minus 4 existing plants 8 tougher
b the expiry date
Exercise 3 Exercise 5.1
c the strike price
1 borrowing 6 savings 1 set a target
Exercise 5.3
2 debts 7 repayments 2 fail to reach the target
1 at 7 on 13 to
3 loan 8 sale 3 reach/achieve the target
2 by 8 at 14 on
4 investment 9 value 4 exceed the target
3 from 9 for 15 on
5 expenditure Exercise 5.2
4 without 10 on
5 at 11 within Exercise 4 1 In; at
6 to 12 by 1 a lot of 4 much 7 a few 2 to; by

2 many 5 a few 8 a little 3 On; under
UNIT 15 3 a little 6 many 4 by; by

5 at; in; of
6 at; over
1 The balance sheet Company A: The wage bill / labour costs
7 in; between
2 The cash flow statement Company B: Working capital
3 The profit and loss account Company C: Financial reporting
UNIT 17
Exercise 1.2 Exercise 5.2 Exercise 1.1
1 fixed costs 5 long-term
1 overstaffed; redundancies biofuels, carbon capturer large-scale
2 expenditure 6 loss
2 requirement desert-based solar power, green algae
3 liabilities 7 debtor
3 invoice; payment
4 net
Exercise 1.2
8 unprofitable
4 provisions
1 alternative; petrol
Exercise 1.3 5 six months
2 crops; shortages
1 Total revenue ('turnover' is total 6 share price
3 storing
-revenue from sales; 'other income' 7 control; auditing
4 subsidies
includes sales of assets, for example).
5 huge
2 It was negative (minus US$13m), so UNIT 16
6 stretching
probably the company had to borrow Exercise 1 7 harvested; biodiesel
from the bank to pay creditors.
1 disasters 6 gases 8 combines; fuel
3 Profitability was much better in 2007,
2 floods 7 layer Exercise 2.1
because the net profit (net income) of
3 change 8 melt
US$971m was made from total revenue 1 generating 6 producing
4 warming 9 levels
of US$8,506m, compared to US$433m 2 converting 7 harnessing
5 emissions 10 greenhouse
on revenue of US$8,159m in 2006. 3 burning 8 pumping
Exercise 3 4 breaking down 9 separating
4 Debt (total liabilities) remained
reasonably stable. 1 drastic reduction 5 turning 10 re-injecting
5 Working capital (current assets minus 2 sharp increase

Exercise 2.2
current liabilities) was positive in 3 significant rise
Because they both use fossil fuels, which
the first quarter of 2008; it had been 4 fallen dramatically
are not renewable but a finite resource.
negative the previous two years. 5 decreased slightly
Hydrogen: clean, environmentally friendly,
6 The company has large debts (liabilities Exercise 4.1 highly efficient
of IJS$18,005m) which have been
1 Probably not - the electricity you get will CHP with fossil fuels: environmentally
financed through borrowing, not equity
be generated by existing plants. There is friendly, highly efficient
(US$5,901m). The profit margin in 2007
no guarantee that new renewable plants
was good (net income was around 12% will be built as a result.
of total revenue) but in the second
2 'Real' green electricity would come from
quarter of 2008 only 1%. The figures
renewable plants that are built today
need to be watched carefully.
and tomorrow.
118
Answer key
Exercise 2.3 2 They have to take care of all the Exercise 5

Suggested answers: stakeholders: employees, shareholders, I have been working
Wind power: visual impact on countryside, suppliers and the local community. 2 published
some noise pollution Exercise 2.2 3 were set
Tidal power: disrupts wildlife / the 4 have had
I rely on
ecosystem in river estuaries 5 launched
2 declining
Biomass: polluting, produces a lot of C02 6 have been developing
3 combating
when burnt directly 7 have always been committed
4 linked closely
Solar: visual impact 8 invested
5 taking care of
Exercise 3.1 6 promoting diversity
7
UNIT 19
1 so that ensuring
2 so as not to 8 fair Exercise 1
3 in order to Exercise 3 1 burnt/ burned 5 damaged
4 to avoid 2 injured 6 electrocuted
mineral resources
5 to prevent 3 casualties 7 suffered; hurt
sustainable deyelopment
Exercise 3.2 4 exposed
company performance
Suggested answers: climate change Exercise 2
1 meet our C02 emissions targets energy efficiency 4 Beware
2 polluting the atmosphere equal opportunities 2 Take 5 wear
3 upset local people enyjronmental charities 3 Pay 6 put

4 it can generate most of its own job security Exercise 3.1
electricity local community
1 assessed 4 followed
5 gas from escaping Exercise 4.1 2 taken 5 encouraged
Exercise 4.2 Project 1: to put 'living walls and roofs' on 3 provided 6 prevented
CHP: combined heat and power city buildings Exercise 3.2
HR: human resources Project 2: to refuel natural gas cars at
1 The CEO is ultimately responsible
LNG: liquefied natural gas home
(accountable) for safety in the
a JV: a joint venture Project 3: to teach energy awareness to
company.
the UN: the United Nations schoolchildren
2 Because the consequences of accidents
COG carbon dioxide Exercise 4.2 are so serious.
the EU: the European Union
1 'Green up your city' (a word-play on the 3 They must lead by example; in other
IT: information technology
phrase 'clean up') words, behave in a way others can
the IAEA: the International Atomic Energy
2 They look attractive, they insulate follow.
Agency
buildings and they absorb C02
R & D: research and development Exercise 3.3
3 One of the company's own R & D
1 pass the buck
technicians
UNIT 18 4
2 state of mind
public transport buses
3 cutting corners
Exercise 1.1 5 local authorities
4 be done by the book
1 satisfaction 6 They conducted secret audits of energy
5 second nature
2 value use in their school.
6 lead by example
3 impact Exercise 4.3 7 practising what you preach
4 treatment
I get; in
Exercise 3.4
5 security
2 impressed; funding
a 7 b 2 c 5 d 4 e 3 fl g 6
Exercise 1.2 3 set up
4 self-financing Exercise 4
Open answers
5 rolled out Sparks from an electrical cable had eroded
Exercise 2.1
a gas pipe. The explosion took place in a
I They have a particular role to play in
room on the sixth floor of the hotel.
conserving the world's natural resources
and fighting climate change.
119
Exercise 5 Exercise 4 Exercise 3
I were killed 1 back lg 2 d 3 f 4 a 5 h 6i (enhance
2 were seriously injured 2 bought has the sense of both increase and
3 were carrying out 3 has been behaving improve) 7b 8 c 9 e

4 burst 4 am using Exercise 4.1
5 discharged 5 used
1 Enterprise 4 Indicator(s)
6 died 6 will print
2 Operating 5 On
7 were taken 7 has improved
3 Management 6 Cost
8 were treated 8 check
9 see
Exercise 5
9 had been injected will
10 had leaked 10 has not been 5 nothing

11 decided 11 am looking 2 None 6 all
12 Have you been waiting 3 All the 7 The majority

Exercise 6.1
4 everything 8 the whole
1 The regulations are clear.
Exercise 5.1
down 4 connect Exercise 6.1
2 The accident eotkd have been 1
2 frozen 5 slowly 1 Because of deregulation and the
prevented.
3 We Were waiting for a call Otff 3 compatible 6 faulty separation of its different businesses.
boss. Also because the nature of its business

Exercise 5.2
4 Gas had leaked from the pipe. has changed.
e 3 fl
5 Seven were killed and thirty were 2 They would like to be able to stop
investing and start just to enjoy the
injured.
UNIT 21 benefits of their past investment.
6 He broke both arms when he fell off the
ladder.
Exercise 1.1
Exercise 6.2
practical / useful
1 unavoidable; new division
UNIT 20 reliable / dependable
2 activity
Exercise 1 straightforward / user-friendly

3 changed; contracts; complicated
off-the-shelf / standard
1 server 7 workstations 4 measure; ownership
buggy / unreliable
2 firewall 8 speakers
5 user; external consultants
customised / bespoke
3 röuter 9 base unit Exercise 6.3
4 wireless link 10 Exercise 1.2
keyboard 1 unbundle 5 install
5 laptop 11 mouse Open answers
2 legacy 6 savings
6 printer 12 screen Exercise 2.1 3 entrants 7 ongoing
Exercise 2.1 The solution enables engineers to give 4 billing
IA /i:/ as in 'tree' 2A printer the customer instant quotations for work
B as in 'were' B wireless (connections or alterations to their service). UNIT 22

The benefits to the customer are: the
Exercise 1.1
Exercise 3.1
ability to get a quotation immediately; fix
1 touching the screen and manipulating 1 gains in efficiency and reductions in
a time for the work to be carried out; pay
the objects that appear on it
cost
straightaway by credit/debit card without
2 computer vision, where the machine sees 2 resistance to change from staff and
filling in forms; get up-to-date information
what you are doing and reacts to it
from trade unions
on progress.
3 speech recognition 3 make any changes gradually and do
The benefits to the company are: to be
not to think you have to decentralise
Exercise 3.2 able to access the system remotely; to
everything
1 keyboard, mouse work without paper forms to fill in; to get
Exercise 1.2
2 screen immediate payment.
3 interface 1 a single provider
Exercise 2.2
4 home 2 various sites
1 rolled out 4 requirements
5 3 payroll
computing 2 cut down on 5 remotely
4 are unwilling to
3 tailor-made 6 up-to-date
5 outsourcing
6 gradually
7 does not suit
120
Answer key
Exercise 2 Exercise 1.2 Exercise 2.2

I who 4 where 7 which c 1
2 which 5 which 8 whom Exercise 1.3 2
3 whose 6 whose 3 F - it will continue to rise significantly
1 retaining; skills
Exercise 3 4 F - it will rise steadily but not sharply
2 hire; graduates
5
1 Raise a purchase order 3 background; path
6 F - just under half the world's
2 Order the goods 4 recognise; reward
electricity will be generated by coal-
3 Receive the goods and the invoice 5 leave; join
fired plants
4 Match the invoice with the proof of Exercise 2.1 7
receipt
I resign 6 graduated 8
5 Pay the invoice
2 lay off 7 fire him
Exercise 3.1
Exercise 4.1 3 retire 8 delegate
stable consume period fossil global
I code 4 bonuses 4 appointed 9 taken on
steady sharp predict double remain
2 basic salary 5 social 5 trained 10 empower
decrease uncertain
3 overtime
Exercise 3
Exercise 4.1
Exercise 4.2
2 Someone is bound to find a
A /el/ payroll, basic, pay, change, rate h 5 i 10 j 8
technological solution to climate
B 1/00/ payroll, code, bonus, social, Exercise 4.1
change.
overtime
1 drafted 3 Nuclear power is likely to play a bigger
'Payroll' can go in both columns.
2 passed role in the future.
Exercise 5.1 3 applied 4 Developing countries are bound to
1 quality 4 amended need to build a large number of power
2 length
Exercise 4.2 plants.
3 price 5 The energy needs of developed
1 had consulted; would have drafted
4 lead-time countries are also bound to increase.
2 had not been; would have debated
Exercise 5.2 6 It is likely that the price of oil will
3 had thought; would not have been
continue fluctuating.
1 defective passed
2 renewable 4 had not been passed; would not have Exercise 4.2
3 reduction had to Open answers
4 penalties 5 had tried; would have been challenged
Exercise 5.1
6 would have supported; had accepted
Exercise 5.3 1 No, because even if we find ways to
1 up; specifications save energy, we will keep finding other
UNIT 24
2 call; tender; bids ways to use more energy.
3 bidders; meet; demands Exercise 1 2 Maybe, but it not will happen as quickly
4 shortlist; candidate 1 into as people say; in fact it will take
5 award; value 2 on several generations.
3 off 3 A serious and long-lasting global
UNIT 23 4 in economic depression OR People
5 into voluntarily reducing their energy use.
Exercise 1.1
1 Young people who have just graduated Exercise 2.1 Exercise 5.2
from university. A decrease slightly ld 2 c 3 e 4a 5b
2 A career in the company which will give B remain stable
job satisfaction and a good salary. C rise sharply
3 They are innovative and try to D slow down

anticipate new trends. E grow steadily
121
Answer key - Communication units
Exercise 1 Exercise 1.2 Exercise 1.1
c This would be too formal and not Point 1: Use body language that relaxes 1 HOW
the listener and maintain eye contact. 2 well
natural in English.
Point 2: Hear the other person's views 3 good / nice / relaxing
Exercise 2
fully before formulating your own. 4 how
1 for / at
Point 3: Show appreciation. 5 get / go
2 to
Point 4: Don't relate everything to your 6 things
3 of
own experience. 7 what
4 for
5 in
6 in ld 2b 3 f 4 e 5 c 6 a 1 ahead
7 of
2 worry
Exercise 2.2
8 in
3 Never
Suggested answers:
9 on 4 mention
2 Wow! Do you like it?
5 anyway
Exercise 3 3 Do you? Do they both still live at
6 of
2 mainly / principally in energy supply home?
7 good
and services 4 That's a good long break. Are you
8 so
3 employs over 6,000 people going anywhere exciting?
9 as
4 into three main divisions / branches 5 Goodness. You must be fit. How do you
10 to
5 of developing business / of business find the time for all that?
11 would
development with .
6 Really? Will that have any effect on
12 so
6 with the company / working for the your job? 13 check
company for three years 7 Oh, I see. Where were you before that?
14 I'm afraid
7 researching new technologies 8 Yes, it's the same here. Have a lot of
15 my
8 as a distribution company companies closed down?
9 That's impressive. Is it difficult?
Exercise 3
9 are trying to develop / are
developing energy services Suggested answers:

Exercise 3.1
1 Yes, hello again. I remember we both
10 if I'm telling you things that you We're in a bit of trouble with the ASA,
1
managed to escape early from that
know already because they say our advertisement
know / would rather boring final session.
11 else you wanted to like
hat as isa reen ener
su es
2 I'm very well, thank you.
to know specifically
They say it's misleading.
3 Yes, I'm still working in the IT
Exercise 4.1 2 If the government imposes a windfall
department.
a To exchange experiences of renewable tax on utility companies' profits, our
4 Of course. Go ahead.
shareholders are going to be very
energy projects. 5 I'm afraid I don't really know. But I
b Dave Redman is Sustainable angry.
can check, if you like.
Development Officer; Ute is Renewable 3 We really want to build new plants
6 I'll certainly do my best, but I can't
Energy Advisor. because there's going to be an energy
promise anything.
c To install more generating capacity shortfall in the next decade or so, but
7 It's a shame, but I'm afraid I can't.
close to their customers. these sorts of decisions aren't just
How about you?
taken overnight.
Exercise 4.2 8 I hope so too. Bye for now.
1 pleased to meet
Exercise 3.2
2 at all 1 familiar with
3 won't, thank 2 what exactly

4 of course 3 don't understand
4 mean by
5 what
6 didn't catch
122
Answer key
UNIT 4 Exercise 2.2 7 When the caller needs a different
1 discussed person or department.

Exercise 1
2 arranged
8 When the speaker gives you too much
a So, what's up? could be too informal information to absorb.
3 runs
with someone you don't know well.
4 takes place Exercise 2
b So, what's your problem? is too
5 record
1 pass on / give her
aggressive a question.
6 agreed 2 put you
Exercise 2 7 raise
3 call back
I What do you think of the new finance 8 taken
4 send them (to you)
director?
Exercise 3 5 hold / hang on / wait
2 What are your views on / about the 6 read
Suggested answers
merger? 7 wait for / look forward to
2 Sorry, can I just come in here?
3 As far as I'm concerned, it doesn't
3 Sorry, could I just finish making my Exercise 3
make much difference.
point? Thank you.
4 I don't agree with that approach. Suggested answers
4 If I understand you correctly, you're 1 speaking
5 It seems a bit risky to me.
saying that ...
2 can I help
6 If you ask me, they've been very lucky.
5 I think that Jane is better placed to
7 It depends on the size of the 3 I'll have to check
answer that.
investment. 4 can I call you
6 I'm afraid time is a little short. Shall
8 That's a matter of opinion.
5 Is it urgent
we move on to the next item?
6 I'll get back to you
Exercise 3 7 I think we should probably take a
7 of course
c is very rude; b and d are both polite; a break at this point.
8 It's no problem
is possible with someone you know well. 8 That's a really good point.
Exercise 5
Message for: Paula Rice
I People who are in financial difficulty, 1 The government's new energy bill (law).
From: James Mason
i.e. can't afford to pay. 2 Participants will work in small groups
Tet: 01235 484 500
2 Financial aid to old people. to discuss the implications of different
Message: Has a question about your
3 Educating people to use energy more aspects of the bill.
account
sensibly (i.e. energy saving). 3 A copy of the new bill.
Action required: Please call back before
4 Gordon Millicent, the Energy Minister.
Exercise 4.2 5 p.m.
5 That it was very clear.
1 far as; concerned; should
2 mixed feelings Exercise 4.2 Message for:
3 ultimately; question of 1 feel free; any From: Adam Cheyo

4 issue with 2 handing over; go through Tet:
5 By; large 3 couple; reminders Message: Is waiting for a proposal. Will
6 completely; with 4 give; warm welcome decide on supplier next Friday.
5 familiar with Action required: Email proposal asap to

Exercise 4.3
6 open; floor. adam_cheyo@citylink.co.uk
lg 2 e 3 c 4 h 8b
7 gentleman; row; know
UNIT 7
UNIT 5
UNIT 6 Exercise 1.1
Exercise 1
Exercise 1 I on
daily very frequent 2
1 When you can't hear the other person's agenda
every other day headset
voice. 3
fortnightly 4 Record
2 When you didn't hear something
monthly 5 mute
properly (a name, a number, etc.).
six-weekly 6 off
3 When the mobile phone signal fails.
annually not so frequent
4 When it isn't convenient to speak now. 7 notes
5 When you want to know the name of 8 sms

the caller.
6 When you don't understand.
123
Exercise 2 Exercise 2.2 Exercise 4
Suggested answers: 1 easy
Impact: Speaker 3 2 simply
Exercise 3.1
Organisation: Speaker 1 v/ Speaker 2 3 according
• The aim is to discuss and finalise a
Clarity: Speaker 2 Speaker 3 4 leaving
marketing plan.
Audience awareness: Speaker 1 5 side
• The length of the conference call is
Speaker 2 v/ 6 squeeze
another 50 minutes.
Audience involvement: Speaker 1 7 firmly
• Each person can speak when invited to;
Speaker 3 8 back
they should speak for no more than 3
Exercise 2.3 9 action
minutes each.
1 bear with
Exercise 3.2 UNIT 10
2 show; hands
1 roll call
3 share; experiences Exercise 1.1
2 get; agenda
4 leave; hear 1 leaving
3 50; left
5 get started 2 to close
4 call on
6 turn; neighbour 3 using
5 allow three
7 stop 4 to help
6 wait; current
Exercise 3 5 to do
Exercise 4.1 6 taking
1 to say how / to tell you how
It's a bad line to one of the participants. 7 to ensure
2 to speak
Exercise 4.2 8 to return
3 by giving
1 lost; temporarily 4 I will speak Exercise 1.2
2 with; come back to 5 into Suggested answers
6 look at this 1 Yes, you should.
UNIT 8 7 at any time 2 Leave the building. Don't go back.
8 go over / go through 3 No, you are not.
Exercise 1
4 Of course you should help others.
1 Keep
UNIT 9 5 Find another exit.
2 Know
Exercise 1 6 Leave personal possessions behind.
3 Involve
Ia 2 d 3 e
7 It is everybody's responsibility.
4 Use
8 You can return when instructed to, not
5 Begin Exercise 2.1
before.
6 Explain
ld 2 c 3b
Exercise 2
Exercise 2.1
Exercise 2.2
Suggested answers
Open answers; suggested notes
1 short I
1 Apologises too much for his
Please could you repeat what you just
2 strength said?
presentation skills, but is organised
3 weak 2 Sorry, I'm a bit confused by what you
and shows audience awareness.
4 narrow said.
2 Very organised and correct; doesn't
5 depth 3 Sorry, I don't really follow you.
try to make any particularly strong
6 height 4 Could you give us a practical example
impact. 7 small
of what you mean?
3 Involves audience from the
8 heavy 5 Please could you just go through that
beginning; starts unusually and with
9 thin one more time?
impact.
Exercise 3 6 Please can you just explain the
1 making holes in paper reasoning behind this?
2 of three main parts

7 I'm afraid I don't really understand
3 having to hold it in your hand what you mean by 'better'.
4 you to run faster 8 I'm afraid it's quite a lot to take in all
5 of wood and metal at once.
6 about 50 cm thick
124
Answer key

UNIT 12
1 A group of office managers. 1 as
Exercise 1
2 At the beginning he tries to get their 2 attached
1 Can you give us a discount (on the
attention by saying that other people's 3 find
safety is their responsibility. Later 4 asking price)?

forgot
2 There are still a few obstacles to
he asks them a question about what 5 for
overcome.
the most common type of workplace 6 received / read / got
3 They didn't make any concessions.
accident is. 7 confirm
4 What's your bottom line?
3 The safety of electrical installations. 8 take
5 The price is not negotiable.
9 touch / contact
Exercise 3.2
10 seeing
6 We have drafted a contract.
1 Manager really follow 7 They met us halfway.
11 suit
Trainer point; ensure
12 afraid Exercise 2.1
2 Manager Are; saying
13 fix / arrange give
Trainer in; sense
14 again 2 often
3 Manager little confused; catch
15 mind 3 May / Can / Could
Trainer Basically; should
16 wondering 4 looking / hoping
4 Manager quite; in; go; again
17 let 5 in
Trainer worry; handout
Exercise 4 6 to / for
7 considered
UNIT 11 1
8 roughly; mind
Exercise 1 2
3 Exercise 2.2
1 faithfully
4 a 1 F - they do a thorough check of the
2 regards
5 network every 10 years.
3 best
6 2 F - security of the system is the
4 sincerely
7 d priority (although cost is important).
5 wishes
8 k
Exercise 2.1 9
I enquire 10 h
Exercise 3
2 request 11 b
1 would need
3 require 12 c
2 would be
4 consider
Exercise 5 3 Would you offer
5 obtain
Suggested answer: 4 would depend
6 regret
Dear John 5 would have
7 opportunity
Thanks for sending me the agenda for 6 would try
8 further
the meeting on Monday. I would be very 7 would reserve
Exercise 2.2 happy to attend. Could you possibly add 8 would be
Dear Johann one item to the agenda? It is about the
I'm sorry for the delay in getting back proposed takeover of 'Constella(. I am
to you. I've been very busy and I'm attaching details of the project for your
afraid that I haven't yet had a chance to information. Many thanks.
look properly at the figures you sent me. I look forward to seeing you on Monday
However, my boss here, Birgit Schultz, Kind regards
has seen them and has asked for more Paula
background information. She says that
she needs this information so that she
can prepare her report to the board.
If you want / would like to talk more
about this, please call me.
Kind regards / Best wishes

Sylvia
125
Answer key - Further grammar practice
4 He didn't explain his policies clearly. 7 much
UNIT 1
Consequently, he lost the election. 8 nothing
The passive 5 The company abandoned the project,
1 All the old meters have been replaced owing to the bank refusing / the
bank's refusal to fund it.
UNIT 6
with new ones.
2 Less energy be consumed by 6 In spite of having faults / In spite of
will Prepositions of place
houses in the future. her faults, she's a good manager.
1 outside; on
3 The results are going to be announced 7 Although it's not an easy training
2 to; In
next week. course, it's worth doing it.
3 at; to
4 The monitors are watched constantly. 8 When he had talked for about 30
4 at; in
5 This solution has been tried before. minutes, he invited questions.
5 at; under
6 The fault ought to have been reported
6 in; from
immediately. 7 in
UNIT 3
7 A new IT system is being installed at
8 to; next
the moment. Modal verbs 9 into; on
8 Permission wasn't given (by the
1 didn't have to
government) for the new coal plant.
2 mustn't
9 Fair competition is ensured by the
3 shouldn't
UNIT 7
regulator.
4 have to The -ing form and infinitive
10 Lights should always be switched off
5 should have
as you leave a room. 1 paying
6 don't need to
11 The work ought not to have been 2 making; going
7 shouldn't
authorised. 3 to work
8 had to
12 The merger was due to be discussed 4 managing
9 have to
at the next board meeting. 5 relocating
10 have to
6 to teach; to use
Comparison of adjectives 7 knowing
1 the happiest 8 to wait; making
2 easier than 9 to lower; giving
3 older than Comparison of irregular adjectives 10 meeting
4 most exciting I more 11 meeting
5 more polluting 2 bad 12 to carry out
6 quicker than 3 worse

7 as cheap 4 further
8 the nearest 5 least
UNIT 8
9 most expensive 6 better
Irregular verbs
10 important as 7 many
laid
8 best
2 chose
UNIT 2 3 fallen
UNIT 5 4 raised
Linking words 5 felt
1 In addition to having a triple A energy Qualifiers 6 froze
rating, the washing machine (also) has 1 completely 7 risen
a full three-year warranty. 2 exactly 8 lay

2 After explaining / After I've explained 3 much
the programme, I'll introduce the main 4 by far
speaker. 5 nearly
3 As well as being an expensive option, 6 lot
it's (also) quite risky.
126
Answer key
Uses of the present continuous UNIT 12 UNIT 15

1 1 is increasing
2 are trying
Time clauses Countable and uncountable nouns
3 are disappearing 1 As soon as I know, I'll tell you. A much; any
4 are entering 2 If there's a problem, we'll stop the B a lot of
5 is becoming project immediately. A amount; a lot of
6 are improving 3 When the stock exchange market 2 A an; a piece of
21 c 2 f 3 a 4b opens / has opened, the price of oil
will fall. A a number; details

4 If no-one in the company is able to / 3 A some
UNIT 9 can advise me, I'll ask a consultant. A a little; a
5 Until the bank opens / has opened, I
Question forms
won't be able to withdraw the money.
3 How long does it
6 If Jane isn't able to / can't comer will
UNIT 16
4 take to get to the conference centre?
you come in her place?
5 How much does a taxi Adjectives and adverbs
7 After I've read the report, I'll call you.
6 cost? 1 well
8 Before I write the report, I'll need to
7 when do the seminars
do some research.
8 begin? 3 hard
9 As long as the price of energy
9 And which of the four seminars
remains low, we won't reduce our
10 are you going to attend this
consumption.
morning? 6 long enough
10 1'll carry on working until I finish /
11 Who's the speaker? 7 pleasantly
have finished the job.
12 Where does he come from? 8
13 And what kind of company 9 strange
14 does he work for? UNIT 13
11 responsibly
Linking words to contrast 12 environmentally friendly
UNIT 10 1 13 late
Although
2 Even 14
Future forms
3 Despite
1 is going to
4 but / although
2 will
5 Nevertheless
UNIT 17
3 might
6 In spite
4 will Expressing purpose
5 likely 1 so as
6 could UNIT 14 2 could

7 will 3 prevent
8 likely
Prepositions 4 avoid
9 bound 1 at; from 5 will
10 is going to 2 in; in; to 6 In order not to
7 can
4 to; by 8 so as not to
UNIT 11 5 on; by 9 to get
6 to; on 10 avoid
Embedded questions
7 in; from; to
I the next train to London leaves; can I
8 in
buy; does a second class ticket cost
9 at; at
2 Is that; she will be back; could you
10 on
ask; your number is
3 Have you been waiting; Do you

exchange; the exchange rate is; Do you
mean
127
Present perfect Determiners Expressing degrees of certainty

1 tried 1 some / any 1 Fossil fuels are likely to remain the
2 didn't get 2 any most common source of energy.

3 've been 3 2 Solar power is bound to become
4 sent 4 v/ (some is also possible) cheaper.
5 has just been looking / has just 5 some / a piece of 3 It is Likely that nuclear power will
looked 6 anything / something grow steadily.
6 've been working 7 (any is also possible) 4 Renewables are unlikely to supply
7 haven't seen 8 more than 30% of our energy needs.
8 proposed 9 No-one 5 We are bound to run out of oil sooner
9 thought or later. / Sooner or later we are
10 Has anyone mentioned bound to run out of oil.
6 The car industry is bound to find an

UNIT 22 alternative to oil.
UNIT 19 7 It is unlikely that global electricity

Relative pronouns
consumption will fall.
Past tenses 1 which
8 Governments are unlikely to subsidise
1 flew 2 which
renewable energy for long.
2 was checking 3 whom
3 had already left 4 where
4 was shining; ate 5 who
5 only interviewed 6 that
6 was making / made 7 whose
7 had already chosen 8 that
8 waited 9
9 was living 10 whose
10 lived
11 had rained
12 failed
UNIT 23
Conditional sentences
UNIT 20 1 were
2 would buy
Expressions of time 3 had known
ever 4 rained
2 retired 5 were
3 for 6 could
4 currently 7 wouldn't have happened
5 every 8 had been
6 have made 9 wouldn't be
7 at that time 10 had had
8 will have
10 just
11 still
12 had already begun
128

Kami Export - Dummett Paul Energy English For The Gas and Electricity Indu

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Kami Export - Dummett Paul Energy English For The Gas and Electricity Indu

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nergy English is an essential resource for professionals working in

he gas and electricity industries who need to improve their

classroom use, Energy English contains

The accompanying MP3 CD contains all the listening, pronunciation

A Teacher's Bookis available containing ideas on how to use the

a two-CD classroom set.

Paul Dummett e@o online learning ltd and

Targeted language learning for specific businesses & industries

Heinle, a part of Cengage Learning, is a leading provider of materials

Energy English 0 2010 Heinle, Cengage Learning

Typesetter: Oxford Designers & Illustrators

Heinle, Cengage Learning EMEA

Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customised learning

Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson

Visit Heinle online at elt.heinle.com

Visit our corporate website at cengage.com

(8/WendellFranks), 24 (2/MsLightBox), (3/yula), 35 (CaraMaria), 40 (clintspencer), 42 (CelesteQuest), 75 (wirestrippers/bbeltman),

By permission of www.wattsclever.com p 74 (B)

Photos sourced by Pictureresearch.co.uk

Printed by Seng Lee Press, Singapore

TOPIC UNITS The electricity and gas supply chain 10

COMMUNICATION UNITS Unit 1 Presenting yourself and your company 58

Further grammar practice 82

WHAT'S IN ENERGY ENGLISH?

• vocabulary development exercises

• reading comprehension activities

• listening comprehension activities

• practice of key functional language

• speaking activities (with the exception of Unit 11 Writing emails)

• a language box summarising key phrases

Further grammar practice

useful practice of key grammar points.

Answer key and audio scripts

and Communication units.

There is a Teacher's Book available for classroom use.

TIPS ON HOW TO USE ENERGY ENGLISH

• Find a colleague to practise your English with.

'losing'? Was it the same 10 years ago?

high voltage lines trading room 8

Trading and wholesale Trading and wholesale

1 Transport and storage 4 Transmision

Supply and retail

PRONUNCIATION 2.1 Listen and underline the stress in these words.

2.2 Listen again and repeat.

The passive is formed with the verb be + past participle.

4.2 Now write your own answers.

regulated entrants capital state n house open

Twenty years ago, the energy business was dominated by 1

activities that in the past were done in-10

monopoly regulated expenditure subcontractors construction

PRONUNCIATION 1-3 Listen and repeat the words in 1.2.

I unbundle f a remove government controls

I There is now a single market for energy in Europe. False

The plan failed owing to the lack of support.

offer to buy a percentage of a company. xaito

O CD TRACK 7 happen about these things?

1.1 Complete the table.

Verb Activity Person / Type of company

to wholesale wholesale wholesaler

to store storage a 7 storekeeper

We use these modal verbs to express obligation, prohibition and necessity:

shouldn't 3 The generation of nuclear power / remain under government control

Promoting choice and value