Production Cycle

Republic of the Philippines
Provincial Government of Tarlac

PROVINCIAL AGRICULTURE OFFICE
Zone 6, Brgy. San Isidro,Tarlac City
E-mail: opatarlac@gmail.com
______________________________________________________________________________________
TECHNOGUIDE FOR SWEETPOTATO PRODUCTION
Sweetpotato which used to be a crop that does not receive much attention is now becoming
a commercial crop due to its potential for food and feed processing.
1. Recommended Varieties
Some VISCA and UPL varieties perform well in different ecosystem. However,
commercial growing pose a big problem on market availability hence, varieties with export
potential are recommended such as:
Variety Days to Harvest
VSP-6 (Super Bureau) 75-90

UPLSP-5 90-120
Bureau 90-120
UPLSP-8 90-120
2. Site Selection
Soils which are loose (loam soils) or those soils in the riverbanks, hilly lands, plateau,
and lowlands with lahar deposits are best for Sweetpotato production.
3. Growing Season
Sweetpotato may be grown throughout the year. However, best yield plant before
the onset of dry season or when harvesting occurs during the dry season (December to
May).
4. Land Preparation
Clear the area from ‘’talahib or tambo’’ by burning. Deep plow once and manually
remove existing roots of ‘’talahib or tambo’’. Harrow until good soil tilth is obtained. Usually
it would require 4 to 5 passing of a tractor to obtain a clean site for sweetpotato production.
Areas which are previously grown to other crops require a maximum of three passing of a
tractor.
5. Planting
Prepare cuttings with a length of 25 to 50 cm. Cuttings from the first 25-30 cm of the
vine starting from the top are preferred. In no case shall cuttings be taken beyond the 1m
vine length from the top. This is to ensure better recovery of plants and higher tuber yield.
Transplant one cutting in a hill at 40-50 cm apart. Use clean planting materials from a known
source.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Three methods of planting are available for selection as follows:
“Slant” – the first 30 cm of the cutting is lined in the furrow, covered with soil and
the top 20 cm is unburied.
“V” shape – the middle portion (at least 30 cm) of the cutting is lined along the
furrow and covered with soil with both ends left unburied.
“Pabuhol” – the base end is loosely tied or coiled (at least 30 cm) and covered with
soil within the furrows and the top 20 cm left uncovered.
6. Weeding and cultivation
Handweed when weeds start to grow. Hill up after the second irrigation or two
weeks after planting using a carabao-darawn plow to control weeds and make the soil loose
in preparation to tuber formation. Always keep the field weed-free for maximum yield
particularly before closing-in of the canopy. Do not cultivate if the canopy have closed-in.
7. Fertilizer Application
Kind of Rate of Time of Method of

Fertilizer Application Application Application
Drill along
Organic 10-20 bags At planting
furrows
3-4 weeks
after planting
14-14-14 3-4 bags Spot method
or just before
hilling-up
8. Irrigation
______________________________________________________________________________________
Although sweetpotato is resistant to drought, proper irrigation should be provided

to obtain maximum yield. Sweetpotato needs 2 to 3 times irrigation durimg the production
period. Soils that harden every after irrigation should be irrigated 2-5 days before the
scheduled hilling-up and fertilizer application.
The schedule of irrigation is as follows:
First : 2-3 days before planting or just after planting

following the furrow method
Second : 3-4 weeks after planting or 2-3 days before

fertilizer application and hilling –up
Third : at initiation of tuber formation (50 DAT)
9. Pest and Diseases Control
Sweetpotato is usually attacked by cutworm and whiteflies causing “kulot”. Kulot

reduces root yield significantly. It prefers Gliricidia sepium (kakawate) as alternate host.
Control whiteflies by applying insecticide (preferably with Cypermethrin active ingredient).
10. Harvesting/Sorting/Packaging
Observe the maturity period of the variety being used as a guide to harvest time. Do
not prolong harvesting beyond the maturity date to minimize oversized tubers, weevil
infestation and tuber sprouting.
Harvest the tubers by cutting the vines at the base or pulling the entire plant if the
soil is loose. Deep plow the field using a carabao drawn plow passing at 3-5 cm away from
the base of the plants. Pick-up manually the tubers and pile at the center of the field.
Sort out tubers which are damaged by weevil as well as small tubers for quality
control. Compost tubers with weevil damage. Pack the good tubers in sacks and pile in shady
and dry place.
TECHNOGUIDE FOR OKRA PRODUCTION

______________________________________________________________________________________
Okra, botanically known as Hibiscus esculentus L. is popular and an in demand

vegetable and is a component of a Filipino dish “pinakbet”. It is widely grown locally and
commercially throughout the year because okra is resistant to either drought or water
logging.
Smooth Green 45
Native White 45
2. Site Selection/Soil Type
Choose an area with adequate source of irrigation during the dry season. Okra
requires sandy loam, loam or clay texture with a pH value of 6.0-6.5.
3. Planting Season
Okra is an all season crop. If grown in the lowland, high yield and profit is obtained
during October to December. Growing okra in hilly areas from May to July is also
profitable.
4. Land Preparation
Broadcast organic fertilizer or compost before plowing. Areas with sandy loam
require alternate plowing and harrowing. For clay loam soil, plowing once and 2-3
harrowings are needed depending on the available moisture content. Set furrows at 75
and 100 cm for dry and wet seasons, respectively.
5. System of Planting
Drill the seeds directly in the furrows. Drill 2-3 seeds at a distance of 30 cm per hill
and cover the seeds with soil at a depth of 2.5-3 cm. A hectare requires a 10 kg of seeds.
During the rainy season plant the seeds on raised bed or at the ridge to prevent the
plants from water logging or submergence in water.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Rate of Time of Method of

Kind of Fertilizer
Application Application Application
Organic fertilizer 20 bags At plowing Basal

14-14-14 4 bags At planting Basal
At four weeks
Urea 2 bags Sidedressing
after emergence
At six weeks
14-14-14 4 bags Sidedressing
after emergence
At 10, 12, 14 ,
4 li per
Foliar Fertilizer 16 weeks after Foliar spray
spraying
emergence
7. Weeding and Cultivation
Start shallow cultivation or harrowing between furrows at two weeks after

emergence. Final hilling-up will be at six weeks after emergence.
8. Irrigation
A weekly schedule of irrigation is necessary if planted in light textured soils.

Irrigating 10-15 times is enough for the entire period of production during dry season.
9. Insect Pests and Diseases Control
Insect Suggested Pesticides Rate of When and How

______________________________________________________________________________________
Application
Pests/Diseases Common Name Product Name (tbsp/16li to Apply
water)
A. Insect Pests
Leafhopper Fifronil Ascend 50SC 3.0-5.0 Spray of these
Profenophos Selecron 3.0-5.0 insecticides
Chlorpyrifos + BPMC Brodan 2.5-3.5 alternately when
the insect

appear. Repeat

spraying at two
weeks interval.
Closer interval is
recommended
when high
infestation is
observed.

B. Diseases
Spray the plants
Cercospora Benomyl Benlate 50 WP 1.0-2.0 any of these
fungicides when
Leaf Spot Chlorothalonil Daconil 50 WP 3.0-5.0 symptoms of
infection begins.
Sooty mold Copper hydroxide Funguran-OH 1.0-4.0
10. Harvesting/Packaging
Harvest fruits from 5-10 days after flowering and 2-3 times a week thereafter to
obtain more yields. Harvesting must be done when no more dews appear on the leaves
to avoid itching. Pack the fruits in polyethylene bags of 10 kg each to maintain freshness.
TECHNOGUIDE FOR SQUASH PRODUCTION
Squash is a botanically known as Cucurbita maxima L. is commonly grown in the

Philippines throughout the year. Like other cucurbits, squash is recognized as an
______________________________________________________________________________________
important source of vitamins and minerals. It is usually grown in home gardens and in
commercial scale for its fruits, young shoots, flower and seeds. In some places,
intercropping squash with other crops like corn, sugarcane and coconut is practiced.
1. Recommended Variety
Nueva Vizcaya Strain 90
2. Site Selection/Soil Type
Choose an area accessible to water source. Squash grows in all types of soil
that is well drained. However, the best soil texture for the crop is sandy loam or clay
loam.
3. Growing Season
For best yield and profit, planting months for rice-based areas should be
from October to December, while May to July for hilly areas.
4. Land Preparation
Plow and harrow the field alternately 2-3 times. Furrow the field at a row
spacing 2m. Prepare hills spaced at 1 m apart. Incorporate organic fertilizer and
complete fertilizer thoroughly with the soil at planting.
5. Planting
Plant 2-4 seeds per hill. Thin out weak seedlings and leave two plants per hill
when the first true leaf has developed.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Rate of Time of Method of

Kind of Fertilizer
Application Application Application
14-14-14 40 bags At planting Basal

40
Organic fertilizer At planting Basal
bags/100g/hill
When vine is 1
Urea 3 bags Sidedressing
ft long
Muriate of 1 bag
When vine is 3
potash(0-0-60) Sidedressing
ft long
+ solophos 6 bags
7. Irrigation
Irrigate once every week or do this by hand watering of 1li/hill every other
day. Irrigate also after every after fertilizer application. Do not irrigate when the
fruits are already matured green.
8. Weed Control
Control weeds by hand pulling or shallow cultivation which should be done 7

to 14 days after emergence.
9. Insect Pests and Diseases Control

______________________________________________________________________________________
Suggested Pesticides Rate of

Insect Application When and How
Pests/Diseases Common Name Product Name (tbsp/16li to Apply
water)
A. Insect Pests
Squash beetle Carbaryl Provin 85 S 4.0 - 6.0 Alternate
Lady beetle Cypermethrin Cymbush 1.0 – 1.5 spraying of the
Aphids Methomyl Lannate 40 SP 2.0 - 3.5 insecticide as
soon as insects
Thrips Profenopos Selecron 500 EC 3.0 – 5.0
appear and
Deltamethrin Decis R 2.0 – 2.5
repeat at 7 -14
days interval.
Spray directly to
leaves, flower
and fruits.
Repeat 7 – 10
days interval
depending on
level of
infestation. Stop
spraying 1 – 2
weeks before
harvest.
B. Diseases
Mosaic virus Rouge infected plants and burn in isolated places. It can be controlled by
eliminating vectors like aphids with the use of any of the insecticides mentioned
above.
10. Training of Vines
Spread the vines so that they are evenly distributed over the area to
facilitate irrigation, spraying and pollination.
11. Hand Pollination
When insect activity is low, hand pollinate between 6:00 to 8:00 in the
morning to promote fruit set.
12. Thinning of Fruits

______________________________________________________________________________________
Remove all deformed fruits and arrange good fruits in proper position. Place about
5-6 cm thick of rice straw beneath the fruits whether the plot is mulched or not.
13. Harvesting
The fruit maturity indices for squash are as follows:
a. The days from anthesis/pollination to maturity is usually 30-40 days.

b. Appearance of powdery/whitish substance on surface of the fruit skin.
c. Rind becomes hard.
d. Actual sampling which shows fully developed seeds.
TECHNOGUIDE FOR AMPALAYA PRODUCTION

______________________________________________________________________________________
Ampalaya, amargoso or bitter gourd Momordica Charantia L. is one of the most important
commercial and backyard fruit vegetables in the country today. It has both nutritive and medicinal
use. The fruit and leaves of which are used as vegetable and the latter are further used as a laxative
for new born babies while the stem and roots as antidotes for fever. They are rich in calcium,
phosphorus, iron, carbohydrates and vitamin B. It is also known to cure diabetes, arthritis,
rheumatism, asthma, warts, and ulcer.
The commercial cultivation of the crop is concentrated to Region II and IV. Generally two
types are being grown the Sta. Rita type, which is long, dark green and less warty and the Pinakbet
type which is short and warty and much bitter in flavor.
Sta. Rita strains 70-75
Makiling 65-70
Sta. Isabel 70-75
Jade star (A, L, XL) 60-70
Mayon 65-70
Million Green 65-75
Galaxy 65-75
2. Climatic and Soil Requirement
Ampalaya thrives well in all types of climates but high yield can be obtained during the
cooler months because of more flower setting and bigger fruits. It grows in low elevation area
anytime of the year. The crops grow well in any types of soil with a pH of 5.5-6.5. Higher yield
however is attained on sandy loam soil. Soil analysis is a must for commercial planting.
3. Land Preparation
A good land preparation is very important in ampalaya culture. The field should be well prepared,
plowed and harrowed twice to remove weeds and other plant debris in the field. Furrows are then
made 3 meter apart. Organic fertilizer is applied at the rate of 5 tons per hectare during land
preparation or a week before planting.
4. Plastic Mulching
______________________________________________________________________________________
An improved technology in the Philippines for ampalaya production is the use of plastic mulch to
cover the beds. Planting holes are bored into the plastic sheet base on the planting distance. It offers
number of advantage, its control weeds, preserve soil moisture, prevent soil erosion and leaching of
fertilizers and reflect light, serving as repellant to insect which hide under the leaves.
To use the plastic mulch, stretch it over the planting beds, with edges held down by thin bamboo
slats, staple well into the soil every 20 cm. Punch holes at 50 cm between plants in the row and 3
meters between rows.
5. Planting
Ampalaya can be direct seeded or transplanted. Direct seeding is most common, a hectare of
production area requires 2.5 to 3.0 kilograms of seeds, Seeds are soak in water overnight or wrap in
cheesecloth to facilitate water absorption. Seeds are planted the following day or as the radicle
break. Transplanting can also be done specially when the seeds are scarce and during off-season
planting. Seeds are planted in small plastic bags (1 seed/bag with soil mixture of 1:1 garden soil and
sand/compost/carbonized rice hull) and transplanted to the field when the vine starts to grow. Pre-
germinated seeds result in good seedling and an even crop establishment.
6. Time of Planting
Early planting in some areas is usually done during the months of October to December and the late
planting are during the month of January to February.
7. Rate of Planting
The rate and distance of planting use by most farmers is three meters between furrows and 0.5
meters between hills with 3 seeds line at 4 inches apart. Other recommended spacing are: 30 m x 30
m with 1 plant/hill and 2.0 m x 0.5 m with 2 plants/hill.
8. Trellising
Bitter gourd or ampalaya grows best with overhead (balag type) trellis about 6 ft high. A lining of
bamboo poles with abaca twine as lateral supports is done three weeks after germination. Lateral
support of bamboo poles are spaced three meters between furrows and two meters between hills
and the side support is place after the bamboo poles are constructed. The horizontal support of
abaca twine is place before the vine reaches the top with a 6-inch mesh.
Abaca twine is use as a lateral and horizontal support because it does not absorb too much heat
however it is not reusable for the next cropping season.
For plantation, the use of big wooden posts (kakawate or ipil-ipil) are dug into the soil about 1.5 to 2
ft at the four corners of the field and the posts are interconnected with G.I. wire stronger enough as
main frame. The side support is used to prevent breaking down of the trellis.
______________________________________________________________________________________
9. Vine Training and Pruning
Train the vines on the vertical trellis regularly by tying the vines to the trellis. Lateral shoot/vine may
be pruned every 4-5 days, leaving only the main stem. Initial pruning should be done one month
after planting or when lateral vines appeared.? Remove all lateral vines from ground level up to the
top of the trellis and all ineffective lateral vines above the trellis at 15 to 20 days interval.
Remove all female flowers below the overhead trellis. Allow branching and fruiting on the overhead
trellis. Fruits may also be allowed to form just above the 10th node.
10. Water and Weeding Management
Ampalaya is a plant that requires an abundant supply of moisture for vegetative and reproductive
development to maintain a good crop stand in the dry season. Furrow irrigation is done twice a week
during vegetative stage and once a week during the reproductive stage or before each application of
fertilizer. Weeding is done when need arises.
11. Fertilization
The use of organic fertilizer such as manure or compost about 5 to 10 tons per hectare with
inorganic fertilizer is recommended. Apply basal fertilizer at about 25 grams/hill of complete
fertilizer (14-14-14) or 5 bags per hectare. During dry season, sidedress 10-20 grams/hill of (urea 46-
0-0) and muriate of potash (0-0-60) once a month. However during wet season, side dress 5- 10
grams/hill of urea and muriate of potash every week.
12. Pests and Diseases Control
Powdery Mildew- It is cause by a fungus that appears as white powdery growth on leaves. Crown
leaves are affected first and may wither and die. The fungus may be introduced on greenhouse
grown plants or wind from areas infected with the diseases. Disease development is favor by high
temperature.
Downy Mildew-A irregular shaped yellowish to brown spots appears on upper side of the leaves,
usually at the center of plants. Under moist condition, a purplish mildew develops on the underside
of the leaf spots. Leaves die as spots increase it size. Spread is rapid from the crown toward new
growth. Moist condition favors the development of the disease
Bacterial Wilt -The disease is characterized initially by wilting and drying of individual leaves, which
also exhibit cucumber beetle injury. Later, leaves on one or more laterals or entire plants wilts.
Wilted parts may appear to recover at night, but they wilt on successive sunny days and finally die.
Several kinds of leaf diseases attack the plant and can cause yield reduction. Most often, the old
leaves are affected; spraying of Fungicide is a preventive measure. You can consult your local inputs
dealer on how and what fungicide to use. However crop rotation, field sanitation, and the use of
resistant varieties is also highly recommended.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Fruitfly- The fruitfly is one of the major insect pests of ampalaya. Adults lay it eggs on the young
fruits. The eggs later hatch into small worms that starts feeding inside the fruits. Symptoms are
deformed fruits, fruits with holes that turn orange or yellow prematurely. The insect can be control
by removing all damage fruits from the field. Spray only after the removal of the damage fruits with
insecticides recommended by your pesticide dealer. Wrapping young fruits with newspaper or
plastic bags prevent the fruit fly from laying eggs on the fruits. Wrapping reduce the use of
pesticides.
Thrips- it is a very small crawling insect on that stays on the lower side of the leaves. It is
recommended to spray during nighttime 2 t0 3 consecutive nights if infestation is severed. This was
found to be very effective time to spray. The pest hides during daytime and cannot be control using
contact insecticides. Neighboring plantation should also be sprayed at the same time. Consult your
input dealer on what pesticides to use in controlling this pest.
13. Harvesting
Harvest when the fruits are green. Harvesting starts 45 to 50 days after seedling. It can be done
twice a week. Harvest early in the morning to protect harvested fruits against rain, sun, and
mechanical damage. Sort fruits according to marketable standards, and remove damage fruits. Pack
in plastic or bamboo crates line with newspaper or bamboo leaves. Fruits can be stored for 2-3 days
under this condition.
TECHNOGUIDE FOR EGGPLANT PRODUCTION
Eggplant or brinjal, botanically known as Solanum melongena is a plant species in the

nightshade family Solanaceae is grown worldwide for its edible fruit. Most commonly purple, the
______________________________________________________________________________________
spongy, absorbent fruit is used in various cuisines. Although often considered a vegetable, it is a
berry by botanical definition.
1. Variety Description (fresh)

a. Mistisa
 potential yield: 30 tons/hectare (t/ha)

 maturity: 55 days after transplanting (DAT)
 fruits: medium long, striped light violet, have 1 week storage life, very good for
“Pinakbet”
 resistant to bacterial wilt, and moderately resistant to fruit borer, leaf hopper, and
phomopsis ideal for organic production
 IPB-released variety
b. Mara
 potential yield: 15 t/ha

 maturity: 52 DAT
 fruits: medium purple, shiny, medium long, with good storage life
 resistant to green leaf hopper, moderately resistant to bacterial wilt
 NSIC-released variety
2. Environmental Requirements
It can be produced throughout the year, but it is best planted at the tail end of the
rainy season. This will coincide with the long dry months of the year, promoting better fruit
maturation and harvesting, and avoiding fruit rotting. Grows best with temperature range of
22-32°C. At extreme temperatures of 15°C and below, and 33°C and above, flower
fertilization and yield are significantly reduced. Tolerates drought and excessive rainfall
better than its relatives, tomato and pepper.
3. Cultural Management
a. Seedbed Preparation
______________________________________________________________________________________
 Prepare a seedbed, seedbox, or tray.

 Mix 1:1:1 garden soil, compost and sand, or 1:1 garden soil and coir dust.
 Sterilize by heat, or drench the soil mixture with fungicide solution.
 Saturate the soil with water.
 Make horizontal rows 5 cm apart.
 Sow the seeds in rows. Cover the seeds with soil, put mulch, and water gently (200-300
g of seeds is needed per hectare).
b. Pricking
 Prick the seedlings .5 days from seedling emergence, or when the cotyledons have fully
opened and true leaves have appeared.
 For pricking in seedbeds, make raised beds 1 m wide.
 Sterilize the soil by drenching with insecticide-fungicide solution to protect the seeds from
ants and damping-off.
 Prick the seedlings 5 cm x 5 cm apart.
 Construct polyvinyl plastic or protective structure to protect the seedlings from rain.
 During hot days, provide a shade above the seedbed to protect newly pricked seedlings, and
remove the structure as the soon as the seedlings are established to avoid pale and lanky
seedlings.
 Pricking could also be done in seedling/plug trays with individual ‘cells’. Prick one seedling
per ‘cell’.
 Reduce watering 1 week before transplanting to harden the seedlings
c. Land Preparation
 Prepare the land thoroughly by mechanical means or with the use of animal-drawn
implements.
 Make sure to break big clods of soil.
 Make furrows 75 cm apart.
d. Transplanting
 Transplant one seedling per hill 3-4 weeks from pricking or 1 week after hardening.
Seedlings for transplanting should be 3-4 inches high with 4-6 leaves.
______________________________________________________________________________________
 Transplant seedlings 50-75 cm between hills and 75-100 cm between rows.

 Irrigate the field immediately.
 Transplant during cool or cloudy days, or late in the afternoon to avoid excessive heat
during planting.
e. Fertilization
 Apply organic fertilizer or compost or dried animal manure at the rate of 3-10 t/ha
during land preparation and incorporate it well with the soil.
 Fertilizer rate depends on the results of soil analysis.
 Without soil analysis, apply 1 tbsp (15 g) 14-14-14 per hill before or after transplanting,
which is equivalent to 8 bags/ha.
 When basally applied, apply fertilizer in holes and cover with a thin layer of soil
 21-25 days from transplanting, sidedress 2 tbsp (10 g) of a mixture of 2 bags of Urea (46-
0-0) and 1 bag Muriate of Potash (0-0-60).
 Repeat sidedressing every month or after every 2-3 harvestings.
f. Irrigation
 Follow furrow irrigation.

 Irrigate every 10 days during dry season and when needed during rainy season.
 If drainage is poor, construct a canal.
g. Weed Control and Management
 Mulch with rice straw or black plastic sheets to reduce weed population.
 Do not allow the weeds to flower and bear seeds.
 Cut tall weeds if the plants are in the vegetative stage.
h. Insect Pest Management
 Plant insect repellant plants like Amarillo, ginger, ‘kutsai’, and other aromatic plants.
 Use organic pesticides like the juice of native hot pepper and soap.
 Control fruit and stemborer by releasing earwigs, known predator of insect pests.
 Spray recommended insecticides only if needed.
i. Disease Management
 Prevent bacterial wilt by planting after rice or by crop rotation.

______________________________________________________________________________________
 Prevent phomopsis by mulching with rice straw or black plastic sheet which prevents
the soil to come in contact with the leaves and fruits.
 Avoid producing the seeds during wet season.
j. Isolation
 To avoid cross pollination with other eggplant varieties, maintain an isolation distance
of at least 200 m.
k. Roguing
 Remove not true-to-type plants or plants of other eggplant varieties.

 Rogue out plants that are infected with virus and remove fruits infected with phomopsis
and anthracnose.
l. Harvesting
 Harvest when fruits have turned yellow-brown and have lost the pale violet color.
4. Post-Harvest Handling
a. Seed Processing
 Soften the fruit by rolling them gently by foot on a flat floor or by beating the fruit gently
with wood bat. Apply just enough pressure so as not to crack the fruit.
 Cut a small portion at the fruit peduncle end and open the whole fruit by hand to expose the
seeds.
 Submerge the fruits in a pail of water and press out the seeds from the fibrous tissues. Good
seeds settle at the bottom while the immature seeds float.
 Discard immature seeds and tissues, and refill the pail with water.
 Repeat the process until no seeds float.
 Put clean seeds in net bags and air-dry for 2-3 days, then sundry for 4-5 days while turning
the seeds from time to time. Increase sun drying period as the seeds dry.
 For oven drying, dry seeds initially to no more than 30°C, and increase it to 40°C as the seeds
dry.
 For dry sealed packaging, dry the seeds thoroughly.
5. Packaging/Storage
______________________________________________________________________________________
 Dry seeds absorb moisture from the air. Use moisture resistant packaging materials
such as thick polyethylene plastic, aluminum-lined packets, tin cans, or glass jars. Seal
well.
 Seeds can be packed in paper packets but must be placed in large tin cans or wide-
mouth glass jars with desiccants such as charcoal, silica gel. calcium chloride, quick lime,
or wood ash at the bottom.
 Cover tightly.
 Keep seeds away from moisture and high temperatures. The cooler and drier the area
is, the longer the life of the seeds.
TECHNOGUIDE FOR TOMATO PRODUCTION
Tomato, scientifically known as Lycopersicum esculentum Miller is an important and popular

vegetable grown in many parts of the world. The fruit is used as an ingredient in many food
preparations and is regarded as one of the most profitable crops for off-season production,
preferably from May to September.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Tomato varieties are classified according to their growth habit such as indeterminate
or determinate type. The indeterminate type develops new stems from axillary bud in the
leaf subtending the inflorescence with continued growth of internodal inflorescence every
3rd to 4th leaf with sequential maturity depending on the type variety and management,
prolonging the harvesting period.
The determinate type is bushy with an inflorescence limited only to 4-6 leaves and
the next buds are developed slowly if not aborted restricting the prolific flowering resulting
in shorter production period. The characteristics of tomato varieties recommended for
production are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Characteristics of recommended varieties of tomato.
Fruit Reactio
n to
Days to Producti Yield Plantin
pests
Variety harvesti ve period (t/ha Shap Type g
Color Size and
ng (DAT) (months) ) e season
disease
s
TMV-
Apollo for Red Mediu MR
oblon Dry
fresh 35 2-3 30 orang m Determinate bacteria
g season
market e large l wilt-
MR
Dry Dumpin
Magilas Pink oblon and g off-R
30 1-2 30 large Determinate
for fresh red g wet wilt-R
season TMV-R
Atlas (F1) 40 2-3 40 Red Mediu oblon Semi Dry Bacteria

______________________________________________________________________________________
and l-R wilt-

orang m
g determinate wet R TMV-
e Large
season R
Atlas(rafte Red Mediu Bacteria

oblon Semi Wet
d) 40 2-3 40 orang m l wilt-R
g determinate season
(kamlong) e large TMV-R
Dry
Red Wilt R
Mediu Indetermina and
Cherry 50 4-5 40 orang round TMV -
m te wet
e MR
season
2. Site Selection
Choose a part of the farm that is slightly elevated and has good drainage to avoid
water logging in case a flash flood occurs during the wet season. For dry season planting,
make a catchment with a canal directed into it to drain excess water after each irrigation
schedule. Choose a sandy loam or clay loam soil with a pH of 5.5-8.0.
3. Growing Season
Tomato can be grown anytime of the year. In hilly areas, plant tomato from
September to January. For lowlands, plant from November to February. Grow off-season
type and grafted tomatoes (kamlong) from May to September for bigger profit.
4. Land Preparation
With a carabao drawn implement, plow and harrow the area once and twice if the
soil is not in good tilt. Then set furrows at a distance of 100 cm before transplanting the
______________________________________________________________________________________
indeterminate type or semi-viny. For determinate type with bushy growth habit set at 75 cm
distance between furrows.
5. Crop Establishment
There are two methods of seedling production: the use of seedbed and seedling
trays.
1. Seedbed method
For 1000 m2 tomato production, use one seedbed measuring 1 x 10 m so that

seedlings will not be overcrowded, thereby producing seedlings with bigger stems. Cover the
seedbed with 3-5 cm thick rice hull and then burn completely to minimize the incidence of
pre-emergence damping-off on the seedlings.
Mix 10 kg compost and 100 g complete fertilizer and incorporate these evenly into
the seedbed. Sow the seeds in small shallow furrows at 20-30 g/10 m2. Cover the seeds
lightly with fine soil. Dust the surroundings of the seedbed with Sevin SP to control ants, and
spray 1 tbsp of Vitigran Blue per gallon of water to avoid infection of damping-off. To ensure
uniform germination of the seeds, saturate the seedbed with water for the first three days
using sprinkler until the seeds emerge.
To avoid succulent stem, regulate watering as soon as the seedlings have emerged.
For the seedlings to have a good start, apply urea at a rate of 1 tbsp/gal of water at 7-14
days after emergence (DAE). Sprinkle water on the seedlings using a sprinkler (regador)
immediately after applying the fertilizer to avoid burning effect on the leaves. Drench the
seedbeds with Vitigran Blue at the rate of 1 tbsp/gal of water once damping-off is observed.
To produce hard seedlings, water the seedbed only when plants show temporary
wilting (this can be observed in the morning) and repeat regularly starting at 14 DAE until
the seedlings are ready for transplanting, which is at 25-30 DAE. Water the seedbeds
thoroughly before pulling the seedlings for transplanting to minimize root damage.
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Seedling tray method
Seedling tray method needs only 100 g seeds/ha or 10 g for 1000 m2. Plant the
seeds singly in each hole of the tray intended for seedlings with potting medium available at
seed stores, or bake garden soil for 2 hours. When cooled, mix the garden soil, fine sand and
compost at the ratio of 3:1:1. Drop 2-3 grains of 14-14-14 in each hole before filling with the
soil mixture. Care and maintenance of seedlings is the same as in seedbed, but transplanting
shock is minimized in tray method.
3. Transplanting
For wet season planting, use one month old seedlings because these are harder,
taller, and can withstand the impact of rain. Transplant seedlings at a spacing of 0.50 m
between hills and 1.0 m or 0.75 m on rows or furrow right after irrigation water run in the
furrows. For dry season, transplant 25-day-old seedlings.
To avoid breaking the stem of seedlings during transplanting on irrigated furrows,

hold the roots with the thumb and forefinger then push towards the soil at 3-5 cm deep
depending on the length of the stem. For an area of 1000 m2, transplant the seedlings on
the right side of the furrows for the first half of the area. For the next half, transplant on the
left side of the furrows. For easier off-barring, use a carabao-drawn plow.
For seedlings in trays, transplant each seedling together with the soil medium from
the tray using the same planting distance and method of transplanting as in seedbed
method. If grafted tomato will be used, transplant the seedlings 3 cm deep to the hole and
cover firmly with light soil. Do not cover the grafted part to avoid infection. Support the
transplanted seedlings with trellis.
6. Nutrient Management
Broadcast chicken manure or organic fertilizer before land preparation or at final

harrowing to fully incorporate the fertilizer into the soil (Table 2). Apply 14-14-14 at
______________________________________________________________________________________
transplanting so that seedlings will be healthy and vigorous before flowering. Delayed
application will result in weaker plants and smaller fruits. Side dress using urea mixed with
muriate of potash (0-0-60) for higher fruit setting, and to prolong the fruiting period of the
crop.
Table 2. Fertilizer requirement for tomato production.
Kind of Rate of Application per Method of

2
Time of Application
Fertilizer ha 1000m ) Application
Chicken
500 kg (250 g/plant) before plowing Basal/broadcast
manure
or or
Organic
250 kg (125 g/plant) final harrowing Basal/broadcast
fertilizer
14-14-14 25 kg (125 g/plant) At transplanting Basal
15 kg 21 days after transplanting (DAT)

Urea+0-0-60 15 g/plant Side dress
15 kg (at 3rd irrigation)
7. Water Management
a. Four to five irrigations are needed from transplanting to 14 days before the last harvest
depending on the type of soil. Tomato is very sensitive to flooding; hence, irrigation must be
done just to moisten the root zone especially during the onset of flowering up to the last
harvest.
______________________________________________________________________________________
b. The following irrigation schedule must be followed for a 1000 m2 area:
First : during transplanting (flooding) or hand watering

Second : 14 DAT (flooding) or hand watering
Third : at vegetative stage (21 DAT), water at 1 L/hill.
Fourth : at flowering and early fruiting (30 DAT) water at 1 L/hill.
Fifth : optional, depending on the appearance of the plants at harvesting stage (hand water
if necessary)
c. Irrigate by furrow (quick passing) to minimize soil erosion and to favor high fruit setting.
Waterlogging for 24 hours will favor the occurrence of wilt diseases and reduce fruit setting.
In the absence of surface irrigation, water the plants weekly at the rate of 1 L/hill until two
weeks before the last harvest.
d. For tomato with plastic mulch, water twice a week for the whole crop duration.
8. Pest Management
Insect pests and diseases of tomato are managed by using chemical, biological, and
remedial measures. Most of the pests and diseases of tomato are common throughout the
year except thrips and whiteflies, which are present only during dry season starting in
January, declining in May and ending in June or July depending on the arrival of rain. The
farmer or any amateur grower may try the suggested biological and remedial measures in
managing the insect pests and diseases as presented in Table 3. In case of pest outbreaks,
the use of chemical pesticides as shown in Table 4 is the last resort.
9. Insect Pests
a. 28-spotted beetle (Epilachna philippinensis) – This is a small beetle with brownish yellow
forewings dotted with 28 black spots. Both adults and larvae are destructive by feeding on
the leaves of tomato and other solanaceous crops. They feed by scraping the surface of the
leaves until it has been skeletonized.
______________________________________________________________________________________
b. Fruit worm (Heliothis armigera.) – The polyphagous larva of this insect feed on corn,
tobacco, cotton and other vegetables. In tomato, the larva damages the fruit at any stage of
growth rendering it non-marketable.
c. Aphids (Aphis gossypii) – The insect pest attacks tomato, cotton, and other crops by
sucking the sap of the leaves and stem of the plant. It can also transmit (vector) cucumber
mosaic virus. Severe infestation of aphids results in the accumulation of their sweet and
sticky substances on the infested plant parts, which serve as a medium for the growth of
black molds that block the photosynthetic activity of the leaves. It is the aphids’ secret toxic
substances that result in curling of the shoots and dwarfing of the internodes of tomato. This
symptom reduces the plants’ reproductive potentials.
d. White fly (Bemicia tabaci) – This white fly is a serious pest of tomato that attacks the
plant by sucking the sap of the leaves. It also acts as a vector of tomato yellow leaf curl virus
(TYLCV) that causes yellowing and curling of tomato leaves resulting in stunted plants with
aborted flower and fewer fruits.
e. Thrips (Frankiniella occidentalis) are minute pests that suck the leaves of the tomato. It is
a vector of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) that reduces yield.
10. Diseases
a. Tomato mosaic Virus (TMW) – This virus causes mosaic pattern on the leaves of tomato
coupled with curling of the young leaves and shoots. Most of the varieties are tolerant to
tomato mosaic virus and are capable of bearing fruits throughout their life span but are not
prolific as the healthy plant. The disease is seed-borne.
b. Late blight – is caused by the fungus. Phytophthora infestans (Montagne) de Bary. The
symptoms are seen as brown spots on the older leaves with yellowish advancing lesion.
Under favorable condition the symptom progress to upper leaves, stems and fruits of the
plant.
______________________________________________________________________________________
The advance stage of the disease is seen as a whitish growth on the fruit. The disease can be
transmitted by mechanical means while the growth and development of this fungus is
favored by a moist and cooler condition of the environment. Under severe infection, the
plant may succumb to death.
c. Bacterial wilt – The causal organism is Pseudomonas solanacearum that infects tomato
and other solanaceous crops. The pathogen is either soil-borne or seed-borne. It invades the
roots of tomato then progresses to the vascular bundle where it interferes with the
translocation of nutrients and water. Advanced symptom is browning of the inner parts of
the stem, wilting of the plant before it dies.
d. Bacterial spot – is caused by Xanthomonas campestris var. vesicatoria an agent of

bacterial spot, which is characterized by a sunken irregular brown spots on the fruits, stems,
and leaves of tomato (Fig. 4d). Fruits infected with bacterial spots are considered non-
marketable. The disease is common during wet season planting and is transmitted through
the seeds. Weeds are some of the alternate hosts of this bacterium, which becomes latent
after the cropping period.
e. Root knot nematode – This parasitic nematode (Melodogyne incognita) attacks the roots
of tomato that results in the formation of knots and galls on the roots. Infected tomato
become susceptible to other root disease. Above ground symptoms shows stunting of the
plant with moderate wilting as that of water stress.
f. Fusarium Wilt – the fungus Fusarium oxysporum is the causal agent of the fungal wilt of
tomato. The pathogen is soil-borne with the similar symptom with that of bacterial wilt. The
only difference is the presence of white mycelia (thread-like) that grow on the infected part
of the plant.
g. Early blight Alternaria solani (Ell. and G. Martin) Sor. – This fungus incites the symptom
of early blight in tomato. This fungus is prevalent during the cool months of the year,
infecting the leaves, stems and aboveground parts of the plant. The symptom appears as
______________________________________________________________________________________
target-like spots on the leaves. At fruiting stage, infected fruit shows numerous irregular
spots and the disease can cause high yield loss if not immediately controlled
h. Powdery mildew – is caused by the fungus Leveillula taurica (Lev) Arnaud. The symptom is
like a white talcum powder on the surface and undersurface of the leaves. The growth and
development is favored by warm condition of the environment with low humidity. The
profuse powdery growth of the organism covers the surface of the leaves and other parts
causing the leaves to become yellowish then turns brown and die.
i. Leaf mold – The causal organism of this disease is Cladosporium fulvum Cooke. It is
characterized by brownish spots with molds on the under surface of the leaves and later
coalesce into blight. During severe infections, the leaves turn brown and die resulting in
reduced flowering and fruiting span of the plant.
j. Blossom end rot – The primary symptom of this physiological disorder is calcium
deficiency, which is characterized by dry rot with water-soaked appearance at the blossom
end of the immature fruits, It later enlarges and turns into papery or leathery sunken brown
to black rot upon infection of saprophytic fungi (secondary symptom). Fruits with end rots
are non– marketable.
Table 3. Biological and remedial control of pests and diseases of tomato.
Insect pest and diseases Suggested management
To control worms at fruiting stage, spray neem seed extract at 200-

300 ml/16 L or hot pepper fruit extract 100-200 ml/16 L. For cutworm,
A.) Insect pest: spray before twilight.
fruitworms/cutworms
Spray with Thuricide HP or Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis) following
manufacturers recommended dosage. These are bacterial pesticides
28 spotted beatle, mites, To drove other pests spray 100-200 ml pure tubai leaf extract/16 L of
leafhoppers, water on the plants alternate it with spraying karot tuber extract (100-
______________________________________________________________________________________
200 ml tuber extract per 16 L water). Do it twice a week.
Puff smoke on the crop twice a week during the whole growing
period.
whitefly/thrips
For thrips, mites, leafhopper and white fly, practice overhead
irrigation.
For thrips use blue sticky trap, for whitefly use yellow sticky trap.
To control these disease spray the leaves with zinc oxide power at 2-3
B) Diseases:
tbsp/16 L water (with 1 tbsp sticker during wet season). Spray
Leaf spot
decoction of serpentina 10ml extract per 16 L water.
Treat the seeds with Centella asiatica (takip kuhol) decoction at 45°C
to 50 °C for 2-5 minutes. Uproot infected plants and burn outside the
area. Drench infected soil with 5% solution of zonrox then expose to
sunlight. Avoid surface irrigation. Do not cultivate or touch infected
Fungal wilt/bacterial wilt
plants as this will transfer the pathogens to other plants. If possible,
hand water the plants early in the morning or late in the afternoon
with 1 L/plant every week at vegetative stage and 2 L/plant every two
weeks at fruiting stage for clay loam soil.
To prevent this disease, spray a decoction of guava, star apple and

avocado (done by boiling 1 kg leaves of each in 3 gallons of water for 5
minutes). For stronger concentration, restore 1 gallon decoction to 16
Bacterial spot L water with 1 tbsp sticker. Spray on leaves and fruits of tomato once
a week.
Minimal infection if grown after rice. Practice good drainage and use
large dose of organic manure.
Powdery mildew Spray Cassia alata (Andadasi or Acapulco) leaf extract at the rate of 1 L
leaf extract/16 L water with sticker then spray vigorously on leaves
and whole plants. For severe infection, spray a ratio of 1:1 leaf extract
to water twice a week until the fruiting stage. As a disinfectant and as
______________________________________________________________________________________
a preventive measure, spray 16 ml zonrox per/6 L of water or 1tbsp

baking soda/16 L of water on the whole plant once a week.
Burn infected plant residues after harvest. Plant tomato after rice and
Leaf mold plant other crops after tomato (crop rotation). Plant resistant
varieties.
Plant 1 month old marigold seedlings as intercrop two weeks before

Nematode
transplanting of tomato. Plant resistant varieties.
Early Blight Spray Acapulco leaf extract.
Late Blight Spray Acapulco leaf extract alternate with serpentine decoction.
Spray the plants with nutrients high in calcium at flowering stage. Or

spray the plant with fresh malunggay leaf extract at a ratio of 1:4
Blossom rot malunggay extract to water. Or spray with decoction of seaweeds,
decoction of burned sea shells, crabs and shrimps skeletons (1:10
shells to water).
Table 4. Chemical control of insect pests and diseases of tomato.
Suggested Pesticides Rate

Insect Pests Application
Product When and How to Apply
and Diseases Common Name (tbsp/16 L
Name water)
______________________________________________________________________________________
A. Insect Pests
Lannete
Aphids Methomyl 4.0-8.0
40 SP
28-spotted
Sevin 85 S 4.0-6.0
beetle
Carbaryl
Provin 85
Thrips 4.0-6.0 Spray any of the insecticides as
WP
soon as insect infestation is
Lannate observed. Repeat spraying at 7-
Methomyl 4.0-8.0
40 SP 10 days interval or depending on
level of insect population.
Deltametrin Decis R 1.5-2.5
Fruit worm Lambdacyhalothri Karate

1.0-1.5
n 2.5 EC
Provin 85
Carbaryl 4.0-6.0
WP
Actara 25 Spray as soon as symptoms are

Thiamethoxan 1.5-2.0
Whiteflies WG observed. Repeat at 7-10 days
Triazophos Hercules 4.0-6.0 depending on level of infection.
Daconil
Chlorathalonil 4.0-6.0
B.Diseases 75 WP
Powdery
Dithane Spray as soon as symptoms are
mildew, Early Mancozeb 4.0-6.0
M-45 observed. Repeat at 7-10 days
& late
depending on level of infection.
blight/Leaf Ridomil
spot Metalaxyl MZ 58 6.0-10.0
WP
Bacterial spot Copper Vitigran 4.0-6.0 Spray when the first cluster is
______________________________________________________________________________________
well formed. Repeat if required.

Treat the seeds with 5% lime
Blue 35
Bacterial wilt oxychloride solution than subject to 50°C for
WP
two hours; air dry the seeds
before sowing.
11. Weeding
By using a carabao-drawn plow or hand hoe, cultivate in between rows of plants by

off barring at 14-21 DAT. Hill-up at 28-35 DAT. Spot-weed at the surrounding of the seedlings
after each off-barring and hilling-up if there are standing weeds. If plastic mulch is available,
mulch the area before transplanting.
12. Harvest Management
Harvest fruits intended for future use at matured green stage at 1-2 months during
rainy season. Matured green fruits gradually ripen in one month at room temperature.
Frequent harvesting sustains the production of more fruits. For immediate use, harvest the
fruits at breaker pink stage. These will fully ripen within three days at ambient temperature
but can be slowed when stored in a refrigerated condition.
TECHNOGUIDE FOR MUNGBEAN PRODUCTION
Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilzeck), popularly known in the Philippines as mungo or

mungbean in other countries and mainly used as human food. It is one of the cheapest sources of
plant protein which contains protein ranging from 22-27%. It is also a good source of minerals such
______________________________________________________________________________________
as calcium and sodium. Dried mungbean seeds are high in vitamins A & B while the sprouted
mungbean are rich in vitamins B & C.
1. Climatic Requirements
Mungbean is drought-tolerant and requires a warm climate during its growing
period. The temperature and humidity prevailing in the region is suited for optimum yields.
BPI Mg 9
Pag-asa 7
NSIC Mg 8
NSIC Mg 12
NSIC Mg 13
Other all-season varieties
3. Crop Establishment
a. Planting
 Just after harvesting rice:
 Flush irrigate the area and drain excess water
 Broadcast evenly the mungo seeds at the rate of:
o 30 kgs seeds/ha (90-95% germination)
o 35 kgs seeds/ha (80-85% germination)
o 37-40 seeds/ha (75-80% germination)
If rice stubbles is 10-15 cm high, lightly puddle with mini tractor-drawn the area to help
seeds in the stubbles get in contact with the soil
b. Seed Inoculation
 Inoculate the seeds prior to broadcasting with rhizobium inoculant at the rate of 5
kgs/pack of inoculant.
 To inoculate the seeds; a) sprinkle/moisten the seeds with water (10 kgs:1 glass of
water).
 Pour the inoculants and mix evenly until seeds are well-coated.
 Broadcast the inoculated seeds just after mixing.
4. Nutrient Management
To ensure high yield and attain 3 pod priming frequency, spray the plants with foliar
fertilizer (high in potassium and phosphorous content) at 25-30 DAP and after 1st and 2nd
priming. Foliar fertilizer spraying can be combined/mixed with compatible insecticides.
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Pest Management
 3-5 days after seed emergence, spray the plants with appropriate insecticides to
control beanfly (wilting and presence of pin-holes in leaves at seedling stage are
common symptoms)
 If high population of weeds (particularly grass) are outgrowing the plants, spray
selective post-emergence herbicide like ONECIDE.
 Control leaf folder and pod borer by spraying contact insecticide at vegetative stage
(10-15 days after planting (DAP), flowering stage (20-30 DAP) and every after pod
priming.
 Control powdery mildew and Cercospora leaf spot disease with appropriate
fungicides starting flowering stage.
 Rogue/uproot and burn mosaic-infected plants to avoid spread of virus diseases.
6. Harvest Management
Handpicking (or priming) mature (black) pods in the early morning or late afternoon
to minimize shattering. Priming is done up to five times depending on the maturity of the
pods. In some part of Pampanga, the farmers cut the plants at one time when most of the
pods have matured. Attain three primings and harvest at 1-week interval
Sun-drying & Threshing
Freshly harvested pods are sundried on concrete pavement or on the ground with
mat; pods are threshed by beating or trampling on dried pods. Manual threshing can be
done but the use of mechanical rice-thresher can speed- up the operation and reduce
expenses
Cleaning
It is done by sieving or winnowing the threshed pods.
Storage
Use of nylon or jute sacks, cans (covered air-tight) and empty cement sacks and
stored inside the house or storehouse. Cool overnight the seeds before keeping in a storage
cans. Mix the seeds with dried neem tree seeds/leaves, hot pepper (siling labuyo),
naphthalene balls, etc.
Marketing
Mungbean harvested in the Ilocos region are sold in Urdaneta, Villasis and nearby
twons in Pangasinan.
Product Utilization
______________________________________________________________________________________
Mungbean is prepared by cooking or milling. IT is eaten whole or split. The seeds or flour
may enter a variety of dishes such as sopus, porridge, snacks, bread, noodles and ice cream. It is a
raw material used in the processing of noodles locally known as "sotanghon".
TECHNOGUIDE FOR ONION PRODUCTION
Bulb onion (allium cepa L.), locally known as sibuyas, is probably the most indispensable
culinary ingredient in the world. It is a favorite seasoning, and its pungent aroma and sharp taste
makes it ideal for spicing up meat, salads and vegetable dishes. It is also used to cure a wide array of
physiological disorders such as cough, obesity, insomnia, hemorrhoid and constipation.
______________________________________________________________________________________
There are two types of bulb onion grown in the Philippines; the yellow and the red onion.
The yellow varieties grown for the traditional market are either the granex (flat) or the grano (round)
type, short day onions.The red varieties, on the other hand, are produced because of their long
storage life. Strains of Red Creole and Red Pinoy are among the popular varieties being grown.
Yellow Granex 90 - 110

Red Creole 110
Red Pinoy 110 - 115
2. Climatic and Soil Requirements
Bulb Onions grow well in friable and well-drained loam soil with good water holding
capacity and pH between 6 & 7.
For best growth and bulb quality, onion requires cooler weather during the early stages
of growth and a dry atmosphere with moderately high temperature for bulb development &
maturation. Planting can be done as early as October (yellow onions) to as late as January
(red onions).
3. Seedling Production
A 1-ha production area requires 5 kg seeds. A 300-500 m2 seedbed produces enough

transplants for one ha/ Prepare beds 1 m wide & incorporate animal manure and rice hull..
Line sows 3-5 kg. seeds in rows set across the bed 7-10 cm apart. Distribute seeds thinly and
evenly to control damping off. Cover the seeds lightly with compost and mulch with rice
straw or grass clippings. Maintain adequate soil moisture. Protect the seedbed against direct
sunlight and rain with nylon net or removable plastic tunnels. Reduce watering and expose
seedlings to full sunlight one week before transplanting.
4. Land Preparation
One month prior to land preparation, apply about 30 cm layer of rice hull over the entire
field & burn for about two weeks. Incorporate burnt rice hull during land preparation. Burnt
rice hull reduces occurrence of weeds & diseases & improves soil texture. Land preparation
is done one month prior to transplanting. The use of tractor-driven implement requires 1-2
______________________________________________________________________________________
plowing & harrowing operations. Apply animal manure at 10-15 t/ha prior to bed
preparation. Beds 1 m wide are recommended.
5. Transplanting
Transplant seedlings 4-6 weeks after sowing. Gently uproot the seedlings to prevent root
damage. Plant at a distance of 15 cm between rows & 3-5 cm between transplants can also
be practiced. Use markers for proper spacing & to facilitate transplanting. After marking, use
dibbles to make holes. Plant deep enough but not too deep. Care must be taken so as not to
damage the basal portion of the plant. Place the white portion of the plant below the soil
surface. Press the soil firmly around the basal portion. Irrigate the field before and after
transplanting.
6. Fertilization
In the absence of soil analysis, a 1-ha production area requires 8.5-11.4 bags of
ammonium sulfate (21-0-0), 6.6-26.7 bags super phosphate (0-18-0) and 2-4 bags muriate of
potash (0-0-60). Apply all of 0-18-0 & half of 21-0-0 & 0-0-60 as basal fertilizer. Side-dress
remaining 21-0-0 & 0-0-60 at 30, 45 & 60 days after transplanting. High nitrogen rates tend
to shorten storage life of onions. Combine herbicide application with hand weeding to
produce a good quality crop.
7. Irrigation
Bulb onions require adequate moisture for steady, continuous & desirable growth.
Depending on soil types, irrigation varies between 4 & 7 days. Stop irrigation 2-3 weeks
before harvest, or when 20-30% of the tops fold over. The last irrigation should be a light
one.
8. Pest & Disease Management
Purple blotch (Alternaria porri), leaf blight (Botrytis spp.), white-tip disease (Phytophthora
porri), and downy mildew (Peronospora destructor). Regulate humidity within the field
through proper irrigation. Eliminate debris from previous crop. Spray compost tea (compost
tea is prepared by fermenting rice compost for 10-14 days. The effluent is sprayed to control
foliar diseases). Remove infected leaves. Practice crop rotation.Pink root (Pyrenochaeta
terrestris). Practice soil solarization. Use resistant varieties.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Bacterial soft rot (Erwinia carotovora), neck rot (botrytis allii), & onion smut (Uroccystis
cepulae). Harvests only mature bulbs. Maintain good air circulation during curing, packing &
storage. Practice crop rotation.
Sour skin (Pseudomonas cepacia) & slippery skin (P. alliicola). Use furrow irrigation.
Incorporate copper sulfate at the last fertilization & fungicide application.
Thrips (Thrips tabaci), army worm (Spodoptera exigua), cutworm (Argotis spp.), &
leafminer (Liriomyza spp.) Use overhead irrigation & high pressure spray of water &
insecticidal soap solution. Remove badly infested leaves. Spray hot pepper extract, or spread
wood ash to control army worm & cutworm. To control leafminer, spray chlorox solution
(1:10 commercial chlorox & water) & rinse one hour later with water. Manage weeds
properly to maintain sufficient population of natural enemies.
9. Harvesting
Harvest when the tops begin to fold over. Pull mature plants/bulbs manually from the soil.
10. Post-harvest
Cure harvested bulb for 10-14 days in a sunny, well-ventilated area. Align onions so
that the leaves of one onion cover the bulb of another. Clip dried leaves 1.5 inches from
the stem and remove all roots. Grade/Sort bulbs according to size and quality. Pack in
jute or net sacks for storage and/or immediate disposal.

Production Cycle

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Production Cycle

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

Provincial Government of Tarlac

TECHNOGUIDE FOR SWEETPOTATO PRODUCTION

Variety Days to Harvest

VSP-6 (Super Bureau) 75-90

Three methods of planting are available for selection as follows:

6. Weeding and cultivation

Kind of Rate of Time of Method of

Although sweetpotato is resistant to drought, proper irrigation should be provided

The schedule of irrigation is as follows:

First : 2-3 days before planting or just after planting

Second : 3-4 weeks after planting or 2-3 days before

Third : at initiation of tuber formation (50 DAT)

9. Pest and Diseases Control

Sweetpotato is usually attacked by cutworm and whiteflies causing “kulot”. Kulot

TECHNOGUIDE FOR OKRA PRODUCTION

Okra, botanically known as Hibiscus esculentus L. is popular and an in demand

Variety Days to Harvest

2. Site Selection/Soil Type

Rate of Time of Method of

Organic fertilizer 20 bags At plowing Basal

7. Weeding and Cultivation

Start shallow cultivation or harrowing between furrows at two weeks after

A weekly schedule of irrigation is necessary if planted in light textured soils.

9. Insect Pests and Diseases Control

Insect Suggested Pesticides Rate of When and How

TECHNOGUIDE FOR SQUASH PRODUCTION

Squash is a botanically known as Cucurbita maxima L. is commonly grown in the

Variety Days to Harvest

Nueva Vizcaya Strain 90

2. Site Selection/Soil Type

Rate of Time of Method of

14-14-14 40 bags At planting Basal

Control weeds by hand pulling or shallow cultivation which should be done 7

9. Insect Pests and Diseases Control

Suggested Pesticides Rate of

10. Training of Vines

11. Hand Pollination

12. Thinning of Fruits

The fruit maturity indices for squash are as follows:

a. The days from anthesis/pollination to maturity is usually 30-40 days.

TECHNOGUIDE FOR AMPALAYA PRODUCTION

Variety Days to Harvest

Sta. Rita strains 70-75

Sta. Isabel 70-75

Jade star (A, L, XL) 60-70

Million Green 65-75

2. Climatic and Soil Requirement

9. Vine Training and Pruning

10. Water and Weeding Management

12. Pests and Diseases Control

TECHNOGUIDE FOR EGGPLANT PRODUCTION

Eggplant or brinjal, botanically known as Solanum melongena is a plant species in the

1. Variety Description (fresh)

 potential yield: 30 tons/hectare (t/ha)

 potential yield: 15 t/ha

 Prepare a seedbed, seedbox, or tray.

 Transplant seedlings 50-75 cm between hills and 75-100 cm between rows.

 Follow furrow irrigation.

g. Weed Control and Management

h. Insect Pest Management

 Prevent bacterial wilt by planting after rice or by crop rotation.

 Remove not true-to-type plants or plants of other eggplant varieties.

TECHNOGUIDE FOR TOMATO PRODUCTION