Review of complex functions:

Imaginary number: j  1 j 2  1

Complex number Relations:

complex plane
z  x  jy

Magnitude of z: z  x2  y 2
y
Angle of z:   tan 1
x

Rectangular form: z  x  jy ; z  z (cos   j sin  )

Polar form: z  z  ; z  z e j

Complex conjugate: z  x  jy  z   

Complex algebra:
z1  x1  jy1  z1  , z2  x2  jy2  z2 
Addition and substraction: z1  z2  ( x1  x2 )  j ( y1  y2 )
Multiplication: z1  z2  ( x1  jy1 )( x2  jy2 )  x1 x2  y1 y2   j x1 y2  x2 y1   z1 z2   


z 2  x  jy   x 2  y 2  j 2 xy 
2

x  jy x  jy   x 2
 y 2   j  xy  xy   x2  y 2

1 1 1 x  jy x  jy
   2
z x  jy x  jy x  jy x  y 2
z1 x1  jy1 x1  jy1 x2  jy 2  x1 x2  y1 y2   j x2 y1  x1 y2  z1
Division:       
z2 x2  jy 2 x2  y2
2 2
x2  y2
2 2
z2

Power and roots:

z n  ( z  )n  z n
n

1 1 1
z n  ( z  ) n  z n  / n
Relation between exponential and trigonometric functions:
x 0 x 2 x 4 x 6 x8 x10
cos( x)       
0! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10!
x1 x3 x5 x 7 x9 x11
sin( x)       
1! 3! 5! 7! 9! 11!
cos( x)  j sin( x) 
x x2 x3 x 4 x5 x6 x 7 x8 x9 x10 x11
e 1 j   j   j   j   j 
jx
j 
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 8! 9! 10! 11!
 eix  cos( x)  j sin( x) Euler formula
eix  cos( x)  j sin( x)
e jx  e jx  2 cos( x)  cos( x)  e jx  e jx 
1
2
e jx  e jx  2 j sin( x)  sin( x)   j e jx  e jx 
1
2
Complex variable:

s    j

Complex function:

F (s)  Fx  jFy
Complex function for a linear system has a typical form:
K ( s  z1 )( s  z2 )....(s  zm )
F ( s) 
( s  p1 )(s  p2 )....(s  pn )

Zeros: -z1, -z2…-zm F(s) = 0

Poles: -p1, -p2….-pn F(s) = infinity

Single pole (k=1) and multiple pole: ( s  p)

k