PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 1 - EXERCISE

CHAPTER 3:
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS & ENTROPY

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung

Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)

Email: nvdung@hcmut.edu.vn
 1
Entropy Changes for Adiabatic Processes

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 2
Entropy Changes for Nonadiabatic Processes

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 3
Entropy Changes of Isothermal Reversible Processes
in Closed Systems

QT V2 P2 P1 V1 V2
ΔS = = nRln = −nRln = ln
T V1 P1 T1 V1

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 4
The Calculation of Entropy Changes

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 5
Entropy Changes for Processes That Begin and End
at the Same Temperature

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 6
Entropy Changes for Reversible Phase Changes

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 7
Entropy Changes for Reversible Phase Changes

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 8
Entropy Changes for Reversible Temperature Changes

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 9
Entropy Changes for Reversible Temperature Changes

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 10
Entropy Changes for Any Processes of Ideal Gas

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 11
Entropy Changes for Irreversible Processes

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 12
Entropy Changes for Irreversible Processes

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 13
Entropy Changes for Irreversible Processes

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 14
Entropy Changes for Irreversible Processes

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 15
Entropy Changes for Irreversible Processes

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 16
The Entropy Change of Mixing Ideal Gases

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 17
The Entropy Change of Mixing Ideal Gases

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 18
HEAT ENGINES - NET WORK OUTPUT

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 19
THERMAL EFFICIENCY FOR HEAT ENGINES

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 20
THERMAL EFFICIENCY FOR HEAT ENGINES

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 21
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE FOR REFRIGERATOR

The efficiency of a refrigerator is expressed in terms of the coefficient

of performance (COP), denoted by COPR.

COPR can be greater than unity.

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT
 22
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE FOR REFRIGERATOR

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 23
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE FOR HEAT PUMP

Coefficient of performance COPHP:

COPHP is always greater than unity (> 1).

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 24
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE FOR HEAT PUMP

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 25
CARNOT CYCLE FOR HEAT ENGINE

TL and TH are absolute temperatures (K).

Carnot efficiency is the highest efficiency

a heat engine operating between the two
thermal energy reservoirs at temperatures
TL and TH can have.

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 26
CARNOT CYCLE FOR HEAT ENGINE

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 27
CARNOT REFRIGERATOR & HEAT PUMP

✓ These are the highest coefficients of performance that a

refrigerator or a heat pump operating between the temperature
limits of TL and TH can have.

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 28
CARNOT REFRIGERATOR & HEAT PUMP

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 1 - EXERCISE

CHAPTER 4: THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung

Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)

Email: nvdung@hcmut.edu.vn
 30
ENTHALPY - A COMBINATION PROPERTY

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 31
Saturated Liquid & Saturated Vapor

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 32
Saturated Liquid & Saturated Vapor

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 33
Saturated Liquid & Saturated Vapor

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 34
Saturated Liquid – Vapor Mixture

Quality x as the ratio of the mass of

vapor to the total mass of the
mixture:

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 35
Saturated Liquid – Vapor Mixture

➢ The properties of the saturated liquid are the same whether it exists
alone or in a mixture with saturated vapor.

✓ A two-phase system can be treated as a homogeneous mixture for

convenience.
Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT
 36
Saturated Liquid – Vapor Mixture

havg = (1 – x)hf + xhg

savg = (1 – x)sf + xsg
Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT
 37
Saturated Liquid – Vapor Mixture

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 38
Saturated Liquid – Vapor Mixture

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 39
Saturated Liquid – Vapor Mixture

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 40
SUPERHEATED VAPOR

In this region, temperature and pressure are independent properties.

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 41
COMPRESSED LIQUID

A compressed liquid may be approximated as a saturated liquid at the given temperature.

y: v, u, or h
Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT
 42
VAPOR POWER CYCLE (RANKINE CYCLE)

Ideal cycle for vapor power cycle, consists of the following four processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression in a pump
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
3-4 Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser
Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT
 43
VAPOR POWER CYCLE (RANKINE CYCLE)

Pump (q = 0) wpump ,in = h2 − h1

wpump ,in = v  ( P2 − P1 )
h1 = h f @ P1 & v  v1 = v f @ P1

Boiler (w = 0) qin = h3 − h2
Turbine (q = 0) wturb ,out = h3 − h4

Condenser (w = 0) qout = h4 − h1

The thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle is determined from

wnet qout
th = = 1−
qin qin
where : wnet = qin − qout = wturb ,out − wpump ,in

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 44
VAPOR POWER CYCLE (RANKINE CYCLE)

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 45
VAPOR POWER CYCLE (RANKINE CYCLE)

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 46
IDEAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION CYCLE

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 47
THROTTLING VALVES

➢ Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting

devices that cause a significant pressure drop
in the fluid. Some familiar examples are ordinary
adjustable valves, capillary tubes, and porous
plugs.

Energy blance:
Adiabatic process
q=0

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 48
IDEAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION CYCLE

Steady flow energy equation:

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 49

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

 50

Dr. Nguyen Van Dung, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT