Solid Environment

L. Llamas
Raymond Jude
Jeslyn B. Ramos
 What is Solid Waste?

Brief History About Solid

Waste

Topic Outline Types of Solid Waste

Solid Waste Management

Example Places that Practices

Solid Waste Management

Impact of Solid Waste in the

Environment

RA 9003

Connection ng engineering
 at is Solid Wast
Wh e?
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) states
that "solid waste" means any garbage or refuse, sludge from a
wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or
air pollution control facility and other discarded material,
resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural
operations, and from community activities.

refers to a wide range of waste material consisting of useless or

unwanted items that the public uses daily

Nearly everything we do leaves behind some kind of waste.

It is important to note that the definition of solid waste is not

limited to wastes that are physically solid. Many solid wastes
are liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material.

one of the major environmental issue

 at is Solid Wast
Wh e?
Solid waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial
waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street
sweepings, construction debris, agricultural waste, and other
non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste. (RA 9003)
 History
In ancient cities, wastes were thrown onto unpaved streets and
roadways, where they were left to accumulate.

320 BCE in Athens that the first known law forbidding this
practice was established.

a system for waste removal began to evolve in Greece and in the

Greek-dominated cities of the eastern Mediterranean

In ancient Rome, property owners were responsible for cleaning

the streets fronting their property. But organized waste
collection was associated only with state-sponsored events such
as parades.

After the fall of Rome, waste collection and municipal sanitation

began a decline that lasted throughout the Middle Ages.
 History
Near the end of the 14th century, scavengers were given the task
of carting waste to dumps outside city walls. But this was not
the case in smaller towns, where most people still threw waste
into the streets.

not until 1714 that every city in England was required to have an
official scavenger.

Toward the end of the 18th century in America, municipal

collection of garbage was begun in Boston, New York City, and
Philadelphia.
 Types of
Solid Waste
Types of Solid Waste
Industrial/Comme
Household
rcial Waste
Hazardous Waste
solid waste generated by
discarded, unused, or leftover stores, offices,
portion of household products restaurants, warehouses and
containing toxic chemicals nonmanufacturing activities
Empty hazardous product at industrial facilities
containers should be rinsed most effective methods of
several times before discarding industrial waste management
in the trash. are ones that aim to
reduce, reuse, and recycle

Construction and
Demolition Debris
debris generated during the
construction, renovation and demolition
of buildings
C&D materials disposed of in landfills or
incinerators can
Types of Solid Waste Regulated Medical
Hazardous Waste Waste
Lamps also known as 'biohazardous'
Fluorescent lamps are often waste or 'infectious medical'
hazardous wastes due to their waste, is the portion of the
mercury content and LED light waste stream that may be
bulbs may be hazardous waste contaminated by blood, body
due to the lead solder used in fluids or other potentially
their circuit boards infectious materials, thus
either be recycled or disposed posing a significant risk of
of in hazardous waste landfills transmitting infection.
disposed in a sanitary
landfill or discharged to the
Used Electronic sanitary sewer

Equipment
or e-waste describes discarded
electrical or electronic devices
Recycling centers and companies that
specialize in safely recycling
electronics
Types of Solid Waste
Used Oil
Waste Tires
must be managed properly by
local waste management Tires do not decompose.
authorities or automotive When tires pile up in
repair shops to prevent landfills or junkyards,
contaminating the environment. they can release chemicals
let the oil cool completely, into the air, ground, and
then pour it into a non- water that alter the
recyclable container with a lid ecosystem.
and throw it in the garbage Take Them to Your Local
Recycling Center, Upcycle

Agricultural Waste
includes manure and other wastes from
farms, poultry houses and
slaughterhouses; harvest waste, etc.
organic waste can become nutrient-rich
organic fertilizer by composting
 olid Waste Management
S
The collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is
discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer
useful.

Improper disposal of solid wastes can create unsanitary

conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution
of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—
that is, diseases spread by rodents and insects.

The tasks of solid-waste management present complex

technical challenges. They also pose a wide variety of
administrative, economic, and social problems that must be
managed and solved.
 olid Waste Management
S
Solid waste management shall refer to the discipline
associated with the control of generation, storage, collection,
transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid
wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of
public health, economics, engineering, conservation,
aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that
is also responsive to public attitudes (RA 9003)
 olid Waste Management
S
Objective of Waste Management:

The primary goal of solid waste management is reducing and

eliminating adverse impacts of waste materials on human
health and the environment to support economic development
and superior quality of life. This is to be done in the most
efficient manner possible, to keep costs low and prevent
waste buildup.
 olid Waste Management
S 6 Functional Elements of the Waste Management System

1. Waste generation: any activities involved in identifying

materials that are no longer usable and are either gathered for
systematic disposal or thrown away.

2. Onsite handling, storage, and processing: activities at the point

of waste generation, which facilitate easier collection. For
example, waste bins are placed at sites that generate sufficient
waste.

3. Waste collection: A crucial phase of waste management, this

includes activities such as placing waste collection bins,
collecting waste from those bins, and accumulating trash in the
location where the collection vehicles are emptied. Although the
collection phase involves transportation, this is typically not the
main stage of waste transportation.
 olid Waste Management
S 6 Functional Elements of the Waste Management System

4. Waste transfer and transport: These are the activities

involved in moving waste from the local waste collection
locations to the regional waste disposal site in large waste
transport vehicles.

5. Waste processing and recovery: This refers to the facilities,

equipment, and techniques employed to recover reusable or
recyclable materials from the waste stream and to improve the
effectiveness of other functional elements of waste
management.

6. Disposal: The final stage of waste management. It involves the

activities aimed at the systematic disposal of waste materials in
locations such as landfills or waste-to-energy facilities.
Types of Household Wastes

garbage
rubbish
trash
litter
 Garbage
Food waste as from a kitchen / worthless or

nonsensical material
usually smells bad
 Rubbish
rubbish is mostly dry material such as glass,

paper, cloth, or wood that does not readily

decompose.
 Trash
Trash is rubbish that includes bulky items

such as old refrigerators, couches, or large

tree stumps.
Trash, especially electronic waste
may require special collection and handling
 Litter
A disorderly accumulation of objects or

things carelessly discarded

waste paper, cans, bottles. that people have

thrown away and left on the ground in a

public place
Types of Waste Management

Recycling
Plasma Gasification
Composting
Incineration
Sanitary Landfill
 Recycling
Recycling is one of the most frequent methods of waste

disposal. With landfill being so expensive these days, it is

far more financially practical for businesses to recycle

their waste.

it is the process of separating waste into constituent

materials and then reusing those materials.

It also reduces the amount of plastic and other recyclable

materials that have the potential to end up in polluting

natural environments, such as rivers and seas.

 Plasma Gasification
One of the more advanced methods of dealing with plastic waste.

it is an effective means of lowering waste size and avoiding reliance on

landfills for waste disposal.

The process of plasma gasification works by shredding plastic, which

effectively works to vaporise 75 to 85% of the waste,and transfered to a

furrnace heated to 1500 degrees fahrenheit

What’s left is a mixture of gases known as ‘syngases’ (as they’re synthetic

natural gas) , then separated from the waste that’s left.

Whatever is left is converted to slag, a tightly-bound solid blocks of waste

that can be used in construction. This means that plasma gasification is a

potential choice for large organisations pursuing zero waste policies

Plasma Gasification
 Composting
Composting has been a traditional waste disposal method

for many years, allowing organic waste to be reused to

fertilize plants and crops.

The organic waste is decomposed by microbes within a

sealed container. These are regularly found in the gardens of

avid gardeners.
Composting
 Incineration
Slightly similar to plasma gasification, incineration heats waste to

transform it into base components, assorted gases and, more often than

not, ash. Waste volume is reduced by about 90% and hazardous or toxic

wastes can actually be gotten rid of through combustion.

Some types of ash created are nutrient-rich . This ash has the potential to

be used in hydroponic farming.

While relatively inexpensive, incineration can pollute the atmosphere

depending on the type of waste burned. Furthermore, some incinerators

are either outdated or poorly built, enabling pollution levels to rise.

Incineration
 Sanitary Landfill
depositing waste into a predetermined place designed for waste

disposal.

Landfills have a protective layer that keeps chemicals and toxins

from leaching into groundwater.

One downside is that landfills are seen as outdated, as simply burying

waste doesn’t effectively deal with the waste problem.

Landfills also become full over time, have the potential for

environmental damage
Sanitary Landfill
Impacts of Solid

Wastes in the

Environment
Impacts of Solid Wastes in the

Environment

The waste that humans generate has

been detrimental to our environment for

quite some time now. Humans are

generating too much trash and cannot

deal with it in a sustainable way. Waste

that is not biodegradable and cannot be

properly be recycled is filling our oceans

and landfills

Causes of Pollution in Solid

Environment

Agricultural Activities
Mining Activities
Urbanization
Nuclear Wastes
Agricultural Activities

Pesticides, fertilizers and other toxic

farm chemicals can poison fresh

water, marine ecosystems, air and

soil.
They also can remain in the

environment for generations.

 Mining Activities
Mining has the potential to pollute the

air and water supply, damage

biodiversity and ecosystems, and

permanently alter natural landscapes.

Mining harms the ecosystem by

destroying habitats, causing soil erosion,

and polluting surface water,

groundwater, and soil.

 Urbanization

Urbanization directly contributes to

waste generation, and unscientific

waste handling causes health

hazards and urban environment

degradation.

Lead levels in urban air are elevated

as a result of automobile emissions

 Nuclear Wastes
The soil is also contaminated by

radioactive waste from nuclear research

stations and nuclear power plants, as

well as radioactive fallout from nuclear

explosions. Since radioactive materials

have a long half-life, they can survive in

the soil for long periods of time.

Impacts of Solid

Wastes in the

Environment
Climate Change
It's alarming how we dispose of

waste. What's worse is that it seems

like waste disposal has become more

reckless just in this decade.

open trash piles that are burned

around the world release hazardous

amounts of carbon dioxide, a

greenhouse gas that is warming our

planet


Wildlife
Garbage dumping sites have both physical

and toxicological implications on animal life.

Plastics present in garbage gets ingested by

wild animals, leading to lethal injuries and

damage to digestive tract which results in

starvation, ulceration of stomach, reduced

fitness, growth problems and premature

death
It has an impact on those whose livelihoods
depend on the ocean. They are unable to

discriminate between food and non-food

items. As a result of the aquatic animal's

inability to metabolize the garbage, they die

after consuming it.

 Public Health

We continue to generate a lot of

rubbish and improperly dispose of

it, which will ultimately be to our

detriment as well as that of the

environment and the creatures in

the ecosystems that we all share.

 Possible Diseases due to

improper waste disposal

Asthma, birth defects, cancer,

cardiovascular disease, childhood cancer,

COPD, infectious diseases, low birth weight,

and preterm delivery. Bacteria, vermin and

insects.
RA 9003
RA 9003 Also known as the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000

Was passed by the Philippine Congress On

December 20, 2000

 "An act providing for an Ecological Solid Waste

Management Program, creating the necessary

institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring

providing penalties,

certain acts prohibited and

appropriating funds therefor, and for other

purposes"
SECTION 10. Role of LGUs in Solid Waste Management. the LGUs
shall be primarily responsible for the implementation and enforcement
of the provisions of this Act within their respective jurisdictions.

Segregation and collection of solid waste shall be conducted at the

barangay level specifically for biodegradable, compostable and reusable

wastes: Provided, That the collection of non-recyclable materials and

special wastes shall be the responsibility of the municipality or city.
Places that
practices
Solid Waste
Management
 Malabon City
Malabon, a highly-urbanised city in Metro Manila, the Philippines,
with 400,000 residents living in a total land area of 19.76 sq km,
generates about 0.56 kg of waste per capita per day.
Potrero, its largest and most-populous barangay, with 54,000
residents from approximately 13,500 families, took on the challenge
and emerged successful.
process of segregating their wastes into at least four categories —
kitchen waste, garden waste, recyclable waste, and residual waste.
According to an assessment study by the Philippines-based non-
profit Mother Earth Foundation (MEF), 60 percent of waste collected
from Potrero is biodegradable, recyclable material comprising only
15 percent of the wastes collected, while residual waste is 15 percent.
20 percent of residents either compost or give kitchen waste away as
animal feeds, hazardous wastes comprise 0.46 percent of the total
waste generated, while special wastes (like diapers and napkins)
comprise more than 10 percent of the total waste generated by
weight. About 75 percent of waste could be diverted if the zero waste
model is properly adopted in the city.
 Pasig City
Solid waste management is a deep concern for Pasigueños and the
city has committed to a 10-year plan to reduce their waste generation
by 20 percent by 2025. The city is actively working together with
stakeholders to support all residences in complying with local
ordinances on waste management processes such as proper
segregation of waste, adhering to the waste collection schedule, and
disposing of waste in designated spaces.

With the aim of raising awareness, educating youth on sustainability

and incentivizing recycling, Pasig City has started the Greenheart
Savers Program which is currently active across 32 public schools in
the city. This initiative teaches the value of recycling by encouraging
students to bring non-biodegradable waste to school in exchange for
rewards.
Connection to engineering
 As future engineers we make plans for the

protection and preservation of our environment.

We do some researches and case studies to

determine the suitability of places that can be

used for solid waste management. we also ensure

the health and safety of the people and other

organisms that lives there.

 [Link]
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References [Link]
solid-and-hazardous-waste-exclusions
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cities-how-malabon-in-the-philippines-took-on-the-challenge-of-
waste-68632
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demonstrates-the-benefits-of-inclusive-climate-action/
[Link]
[Link]
management-2878102