1 Distinguish the following statistical terms with example

A Descriptive verse inferential

Descriptive:-organizing and summarizing data using numbers &graphs

Data summary

Like bar graph

Histogram

Pie chart etc.

Measure of central tendency

Like mean, media, mode

Measure of variability (range, variance, &standard)

Example of descriptive
For example the sum of following data set is 20 (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6).

The mean is 4 i.e. 20/4=4

The media is 4

No mode b/c no frequently

Inferential:-
Using sample data to make an inference /draw a conclusion of the population

Uses probability to determine how confident we confidence intervals &margins of error.

Example of inferential
To make prediction (inference)

You might be interested in knowing if a new cancer drug is effective

Probability is the example of inferential statistics

B sample verse population

Sample

Specific group

Size is small

Measureable quality is called a statistic

Subset of population
Example of sample

Let’s say your population was every America, and you wanted to find out how much the average of
person earns.

Population:-

Refers to the entire group of people, events or things interest that the

Group of people, event or things of interest for which the researches wants to make interfaces

Entire group, size is large

Measureable quality is called a parameter

Complete set

C parameter verse statistic

#Population

Mean u

Standard division

Variance

Proportion

Size

#Statistic

Sample

Mean

S- Standard devision

S2-variance

P-proportion

n- size

Example of parameter

Say you want to know the mean income of the subscribes to a particular magazine

A parameter of a population.

Example of Statistic

We selected a random sample of 100 student from a school with 1000 students

The average height of the sampled student

D Census verse sample
Systematic method that collects &records the data about members of the population

Compare

Each &every unit of population

It is time consuming process

Expensive

Reliable &accurate

Population of heterogeneous nature

Example of census

Doing a survey of travel time by asking everyone at school is census (of the school)

#Sample
Just a part of a population

Selected to represented a given sample in all its characteristic

Paired

Only a handle of unit of population

It is a fast process

Cheap

Less reliable &accurate

Population of homogenous nature

Example of sample

Asking only randomly chosen people is sample

E Quantitative verse Qualitative variable

# Quantitative

Numerical data

Discrete (counting)

Continuous (measurement)

Numbers

How much /how many

Example age weight income numbers of population size score in test

# Qualitative

Not measurable we cannot expressed in number

Descriptive data based on observation

Words

Example color, ear lob attachment sex religion nationality interest beauty

Honesty intelligence education qualification e.tc

F continuous verse discrete variable

#Continuous

It can take on any value in interval

Measured

Not predefined gap

Decimal/fraction

Example height, weigh,t age ,size, temperature, distance, income score in test

#Discrete

It can only have specific values

Counted

Predefined gap

Whole number

Example number of student, number of chair, number of house number of car

G Nominal verse ordinal

# Nominal

Labels to the categories

Does not have any numerical value & mutually exclusive

Order doesn’t matter

Example of nominal

Sex

Types of residence
Only two categories is known as

Dichotomous

Binary variable

#ordinal

The order of the variables is important

Used to depict level of happiness, pain satisfaction etc.

It contains the information about the rank

The distance b/n the points isn’t meaningful

Example socio economic status (“low income, middle income “, high income “)

Education level “high school”, BS’, MS”, PhD” income level

Satisfaction rating (extremely dislike, dislike, neutral like

H interval verse ratio

# Interval
There is order and the difference b/n two values is meaningful.

Negative measurement

Does not have thus zero

Example temp (Fahrenheit) temp (calcium), ph.

Freezing point

# Ratio

Has absolute zero

Positive

Example of ratio

Height, weight, BP, HB etc.

2 classify descriptive /inferential statistics

A inferential statistics b/c it is prediction /expect /probability

B descriptive statistic b/c it summary data

C descriptive statistic b/c it is summary, organized with number

D inferential statistic b/c it is probability

3 classify first qualitative /quantitative
A quantitative E qualitative I quantitative

B qualitative F qualitative J qualitative

C quantitative G quantitative K quantitative

D qualitative H quantitative L qualitative

Second as nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio

A ratio F ordinal k ration

B ordinal G interval L Nominal

C Interval H interval

D nominal I ordinal

E ordinal J interval

11 solution

Let the number of male employee be E 1

& the number of females employees be E2

Average salary of the male employee be

X1=520

The average salary of females employee be

X2=420

Average salary of all employees

X =500

Now, x =E1*x+E2*x2/E1+E2

=500= E1 (520)+E2(420)/E1+E2

=500E1+500E2= 520E1 +420E2

=500E2-420E2 =520E1-500E2

=80E2/80=20E1/80

=E2/E1=20/80

=E2/E1=1/4

Let the number of female employee be y

Then the number of male employee is 4y

Total employee=5y

Now, percentage of female employees

F= y/5y*100%= 20%

M= 4y/5y*100%= 80%

13 1996-1997=5%

1998-1999=8%

2000-2001=77%

Solution

Let the original commodity price be represented as 100%

Then the commodity price at 1997 based on an increase 5% from 1996 to1997

Is 100%*1.05=105%

Commodity price in 1999 based on a further increase of 8%from 1998-1999,

By multiplying the commodity price percentage in 1997(105%) by the new increase (8%)

105%*1.08=113.4%

Commodity price in 2001 based on a further increase of 77% from 2000-2001

By multiplying the commodity price percentage in 1999(113.4%) by the new increase (77%)

113.4%*1.77=200.72%

The actual price increase b/n 1996-2001 by removing the original commodity price assumed at the

Beginning (i.e. 100%)

200.72%-100%=100.72%

Therefore the commodity price increase by 100.72%

B/n 1996 to 2001, which is 5 year interval

The average yearly price increase is actual

Total price increase (100.72%) divided by the number of years (5years)

100.72%/5= 20.14%

14 class limit frequency cumulative frequency

0-9 4 4
10-19 16 20

20-29 f3 20+f3

30-39 f4 20+f3+f4

40-49 f5 20+f3+f4+f5

50-59 6 26+f3+f4+f5

60-69 4 30+f3+f4+f5

Total 230

Median is given =33.5

Mode is given= 34.0

Median= 33.5

Therefore the median class =30-39

So the median class =4th

Lb. = 30 f=f4, w=9, n/2= 230/2 =115, cf=20+f3

Now media=

Lb. +(n/2-cf)*w/f

33.5= 30+ [115-(20+f3)]*9/f4

15

17

20

A H1W1H2W2, H3W3, H4W4

4!*24=384

B 8p8=8! = 40320

C H1H2H3H4 W1W2W3W4

4!*4! = 576

23

25 there are total 16 articles out of which

10 good articles,

4 articles with minor defects &

2 articles with major defects

Two articles can be chosen in 16c2 elements

A c (4, 0) (10, 2) c (16, 2)

4! /4-0! 0! =1! /0! =1

10! /10-2! 2! =45

1*45=45

16! /16-2! 2! =16*15/2=120

45/120=3/8

B (not major defects)

1-p (no major defects

1-c (10, 2) c (2, 0)/c (16, 2)

1-45/120=120-45/120=

75/120= 5/8

C the articles will be either good or have major defects

Then the number of elements in favor of d is

12c2 therefore p (D) =12c2/16c2

(12, 2)/16, 2) 12! /12-2! 2!

12! /10! 2!

11*12/2! = 132= 66

ii two articles are chosen (without replacement )

Let A be an event such that both the articles are good

Then the number of elements in favor of A is

P (A)

10c2/16c2

(10, 20/ (12, 2)

10! /10-2! 2! =10! /8! 2! =90

16! /16!-2! 2! =240/2! =120

45/120=3/8
B let be an event such that both articles have major defects

2c2

P (b) =2c2/16c2 (2, 2) /16, 2=2! /2-2! 2! =0! =1

16! /16-2! 2! = 16! /14! 2! =240/2=120

P (b) 2c2/16c2=1/120

C at least one is good

1-p (all defects articles

P (all articles defects)

C (6, 2)*(10, 0)/c (16, 2)

1-c (6, 2)*(10, 0)/c (16, 2)

1-(15) (1)/120

1-15/120

120-15/120=105/120=7/8

D at most one is good

=p (no good) +p (1-good)

C (10, 2) (6, 0) +c (10, 1) c (6, 1)

(45)(1)+ (10) (6)

45+60=105

E exactly one is good

C (10c1*6c2)/c (16, 2)

10! /10-! 1! =10! /9! 1! =10

6! /6-2! 2! = 5*6/2= 15

16! /16-2! 2! =16*15 =240/2=120

10*15=150/120= 5/4
F neither has major defects

Let E be an event such that neither is major defects then the article will be either minor defects or good
article

Then the number of elements in favor of E

14c2

P (E) = 14c2/16c2= (14, 2)/ (16, 2)

14! /14! 2! 2! =91

16! /16!-2! 2! =16*15/2=120

91/120

28

29

Bga1 bag2

4w, 3b 3w, 5b

30

Let E1 be the machine M1 manufacture

Let E2 be the event of machine M2

Given p (E1) = 60%=60/100=0.6

P (E2) =40%=40/100=0.4

Let ‘A ’be the event of component found to be defective

Given p (A/E1)=3%=3/100=0.03

P (A/E2)=5%=5/100=0.05

Probability it was manufactured by M1 is P (E 1/A)

We have

P(E1/A)= P(E1)(P/A/E1)/P(E2)P(A/E2)+(PE2)P(A/E1)

O.6*0.03/0.4*0.05+0.4*0.03=18/20=
18/32=9/16