550 15 Energetics/thermochemistry
■■ Examination questions − Q8 When the substances H2(g), O2(g) and H2O2(l) are
a selection
Paper 1 IB questions and IB style questions
Q1 Which reaction has the highest positive value of ΔS?
A 2Al(s) + 3S(s) → Al2S3(s)
B CO2(g) + 3H2(g) → CH3OH(g) + H2O(g)
C CH4(g) + H2O(g) → 3H2(g) + CO(g)
D S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
Q2 Which equation represents the second electron
affinity of oxygen?
A 12 O2(g) + 2e− → O2−(g) Q10 The standard enthalpy of formation of sodium
B O(g) + 2e− → O2− (g) fluoride corresponds to which reaction?
C O2(g) + 4e− → 2O2− (g)
D O − (g) + e− → O2− (g)
Higher Level Paper 1, May 2014, Q18
Q3 Which is a correct equation to represent the
lattice enthalpy of magnesium oxide?
A MgO(s) → Mg(g) + O(g)
B MgO(s) → Mg(s) + O(s)
C MgO(s) → Mg+(g) + O − (g)
D MgO(s) → Mg2+(g) + O2− (g)
Q4 Which reaction has the most negative ΔH1 value?
A LiF(s) → Li+(g) + F− (g)
B Li+(g) + F− (g) → LiF(s)
C NaBr(s) → Na+(g) + Br − (g)
D Na+(g) + Br − (g) → NaBr(s)
Q5 Which of the following statements help(s) to explain
why the value for the lattice enthalpy of lithium
fluoride is less than that for strontium fluoride?
I The ionic radius of lithium is less than that
of strontium.
II The ionic charge of lithium is less than that
of strontium.
A I only C neither I nor II
B II only D I and II
Q6 Consider the reaction
    NH4Br(s) → NH3(g) + HBr(g)
Which response gives the correct signs for the
values of ΔH and ΔS?
A ΔH +ve ΔS +ve C ΔH −ve ΔS +ve
B ΔH −ve ΔS −ve D ΔH +ve ΔS −ve
Q7 A Born−Haber cycle for the formation of
potassium fluoride includes the steps below:
I K(g) → K+(g) + e−
II 12  F2(g) → F(g)
III F(g) + e− → F− (g)
IV K+(g) + F− (g) → KF(s)
Which of these steps are exothermic?
A II and III only C I, II and III only
B III and IV only D I, III and IV only
829055_15_IB_Chemistry_522-551.indd 550
arranged in order of increasing entropy values at
25 °C, what is the correct order?
A H2(g), O2(g), H2O2(l) C O2(g), H2(g), H2O2(l)
B H2(g), H2O2(l), O2(g) D H2O2(l), H2(g), O2(g)
Q9 In the reaction, PbI2(s) → Pb2+(aq) + 2I−(aq), the
solubility of PbI2 is determined by the tendency of
the reaction system to attain which of the following?
A maximum entropy and maximum enthalpy
B maximum entropy and minimum enthalpy
C minimum entropy and maximum enthalpy
D minimum entropy and minimum enthalpy
A Na(g) + F(l) → NaF(s) B  Na(g) + F(g) → NaF(g)
C Na(s) + F(l) → NaF(s) D  Na(s) + 12  F2(g) → NaF(s)
Q11 For the reaction, C(s) + CO2(g) → 2CO(g), which
is spontaneous only at temperatures higher than
1100 K, one would conclude which of the following?
A ΔH is negative and ΔS is negative
B ΔH is positive and ΔS is negative
C ΔH is positive and ΔS is positive
D ΔH is negative and ΔS is positive
Q12 For the reaction 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
at one atmosphere pressure, the values of ΔH
and ΔS are both negative and the process is
spontaneous at room temperature. Which of the
following is also true?
A ΔG is temperature dependent.
B The change in entropy is the driving force of
the reaction.
C At high temperatures, ΔH becomes positive.
D The reaction is endothermic.
Q13 In which reaction will the entropy of the system
increase significantly?
A CaCO3(g) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
B H2O(g) → H2O(l)
C HCl(g) + NH3(g) → NH4Cl(s)
D NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Higher Level Paper 1, May 2014, Q17
Q14 Which of the following processes would be expected
to have an entropy change value close to zero?
A 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
B H2O(s) → H2O(g)
C Br2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2BrCl(g)
D CO2(g) + (aq) → CO2(aq)
Q15 For reaction systems at equilibrium, which of the
following must always be true?
A ΔG = 0 C ΔS = 0
B ΔH = 0 D Kc = 0
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Q16 Which compound has the most positive lattice
enthalpy of dissociation?
A NaCl C MgCl2
B NaBr D MgBr2
Paper 2 IB questions and IB style questions
Q1 When solid blue copper(ii) sulfate pentahydrate,
CuSO4.5H2O, loses water the white solid, copper(ii)
sulfate monohydrate, CuSO4.H2O, is produced as
represented by the following equation:
  CuSO4.5H2O(s) ⇌ CuSO4.H2O(s) + 4H2O(g)
The thermodynamic data for the substances
involved in the reversible process are:
Substance ΔH1f /kJ mol−1 S1/J K−1 mol−1
CuSO4.5H2O(s) −2278 305
CuSO4.H2O(s) −1084 150
H2O(g)  −242 189
a i N  ame and define the terms ΔH1f and S 1
and explain the standard symbol 1.[5]
ii Explain why, in the case of S 1, the
symbol ‘Δ’ is not included.[1]
iii What is the ΔH1f value of elemental copper?[1]
b i Calculate the value of ΔH1 for the above
reaction and state what information the
sign of ΔH 1 provides about this reaction. [4]
ii Calculate ΔS 1 for the reaction and state
the meaning of the sign of ΔS1 obtained. [4]
iii Identify a thermodynamic function that
can be used to predict reaction
spontaneity and state its units. [2]
c i Use the values obtained in b above to
determine if the following reaction is
spontaneous or non-spontaneous at 25 °C.
CuSO4.5H2O(s) ⇌ CuSO4.H2O(s) + 4H2O(g)
Identify which compound is more stable
at 25 °C, CuSO4.5H2O(s) or CuSO4.H2O(s).[5]
ii Use the values obtained in b to determine
the Celsius temperature above which the
other compound in c i is more stable. [3]
Higher Level Paper 2, Nov 2000, Q6
829055_15_IB_Chemistry_522-551.indd 551
Examination questions 551
Q2 a Define the term lattice enthalpy.[2]
b State and explain the relationship between
ionic radius and ionic charge and the size
of the lattice enthalpy. [2]
c Draw a Born−Haber cycle for rubidium
oxide, Rb2O, and use the following data to
calculate the lattice enthalpy.
ΔH1at[Rb]     = 80.9 kJ mol−1
ΔH1IE(1)[Rb]   = 403.0 kJ mol−1
ΔH1at[O2]   = 249.2 kJ mol−1
ΔH1EA(1)[O]          = −146.1 kJ mol−1
ΔH1EA(2)[O]      = 795.5 kJ mol−1
ΔH1f [Rb2O] = −339.0 kJ mol−1 [4]
d The experimental value of the lattice enthalpy
for rubidium oxide is very similar to its
theoretical value. However, there is a significant
difference between the theoretical and
calculated values of the lattice enthalpies of
silver bromide. Explain these observations. [2]
e Explain why the lattice enthalpy of sodium
oxide would be expected to be higher
than that of rubidium oxide. (Assume both
compounds have the same lattice structure.) [2]
Q3 The decomposition of solid barium carbonate is
given by the following equation.
BaCO3(s) ⇌ BaO(s) + CO2(g)
Compound BaCO3(s) CO2(g) BaO(s)
ΔH 1f /kJ mol−1 −1219 −394 −558
S 1 /kJ mol−1 +112 +214 +70
a Calculate the value of ΔG1 in kJ mol−1 at 25 °C.[6]
b State with a reason whether the reaction is
spontaneous at 25 °C. [1]
c Determine the minimum temperature above
which this reaction is spontaneous. Explain
your answer.  [4]
Higher Level Paper 2, May 2008, Q6
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