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Vico and Isko are doing their assignment in Mathematics 10. They need to find the
remainder of the polynomial expression P(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 3 when divided by (x – 1). Vico used
the long division while Isko used the synthetic division.
Can you think of another method wherein we can solve for the remainder of polynomial
expression P(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 3 when divided by (x – 1)?
There is another way in which we can solve the remainder of polynomial expression P(x)
when divided by (x – a).
Let us try to evaluate the above polynomial expression P(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 3 and let the
divisor (x – 1) be x = 1.
Let us find P(1) by replacing x with 1, we have:
P(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 3
P(1) = (1)³ + (1)² + 1 + 3
= 1 + 1 + 1 +3
P(1) = 6
What is the result? Do we get the same answer?
Yes, we also get the same answer which is 6 and 6 is the remainder on the above
example.
This method we used is called remainder theorem.
The Remainder Theorem
R = P(a)
Any polynomial can be written in the following form
Polynomial = Divisor • Quotient + Remainder
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Proof:
If x = r, then
P(r) = (r – r) • Quotient + Remainder
P(r) = 0 • Quotient + Remainder
P(r) = Remainder
It proves that by evaluating polynomial expression P(x) and letting (x – a) be equal to
P(a), then we can get the remainder R.
P(x) = x3 + 2x2 - x + 4
P(2) = (2)³ + 2(2)² - 2 + 4
= 8 + 8 - 2 +4
P(2) = 18
Try solving the remainder using synthetic division. Did you get the same remainder?
This time, we will be focusing on determining whether or not the divisor is a factor of
the given dividend.
Let us observe the table below.
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What do you observe about the remainders in table A? how about the remainders in
table B?
In table A, when 54 is divided by the divisors 10, 8, and 13, we get a remainder of 4, 6,
and 2, respectively.
In table B, when 54 is divided by the divisors 9, 2, and 3, we get a zero remainder.
What do you think is the relation of the divisors 9, 2, and 3 to the dividend which is 54?
Yes, the divisors 9, 2, and 3 are the factors of 54, hence dividing 54 by any of these leaves
a 0 (zero) remainder.
Try dividing the polynomial expression (x3 + 3x2 – 6x – 8) by (x – 2) using the remainder
theorem.
What remainder did you get?
Evaluate P(2)
Since, the remainder is zero, we can conclude that (x – 2) is one of the factors of the
polynomial expression (x3 + 3x2 – 6x – 8).
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PRACTICE EXERCISES 1:
PRACTICE EXERCISES 2:
Remember:
The Remainder Theorem states that If the polynomial P (x) is divided by x – r, then the
remainder R is a constant and is equal to P(r).
R = P(r)
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PRACTICE EXERCISES 3:
EVALUATION:
A. Apply the remainder theorem to find the remainder of the following polynomials when
1. x³ - x² + x - 8 is divided by x – 1
3. x³ + 3x² + 7x + 3 is divided by x + 3
B. Use the Factor theorem to determine whether or not the first polynomial is a factor of the
second.
1. (x – 1) ; (x2 + 2x + 5)
2. (x – 1); (x3 – x – 2)
Prepared by:
Bryan C. Cipriano
Pasay City East High School
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Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section: __________________
Name of Teacher: ________________________
MODULE IN MATHEMATICS 10
First Quarter/ Week 5/ Day 2
OBJECTIVE: Proves Rational Root Theorem.
TRY TO DISCOVER!
Can you think of a method on how we can look for all possible solutions or roots of a
polynomial equation
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Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section: __________________
Name of Teacher: ________________________
Using the Rational Root Theorem, we can easily identify all possible solutions or roots of
polynomial equations.
Step 1: Identify the degree of a polynomial. It tells the number of roots to be taken.
Step 2: Determine the constant term and the leading coefficient (
Step 3: Give all the possible factors of the constant term and the leading coefficient
Step 4: Divide each p by each q to determine all the POSSIBLE roots .
Step 5: Choose any number from and apply the factor theorem
Let us apply the steps mentioned above in answering the following examples.
Example 1: Find the rational roots of the polynomial equation x3+ x2 – 4x – 4 = 0.
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Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section: __________________
Name of Teacher: ________________________
Since P(-2) = 0, P(-1) = 0 and P(2) = 0, then -2, -1 and 2 are the roots of the polynomial
equation.
Thus, the rational roots of the polynomial equation x3+ x2 – 4x – 4 = 0 are -2, -1 and 2.
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Since P(-7) = 0, P(-1) = 0 and P(1) = 0, then -7, -1 and 1 are the roots of the polynomial
equation.
Thus, the rational roots of the polynomial equation x3+ x2 – 4x – 4 = 0 are -7, -1 and 1
Since P(-3) = 0, P(-2) = 0 and P(1) = 0, then -3, -2 and 1 are the roots of the polynomial
equation.
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Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section: __________________
Name of Teacher: ________________________
Thus, the rational roots of the polynomial equation x3+ x2 – 4x – 4 = 0 are -3, -2 and 1.
PRACTICE EXERCISES 1:
PRACTICE EXERCISES 2:
Complete the table below by finding all the possible roots of the polynomial equation.
1. 2.
Remember:
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PRACTICE EXERCISES 3:
EVALUATION:
Use the factor theorem to determine the rational roots of each polynomial equation.
1. x3 + 4x2 + 3x – 2 = 0
2. x3 + 3x2 – 4 = 0
3. x3 + x2 – 9x – 9 = 0
4. x3 + 2x2 – x – 2 = 0
5. x3 + 7x2 + 4x – 12 = 0
Prepared by:
Bryan D. Cipriano
Pasay City East High School
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MODULE IN MATHEMATICS 10
First Quarter/ Week 5/ Day 3
TRY TO DISCOVER!
In finding the greatest common monomial factor or GCMF of 8x2 + 6x5, we simply do these
steps:
STEP 1 Get the greatest common monomial factor of each term in the polynomial
expression, we have
8x2 = 2•2•2•x•x
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6x = 2•3 •x•x•x•x•x
STEP 2 Box out the factors that are common to both terms.
Now, how do we factor 8x2 + 6x5 using the greatest common monomial factor or GCMF?
To factor a polynomial expression using the GCMF, we follow these steps:
STEP 1 Divide the GCMF to each terms of the polynomial expression.
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2x2 ( 4 + 3x3 )
Therefore, the factors of the polynomial expression 8x2 + 6x5 are 2x2 ( 4 + 3x3 ).
We can check our answers by using the distributive property of multiplication.
Do you still recall the product of the sum and difference of two terms?
How do we call its product?
Yes, we call its product as difference of two squares.
Let us show this in mathematical statement:
Then, we can also say that the difference of two squares is equal to the product of the sum
and difference of two terms.
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Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section: __________________
Name of Teacher: ________________________
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Matching Type. Match the polynomials in Column A to the correct factors in Column B. Write the
letter of the correct answer on the space provided before the number.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
_____ 1. 9x + 36 A x (10x2 – 9 + 1)
Complete the expression below. Write your answer on the box provided.
1. x2 – 121 =
2. a2 – 25 =
3. = (b – 8) (b + 8)
4. = 2 (y – 10) (y + 10)
5. 3x2 – 12y2 =
6. a2 – 225 = (a – 15)
7. 4x2 – 25 = (2x + 5)
9. 81a2 – 121b2 =
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Remember:
3. If one of the factors of 98c2 – 18d2 is (7c – 3d), what are the other factors?
4. What must be multiplied to (5x5 + 2x3 – 3x) to get (20x7 + 8x5 – 12x3)?
5. The area of the box is given by the expression x3y2x3 square units. What are the
dimensions of the box?
EVALUATION: Factor each completely.
Prepared by:
Rizaldo C. Isales
Pasay City West High School
References:
Grade 10 Learner’s Module, pp. 66 – 68.
file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/10A%20-
%20Extra%20practice%20with%20answer%20keys.pdf
https://www.lavc.edu/math/library/math113_114_115/Worksheets/factordiffofsquares.pdf
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MODULE IN MATHEMATICS 10
First Quarter/ Week 5/ Day 4
OBJECTIVE: Factors polynomials using perfect square trinomial and quadratic trinomial.
.
TRY TO DISCOVER!
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This kind of trinomial is called quadratic trinomial. A quadratic trinomial is in the form of ax2 + bx +
c, where a ≠ 0. To factor quadratic trinomials, we will use the following steps.
Note that a is the coefficient of x2, b is the coefficient of x and c is the constant term.
If a = 1
The value of a in question number 3 is 1, so we can use the above steps in getting the factors of
quadratic trinomial.
x2 + 5x + 6, where a = 1 ; b = 5 ; c = 6
Solution:
Factors of c Sum of the The sum which is Write the factors
factors of c equal to b as (x + m) (x + n)
(2)(3) 2+3=5 2+3=5 (x + 2) (x + 3)
(6)(1) 6+1=7 ---
(-2)(-3) (-2) + (-3) = -5 ---
(-6)(-1) (-6) + (-1) = -7 ---
If a > 1
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1. x2 + 12x + 36 4. x2 + 7x + 12 6. 2x2 + 7x + 6
2. x2 - 16x + 64 5. x2 – 3x – 10 7. 2x2 + 3x - 5
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Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section: __________________
Name of Teacher: ________________________ Pasay-M10–Q1–W5-4
PRACTICE EXERCISES 1:
PRACTICE EXERCISES 2:
Write TRUE if the statement is true on the space provided before the number. Otherwise, modify the
underlined word(s) to make the statement true.
_____ 7. The two factors of the quadratic trinomial 6m2 –17m + 12 are (2m – 3) and (3m – 4).
_____ 8. One of the factors in the trinomial 4x2 – 35x + 24 is (x + 8) and the other is (4x – 3).
_____ 10. If we multiply (2g + 3h) and (2g + 3h), the result is a Perfect Square Trinomial.
Remember:
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2. A rectangular garden has an area of (5s2 – 52s + 20) square units. Find the length and the width of
the garden.
3. A nurse taking care of COVID-19 patients earns (10c2 – 21c – 49) pesos for working (2n – 7)
hours. How much does she earns per hour?
4. A reseller earns (8d2 + 71d – 90) pesos for selling cloth mask for front liners. She sold (d + 10)
pesos. How much is the price of each cloth mask?
5. The area of a rectangular box of surgical masks is (10m2 + 23m + 6) square units. What are its
dimensions?
EVALUATION:
1. x2 + 14x + 49 6. x2 + x – 56
4. x2 + 6x + 5 9. x2 + 4x – 45
Prepared by:
Rizaldo C. Isales
Pasay City West High School
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