SPE 64480
New Formula of Surge Pressure for Determining Safe Trip Velocities
Rudi Rubiandini R.S., Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia
Copyright 2000, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and
Exhibition held in Brisbane, Australia, 16–18 October 2000.
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Abstract
Operational problem that related to tripping in/out pipe or
running casing into the well bore become more severe and
complicated, as drilled hole get deeper and smaller4).
When the pipes or casing are run into the well bore with
high velocities, it will produce high surge pressure (increasing
hydrostatic mud pressure) in the well. If the maximum fracture
gradient limits were exceeded, the formation would be
fractured and would end up with lost circulation. At the same
time, when pulling out pipe from the drilled hole with high
velocities, it produced high swab pressure (decreasing
hydrostatic mud pressure) in the hole which lead to kick. If the
minimum pore pressure limits were exceeded, there would be
a flow of formation fluid into the well bore.
Based on this condition, we need the optimum safe trip
velocities by predicting the surge pressure in the hole to
prevent the possibility of kick or lost circulation without
forgetting the operating time saving factor.
The paper developed some of new simple formulas for
determining surge pressure as a function of pipe velocities
parameter, mud properties, pipes and hole sizes diameter.
The analysis and variation process using a range of data
that commonly used in the field. Using a computer,
combination of mud properties, pipe and hole sizes had been
done to evaluate the approximate equations for the conditions
most often encounter in field operation.
The result are some new simple formulas of surge pressure
which are a function of moving pipe velocities that are
corrected by plastic viscosity parameter, yield point, mud
density, pipes and hole size diameter for many common
condition in the field. Compared with Moore formula which
not involving pipe velocities parameter, plastic viscosity and
mud density would lead to inaccuracy of predicting the surge
pressure. With Burkhardt formula that used a graphic in
calculation, it was not efficient for field used and it could
cause a human error when plotting the graphic. Theoretically
for pipe velocities ranging from 20 – 600 ft/min, it was found
that these formulas have a good accuracy and the most
important think is the simplicity for field operation. Although
there are some formulas that had been published, which use an
iterating process in predicting the surge pressure for better
accuracy, it is not efficient enough for engineers in the field
because of its complexity.
Based on these formulas, the possibility of kick and lost
circulation in tripping process or running a casing could be
prevented by predicting the optimum safe trip velocities and
also saving in time and operational cost.
Introduction
The magnitudes of surge and swab pressures are important to
the operator for the following reasons3):
1. More than 25 per cent of the blowouts result from
pressure reductions in the borehole due directly to
swabbing when pulling pipe.
2. Excessive surge pressures have initiated lost circulation
problems both during the drilling operation and during the
running of casing into the hole.
3. Pressure changes caused by alternating between surge and
swab pressures due to pipe movements, such as those
made on connections cause hole sloughing and generally
promote other unstable hole conditions such as solid
bridges and solids fill on bottom.
4. Swab pressure reduction may result in contamination of
the mud by entry the formation fluids. This may result in
expensive mud treating costs and cause other hole-
problems.
Swab and surge pressures while tripping out or into a hole
cannot be eliminated but can be reduced to safe values4). The
most critical conditions exist when the mud hydrostatic
pressure is very close to either the formation pore and fracture
pressure. If abnormal formation pore pressures are
encountered which approach the formation fracture pressures,
the problem becomes even more critical.
Based on the previous development, there are some
formulas and methods have been published to predict the
surge pressure for determining the optimum safe trip
velocities. Ranging from simple to the complex formula using
a computer iteration process and of course the last one has
2 RUDI RUBIANDINI R.S.
better in accuracy. The adverse effects of surge and swab
pressure were recognized very early in rotary drilling by
Cannon3) in 1934 who concerned with blowouts that were
occurring in normal pressure wells and the last one by Bible,
Hedayati, and Choo5) that using a computer iteration program
in the field to calculate swab and surge pressure.
The mathematical methods and computer iteration
program, which have been proven to the most accurate by
actual test, were found to be too involved and laborious for use
by field personnel and not all the drilling rig has the computer
program4). The graphical methods found in the literature did
not cover all ranges of mud properties and hole-pipe size
combinations, and therefore inadequate for field use4). One of
the proven mathematical methods developed by J.A.
Burkhardt2) and also there are its nomographs. In Burkhardt
formulas still involving correction parameter using graphics
plot. Both of these methods were not efficient for field used
and it could cause a human error when plotting the graphic,
therefore we need the simple formula that are simple and
convenient enough to be used by rig personnel in the field.
These new formulas are simple and convenient enough to
be used in the field for predicting the surge or swab pressure
for range values of pipe velocities, mud properties, hole-pipe
size, which most often encountered in field operations. Using
pore pressure and fracture gradient from field data
information, the safe tripping speeds could be calculated.
In developing these formulas, there are some assumptions
involved such as:
1. The calculations are made for closed pipe condition. The
pipe would actually be closed only when using drill pipe
floats or when using conventional float collars when
running casing. It may be considered almost closed when
using differential float collars in casing. The differential
float collars are excellent tools for continuous filling of
the casing however most of the fill up generally occurs
after the joint of casing has been lowered into the hole.
Thus, in generally, even with differential fill-up tools, the
casing can be considered closed when calculating surge
pressure3).
2. The fluid flows in the annulus of the borehole are steady
state. The real fluid flow condition is unsteady state6),
because there are pressure transient effect which occurs
when pipe or casing are set in motion and then brought to
stop as soon as a complete joint of casing or a stand pipe
is run in or pulled from the hole.
3. Drilling fluids is considered as incompressible fluid.
4. Drill pipe or casings are considered not having
connections, it cause diameter changes.
5. Hole diameter is constant.
6. The value of K (Mud Clinging Constant from J.A.
Burkhardt) is 0.45, a good general average for K3).
7. Maximum Effective Annular Mud Velocities (Vmax) =
1.5 x Effective Annular Mud Velocities (Vac). This value
based on field experience3).
SPE 64480
J.A. Burkhardt Surge Pressure Formula
One of the proven mathematical methods for predicting the
surge pressure, developed by J.A. Burkhardt in his paper
“Wellbore Pressure Surges Produced by Pipe Movement,”
October, 1960, SPE No.1546-G2). This paper developed surge
pressure formula for closed and open pipe that is validated
using field experimental data.
Surge Pressure (Ps) for closed pipe could be expressed as,
• Laminar Flow:
Ps = B. µp.Vp + τo /(0,3.(Dh-De))………………….……(1)
• Turbulent Flow:
0,21 0,806 1,8
Ps = A. µp .ρ . Vp ……………………………..(2)
New Surge Pressure Formulas
This paper developed some of new simple formulas for
determining surge pressure as a function of pipe velocities
parameter, mud properties, pipes and hole sizes diameter.
The principal of calculating the surge pressure are by
converting the pipe velocities into effective average mud
velocities in the annulus using J.A Burkhardt formula and
maximum mud velocities from Preston L Moore. Then based
on the maximum mud velocities, we calculate the surge
pressure by using pressure loss equation for Bingham Plastic
fluids (see Fig 3).
Effective Annular Mud Velocities from Burkhardt and
Maximum Velocities from P.L. Moore
Based on the theory developed by Burkhardt, the effective
annular mud velocities (Vac) is expressed as,
 Dp 2 
Vac =  + K .V p ……………………(3)
 Dh − Dp
2 2

This effective annular mud velocity is the mud velocity,
which produces viscous drag effect of surge pressure2). The
value of K is 0.45, which is a good general average for K.
Since the critical problem encountered if the surge pressure
reach the maximum value when the pipes are moved with the
maximum velocities, therefore P.L. Moore introduced the
Maximum Effective Annular Mud Velocities (Vmax) which
is:
Vmax = 1,5.Vac …………………………............(4)
This multiplier value 1.5 based on field experience.
Determination of Surge Pressure Using Pressure
Loss Equation for Bingham Plastic Model
Based on Vmax, the surge pressures were calculated every
1000-ft of depth using pressure loss equation for Bingham
Plastic Model from Hussain Rabia1). The annular pressure loss
equations are expressed as,
• Critical Velocities (Vc):
97.PV + 97.( PV 2 + 6,2.ρmud .De .YP)0,5 ……………...(5)
2
Vc =
ρmud .De
Where: De = Dh – ODdp (or ODcollar)…….……..…(6)
__
• If V < Vc, it means that flow regime is laminar, so that:
SPE 64480 NEW FORMULA OF SURGE PRESSURE FOR DETERMINING SAFE TRIP VELOCITIES 3

__ (Vp + 500 ).( PV + 33 ).( 7 .YP ) …………………….(11)

1000.PV .V 1000.YP …………………………...(7) Ps =
Ps = 2
+ 30000 .( Dh − Dp )
60000.De 200.De Turbulent:
__
 Dp 
• If V > Vc, it means that flow regime is turbulent, so that: (Vp − 75).( PV + 80 ).( ρ mud ). 12 . − 5
__ Ps =  Dh  ………….(12)
V .( D h − OD
2 2
) ………………...……………(8) 2000 .( Dh − Dp )
=
dp
Q
24 , 5
8,91 × 10 −5. ρ mud .Q 1,8 . PV 0 , 2 .1000 ……………...…(9)
0 ,8 C. Power Formula
Ps = Laminar:
( D h − OD ) 0 , 3 .( D h + OD )1,8
 5000 
Vp.YP 0,81. ( PV − 17) + 0,84 
Approximation Procedure for Computing Surge  Vp  …………………….(13)
Pressure Ps =
1,429.103.( Dh − Dp)1,2
The central idea is to fit approximate equation to theoretical
result computed for specific condition and to state these Turbulent:
approximate equations in terms of pipe velocity, mud 3, 7
properties, hole size and pipe geometry. Using computer  Dp 
. ρ mud
0 ,8
Vp 1, 8 . PV 0, 2
. 
program, lot combinations of mud properties, hole-pipe size
Ps =  Dh  …………………....(14)
were used to evaluate the approximate equations for 3,556 .10 3.( Dh − Dp )
conditions most often encountered in field operation.
By finding the relation between the changes of surge Determination of Flow Regime. In calculating process for
pressure cause of the variation of these parameters, it can be linear and power formulas, the flow regime is determined by
determined the correction factor from each parameters by calculating the surge pressure for both equation laminar and
plotting dimensionless surge pressure for Y axis and pipe turbulent flow. From those two results, choose the highest
velocities for X axis in Cartesian graphic. Dimensionless surge value. This value is the actual value of surge pressure that
pressure is a ratio of surge pressure from parameter variation really happened and also gives the actual flow regime.
to surge pressure from basis condition (see Fig 4 and 5). Ranges of values that could be used in these new formulas
There is a consideration for choosing the basis condition, are:
using some data from SPE Paper No. 11412, “Surge and Swab • Pipe Velocities (Vp).
Modeling for Dynamic Pressure and Safe Trip Velocities”, by a. Simple Formula = 0 – 500 ft/min.
Manohar Lal, example #56). Actually, there are no exact rules b. Linear Formula = 20 – 600 ft/min
for choosing values for basis condition. c. Power Formula = 20 – 600 ft/min.
The basis condition that were used are: • Plastic Viscosity (PV) = 10 – 50 cp.
• Plastic Viscosity (PV) = 17 cp • Yield Point (YP) = 5 – 30 lb/100 ft2.
• Yield Point (YP) = 20 lb/100 ft2 • Mud Density (ρmud) = 8 – 18 ppg.
• Mud Density ( ρ mud) = 9,6 ppg • Hole Diameter or ID Casing (Dh) = 4 – 24 in.
• Hole Diameter (Dh) = 10 in • Outside Pipe or Casing Diameter (ODdp) = 2 – 18 in.
• Outside Pipe Diameter (ODdp) = 7 in
By making variation in pipe velocities variable, it produces Case Study and Validation
a relation between computed surge pressures to pipe Some cases study was made to investigate the validation of the
movement velocities for basis condition, as seen in Fig 5. new formulas. These cases study are: (1) The comparison of
The dimensionless surge pressure graphics for determining Surge Pressure (Ps) between new equations and manual
correction parameter of mud properties and hole-pipe size are calculation using Bingham Plastic pressure loss models, (2)
shown in figure 6 through 14 and Appendix. The comparison of Surge Pressure (Ps) between new equations
The new formulas are expressed as, and J.A. Burkhardt formula.
Psurge/swab = Psurge/swab basis condition x Correction The comparison to Burkhardt formula is the same like
Factor For All Parameters using a field data, because when developing the formulas,
Finally, the new surge pressure formulas could be Burkhardt validating his formula to field experimental data.
expressed as: These results are shown in figure 15 through 25. By
A. Simple Formula plotting surge pressure of new formula in Y-axis to Bingham
Plastic models or Burkhardt formula in X-axis, the accuracy of
Vp .YP . ρ mud .( PV + 80 )
Ps = these new formulas could be shown compared to line with 45o
20000 .( Dh − Dp ) ………………………(10)
slope.
B. Linear Formula For pipe velocities 20 - 300 ft/min, power and simple
Laminar: formula tend to have the best accuracy. But for pipe velocities
higher than 300 ft/min, power and linear formula is better in
accuracy.
4 RUDI RUBIANDINI R.S. SPE 64480

In Comparison to Burkhardt formula, it is shown that these 2. Burkhardt, J.A.: ”Wellbore Pressure Surges Produced by Pipe
new formulas have higher value than Burkhardt especially for Movement,” paper SPE 1546-G presented at 35th Annual Fall
pipe velocities 20 – 300 ft/min, this phenomenon is obvious Meeting of SPE, Denver, October 2-5, 1960.
because we used a multiplier value 1.5 in determining 3. Moore, P.L.: ”Drilling Practice Manual,” The Petroleum
Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1974.
Maximum Effective Annular Mud Velocities (Vmax). 4. Bazer, D.A. and Owens, H.B. Jr.: “Field Application and Result
of Pipe Tripping Nomographs,” paper SPE 2656, prepared for
Conclusions the 44th Annual Fall Meeting of SPE, Denver, September 28,
1. Correlation between surge pressure and correction 1969.
parameter factor of plastic viscosity, yield point, mud density 5. Bible, M.J., Hedayati, Z., and Choo, D.K.: “State-of-The-Art
and hole-pipe size could be made in the simple correlation Trip Monitor,” paper SPE 21965, presented at the 1991
using Bingham Plastic fluid models. SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam, March 11-14,
2. In laminar flow, surge pressures are not influenced by 1991.
mud density parameter. 6. Manohar, L.: “Surge and Swab Modeling for Dynamic Pressure
3. In turbulent flow, surge pressures are not influenced by and Safe Trip Velocities,” paper SPE 11412, presented at the
1983 SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana,
mud yield point parameter. February 20-23, 1983.
4. These new formulas are simple and convenient enough 7. Zamora, M. and Lord, D.L.: “Practical Analysis of Drilling Mud
to be used in the field for predicting the surge or swab pressure Flow in Pipes and Annuli, ” paper SPE 4976, prepared for the
for range values of pipe velocities, mud properties, hole-pipe 49th Annual Fall Meeting of SPE, Houston, Texas, October 6-9,
size, which most often encountered in field operations. 1974.
5. Theoretically, for pipe velocities between 20-300 ft/min,
the power and simple formulas are the best because of its good Appendix
in accuracy. New Equation with Correction to All Parameters. Based on
6. Theoretically, for pipe velocities higher than 300 ft/min, the correction parameter of mud properties variable, hole and
the power and linear formulas are the best because of its good pipe size, therefore the new formulas could be made involving
in accuracy. correction from all parameters.
7. The possibility of lost circulation or kick caused by Those new surge pressure formulas including correction all
surging and swabbing effect when tripping the pipe could be parameters could be expressed as,
minimized by calculating the safe trip velocities using those
new simple formulas. A. Simple Formula
Basis Condition:
Nomenclature 2
Ps = .Vp ……………………...……………………….(A-1)
A= turbulent flow geometry coefficient as a function of 5
hole size and nominal size of drill pipe. Plastic Viscosity (PV) Correction:
B= laminar flow geometry coefficient as a function of PV + 80
hole size and nominal size of drill pipe. Dim Ps = …………………………………..….(A-2)
100
Dh= hole diameter (in) Yield Point (YP) Correction:
Dp= pipe diameter (in)
YP …….………………………………….….(A-3)
Dh-De= effective annular clearance (in) Dim Ps =
OD= outside diameter (in) 20
Ps= pressure loss (surge pressure) per 1000 ft Mud Density ( ρ mud ) Correction:
(psi/1000 ft) ρ mud ………………………………………..(A-4)
PV= plastic viscosity of mud (cp) Dim Ps =
Q= mud flow rate (GPM) 10
__ Hole Diameter (Dh) And Pipe Diameter (ODdp) Correction:
V = average fluid velocities (ft/min) 2
Vac= effective annular mud velocities (ft/min) Dim Ps = …..…………….…………………...(A-5)
Vc= critical velocities (ft/min) Dh − Dp
Vmax= maximum effective annular mud velocities (ft/min) Correction for Final Result:
5
Vp= pipe velocities (ft/min) Ps = . Ps divided ..…………………………………….(A-6)
YP= yield point of mud (lb/100 ft2) 4
µp= plastic viscosity (cp)
Final Simple Formula:
ρ = density (ppg)  
τo = yield point (lb/100 ft2) 5 2   PV + 80   YP   ρ mud  2 
Ps = . .Vp  .  .  .  .  ……..….(A-7)
4 5   100   20   10   Dh − Dp 
 
References Vp .YP . ρ mud .( PV + 80 ) ………………….…..…(A-8)
1. Rabia, H.: “Oilwell Drilling Engineering,” Graham and Trotman Ps =
Publishing Company, London, Great Britain, 1985. 25000 .( Dh − Dp )
SPE 64480 NEW FORMULA OF SURGE PRESSURE FOR DETERMINING SAFE TRIP VELOCITIES 5

 Dp 
(Vp − 75).( PV + 80).( ρ mud ).12. −5
B. Linear Formula Ps =  Dh  …....(A-22)
Basis Condition: 2000.( Dh − Dp)
Laminar:
Vp + 500 ………………………….…………….….(A-9)
Ps =
15 C. Power Formula
Turbulent: Basis Condition:
Vp − 75 ……………………………....………..…..(A-10)
Ps = Laminar:
2
Plastic Viscosity (PV) Correction: Ps = 20.Vp 0,16 ………………………….…..………….(A-23)
Laminar: Turbulent:
PV + 33 …………………...……………..……(A-11) Ps = 0,0031 .Vp 1,8 ………………….…………...….(A-24)
Dim Ps =
50 Plastic Viscosity (PV) Correction:
Turbulent: Laminar:
PV + 80 …………………..………………..…(A-12) Dim Ps = 0,0002.Vp 0,84 .( PV − 17) + 1 ...………..…...(A-25)
Dim Ps =
100 Turbulent:
Yield Point (YP) Correction:
Laminar: Dim Ps = 0,57.PV 0,2 ……………………………..…..(A-26)
YP ………………………………………….…(A-13) Yield Point (YP) Correction:
Dim Ps = Laminar:
20
Turbulent: Dim Ps = 0,09.YP 0,81 ……………………………….…(A-27)
DimPs = 1,0…………………………………………....(A-14) Turbulent:

Mud Density ( ρ mud ) Correction:

DimPs = 1,0…………………………………………….(A-28)
Laminar: Mud Density ( ρ mud ) Correction:
DimPs = 1,0…………………………………………….(A-15) Laminar:
Turbulent: DimPs = 1,0…………………………………………….(A-29)
ρ mud …………………………..………….(A-16) Turbulent:
Dim Ps =
Dim Ps = 0,164. ρ mud ……………………………….(A-30)
0,8
10
Hole Diameter (Dh) And Pipe Diameter (ODdp) Correction: Hole Diameter (Dh) And Pipe Diameter (ODdp) Correction:
Laminar: Laminar:
3,5 ………………………………..…..(A-17) 500
Dim Ps = Dim Ps = ……………………….(A-31)
Dh − Dp 126 .( Dh − Dp ) 1, 2
Turbulent: Turbulent:
Dp 3, 7
−5
12 .  Dp 
Dim Ps = Dh ……………………………..…..(A-18) 12 ,27 . 
Dh − Dp Dim Ps =  Dh  ..………………….……….(A-32)
Dh − Dp
Final Linear Formula:
• Laminar: Final Power Formula:
Vp + 500  PV + 33 YP   3,5  ....(A-19) • Laminar:
Ps =  . . .[1,0].   
 15   50   20   Dh − Dp  [ ]
Ps = (20.Vp0,16). 0,0002.Vp0,84(PV −17) +1.(0,09.YP0,81).(1,0).
500
− 1,2 
(Vp + 500).(PV + 33).(7.YP) ……………….....…(A-20) 126
.(Dh Dp) 
Ps = .……………………………………………………………(A-33)
30000.(Dh − Dp)
 5000 
Vp .YP 0 ,81. ( PV − 17 ) + 0 ,84 
• Turbulent:  Vp  ……………….(A-34)
Ps =
 Dp  1,429 .10 3.( Dh − Dp )1, 2
12. − 5  ….(A-21)
Vp − 75   PV + 80   ρ mud   Dh
Ps =  . .[1,0 ]
. .
 10   Dh − Dp 
 2   100    • Turbulent:
 
6 RUDI RUBIANDINI R.S. SPE 64480

  Dp  
3,7

12,27.  
Ps = (0,0031.Vp1,8 ).(0,57.PV 0,2 ).(1,0).(0,164.ρ mud ).
0 ,8  Dh  
 Dh − Dp 
 
 
…………………………………………………………..(A-35)
3,7
 Dp 
. ρ mud
0,8
Vp 1,8 . PV 0, 2
. 
Ps =  Dh  ......................(A-36)
3,556 .10 3.( Dh − Dp )
SPE 64480 NEW FORMULA OF SURGE PRESSURE FOR DETERMINING SAFE TRIP VELOCITIES 7

Fig.1 – Turbulent Flow Geometry Coefficient (A) 2)

Fig.2 – Laminar Flow Geometry Coefficient (B)2)

8 RUDI RUBIANDINI R.S. SPE 64480

Fig.3 – Flow Chart Surge Pressure Calculation Using Pressure Loss Equation in Annular Flow for Bingham Plastic Fluid Model from Hussain
Rabia
SPE 64480 NEW FORMULA OF SURGE PRESSURE FOR DETERMINING SAFE TRIP VELOCITIES 9

Fig.4 – Flow Chart for Developing The New Surge Pressure Formula Including Basis Condition And Correction And Correction of Some
Parameters

Fig.5 – Graphic of Computed Surge Pressure to Pipe Movement Velocities for Basis Condition
10 RUDI RUBIANDINI R.S. SPE 64480

Fig.6 – Graphic of Dimensionless Ps to Pipe Velocities as A Function of Plastic Viscosity for Laminar Flow

Fig.7 – Graphic of Dimensionless Ps to Pipe Velocities as A Function of Plastic Viscosity for Turbulent Flow
SPE 64480 NEW FORMULA OF SURGE PRESSURE FOR DETERMINING SAFE TRIP VELOCITIES 11

Fig.8 – Graphic of Dimensionless Ps to Pipe Velocities as A Function of Yield Point for Laminar Flow

Fig.9 – Graphic of Dimensionless Ps to Pipe Velocities as A Function of Yield Point for Turbulent Flow
12 RUDI RUBIANDINI R.S. SPE 64480

Fig.10 – Graphic of Dimensionless Ps to Pipe Velocities as A Function of Mud Density for Laminar Flow

Fig.11 – Graphic of Dimensionless Ps to Pipe Velocities as A Function of Mud Density for Turbulent Flow
SPE 64480 NEW FORMULA OF SURGE PRESSURE FOR DETERMINING SAFE TRIP VELOCITIES 13

Fig.12 – Graphic of Dimensionless Ps to 1/(Dh-Dp) as A Function of Dp/Dh for Laminar Flow

Fig.13 – Graphic of Dimensionless Ps to (Dh-Dp) as A Function of Dp/Dh for Laminar Flow

14 RUDI RUBIANDINI R.S. SPE 64480

Fig.14 – Graphic of Dimensionless Ps to 1/(Dh-Dp) as A Function of Dp/Dh for Turbulent Flow

Fig.15 – Graphic Ps Simple Formula to Bingham Plastic

SPE 64480 NEW FORMULA OF SURGE PRESSURE FOR DETERMINING SAFE TRIP VELOCITIES 15

Fig.16 – Graphic Ps Simple Formula to Ps J.A. Burkhardt

Fig.17 – Graphic Ps Linear Formula to Ps Bingham Plastic

16 RUDI RUBIANDINI R.S. SPE 64480

Fig.18 – Graphic Ps Linear Formula to Ps J.A. Burkhardt

Fig.19 – Graphic Ps Power Formula to Ps Bingham Plastic

SPE 64480 NEW FORMULA OF SURGE PRESSURE FOR DETERMINING SAFE TRIP VELOCITIES 17

Fig.20 – Graphic Ps Power Formula to Ps J.A. Burkhardt

Fig.21 – Graphic Trip Margin Minimum to Ps Bingham Plastic

18 RUDI RUBIANDINI R.S. SPE 64480

Fig.22 – Graphic Ps New Formula to Ps Bingham Plastic Equation for Pipe Velocities 20 – 300 ft/min

Fig.23 – Graphic Ps New Formula to Ps J.A. Burkhardt Formula for Pipe Velocities 20 – 300 ft/min
SPE 64480 NEW FORMULA OF SURGE PRESSURE FOR DETERMINING SAFE TRIP VELOCITIES 19

Fig.24 – Graphic Ps New Formula to Ps Bingham Plastic Equation for Pipe Velocities 20 – 600 ft/min

Fig.25 – Graphic Ps New Formula to Ps J.A. Burkhardt Formula for Pipe Velocities 20 – 600 ft/min