Geomechanic application for hydraulic

fracturing in lower Pematang formation,

Central Sumatra Basin
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2023, 020266 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5064263
Published Online: 23 October 2018

N. N. Fitri, F. Fennita, M. Adrian, S. Supriyanto, and R. Ramadian

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© 2018 Author(s).
 Geomechanic Application for Hydraulic Fracturing in
Lower Pematang Formation, Central Sumatra Basin
N. N. Fitri1, F. Fennita1, M. Adrian2, S. Supriyanto3, a), and R. Ramadian4
1
Reservoir Geophysics Graduate Program, Department of Physics,
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA), Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA),
Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
3
Geology and Geophysics Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA),
Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
4
Geoscience Division PT Energi Mega Persada, Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said, Jakarta 12940, Indonesia
a)
Corresponding author: supriyanto@sci.ui.ac.id

Abstract. NN field is located onshore within the Malacca Strait Block. The field was discovered in 1990 by drilling N-01
exploration well which proven oil in the Manggala and Pematang Formations. In 1998, 3D Seismic was acquired and
successfully identified three compartments in this field which separated by N-S faults. This study is focusing on Lower
Pematang Formation which belongs to Pematang Group and deposited in braided-fluvial system. The Lower Pematang
reservoir is tight sandstone with blocky log-type model. In this study Eaton method is used to calculate pore pressure
prediction and to make transformation log Vp, Vs and density into Poisson’s Ratio and to calculate fracture pressure. In
order to optimize the oil production, hydraulic fracturing stimulation was chosen and became proven technique in this
reservoir. Further geomechanic study is required to support hydraulic fracturing jobs by providing a 3D model of pore
pressure and fracture pressure. Several geo-mechanics rock properties such as pore pressure, Poisson's ratio, Young's
Modulus and Fracture Pressure were calculated in wells and then propagate troughout NN fields. With 3D model, a
robust recommendation on field deveopment via hydraulic fracturing can be achieved and oil recovery will optimum.
Moreover, from 3D model, we could propose how much pressure can be applied in injection without damaging formation
target.

INTRODUCTION
Tight sandstones and low permeability reservoirs in NN Field are one of reservoir drilling target in Malacca
Strait Block. The challenges in developing this field is to optimized the oil recovery. The location is Central Sumatra
Basin in Padang island. This study uses several data as inputs such as: wireline log, pressure data, image log and 3D
seismic data. Avaibility data are 3D seismic pre-stack and post-stack, 10 wells with petrophysics data, actual
pressure data, and 3 horizons are Upper Pematang horizon, Lower Pematang horizon, and Brownshale horizon. The
thickness target in Lower Pematang around ±376ft - ±769ft.

GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The Central Sumatra Basin is bound to the southwest by the Barisan Mountains anticlinal uplift and volcanic arc,
to the north by the Asahan arch, to the southeast by the Tigapuluh high, and to the east by the Sunda craton
(Heidrick and Aulia, 1993). The Central Sumatra basin represents one of a series of present day, back-arc basins
which are present along the eastern regions of Sumatra Island (Fig. 1). In the Central Sumatra Basin, oil and gas are
trapped in sandstones of Miocene and Pliocene ages in mostly structural closures, which were created during the

Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Current Progress in Mathematics and Sciences 2017 (ISCPMS2017)
AIP Conf. Proc. 2023, 020266-1–020266-6; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5064263
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1741-0/$30.00

020266-1
 FIGURE 1. Geology Regional of Central Sumatra Basin
(modified Aswan et.al. 2009 from Heidrick and Aulia, 1993)

latest structural episode between the Late Miocene and Pleistocene. The reservoir target is Lower Pematang
Formation. The reservoir characterization of Lower Pematang is tight sandstones with blocky type model. The
reservoir target in this study is Lower Pematang Formation which belong to Pematang Group and deposited on the
depositional environment fluvial braided system and late Oligocene.
Petroleum System in Central Sumatra Basin are:
Source Rocks Eo-Oligocene grabens in western Indonesia play a major role in the petroleum systems by
providing world-class-quality source rocks (Davies, 1984). The source rocks were mainly deposited in lacustrine
environment during the syn-rift development.
Reservoir in the Central Sumatra Basin, several reservoir rocks had been deposited since Oligocene to Middle
Miocene. The most prolific reservoirs are sands in the Menggala (mostly fluvial sand) and Bekasap (fluvial to
marine/deltaic sand) formations. The Sihapas Group mineralogy composed of quartz grain. Other reservoirs such as
Bangko sands, Pematang sands and fractured basement occasionally also produce hydrocarbon
Trap Extensional tectonics, compressive tectonics, strike-slip, and inversion faulting
Seal of The Bangko and Telisa Formations consists of transgresive marine shale, which form effective top seals.
Locally, the interstratified calcareous sands within Telisa shale also produce hydrocarbon. In deeper parts of the
Pematang trough the Brown Shale also become an effective seal.

METHODS
Geomechanical model includes a description of insitu stress and of rock mechanical and structural properties
(Zoback, 2010). As shown in Fig. 2, geomechanics affect by rock strength (failure criteria), pore pressure, rock
mechanical properties as Young modulus and Poisson Ratio and the key components include three principal stress
are Sv, SHmin, SHmax. Pore pressure is the pressure of the fluid in pore space of the rock. The hydrostatic pressure due
to a column water 0.433 psi/ft. The overburden pressure is the pressure by all loading material both solid and fluid.
This study predicted pore pressure and fracture pressure using Eaton method. 3D pore pressure distribution required
an empirical relationship between velocity and pore pressure. Understanding far field stress affect the pressure
regime. FMI can tell the existence of SHmax from the field. Insitu stress controlled by fracture orientation and
hydraulic fracture aligned perpendicular to the minimum in-situ stress direction. SHmin means fracture pressure or

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minimum horizontal stress. SHmax means pressure regimes. Pore pressure calibration with MDT, fracture pressure
calibration from Leak off Test, and SHmax calibration with FMI. Overburden pressure estimate from trend density
log. Pore pressure estimate from velocity trend (log sonic convert to velocity). Hydrostatic pressure assumption
0.433 psi/ft. 3D model pore pressure, overburden and fracture pressure derived from velocity interval cube and
seismic data. The study target area is a post rift sequence; in which layer cake geology can be applied to the
reservoir zonation. The pore pressure model was built along the 3D structural grid, using the empirical relationship
between pore pressure and velocity. Pore pressure data, overburden data, and fracture pressure data is treated as a
property, up scaled and distributed along the 3D structural grid based on interval velocity from interval velocity
cube. All the steps of processing can be summarized in Fig. 3.

Equation of Pore Pressure (PP) Eaton Method (Eaton, 1975)

!! !
!! = !!"# − !!"# − !!!" ! (1)
!!

Equation of Fracture Pressure (Pff) Eaton Method

!
!"" = (σ obs – pf) + Pf (2)
!!!

FIGURE 2. Concept geomechanics and pore pressure (Training Internal Halliburton, 2014)

FIGURE 3. Workflow (a) 1D section wells (b) 3D model derived from seismic data

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 RESULTS
Base on FMI log shown in Fig. 4, the direction of pressure regime (SHmax) as southwest - northeast and Shmin
northwest – southeast.
On NN field have overburden pressure 6826 psi-10000 psi, pore pressure 2737 psi-3900 psi, and fracture
pressure 3000 psi-6500 psi (Fig. 5, Fig. 6, and Fig. 7). That’s result from log with calculated Eaton Method. Next,
the author distributed 3d pressure derived from interval velocity seismic cube, and upscalling log, petrophysical
modelling, and co-krigging. The existing 3D model, complete with structural framework, target reservoir, and
petrophysical analysis were utilized to model overburden, pore pressure and fracture pressure. Base on 3D model,
the author given section development well. In the section of development wells can be interpreted that the pressure
can be applied at ± 3500 psi - 4000 psi on the condition before the rocks have fracture. To determine the pressure
pressure that will be used in hydraulic fracturing depends on what propane is used, and other things learned in a
petroleum engineer.

FIGURE 4. (a) Pore Pressure well N-8 (b) Stress Orientation from FMI well-8

FIGURE 5. 3D Overburden Pressure

FIGURE 6. 3D Pore Pressure

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 FIGURE 7. 3D Fracture Pressure

FIGURE 8. Recommend Development Well

CONCLUSIONS
Well data and seismic data using Eaton Equation have been processed to predict pore pressure distribution. From
log acoustic transform we can find geomechanics properties such as Poisson’s ratio and Young modulus which can
be used to calculate fracture pressure. After we have 1D section of pore pressure and fracture pressure, we can
derived seismic data to have a 3D Model distribution. We have built a 3D model from co-krigging derived from
interval velocity cube. Finally, we have proposed a recommendation for field development using 3D model
fracturing which can be used to optimize oil recovery (Fig. 8).

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Universitas Indonesia for sponsoring this research through PITTA (Publikasi
Internasional Terindeks untuk Tugas Akhir Mahasiswa) Grant 2018 with the contract number:
685/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2017. We would like to thank PT Energi Mega Persada Tbk. to support and provide data
this research.

REFERENCES
1. T. L. Heidrick and K. Aulia, A Structural and Tectonic Model of the Coastal Plains Block, Central
Sumatera Basin, Indonesia, in Proceedings of 22nd Annual Convention Indonesian Petroleum Association
(Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta, 1993)
2. A. Aswan, Y. Zaim, R. Yan, and A. Pradana, Source Rock Evaluation on Brown Shale, Pematang Group,
Central Sumatra Basin: Details Sedimentary Cycles Analysis Based on Taphonomic of Lacustrine
Mollusks, 2009. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aswan_Aswan/publication/283151598_
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df
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4. M. D. Zoback, Reservoir Geomechanics (Cambridge University Press, New York, 2010).
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(Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 1951).
6. B. A. Eaton, The Equation for Geopressure Prediction from Well Logs, in Fall Meeting of the Society of
Petroleum Engineers of AIME, Dallas, 1975. (Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, 1975). SPE
5544

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