IPA18-327-G

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Forty - Second Annual Convention & Exhibition May 2018

MAPPING OF FRACTURES AND ITS IMPLICATION ON EXPLORATION POTENTIAL OF

OLIGO-MIOCENE CARBONATE INTERVAL, NORTH MADURA PLATFORM

Aditya Kusuma Wijaya*

Muhammad Nauvall Juliansyah*
Rizki Krishna Pratama*
Renny Sipayung**
Ghufron Fauzi**
Brett Freeman***

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

The Oligo-Miocene carbonate interval is the
major reservoir in North Madura Platform, East
Java Basin. The interval comprises the CD and
Kujung Carbonate, which have highly
heterogonous reservoir properties reflecting the
combination of facies variation, diagenesic
effects and tectonic imprint. Natural fractures are
perceived to have an important control on
porosity and permeability in carbonate reservoirs.
However, small-scale faults/fractures are not
captured at the resolution of the current seismic.
Therefore, forecasting the impact of fractures
depends on observations from wells,
spatial/statistical analysis and forward modelling.
In this paper we demonstrate the use of Elastic
Dislocation (ED) modelling. The ED method is
based on physics and geomechanics; it can be
very effective for the estimation of the localized,
three-dimesional, strains and stresses in the
vicinity of seismic scale faults from which it’s
possible to further predict the density,
trends/orientations and types of natural fractures.
Validation of model-results is based on
comparisons between predicted fracture
characteristics and real observations from image
logs in several wells. The geological history of
the North Madura Platform area indicates that
hydrocarbon generation, migration, timing and
trapping depend heavily on tectonic events. These
events are inevitably associated with fracture
generation. Here we use the geological/tectonic
history to drive fracture-generation models that
ultimately predict the areas with highest potential
as exploration targets.
The study area is located in the North Madura
Platform, East Java Basin. It demonstrates a
combination of Paleogene extensional elements that
have been later modified by Neogene contraction
resulting in some basement-rooted forced folds and
inversion structures located on the western and
northern part. Reservoir scale faults have been
interpreted in detail along the western and northern
flanks of the study area and reveal the same
combination of extensional and compressional
geometry. The main producer within the study area
is the CD Carbonate with a promising interval from
the Kujung Carbonates. The carbonates are
moderately complex with strongly heterogeneous
reservoir properties. The rock sequence consists of
complex rimmed platform carbonates which have
been both diagenetically and tectonically altered.
Examination of core from the carbonates indicates
that porosity and permeability has been dramatically
influenced by depositional, diagenetic and tectonic
imprint. Remnant primary porosity is very rare, and
the more-common secondary porosity is formed by
selective dissolution of grains, micrites and cements
which we attribute to subaerial exposure with
dissolution associated with meteoric diagenesis
(Wijaya et al., 2016). Fractures also contribute to
the overall spectrum of reservoir properties. Within
the oil producers of the Bukit Tua Field, the
presence of fractures is only of minor significance.
However, this field is located in the center of the
Platform and lies quite far from the major NE-SW
and W-E faults in the western and northern flanks
respectively. So far these two areas are untested.
(Figure 1).

* Petronas Carigali Indonesia

** PetroPro
*** Badley Geoscience Ltd.
 
The aim of this study is threefold. (1) accurately
map fault and horizon framework from seismic and
evaluate fracture characteristics from image log data
where available (2) Use the framework model to
calculate regional tectonic strain which is the
remote boundary condition that drives the ED
modelling. Integrate experimental data and
compare/validate the modelling results with image
logs and promote the modelled fracture intensities
and trends as the basis for field-level and prospect-
evaluation studies (3) Examine the geomechanical
effects of present day stress on fault reactivation
risk (frictional failure and slip stability) and the
propensity for both observed and modelled fractures
to be open or closed (slip stability and dilation
tendency).
In the course of the descriptions, analysis and
results we refer to stress in two different contexts.
In order to avoid confusion, the first context is in
relation to the ambient and perturbed stress at the
time of faulting – these stresses cause the observed
faults and natural fractures. The second is in
relation to the response of these faults and fractures
to present day stress as inferred from borehole stress
data.
GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND
The North Madura Platform is a basement high
trending relatively NE-SW and bounded by Central
Deep in the western part and Madura Sub-Basin
which have been uplifted since the Neogen in the
southern part. The area as a part of East Java Basin,
formed following extension as rift systems in the
Tertiary along the SE margin of the Sunda Plate
(Manur and Barraclough, 1994). The basin
development occurred in the Late Eocene to the
Early Oligocene (Bransden and Matthews, 1992),
resulted sedimentation as infilling of structural
depressions from Sunda Plate as well as by clastic
debris eroded from exposed basement blocks in the
surrounding. These comprise the Ngimbang
Formation, which consists of a series of interbedded
quartz sandstones and gray to brown carbonaceous
shales with minor coals, and accumulated in
brackish to marine environments. Thermal
subsidence followed rifting in the late Oligocene to
the early Miocene allowed a marine incursion that
introduced fine-grained marine sequences and reefal
buildups of CD and Kujung Carbonates on high-
standing blocks, including North Madura Platform.
Continued subsidence and increased transgression
in early Miocene drowned the carbonate system and
resulted in deposition of marine shales and marls of
Tuban Formation that later became the top seals of
the system. Northward-directed compression
associated with subduction of Indian oceanic crust
and Australian continental crust beneath Sunda
Creton and tectonic inversion began in the mid-
Miocene, and terrestrial sediments prograded from
the northwest, resulting in deposition of Ngrayong
Formation. There is evidence of a mid-Miocene
tectonic uplift over a restricted area because of
erosion of the Ngrayong (Satyana et. al., 2004).
Error! Reference source not found. shows the
tectonostratigraphic chart from the North Madura
Platform along with petroleum system components.
DATA AND METHODOLOGY
3D Post Stack Time Migration (PoSTM), wells,
Image log (FMI), and geomechanics data (triaxial
and uniaxial) were used in this study. The seismic
data that was processed in 2002, covering mainly
North Madura Platform has good data quality for
seismic mapping and geological feature recognition.
With current seismic data, seismic interpretation
was done in relatively high confidence with no issue
on continuity and noise. NE – SW and E – W
trending faults are clearly shown in the seismic,
giving high confidence in fault interpretation.
Though the data is still interpretable, the saddles
appeared in some area in the time structure maps
may not be real due to the presence of low velocity
interval of Wonocolo, causing push down effect
below the channel. This issue has been tackled
during time to depth conversion by generating
velocity model that incorporates additional low
velocity zone interval inside the intra-channel to
generate corrected depth structure maps. Structural
interpretation of horizon and faults have been used
to create a “water-tight” framework model where
the fault offsets are represented by accurate
separation polygons. The elastic dislocation
modelling has been run in the depth domain as it
associated with strain and stress tensor which are
not equivalent in time domain. The eighteen wells
had been drilled in the North Madura Platform by
the end of 2017. Three of these (from the relatively
stable platform) have borehole imaging/FMI
analysis available. The interpreted image-log data
has been used to characterize local fractures and
serves as the only ground truth to validate the
modelled fractures characteristics. We also have
density logs and leak-off test (LOT) from several
wells. Pore pressure gradient has been derived from
RFT/MDT measurement and when used together
with the LOT we are able to constrain present day
stress. Laboratory analysis from CD and Kujung
Carbonates interval in three wells has been used to
provide Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus for
the geomechanical and ED modelling. The
workflow of this study which is described in Error!
Reference source not found..
Elastic Dislocation Modelling
In recent years elastic dislocation and boundary
element modelling has been shown to be an
effective method for the prediction of small scale
fracture trends and fracture intensity associated with
seismic-scale faulting (Maerten et al, 2002; Healy et
al, 2004; Freeman et al., 2015). For a concise
outline of the basic methodology see Dee et al.
(2007). In this study we use the same forward
modelling approach to estimate the three-
dimensional strain distribution in the Oligo-
Miocene Carbonates interval. The model is
constrained by two sets of boundary conditions (1)
the uniform regional strain as indicated by the
displacements on the seismic scale faults and (2) the
observed displacements at the faults. When these
are combined, the uniform regional strain is
perturbed by the presence of the faults. Far away
from the faults the strain is equal to the regional
strain. Close to the faults the uniform regional
strain is enhanced or diminished by the interactions
between the faults, typically generating strain
shadows at fault-overlaps and intensifications at
fault tips. It is this interaction that leads to
variability in orientation and intensity of the strain.
The regional strain has been estimated from the
moment-tensor strain solution (e.g. Peacock and
Sanderson 1993). This provides the magnitudes and
directions of all three principle strains. The moment
tensor method reveals regional extension of 0.2%.
This has the sense, dominantly, of normal faulting
with direction of extension at N 117o E, and a small
component of compression with direction at N 27o
E. Note however, that the strains are only
representative of the imaged faults and that since
fault size distributions are power-law in nature the
actual regional strain is typically twice the
measured value (see for example Freeman 2015).
Faults are discontinuities in an otherwise
(approximately) continuous medium.
Displacements at these discontinuities must
generate strains in the immediate and far-field
volume of rock that are both continuous and
smoothly varying. Equations that define the three-
dimensional elastic response to such discontinuities
are provided by Okada (1992) for rectangular
elements and Comninou and Dunders (1975) for
angular dislocations. In this work we have used the
formulation of Okada (1992). Accordingly, all fault
surfaces have been discretised into rectangular
elements with each element representing a
discontinuity of constant displacement and together
representing the displacement variation over the
entire fault surface. The strains resulting from all
elements on all faults are determined at an arbitrary
observation point by superposition. Practically,
when we refer to observation points we mean they
are points on a geological surface or well trajectory.
In addition to displacement and far-field boundary
conditions the strains are sensitive to Poisson’s ratio
and burial depth. The equivalent stresses are
controlled by Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus
and any resulting fractures are determined by the
parameters of Coulomb failure.
In this paper, we have documented the solutions at
Top Kujung and Top CD Carbonate in the interval
of Oligo-Miocene Carbonate. For Poisson’s ratio,
we used value 0.27 for Top Kujung and 0.24 for
Top CD Carbonate. Young’s modulus for both
surfaces is 15 GPa. Rock mechanical tests provide
average cohesive strength of 8 MPa and a
coefficient of internal friction of 0.55.
Fracture Density and Fracture Mode
The ED solutions provide three-dimensional strain
and stress tensors, each comprising nine values. In
order to make practical use of this information we
need to transform it into a simpler form. There are
many ways to do this. Freeman et al (2015)
demonstrated a strong correlation between observed
fracture intensity and strain magnitude whereas
Maerten et al. (2002) demonstrated a similiarly
useful correlation with maximum Coulomb shear
stress (MCSS) (see Jaeger and Cook, 1979). Each
of these (and other parameterizations) may be used
as a proxy for fracture intensity. In this work we
have chosen to use MCSS:
MCSS = τmax √ (1 + µ2) – (µσmean),
where τmax is the maximum shear stress
(σ1 – σ3)/2, and σmean is the mean stress
(σ1 + σ3)/2
In words, the MCSS is the intercept, on the shear
stress axis, of a tangent to the Mohr stress circle
having the same slope as the Coulomb failure
envelope. Shear failure occurs when the MCSS
exceeds the cohesive strength of the rock.
Relatively large values of MCSS are expected to
imply higher fracture intensity than relatively low
values.
When the calculated stresses are sufficiently high to
cause failure, the mode may be either shear or
tensile. If it is tensile, the simulated fractures lie in
the σ1, σ2 plane. If shear, the orientation of the
conjugate pair is determined by the orientation of
the stress tensor and the coefficient of internal
friction. A continuous spectrum encompassing
reverse, normal and strike slip geometric types is
possible.
Present Day Stress
Zoback et al (2003) describes (and we follow) a
method to determine the orientation and magnitude
of principal stresses. Wells J-2, BTS-2, and T-1 are
near vertical (see fig. 5 for well locations). Image
logs (FMI’s) over the reservoir interval show
drilling induced tensile fractures which we interpret
to be an indication of the direction of SH Max. The
orientation of the strike of SH Max changes by as
much as 50 degrees from about N330o E in the west
(J-2) through N15oE at BTS-2 to N40oE in the
northeast (T-1) (See Table 1). Local variations in
SH max orientation might be related to the
structural heterogeneity which implied by two
directions of the bounding faults. The same logs
show borehole breakouts, with orientations
consistently at about 90o from the drilling induced
fractures (Table 1). Taken together these two sets
of observations are consistent for the interpretation
of both SH Max and Sh min.
Less information exists for the estimation of stress
magnitudes. However, there is pore-pressure data
and leak-off test (LOT) data for well J-2. We infer
the magnitude and vertical gradient of the smallest
stress σ3 from the LOT. Futhermore, since σ3 is
less than Sv (computed from the density log) we
can say that σ3 is Sh min. Thus, at this point we
can also rule out the possibility that the in-situ stress
regime is one of reverse faulting i.e. it cannot be
reverse faulting but it could be normal or strike slip.
We need extra information to choose between the
latter two. Plotting the stress state for J-2 on a
Mohr diagram and assuming a normal faulting
regime we see an extremely stable scenario. Pore-
pressure would need to be elevated by about 1450
PSI in order to induce faulting. However, we know
from shallow seismicity (< 10 km) on the NW
Madura offshore region
(USGS:https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/bro
wse/) that some faults are currently active which
implies that the upper crust is critically stressed.
Plotting a stress state for strike slip, on the other
hand indicates the clear possibility of instability.
This leads us to draw the conclusion that a strike
slip regime is most likely i.e. σ1 (SH Max) > σ2
(Sv) > σ3 (Sh min).
So, we now proceed to use equation 3 from Zoback
et al.’s equilibrium formulation (2003) with the
coefficient of sliding friction (µ = 0.6) to calculate
the magnitude of SH Max:
 
where σ1 and σ3 are the principal horizontal stresses
and Pp is pore pressure and which simplifies to
= 2 + 0.1( )
Natural Fractures
Observed natural fractures interpreted from FMI,
are classified into conductive (open) fractures and
resistive (closed) fractures in the Oligo-Miocene
Carbonates interval. In each well there is a range of
orientations but the conductive fractures tend to be
oriented parallel to present day SH Max.
ED MODELLING RESULTS
Fracture Prediction
In the models that we have run, with observation
surfaces at the depths of the two carbonates we find
there are a few areas of tensile fractures. These
occur in the northern area and shallower parts of the
platform. The majority of failure planes are shear
mode and, in this regard, we see the full range of
geometric (Andersonian) types. Figure 4 (A and B)
shows the dominance of normal shears across the
platform and on the north and western flanks. This
pattern is perfectly consistent with the background
strain boundary conditions which imply extensional
strain at an azimuth of 120o. The orientations of
these normal fractures, again, follow the
background strain boundary conditions where there
is no fault-fault interaction. However, on the north
and western flanks the strains are perturbed by
fault-fault interaction and the strikes of the fractures
become less predictable from an intuitive point of
view. For normal fractures, the σ2 direction
represents the strike of the fractures. Figure 4 (C
and D) show the strike variation of σ2 using an
azimuth colour map. It shows very clearly how the
strikes are influenced by the presence and
interaction of the faults in the flanks. Overall, we
see a swing in strike of predicted fractures towards
EW at the northern flank and towards NE-SW at the
western flank.
The available image log data is sparse and without
wishing to over-interpret the position we do make
the observation that at the locations of the wells
where the FMI data indicates a dominance of shear
fractures our models produce no tensile fractures. In
terms of relative fracture density, we refer to the
MCSS maps in figure 5. As we might expect the
least variable and interesting parts of the figure
correspond to central platform area which is some
distance from the faulted flanks. The blues and
purples represent the contribution of the background
strain only. The variation in colour once more
reflects the effects of fault interaction showing
clearly regions of enhanced and diminished MCSS.
The shadow regions are interpreted to be low
fracture density while the cyan to red concentrations
should be the most intensely fractured. There is
also a strong correlation with fault displacement and
MCSS magnitudes are greatest when close to the
faults with the largest offsets. Figure 5 also shows
that the relative intensity changes with depth. In
particular we see that overall, the CD carbonate unit
should be more intensely fractured than the Top
Kujung.
Comparison of Observed and Simulated
Fractures Orientation
In other studies (Maerten et al 2003, Dee 2007 and
Freeman et al 2015) great importance is attached to
the ground truthing or calibration of predictions
with observations. Their examples are quite
persuasive in promoting the value of ED-based
fracture prediction as process that can be applied
with minimal input data. Nevertheless, it is
important always to attempt calibration or
justification when appropriate data is available.
Simulated fractures generated by ED modelling are
not only generated on the observation grid i.e. Top
CD Carbonate and Top Kujung, but also along the
well paths. This enables the comparison between
simulated fractures and observed fractures at all
three wells with FMI data.
In general, the result is reasonably matched with
high level of similarity between simulated and
predicted fracture. Figure 6 shows the comparison
of orientation between simulated fractures and
observed fractures in the same interval for well J-2
which shows the similar result of orientation. In the
same interval within Top CD Carbonate, FMI log
from well J-2 for example (Figure 6), shows the
existence of fractures striking NE-SW with dip
magnitude vary between N 35 °E - N 78 °E. The
ED model on well trajectory of J-2 also predicted
the occurrence of conjugate normal shear fractures,
striking NE-SW with estimate dip magnitude N
41.6 °E.
Static Stress Analysis - Critically Stressed
Fractures
Analysis of static, present day, stress and its
quantification as critically resolved shear and
normal stress on structural surfaces such as faults,
joints and fractures are an important step on the way
to understanding the dynamic behaviour of fractures
and faults. Using these two values, to determining
slip tendency, dilation tendency (Morris et al 1996)
and slip stability (the increase in pore-pressure
required to induce slip) is the standard way to
quantify in situ stress. Collectively they provide
physical values that tell us how “close” a fault
might be to reactivation and/or if a fracture is more
or less likely to be open. The latter having great
importance for production forecasting in fractured
reservoirs. Before proceeding it is again worth
reminding ourselves of the distinction, where it
exists, between the stress state that caused fracture
development and the stress state at the present time.
Using results of the in situ stress analysis from well
bores (above), we calculate the slip tendency on
simulated fractures from the ED modelling. The
intension here is to predict the so-called fracture
sweet-spots. The coefficient of static friction is
unknown however, it has been shown for rocks
(Byerlee, 1978) that a value of 0.6 closely fits most
of the relevant experimental data. We also
document a swing of about 50o in the orientation of
SH Max. Ideally, we would examine the response
of the fractures to a stress field that changes
orientation in map view, however, for the sake of
simplicity and brevity in this short paper we restrict
the analysis and discussion to orientations and
values determined for the T-1 well where SH Max
has a strike of about N30oE.
Figure 7 shows the attribute of slip tendency on the
fracture networks generated by ED modelling on
Top CD Carbonate and Top Kujung. The color
coded maps show high critically stressed fractures
in red and low or non-critically stressed in blue. At
first sight and in general, the critically stressed
fractures are to be found mostly in and around the
central platform area compare to area around the
faults on the north and west flanks. Although there
is no fault present in the central platform area, the
critically stressed fractures appears in the central
area could be unreliable as they might be occurred
as the respond of applied remote stress to the Mohr-
Coulomb failure envelope as governed entirely by
background stress regime without any effect of
local fault interaction/perturbation. In detail the
pattern is somewhat more complex with a
significant proportion of the “red” zones from
Figure 7 corresponding to the zones of higher
MCSS from Figure 5. The largest and most
continuous region form the hanging wall of the
northern boundary fault. Figure 8 combines the two
concepts of fracture intensity and stress criticality
showing the critically stressed fractures that
correspond to the highest MCSS/fracture intensity.
Without detailed discussion of the actual physical
closures the regions bounded in red lines (Figure 8)
are expected to be the fracture sweet spots. And we
note there is some elongate structural closure along
the hangingwall of the northern to western
bounding fault making it as potential target.
DISCUSSION
We learned that the ED modelling has succeed to
overcome the previously mentioned issue and
predict fracture broader in the reservoir interval
which helps to specify next exploration area.
Moreover, forecasting of fractures network
distribution in the state of having tendency to slip is
good point in conducting ED modelling prior
drilling and might lowered the risk in exploration
stage. In this study, we have concluded that the
primary indication of fracture permeability which
indicates damage zones of host rock which
represented by fracture density. In addition,
previous study done by Hennings et al, 2012 has
proven that the enhancement of fracture
permeability and interconnectivity are strongly
correlated to the interaction of active deformation of
host rock within a stress field that generated
critically stressed fractures. Hence, by combining
the presence high intensity of fracturing and
critically stressed fractures, the area in the north and
western side in the Top CD Carbonate has the most
potential area for next exploration as poses more
critically stressed fractures on higher damage zones
area (Figure 8).
CONCLUSIONS
 The North Madura Platform is a stable region
bounded by north-dipping faults in the north and
west-dipping faults in the west. Image logs
(three) from the platform area reveal both
conductive and resistive fractures.
 The total strain across the platform, determined
from the moment tensor method reveals regional
extension of 0.2% with dominance of normal
faulting with direction of extension at N 117o E,
and a small component of compression with
direction at N 27o E.
 These strains in addition to the displacements
defined at the faults have been used as the
boundary conditions for an elastic dislocation
model.
 The model provides a three-dimensional strain
and stress tensors for the entire platform and its
flanks over the reservoir intervals of interest.
 Using Maximum Coulomb Shear Stress derived
from the model have been able to estimate the
areas with highest fracture intensity.
 Using laboratory data for Coulomb failure in
conjunction with the three-dimensional stress
tensors have been able to predict the regional
domains that are fractured, the mode of failure
and the orientation of the fractures.
 We have shown good agreement between our
predictions and fractures in image logs where
suitable data exists.
 We have performed an in situ stress analysis
assisted by borehole image data and show that
present day, the platform is in a strike-slip stress
regime.
 We have used the present day stress to determine
which of our simulated fractures are critically
stressed,
 Finally, we show how the coincidence of high
slip tendency and high fracture intensity are
combined to identify the area most likely to have
the best fracture-permeability within the
reservoir intervals.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge Dir. Gen. Migas,
SKKMIGAS and PETRONAS Carigali Indonesia
Ltd. for their permission to publish this paper and to
Badley Geoscience Ltd for use of their T7 software
for the geomechanical and structural modelling.
REFERENCES
Bransden, P.J.E. and Matthews, S.J., 1992.
Structural and stratigraphic evolution of the East
Java Sea, Indonesia: Proceedings of the Indonesian
Petroleum Association 22nd Annual Convention, v.
1, p. 418-453.
Byerlee J., 1978. Friction of Rocks. In: Byerlee
J.D., Wyss M. (eds) Rock Friction and Earthquake
Prediction. Contributions to Current Research in
Geophysics (CCRG), v. 6, p 615-626.
Comninou, M., & Dunders, J., 1975. Angular
dislocation in a half space. Journal of Elasticity. v5.
203-216.
Dee, S., et.al. 2007. Elastic dislocation modelling
for prediction of small-scale fault and fracture
network characteristics. In: Lonergan, L., Jolly, R.
J. H., Rawnsley, K. and Sanderson, D. J. (eds)
Fractured Reservoirs. Geological Society, London,
Special Publications, 270, 139–155.
Freeman. B, et.al. 2015. Predicting subseismic
fracture density and orientation in the Gorm Field,
Danish North Sea. Industrial Structural Geology:
Geological Society London, Special Publications,
421, 231-244.
Healy, D. H., Yielding, G. and Kusznir, N. 2004.
Fracture prediction for the 1980 El Asnam, Algeria
earthquake via elastic dislocation modelling.
Tectonics, 23, TC6005.
Hennings, P., et.al. 2012. Relationship Between
Fractures, Fault Zones, Stress, and Reservoir
productivity in the Suban Gas Field, Sumatra,
Indonesia: AAPG Bulletin v. 96, p 753-772.
Maerten, L., Gillespie, P. and Pollard, D. D.
2002. Effects of Local Stress Perturbation on
Secondary Fault Development. Journal of
Structural Geology, 24, 145–153.
Manur, H. and R. Barraclough, 1994, Structural
control on hydrocarbon habitat in the Bawean
Area, East Java Sea. IPA, 23, v. 1, p. 129-144.
Morris, A., Ferrill, D.A., & Henderson, D.B.,
(1996). Slip-tendency analysis and fault
reactivation, Geology, 24, 275-278.
Nugraha, H.D., Darma, I.W.D., Darmawan, F.H.,
2016. Ngimbang Clastics Play In The East Java
Basin: New Insight And Concepts For North
Madura Platform: Proceedings of the Indonesian
Petroleum Association 40th Annual Convention.
Okada, Y., 1992. Internal deformation due to
shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bulletin of
the Seismology Society of America, 82, 1018-
1040.
Peacock, D.C.P., and Sanderson, D., J., 1993.
Estimating strain from slip using line sampling.
Journal of Structural Geology, vol. 15., No. 12, pp
1513-1516.
Satyana, A.H., Erwanto, E., Prasetyadi, C. 2004.
Rembang-Madura-Kangean-Sakala (RMKS) fault
zone, East Java Basin: The origin and nature of a
geologic border, the 33rd IPA annual convention
and exhibition proceeding.
Wijaya, A. K. et. al. 2016. The Evolution of CD
Carbonate In North Madura Platform, An Effort To
Understand Reservoir Complexity Distribution:
Proceedings of the Indonesian Petroleum
Association 40th Annual Convention.
Zoback, M. D., et.al. 2003. Determination of stress
orientation and magnitude in deep wells:
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and
Mining Sciences, v. 40, p. 1049–1076.
 TABLE 1
 

FMI DATA FROM THREE WELLS (FROM EASTERN TO WESTERN OF THE STUDY AREA)
SHOW VARIATION OF SH MAX AND SH MIN ORIENTATION IN THE STUDY AREA. THE
ORIENTATION OF SH MAX VARIES FROM NNW-SSE TO NE-SW, WHEREAS AZIMUTH OF
SH MIN RANGES FROM W-E TO NW-SE. THIS VARIATION MIGHT BE RELATED TO THE
STRUCTURAL HETEROGENEITY IMPLIED BY TWO DIRECTIONS OF THE BOUNDING
FAULTS.

 
Figure 1 - Location of the North Madura Platform, offshore East Java Basin in the CD Carbonate Depth Structure Map, bounded by the NE-SW fault in western
part to the Central Deep and by the E-W fault in northern part to the inverted graben.

 
 

Figure 2 North Madura Platform tectonostratigraphy Chart (modified after Nugraha et al., 2016).
 

 
  

Figure 3 - The workflow in this study started from seismic interpretation then supported by rock mechanical
test data in order to understand the implications of fractures distribution on the reservoir interval.

 
 

                              

Figure 4 - Figures on the left-hand side shows the distribution of predicted fracture networks maps on (A) Top CD Carbonate and (B) Top Kujung. Normal fracture
network is predicted dominantly present in the interval of Oligo-Miocene Carbonate. Figures on the right-hand side shows the of trend of predicted
fractures maps represented by the σ2 of failure planes on (C) Top CD Carbonate and (D) Top Kujung. Arrow on the maps dictates the direction of
fractures.

 
Figure 5 - The structure contoured maps of MCSS which indicate fracturing density of (A) Top CD
Carbonate and (B) Top Kujung. High fracturing intensity represented by warm color (red),
while minor fracturing demonstrated by cool color (blue).

 
Figure 6  ‐  Comparison of (A) observed and (B) simulated fractures on the same interval within Top CD
Carbonate, at well J-2. Observed fractures from FMI (A) has confirmed the presence of
conjugate fractures (circled in red) as modelled from ED. (B) Simulated shear fractures from ED
modelling (on the right-hand side) shows example of fracture that has dip magnitude N 41.6 ° E,
which are similar to the range of dip magnitude from FMI. Fractures modelled from ED has
similar orientation to the majority of fractures interpreted from FMI. 

 
 Slip Tendency 
0 1
  

    

Figure 7 - Slip tendency maps identified distribution of critically stressed fractures which color coded using
normalized slip tendency ranges on (A) Top CD Carbonate and (B) Top Kujung. (C) Mohr
diagram illustrates few sample of fault poles (black dots) that exceeds failure envelope µ = 0.6
are in the state of critically stressed fractures as they have great tendency of slip by shear
fracturing. (D) One example of fracture network plotted on the stereogram which indicates the
orientation of critically stressed fractures populates on the red area.

 
  

Figure 8 - Given SH max N 30° E as the best case applied on the model, the combination high fracture intensity and critically stressed fractures dictates the area of
high permeability on Top CD Carbonate. Top CD carbonate has chosen as the most potential area for next exploration as poses more critically stressed
fractures on damage zones area and categorized several potential areas for exploration (red circles).