VAILANKANNI PUBLIC SCHOOL

(C.B.S.E)

COMPUTER ASSIGNMENT

Name : Aksay Kanthan K.S

Grade : XII “B”

Topic : Wireless Radar Sensor Network

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Neural Network
A neural network is a series of algorithms that endeavors to recognize underlying
relationships in a set of data through a process that mimics the way the human
brain operates. In this sense, neural networks refer to systems of neurons, either
organic or artificial in nature.

Neural networks can adapt to changing input; so the network generates the best
possible result without needing to redesign the output criteria. The concept of neural
networks, which has its roots in artificial intelligence, is swiftly gaining popularity in

the development of trading systems.

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KEY TAKEAWAYS

 Neural networks are a series of algorithms that mimic the operations of an

animal brain to recognize relationships between vast amounts of data.
 As such, they tend to resemble the connections of neurons and synapses
found in the brain.
 They are used in a variety of applications in financial services, from forecasting
and marketing research to fraud detection and risk assessment.
 Neural networks with several process layers are known as "deep" networks and
are used for deep learning algorithms
 The success of neural networks for stock market price prediction varies.

Transmission Modes in Computer

Networks
Transmission mode means transferring data between two devices. It is also known as a
communication mode. Buses and networks are designed to allow communication to occur between
individual devices that are interconnected. There are three types of transmission mode:-

Modes

Half- Full-
Simplex
Duplex Duplex

These are explained as following below.

1. Simplex Mode –
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In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only one of the two
devices on a link can transmit, the other can only receive. The simplex mode can use the entire
capacity of the channel to send data in one direction.

Example: Keyboard and traditional monitors. The keyboard can only introduce input, the monitor can
only give the output.

2. Half-Duplex Mode –
In half-duplex mode, each station can both
transmit and receive, but not at the same time.
When one device is sending, the other can only
receive, and vice versa. The half-duplex mode is
used in cases where there is no need for
communication in both directions at the same
time. The entire capacity of the channel can be
utilized for each direction.

Example: Walkie-talkie in which message is sent

one at a time and messages are sent in both
directions.

3. Full-Duplex Mode –
In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously. In full_duplex mode,
signals going in one direction share the capacity of the link with signals going in another direction,
this sharing can occur in two ways:
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  Either the link must contain two
physically separate transmission paths,
one for sending and the other for
receiving.
 Or the capacity is divided between signals traveling in both directions.

Full-duplex mode is used when communication in both directions is required all the time. The
capacity of the channel, however, must be divided between the two directions.

Example: Telephone Network in which there is communication between two persons by a telephone
line, through which both can talk and listen at the same time.

WHAT IS A WIRELESS SENSOR

NETWORK?
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a system designed to remotely monitor and
control a specific phenomenon or event. WSNs are mostly used in agriculture to
monitor environmental conditions and control irrigation. The WSN has the following
advantages over traditional stand-alone sensors and controllers.

 Site specificity:  Sensors can be positioned close to production fields.

 Target specificity: Network nodes can be customized to monitor only the
variables of interest, reducing the number of sensors deployed and the cost of
the network.

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  High spatial resolution: Multiple nodes can be used to increase the number of
sensors and controllers per unit area.

WSNs consist of nodes, routers, and a gateway. There are two types of nodes:
sensor nodes (SNs) and actuator nodes (ANs). Routers are used to extend the
communication range or circumvent an obstacle. The gateway is the device that
allows the management (control) of the network and aggregates the information
received from the nodes to send real-time or near real-time data to a user platform.

When the gateway is connected to a local laptop, the user can locally control and
monitor the WSN. Adding a cellphone modem or an Internet modem to the gateway
guarantees remote management.

A sensor network is a group of sensors where each sensor monitors data

in a different location and sends that data to a central location for
storage, viewing, and analysis.

There are many applications for sensor networks, from monitoring a single
home, to the surveillance of a large city, to earthquake detection for the
whole world.

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Home security

The primary goal of a home security sensor network is to detect an

intruder. Many different types of sensors can help collect data towards that
goal, such as magnetic open sensors on doors and windows, acoustic-
based glass break sensors, security cameras, and motion detectors.

Diagram of a home security sensor network: a window with an open

sensor and glass break sensor, a door with an open sensor, a motion
detector, and a security camera. All sensors have arrows that point to a
single computer.

All of the sensors send their data to a central system, which typically
stores the data for a period of time and gives the homeowners a way to
view it. More sophisticated system can analyze the data and send an alert

to the homeowners when it sees enough evidence of an intrusion.

A computer is shown with many input arrows on the left. An arrow flows
from the computer to a monitor, and another arrow flows from the
computer to a mobile phone with an alert icon.

Environmental monitoring

Researchers, farmers, and governments need to monitor aspects of the

natural environment such as air pollution, water quality, soil conditions, and
weather metrics. The traditional approach to monitoring is to collect a
sample, bring it back to a lab, analyze it, and record the results.

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Needless to say, that approach is slow and dependent on human labor,
so traditional monitoring doesn't produce a lot of data.

A more automated and scalable approach is to use a sensor network.

Sensors can be distributed across an area, collect the environmental data,
and send it back to a central server for processing.

In the Great Lakes of the United States, dozens of buoys use sensors to
collect data about wind speed, water temperature, air temperature, and
wave height. Some of the buoys are privately owned while others are
supported by research groups, but they all send their data back to the
same server for collection.^11start superscript, 1, end superscript

Diagram of a buoy sensor network. Six buoys are shown in a lake with a
wireless signal coming out from them. A computer is shown on the side
of the lake with six input arrows flowing into it.

The sensor data is shared publicly on the the Web, so anyone can visit
the Great Lakes Buoy Portal and see the reported conditions. For some of
the buoys on Lake Erie, you can even send a text message to the buoy
and it will reply back with its latest data.

The Role of the Internet in the

Development of Island Communities
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Internet connectivity has become an essential feature in all sectors. Internet connectivity prevents
islands from being isolated, and facilitates adaptation to change.

Introduction

Can you imagine living without access to the internet? Internet connectivity
has become an essential feature in all sectors. Governments, civil society,
academia, as well as the technological, industrial and hospitality sectors all
require the internet to function effectively. This level of connectivity
prevents islands from being isolated, and facilitates adaptation to change.

How Are Islands Connected to the Internet?

Data from the World Bank has indicated that there has been a steady
increase in the rise of the percentages of populations who have access to
the internet in countries around the world, including islands. This
connectivity has been achieved mainly through the laying of undersea
cables that connect islands to their respective mainlands, and to the
continents beyond. Back in 2016, 99% of all international data was
transferred through cables stretching across the floor of the world’s oceans.

In this map made by Telegeography, you can see the 464 cable systems
and 1,245 landing stations that were active or under construction in 2021.
You can also see an interactive version here.

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What are the main challenges in providing internet connectivity to
islands?
The necessary infrastructure to create thorough levels of connectivity is notoriously complex and
expensive, and the process requires access to state-of-the-art construction machinery and
technological expertise. The financial resources required to secure these are often beyond the reach
of island economies.

Remoteness is another factor that increases the cost of connectivity. Because copper or fiber optic
cables are costly to install, internet service providers frequently focus on metropolitan regions where
they can get the most bang for their dollars, leaving rural and remote populations out. Island
territories also face environmental challenges, such as extreme weather events, which necessitate
additional expenditure in making networks more resilient and durable. In Indonesia, the world’s
largest archipelago, the rural areas that make up most of the country frequently lack any form of
Internet connection.

Can you get internet access on a remote island?

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Despite the challenges outlined above, it is indeed possible to get internet access in remote island
territories. For example, in Tokelau, which is considered one of the world’s most remote territories,
gained the benefits of faster, more affordable, and more reliable internet access in September 2021
when the construction of a submarine fiber-optic cable network was completed on Nukunonu, one of
Tokelau’s three atolls.

This facilitated the linking of the various atolls with Hawaii. The Minister for Telecommunications,
Mose Pelasio, explained the significance of this event, stating “…these initiatives bring life-changing
benefits to us all – enhancing and reinforcing our culture and economy, resolving our remoteness by
linking us closer to other parts of the world, and most importantly raising our awareness and
recognition in the international and regional c

Communication in cases of emergency

The recent eruption of an underwater volcano near Tonga has shed light on the crucial role of
internet connectivity in dealing with emergencies. Humanitarian organizations, national authorities, and
affected populations all need to be able to communicate to have access to relevant and life-saving
information. Emergency warning systems that rely on telecommunication are the safest option in the
days and hours leading up to an emergency situation.

An undersea fiber-optic cable that connects Tonga to the rest of the world was severed during the
eruption of the volcano, and this, along with the tsunami which followed, led to Tonga’s 110,000
people being cut off. The process of mending will take between five and seven days, and will
involve sending a pulse of light from the island, then measuring how long it takes to travel to the
point of the break and establishing where the break is. A cable-repair boat will be sent to the
location of the first break, and then send either an ROV (remotely-operated underwater vehicle) or
a tool known as a grapnel (a hook attached to a chain) to retrieve the broken end. That will be
re-joined to a new cable on board the boat and then the same process will happen at the other
end of the break.

This incident has highlighted the necessity of ensuring that there are multiple modes of internet
connectivity for remote regions. In more developed and accessible regions, there are various cables
leading to any one country. For example, there are 50 different cables supplying data to the UK.
By contrast, there was only one for Tonga. And, although the government of Tonga signed a deal

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in 2019 to get satellite connectivity, this proved ineffective against the thick layer of volcanic ash
that covered the country.communities.”

Internet of things
The Internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such objects) with sensors,
processing ability, software, and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other
devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks. The Internet of things has
been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet,
they only need to be connected to a network and be individually addressable.

The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous
computing, commodity sensors, increasingly powerful embedded systems, and machine learning.
Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, and automation
(including home and building automation), independently and collectively enable the Internet of things.
In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with products pertaining to the concept
of the "smart home", including devices and appliances (such as lighting fixtures, thermostats, home
security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common
ecosystems, and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as
smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also used in healthcare systems.

There are a number of concerns about the risks in the growth of IoT technologies and products,
especially in the areas of privacy and security, and consequently, industry and governmental moves

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to address these concerns have begun, including the development of international and local
standards, guidelines, and regulatory frameworks.

Conclusion
Access to digital information provided via the internet has revolutionized the way that island
communities learn, communicate, do business, and treat illnesses. Some of these islands face
numerous challenges in internet connectivity due to their remoteness and the high cost of providing
the necessary technological infrastructure. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the realization
that reliable access to the internet has a significant impact on small islands by boosting economic
prosperity, as well as reducing social isolation. Also, telecommunication operators contribute a
significant share of the economy, as these companies, contribute a significant amount to government
budgets through taxes, and provide significant levels of employment.

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