Structural

Engineering in
Construction
BLDGDesign
 Concrete

Gravel Sand
Cement
Concrete Mixture
• Cement – 4 parts calcined limestones plus 1 part clay which are mixed, burned, and pulverized, sold in
40 kilos per bags
• Sand – or fine aggregates, natural sand or crushed stone well graded
• Gravel – or coarse aggregates, crushed stone or blast furnace slags
• Water – clean, potable, and free from harmful substances
• Admixture – or additive as required by situations, ingredients added to concrete or mortar to modify its
properties immediately before or after mixing.
 Concrete

The most common and easy way of proportioning concrete is the volume method.
 Concrete

Example: A proposed concrete pavement has general dimensions of 4 inches thick, 3.00
meters wide, and 5.00 meters long. Determine the number of cement in bags, sand and
gravel in cubic meters required using class “C” mixture.
Solution:
1. Determine the volume of the concrete.
Vol. = 3m x 5m x 0.10m = 1.50 𝒎𝟑

2. Using Table 1-2, using 40kg cement,

class C concrete,
Cement: 1.5 x 6.0 = 9.0 bags
Sand: 1.5 x 0.5 = 0.75 m3
Gravel: 1.5 x 1.0 = 1.50 m3
 Water-Cement Ratio

Water-Cement Ratio – is the ratio of weight of water to the weight of cement used in a
concrete mix.

Abram’s Law – the strength of concrete is inversely proportional to the water-cement ratio.

Factors that affect the compressive strength of concrete:

• Qualities of cement water & aggregate
• Water-cement ratio
• Thoroughness of mixture
• Care in transporting
• Placing the concrete mixture & curing condition
• Concrete age

Higher WCR increases workability of fresh concrete.

Workability – is a property of freshly mixed concrete that defines how easily it can be
placed with slight loss of homogeneity.

Low Workability may lead to honeycomb in concrete.

 Honeycomb

Honeycomb – are the hollow spaces and cavities left in concrete mass on surface or inside.
Causes of Honeycombs in Concrete:
1. Low workability of freshly mixed concrete or very stiff.
2. Improper vibration during concrete pouring.
3. Narrow spacing of reinforcements.
 Water-Cement Ratio

Example: Calculate the amount of water (L) to be used for 8 bags of cement.
Use a water-cement ratio of 0.48.
1 bag = 40kg.
Solution:
Weight of Water
WCR =
Weight of Cement
40 𝑘𝑔
Weight of Cement = (8 𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑠) = 320 𝑘𝑔
1 𝑏𝑎𝑔

Weight of Water 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚3
WCR = ρ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 3
Weight of Cement 𝑚 1000 𝐿
Weight of Water ρ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1 𝑘𝑔/𝐿
0.48 =
320 𝑘𝑔
Weight of Water = 153.6 kg
Amount of Water = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟔 𝐋
 Concrete Cover

➢ Concrete cast against permanently exposed to earth = 75 mm

➢ For beams and columns = 40 mm
➢ For slabs and walls = 20 mm
Splicing
 Splicing - Column

Column

Beam

0.25H

Splice Location
0.50H H
for Columns

0.25H

Beam
 Splicing - Beams

L
L/4 L/4
Splicing Zone for
Top Bars

Splicing Zone for h

Bottom Bars

2h

L/6 L/6

➢ No splices are allowed within the joints.

➢ No splices are allowed with 2h from the face of the joint.
➢ Lap length must be provided with a hoops/spiral with spacing not more than d/4 or 100mm
 Conduits and Pipes Embedded in Concrete

➢ Column – shall not displace more than 4% of the cross-sectional area when embedded
within a column.
➢ Beams and Slabs – shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall
thickness of the slab, wall, or beam in which they are embedded.
➢ Shall be spaced at least 3 times diameter.