Problem 2.

Write a program to input any number of vector in R n and return

the orthogonal basis and orthonormal basis of the subspace spanned by these
vectors. (Use Gram - Schmidt process)

2.1. Theory  
a. Orthogonal sets

Let V be a vector space with an inner product.

Definition: Non-zero vector v1, v2…, vk ∈ V form an orthogonal set if they are orthogonal to
each other: (vi, vj) = 0 for i j.
If, in addition, all vector are of unit norm ‖v 1‖=1, then v1, v2,…, vk  is called an orthonormal
set.
We knew that: All Orthogonal set is linearly independent.

b.  Orthogonal projection

Let V be an inner product space

⟨ x,v ⟩
Let , v ∈ V, v 0. Then p = v is the orthogonal projection of the vector onto the vector
⟨ v,v ⟩
v.
⟨ x, v 1 ⟩ ⟨ x, v 2 ⟩ ⟨ x, v n ⟩
If v1, v2, … , vn  is an orthogonal set of vector then p= v1+ v2 +…+ v is the
⟨ v1 , v1⟩ ⟨ v2 , v2⟩ ⟨ v n ,n ⟩ n
orthogonal projection of the vector x onto the subspace spanned by v1,…,vn.
c. The Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process
Let v be a vector space with an inner product.
Suppose x1, x2,...,, xn is an orthogonal basic for V.
⟨ x, v 1 ⟩ ⟨ x, v 2 ⟩ ⟨ x, v n ⟩
Let   v1+ v2 +…+ v
⟨ v1 , v1⟩ ⟨ v2 , v2 ⟩ ⟨ vn , vn ⟩ n
v1=x1
⟨ x2 , v 1 ⟩
v2 = x2 - v ,
⟨ v 1 , v1 ⟩ 1

⟨ x2 , v 1 ⟩ ⟨ x3 , v 2 ⟩
v1= x1- v - v ,
⟨ v 1 , v1 ⟩ 1 ⟨ v2 , v 2 ⟩ 2
.........................................................................................................

⟨ xn , v1⟩ ⟨ x n , v n-1 ⟩
v n = x1 - v 1 -…- v
⟨ v1 , v1⟩ ⟨ v n-1 , v n-1 ⟩ n-1

Then v1, v2,...,vn.

2.2. Steps to find the basis
Step 1: Fill the input of vector in array V1. To be precise V1= {v1,v2,v3,…} is a basis of the
space R(n).
Step 2: Transposing the vectors and computing the orthogonal basis:
Step 3: Let u1 = v1;
⟨ v2 , u 1 ⟩ ⟨ v3 , u 1 ⟩ ⟨ v3 , u 2 ⟩
Step 4: Calculate u2= v 2 - u 1 , u3= v 3 - u - u
⟨ u1 , u1 ⟩ ⟨ u1 , u 1 ⟩ 1 ⟨ u2 , u 2 ⟩ 2
Step 5: Calculate un.
Step 6: Compute the orthonormal basis:
u1 u2
Step 7: E1= ; E2= ;…
‖u1‖ ‖u2‖

2.3. Matlab command

function U = K(v) %v is a basis in space R(n) including the
vectors input
v=[…] %input the vectors
V = transpose(v); %transposing the vectors
m = size(V,1);
n = size(V,2);
U=zeros(m,n);
U(:,1)=V(:,1);
U(:,1) = V(:,1)/sqrt(V(:,1)'*V(:,1)); %calculate the orthogonal
basis of column 1
disp('Orthogonal basis');
disp(V(:,1));
for i=2:n %Because u1 = v1, take i starting from 2 to k
s=V(:,i);
for j=1 :i-1
s=s-(dot(V(:,i),U(:,j))/dot(U(:,j),U(:,j)))*U(:,j);
%calculate the orthogonal basis
end
U(:,i)=s;
disp(U(:,i));
U(:,i) = U(:,i)/sqrt(U(:,i)'*U(:,i)); %calculate the
orthonormal basis
disp('Orthonormal basis')
end

2.4 Examples
1st example:
2nd example:
3rd example:
2.5. Conclusion
By studying this we draw out a conclusion that we can make a good use of Matlab to solve
linear algebra problems without spend to much time working on manual solutions and
reduce the risk of finding the result of complex matrices.