Jose Rizal
Olimpia (1855-1887) - petname
 "I was born in Calamba on June
19, 1861, between eleven and
midnight, a few days before full
moon. It was a Wednesday and
my coming out in vale of tears
would have cost my mother her
life had she not vowed to the
virgin of Antipolo to take me to
her sanctuary by way of
pilgrimage."
Rizal's Parents
Francisco Mercado Rizal (1818-1898)
 Was born in Biñan Laguna on
May 11, 1818. He studied
latin and Philosophy at the
College of San Jose in Manila.
In his student memoirs, Rizal
affectionately called him "a
model of fathers".
Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-
1911)
 Was born in manila on
november 8, 1826. Was
educated at the College of
Santa Rosa a well-known
college for girls in the city.
Doña Teodora died in Manila
on August 16,1911 at the age
of 85.
The Rizal Children
1. Saturnina (1850-1913) -
Nickname "NENENG"
2. . Paciano (1851-1930) - Older
brother / after his execution of
rizal he joined the phil.
Revolution and became a combat
gen.
3. Narcisa (1852-1939) - petname
"SISA"
4.
"YPIA"
5. Lucia (1857-1919)
6. Maria (1859-1945)- nickname
"BIANG"
7. JOSE (1861-1896)- his nickname
is "PEPE"/ greatest filipino hero
8. Concepcion (1862-1865) -
petname "CONCHA"
9. Josefa (1865-1945)- petname
"PANGGOY"
10. Trinidad (1868-1951)- petname
"TRINING"
11. Soledad (1870-1929) - petname
"CHOLENG"
The Hero First Sorrow
 Concha died of sickness.
- "When I was four years
old, I lost my little sister
concha and then for the
first time I shed tears
caused by love and grief.
 Concha died of sickness in
1865.
 Rizal immortalized his elder
brother PACIANO as the wise
PILOSOPO TASIO in his first
novel NOLI ME TANGERE.
 He regarded PACIANO as the
"most noble of Filipinos" and
through an INDIO, more
generous and noble than all
the Spaniards put together".
 Rizal loves to ride on a
spirited pony which his
father bought for him and
take long walks in the
meadows and lakeshore with
his black dog named
"USMAN"
June 12,1956
- President Ramon
Magsaysay signed the bill
 R.A. 1425 also known as
Rizal law.
REPUBLIC ACT 1425
- an act to include in the
curricula of all public and
private schools, colleges
and universities courses
on the life, works and
writings of Jose Rizal
particularly his novels
Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo
authorizing the printing
and distribution thereof,
and for other purposes.
- The Filipino concept of a
hero are also known as
Bayani, Bagani, Magani or
Wani in various Filipino
ethno-linguistic groups.
PANGANGAYAW
- raiding into unallied
territory.
According to William Henry Scott,
Pangangayaw was done because of four
reasons:
1. To secure resources, ranging
from the occasional use of goods
or bounty to human slaves.
2. To avenge a personal affront or
family honor.
3. To fulfill mourning requirements
to which life of enemies must be
sacrificed.
4. For personal prominence or a
mercenary reward.
 Bayan is the root word of bayani
meaning
community/town/nation.
 According to ZEUS SALAZAR, the
bayani as a person who leaves
his/her town and then returns.
 The concept of a Filipino Hero in
early Philippine societies,
therefore, is not a posthumous
award given to dead people, but
rather an honorific role and title
in the society.
 The tattoo used as the protection
of kaluluwa (soul) of a bayani, his
kris/kampilan (weapon), his
putong (head gear) and other
colored red are his iconic
physical features.
 The concept of bayanihan
(cooperation) and the word
ipabayani (free labor offered to/
by someone) proves the
semantic essence of Bayani.
BOXER CODEX (1590)
- is an ancient document about
the early Philippine societies.
defines a BAYANI as a person
with high status and dignity.
PEDRO SERRANO LAKTAW in his
dictionary elaborates the personality of
a bayani:
"A person who fears no one (walang
takot), courageous (matapang), firm
(matibay), bold (mapangahas) but quiet
(tahimik) and calm (mahinahon).
 Qualities of the main
characters of Philippine Epics
like Lam Ang. Labaw
Donggon, Tuwaang etc.
represent the actual Bayani.
Vida Sancti
- or the lives of (dead) saints
became the foundation of
good qualities of life.
Doctrina Christiana
- texbook of faith / one of the
earliest printed books in the
Philippines.
 The Spaniards had
introduced the obedience of
saints and disciples whom the
Filipinos had to imitate in
order to become good
governance.
Hero
- worshipping of American
soldiers who died during the
Philippine-American War like
Gen. Henry W. Lawton, John
M. Stotsenburg. and Col.
Harry Egbert, was promoted
through monuments and
annual commemoration
rituals to justify the need for
American tutelage in the
Philippines.
 Jose Rizal who was executed
by the Spaniards became the
leading National Hero.
 The OFWs are considered as
the Bagong Bayani.
 The concept of the Filipino
Bayani is indeed embedded in
the blueprint of Filipino well-
being.
NHCP (National Historical Commission
of the Philippines) - released some of
the criteria for recognizing heroes
through their Project SaySay.
CRITERIA FOR RECOGNIZING HEROES
1. The extent of a person's sacrifice for
the welfare of the country (Teodoro A.
Agoncillo 1965):
2. The motive and methods employed in
the attainment of the ideal (welfare of
the country) (Teodoro A. Agoncillo
1965);
3.The moral character of the person
concerned (Teodoro A. Agoncillo 1965):
4.The influence of the person concerned
on his/her age and or the succeeding
age (Teodoro A. Agoncillo 1965);
5. Those who have a concept of nation
and thereafter aspire and struggle for
the nation's freedom (Onofre D. Corpuz
1993):
6. Those who define and contribute to a
system of life of freedom and order for a
nation (Onofre D. Corpuz 1993);
7. Those who contribute to the quality of
life and destiny of a nation (Onofre D.
Corpuz 1993)
8. A part of the people's expression
(Alfredo Lagmay 1995);
9. Person who thinks of the future,
especially the future generations
(Alfredo Lagmay 1995); and
10. The choice of a hero involves not
only the recounting of an episode or
events in history, but of the entire
process that made this particular person
a hero (Alfredo Lagmay 1995).
 Jose Rizal as a Filipino hero is
state-sponsored through the
Republic Act 1425.
 His heroism is not a post-
World War II phenomenon
  Two years after Rizal's death,
the first commemoration was
held on December 30 1898.
 Declared by Emilio Aguinaldo
in Malolos, Bulacan
 Tayabas and Batangas were
reported to observe the
solemn commemoration in
Rizal's portrait.
 During the meetings of
Katipunan, a portrait of Rizal
was hanging in the room
American Colonialism The Americans
made 3 criteria that were used in the
selection of a national hero.
Criteria were used in the selection:
1. A hero who is not violent and militant,
and if possible preferred peaceful
means like education:
2. A hero who had no qualms on
American Imperialism
3. A hero who is already dead.
4. A hero who must have a great sense
of patriotism.
 There was no actual law
during the American Regime
that explicitly declared Rizal
the Official hero of the
country.
Three steps were made by the American
colonial government to promote his
heroism:
1. Creation of Rizal province
2. The erection of Rizal monument
3. Declaration of Rizal day on December
30 as a public holiday.
 In 1995, amidst the
preparation of the nation for
the upcoming centennial
celebration of the Philippine
Revolution and Philippine
Independence Day, the
national Heroes Committee
created by President Fidel V.
Ramos released a list of
recommended national
heroes.
 Jose Rizal. Andres Bonifacio.
Emilio Aguinaldo. Apolinario
Mabini, Marcelo H. Del Pilar,
Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat,
Juan Luna, Melchora Aquino
and Gabriela Silang.
There are four major national
celebrations with Rizal as an important
subject:
1. June 12 (Independence Day)
2. June 19 (Birth Anniversary)
3. Last week of august (National Heroes
Week)
4. December 30 (Rizal Day)
 When Jose Rizal was set to
face his execution, he left a
dying wish to his family.
According to him, he should
be buried in the earth.
preferably in Paang Bundok
(now North Cemetery) with a
stone and a cross on top. His
name, date of birth. and death
must also be indicated. If
 possible, he requested for a
fence that would mark his
grave. He then stressed that
no anniversary celebration
must be conducted.
There are four major national
celebrations with Rizal as an important
subject:
1. June 12 (Independence Day)
2. June 19 (Birth Anniversary)
3. Last week of august (National Heroes
Week)
4. December 30 (Rizal Day)
 When Jose Rizal was set to
face his execution, he left a
dying wish to his family.
According to him, he should
be buried in the earth.
preferably in Paang Bundok
(now North Cemetery) with a
stone and a cross on top. His
name, date of birth. and death
must also be indicated. If
possible. he requested for a
fence that would mark his
grave. He then stressed that
no anniversary celebration
must be conducted.
HISTORIC RIZAL
 Rizal who lived and died in
the 19th century
 He is the Rizal born and raise
in Calamba Laguna who
studied at The Ateneo
Municipal In Manila, travelled
and studied abroad,
published Noli me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo,
founded of La Liga filipina
and the martyr of
bagumbayan 1896.
 He was the true person the
actual Rizal we can read in
history book
SYMBOLIC RIZAL
 He is the kind of Rizal we
have today. He is the Rizal in
Luneta, the Rizal in the one-
peso coin. the Rizal in postage
stamps. the Rizal as Tagalog
Christ, the Rizal as an icon of
Rock. the Rizal in t-shirts. and
the list goes on. This kind of
Rizal has indeed become a
text open to many meanings.
TEXT
- is anything that can be read,
interpreted and analyzed
- it has no intrinsic value or
meaning apart form readers
- The message it contains in
the virtual/potential state is
actualized by the reader.
Two Types of Text
1. Sign
- It is a kind of text which
represents a fixed reality and
posits itself as a means of
portraying the reality
- A sign is a closed text which
implies that the freedom to
create meaning is being
monopolized
 - Example of sign are the peso
sign and slippery when wet
road sign
2. Symbol
- A symbol which conveys
meaning not only about itself
but about cultural processes
and relationships meaning,
therefore that is is not
constant but constituted
through a human agency
- A symbol is an "open" text
which implies that any
interpretation may be valid
- One of the examples of
symbols is the map where
Luneta park was located.
House of Rizal
- The spanish authorites
confiscated the house of rizal
in 1891.
- The government bought what
remained of the rizal house
for P24.000.
- President Elpidio Quirino
passed the Executive Order
No. 1456 for reconstruction
of the house.
- June 19, 1950 the newly built
home was inaugurated and
now serve as a repository for
rizal's memorabilia.
June 11, 1901
- the province of Rizal was
officially and legally created
by the virtue of Act. No. 137
by first Philippine
Commission w/s during the
time was acting as the
unicameral legislative body
on the island of Luzon.
The first monument of Jose Rizal was
located in Daet, Camarines Norte.
- The construction of the
memorial maker was started
on December 30, 1898, 2
years after the death of Rizal
and in compliance with a
decree of Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo to observe the said
date as a national holiday in
the "FREE PHILIPPINES".
- It was declared as a historical
landmark in1961 by the
National historical
Commission of the
Philippines & was declared a
national monument on July
9.2008 by the virtue of
Resolution No.12 by the
National Historical Institute
(NHCP now).
 History is the study of the
human past as it is described
in written documents left
behind by humans.
 The root word of Kasaysayan
is SAYSAY (essence).
Philippine History
- is a repository of the nation's
collective memory. It should
be seen as a mere subject
waiting to be memorized by
students. It should be taken
from the heart. This is the
reason why History is
 translated in Filipino as  Avocado
kasaysayan.  Papaya
 Pineapple.
 Gemino Abad reffered to as
the crucial infinitives in life"
to read, to think, to write". Social Classes in the Philippines
Peninsulares
Mi ultimo Adios
- Spaniards born in Spain.
- The poem consists of 14 five-
line stanzas & was written in 'Insulares
Spanish. Bonifacio - Spaniards born in the
transformed the work by Philippines.
adding stanzas and by using
words close to the heart of Creoles
the filipino's and it is now - Mixed blood Filipino-Spanish.
entitled "Ang Huling
Pahimakas ni Dr. Jose Rizal". 'Middle Class
It was also known as "The - Spanish mestizos or mestizos
Last Farewell". de Español: the principalia;
and the Chinese mestizos or
mestizos de Sangley.
Mercantilism
Chinese
- country's wealth and power
can be measured in its stocks - people from China migrated
of gold and silver. in the Philippines. Indio -
Malayan inhabitant in the
Galleon Trade archipelago
- longest economic trading
route through a galleon ships.
- It is trade between Manila- Ilustrados
Acapulco Mexico vice versa. - the Filipino well-educated
class during the Spanish
colonial period.
Philippines to Acapulco Mexico
Free Market Trade
 Mangoes
 Tamarind - countries and their colonies
 Rice Tuba (coconut wine) began trading with one
another.
 (* abaka & sugar cane
(tubo)**) Boleta
- ticket for galleon trading
Acapulco Mexico to Philippines (250 centavos).
 Guava Suez Canal
 - A human-made waterway
that cuts north-south across
the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt.
Connects the Mediterranean
Sea to the Red Sea, making it
the shortest maritime route
to Asia from Europe. In 1869,
it has become one of the
world's most heavily used
shipping lanes. It was built by
Eng. Ferdinand de Lesseps.
Inaugurated on November 17,
1869.
Mapping Rizal's Travel
Mayo 3, 1882
- Rizal departed on board the
Spanish steamer
"SALVADORA" bound for
Singapore
May 9, 1882
- the salvadora docked at
Singapore. Rizal registered at
Hotel Dela Paz & spent two
days on sightseeing soiree of
the city which was a colony of
England.
May 11, 1882
- Rizal transferred to another
ship "DJEMNAH" a French
steamer which left Singapore
for Europe. It was a larger
and cleaner vessel which
carried more passengers.
May 17,1882
- the Djemnah reach point
Galle a seacoast town in
southern Ceylon (now Sri
lanka). The following day it
resumes towards COLOMBO
the capital of Ceylon.
June 11, 1882
- the djemnah proceeded on its
way to Europe. Rizal reached
Naples.
 On the night June 12, 1882
the steamer docked at the
French harbor of Marseilles.
He visited Chateau’d If where
Dantes, hero of the count of
Monte Cristo was imprisoned.
 On the afternoon of June
15,1882 Rizal left marseilles
by train for the last lap of his
trip to Spain.
June 16, 1882
- Rizal reached his destination
in Barcelona Spain.
 Rizal enjoyed promenading
along "LAS RAMBLAS" the
famous street in Barcelona.
AMOR PATRIO
- Rizal wrote a nationalistic
essay which is also called
(Love of Country). Under its
pen-name Laong Laan the
Amor Patrio appeared in
diariong tagalog on August
20, 1882 and was published
in two text spanish and
tagalog.
 Rizal wrote the second article
for Diariong Tagalog entitled
Los Viajes (Travels).
  His third article entitled - Rizal left Paris for Germany.
"Revista de Madrid" (Review
February 3, 1886
Of Madrid) which he wrote in
Madrid on November - Rizal arrived in Heidelberg a
29,1882. was returned to him historic city in Germany
because Diariong Tagalog had famous for its old university
ceased publication for lack of and romantic surroundings.
funds.
April 22, 1886
November 3, 1882
- Rizal wrote a poem "A Las
- Rizal enrolled in the Flores de Heidelberg" (to the
Universidad Central de flowers of Heidelberg).
Madrid (Central university of
August 14, 1886
Madrid) in two courses
Medicine and Philosophy and - Rizal arrived in Leipzig. He
letters. He also studied attended some lectures in
painting and sculpture in the university of leipzig on
Academy of Fine Arts of San history and psychology.
Fernando.

October 29, 1886

1883
- Rizal's first visit to Paris.
June 21, 1884
- Rizal completed his medical
courses in spain. He was
conferred the degree of
Licentiate Medicine by the
Universidad Central de
Madrid.
June 19, 1885
- He was awarded the degree
Dr. Maximo Viola
of Licentiate in Philosophy
and Letters with the rating of
excellent or sobresaliente.
1885-1886
- Rizal was already a physician
and went to Paris to acquire
more knowledge in
ophthalmology.
February 1, 1886
- Rizal left Leipzig for Dresden,
where he met Dr. Adolf B.
Meyer, director of the
Anthropological and
Ethnological Museum.
 In the morning of November
1, 1886 Rizal left Dresden by
train reaching Berlin in the
evening.
- Friend of Rizal who was a
scion of a rich family of san
Miguel Bulacan.
- was born on October 17,
1857 in Sta. Rita san Miguel
Bulacan.
- Alumnus of UST where he
finished pre-medical studies.
 - He earned a degree in
medicine at the University of
Barcelona in 1882.
- He met Dr. Jose Rizal in
Barcelona who was actively
involved in Propaganda.
- Funded the cost of the
publication of Noli (300 pesos
for 2,000 copies).
- Rizal gave him the galley of
proofs and the first published
copy.
- died at the age of 76 on Sept.
3.1933 in Barrio San Jose. San
Miguel Bulacan.
February 12, 1887
- the Noli Me Tangere was
finally finished and ready for
printing.
 Maximo Viola found a
printing shop (Berliner
Buchdruckrei-Action
Gesselschaft Jwhich charged
the lowest rate.
March 21, 1887
- the Noli Me Tangere came off
the press.
Noli Me Tangere
- is a latin phrase which means
TOUCH ME NOT.
- His readings of Harriet
Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's
Cabin which portrays
brutalities of American
slaves’ owners inspired Rizal
to prepare a novel that would
depict the miseries of his
people under the lash of
Spanish tyrants.
- the novel contains 63
chapters and an epilogue.
- was a true story of Philippine
conditions during the last
decades of Spanish rule.
- The characters were drawn
by Rizal from persons who
actually existed during his
times.
 Maria Clara was Leonor
Rivera. Ibarra & Elias
represented Rizal himself.
Tasio the philosopher was his
elder brother, Paciano. Padre
Salvi was identified by
Rizalist as Padre Piernavieja,
the hated Agustinian friar in
cavite who was killed by the
patriots during the
revolution. Capitan Tiago was
Capitan Hilario Sunico of san
nicolas. Dona Victorina was
Dona Agustina Medel. The
two brothers Basilio and
Crispin were the Crisostomo
Brothers of Hagonoy. Padre
Damaso was typical of a
domineering friar during the
days of Rizal, who was
arrogant, immoral and anti-
filipino..
 Missing chapter of the Noli
entitled (Elias and Salome)
which follows Chapter XXIV
"In the Woods". It was
deleted by Rizal to reduce the
pages of the manuscript and
to reduce the cost of printing.
May 11, 1887
- Rizal and Viola tarried some
time in Dresden. Their visit
 coincided with the regional
floral exposition.
May 13, 1887
- Viola and Rizal meet
Professor Blumentritt at the
railroad station of Leitmeritz,
Bohemia.
Ferdinand Blumentritt
- is an austrian teacher, was
born on September 10 1853
in Prague.
- he became a close friend of
Rizal & translated Rizal's Noli
Me Tangere into German.
- was a significant contributor
to the publication of La
Solidaridad, published by
Filipino expatriates from
1889 to 1895 as a voice for
advocacy of political reforms
in the Philippines.
- He is memorialized in the
Philippines by numerous
public parks and streets.
Among them are Blumentritt
Road, Blumentritt Station
(Line 1), Blumentritt railway
station, Blumentritt Market in
Metro Manila, and
Blumentritt Street in Naga
City and Tuguegarao.
May 16, 1887
- Viola and Rizal left Leitmeritz
for Prague.
May 20, 1887
- Rizal and viola arrived in the
beautiful city of Vienna
capital of Austria-Hungary.
June 23, 1887
- Rizal and Viola parted ways.
Viola returned to Barcelona
and Rizal continued the tour
to Italy.
June 27, 1887
- Rizal arrived in Rome Italy.
August 08,1887
- Rizal went back to Calamba
after his 5 years in Europe.
February 3, 1888
- Rizal left Calamba for
Hongkong on board ZAFIRO.
February 08, 1888
- Rizal arrived in Hongkong.
February 22, 1888
- Rizal left Hongkong on board
the OCEANIC, an American
steamer.
February 28,1888
- Rizal arrived at Yokohama
Japan.
April 28, 1888
- the steamer BELGIC with
Rizal on board docked at SAN
FRANCISCO (AMERICA).
May 1888 to March 1889
- Rizal lived in London England
for 11 months. -When he
arrived, he was admitted in a
British Museum where he
copied Antonio de Morga's
massive study of the
Philippines. He annotated for
publication "as a gift to the
 Filipinos" as he continues
reading more about the
Philippines
Rizal's First Article in La Solidaridad
was entitled « Los Agricultores
Filipinos" (The Filipino Farmers).
1889 - Rizal went to Paris because of
Universal Exposition.
January 28, 1890 - Rizal left Paris for
Brussels capital of Belgium.
February 1891- he arrived in Biarritz,
France.
May 30, 1891 - Jose Rizal finished the
revision of El Filibusterismo manuscript
in Biarritz, France, after toiling on it for
three years, he started writing when he
was in Calamba in 1887
July 5, 1891 - Rizal left Brussels for
Ghent a famous university city in
Belgium.
F. Meyer-van Loo Press, No. 66
Viaanderen Street - printing shop that
is willing to print the EL
FILIBUSTERISMO in installment basis
September 18, 1891 - El Filibusterismo
came oft the press
The El Filibusterismo was dedicated to
GOMBURZA.
The manuscript of El Filibusterismo had
been acquired by the Philippine
government fron Valentin ventura for
P10,000. It consists of 279 pages of long
sheets paper.
Valentin Ventura
June 26, 1892 - Rizal arrived in manila
with his sister Lucia.
The Hero's first teacher was his mother.
At the age of three her mother taught
her the alphabet and the prayers.
Maestro Celestino & Maestro Lucas
Padua - private tutors of Rizal togive
him lessons at home.
Leon Monroy - a former classmate os
Rizal's father. Became the boy's tutor.
Instructed Jose in Spanish and latin. He
died 5 months later.
June 1869- Jose left Calamba for Biñan.
Under the teachings of Maestro
Justiniano Aquino Cruz. He mastered
latin and learned spanish.
January 20,1872 - Cavite Mutiny
February 17, 1872 - GOMBURZA was
executed at sunrise (GAROTE).
Governor General Rafael Izquierdo - a
boastful and ruthless governor general
aroused the anger of the Filipino's by
executing the innocent
Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos
and Jacinto Zamora.
Father Jose Burgos - Friend, teacher
and housemate of Paciano.
Padre Pedro Pelaez - leader of the
secularization movement.
Franciscan & Recolletos Friars -
Planned to kill the 3 Martyrs.
Fancisco Zaldua - Witness of Cavite
Mutiny.
1st Zaldua, 2nd Burgos, 3rd Zamora ,
4Th Gomez.
Mariano Gomez - was born on August
2, 1799 in the suburb of Santa Cruz,
Manila. He was a tornatrás, one born of
mixed Austronesian, Chinese and
Spanish ancestries.
Jacinto Zamora - was born on August
14, 1835 in Pandacan Maynila.
June 1872 - Doña Teodora arrested on
a malicious charge that she and her
brother Jose Alberto tried to poison the
latters perfidious wife.
- the sadistic Spanish lieutenant forced
her to walk from Calamba to Santa Cruz
(Capital of laguna province), a distance
of 50 kilometers.
Ateneo Municipal and later became
Ateneo De Manila
Jesuits - were splendid educators so
that ateneo acquired prestige as an
excellent college for boys
O March 23,1877 - he received his
Bachelor of Arts diploma and was a
sobresaliente (outstanding) of their
class.
In 1875 inspired by Father Sanchez
he wrote more poems such as;
1.Felicitacion(Felicitation).
2. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota
de Magallanes ( The depoarture:
Hym to Magellan's Fleet)
3. Y Es Español: Elcano, el Primero
en dar la Vuelta al Mundo (And He
is Spanish: Elcano, the first to
Circumnavigate the World)
4. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror
de Jolo ( the Battle of
Urbiztondo,Terror of Jolo)
 In 1876, Rial wrote poems on
various topics - religion,
education, childhood memories
and war. They were as follows:
1. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In
Memory of My Town) A tender
poem in honor of Clamba, the
hero's natal town.
2. Alianza Intima Entre la
religion y la Buena Educacion
(Intimate Alliance Between
Religion and Good Education)
3. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre
la patria (Through Educatio the
Country Receives Light)
4. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo:
Batalla de Lucena y Prision de
Boabdil (The Captivity and the
Triumph: Battle of lucena and
theImprisonment of Boabdil).
This martial poem describes the
defeat and the capture of
Boabdil, last Moorish sultan of
Granada.
5. La entrada Triunfal de los
Reyes Catolices en Granada
(The Triumphal Entry of the
Catholic Monarchs into Granada).
This poem relates the victorious
entry of King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabel into Granada, last
Moorish stronghold in Spain.
 In 1887, he wrote more poems. It
was his last year in the Ateneo.
Among the poems written that year
were:
1. El Herismo de Colon (the
Heroism of Columbus) - this
poem praises Columbus the
discoverer of America.
2. Colon y Juan I (Columbus
and John I). This poem relates
how KingJohn Il of Portugal
missed fame and riches by his
failure to finance the projected
expedition of Columbus to the
New World.
3. Gran Consuelo en la Mayor
Desdicha ( Great Solace in
 Great Misfortune). This is a
legend in verse of the tragic life
of Columbus.
4. Un Dialogo Alusivo a la
Despedida de los Colegiales (A
FarewellDialogue of the
Students). This was the last
poem written by Rial in Ateneo;
it is a poignant poem of farewell
to his classmates.
April 1877 - Rial Enters the University
of Santo Tomas taking the course on
Philosophy and Letters.
1877-1878 - Rial studied Cosmology,
Metaphysics, Theodicy and History of
Philosophy at the University of Santo
Tomas.
1878-1879- Rial receved the Ateneo
Rectors Advice to study medicine
1878 -. Rial finishes Surveying course
in Ateneo. He took vocational course
leading to the title of "Perito
Agrimensor" (expert surveyor
A La Juventud Filipina - is a poem
written by Rizal when he was 8 years
old. It also known as "To the Filipino
Youth"
El Consejo de los Dioses- also known
as Council of Gods was written by Rizal
as an entry to a literary contest.
Abd-el-Azis Mahoma - rial composed a
poem in 1879 in honor of the Ateneo's
Patroness.
Makamisa
-is an unfinished novel written by
Filipino patriot and writer JoséRizal.
-The original manuscript was found by
historian Ambeth Ocampo in 1987 while
going through a 245-page collection of
papers.
-This draft is written in pure, vernacular
Lagueño Tagalog and has no written
direct signature or date of inscription.
El Filibusterismo
- Also known as the Reign of Greed
The Governor General
As the King's representative and the
highest-ranking official in the
Philippines, the governor general
saw to it that royal decrees and laws
emanating from Spain were
implemented in the Philippines. He
had the power to appoint and
dismiss public officials, except those
personally chosen by the King. He
also supervised all government
offices and the collection of taxes.
The governor general exercised
certain legislative powers, as well.
He issued proclamations to facilitate
the implementation of laws.
The Royal Audiencia
Apart from its judicial functions, the
Royal Audiencia served as an
advisory
body to the Governor General and
had the power to check and a report
on
government officials could also
report the abuses of the colonial
government
to be Spanish king. The Audiencia
also audited the expenditures of the
colonial government and sent a
yearly export to Spain. The
Archbishop and other government
officials could also report the abuses
of the colonial government to be
Spanish King. Despite all these
checks, however, an abuse governor
general often managed to escape
stiff fines, suspension, or dismissal
by Simply bribing the Visitador and
other investigators
Residencia
- This was a special judicial court
that investigates the performance of
a control.
governor general who was about to
be replaced. The residencia, of which
the
incoming governor general was
usually a member, submitted a
report of its
findings to the King.
The Provincial Government
There were two types of local
government units - the ALCADIA
and the
CORREGIMIENTO.
ALCADIA, led by the ALCALDE
MAYOR, governed the provinces
that had
been fully subjugated: The alcalde
mayors represented the Spanish
king and
the governor general in their
respectve provinces. They managed
the day-
to-day operations of the provincial
government, implemented laws and
supervised
the collection of taxes. Through they
were paid a small salary, they
enjoyed
privileges such as the indulto de
comercio, or the right to participate
in the
galleon trade.
CORREGIMIENTO, headed by
CORREGIDOR, governed the
provinces that
were not yet entirely under Spanish
he Municipal Government
Each province was divided into
several towns or pueblos headed by
Gobernadordcillos, whose main
concerns were efficient governance
and tax collection.
Four lieutenants aided the
Governardorcillo: the Teniente
Mayor
(chief lieutenant), the Teniente de
Policia (police lieutenant), the
Teniente
de Sementeras (lieutenant of the
fields) and the Teniente de Ganados
(lieutenant of the livestock).
Cabeza De Barangay - responsible
for the peace and order of the barrio
/ recructed men for public works.
Ayuntamiento
- larger towns becomes cities.It
became the center oftrade and
industry.
Cabildo
- the ayuintamiento had a city
council . It is composed of alcalde
(mayor), regidore (councilors),
alguacil mayor (police chief),
escribando (secretary).
  Jose Rizal was an avid naturalist
in his own right. During his stay
Rizal's, Interest, Skills, and
in Dapitan, he sent specimens of
Talents
45 reptiles, 9 mammals, 13
1. Architect and Engineer birds,9 fishes, and 68
2. Businessman crustaceans to friends in
3. Farmer Dresden, Germany. Hehas also
4. Commentator
5. Educator
6. Archeologist Draco Rizal
7. Book Lover and Bibliophile
Rachophorus Rizali
8. Botanist and Plant Lover
9. Cartographer and Geographer Apogonia Rizali
10. Essayist
11. Fencer 12. Actor and Dramatist
12. Grammarian 13. Linguist and Polyglot
13. Historian 14. Musician
14. Humorist 15. Magician
15. Inventor 16. Painter
16. Animal Lover and Naturalist 17. Scientist
18. Sculptor
19. Sportsman
20. Traveler
ANIMAL LOVER AND A NATURALIST
21. Opthalmologist
 As a small boy, Rizal loved 22. Novelist
animals including birds, fish, 23. Japanophile
insects, and other specimens of 24. Anthropolist and Etnologist
animal life. Fowls, rabbits, dogs,
horses, and cats constitute his
favorites. INVENTOR
 He was fond of pets. He
He invented a cigarette lighter,
researched later on their
which he called sulpakan, and sent
physiology,classification, and
habits. it to Bluenentritt in 1887 as a gift.

SERENES
 When he was an exile in Dapitan,
he collected different kinds of While in Dapitan, Rizal also invented
species of animals. Among there the wooden machine for
were the Draco Rizali
making bricks which turned out
(Wandolleck), a specie of flying
about 6,000 bricks daily.
dragon; Rachophorus Rizali
(Boetger), a hithertho unknown
species of a toad; and Apogonia
JOSE PRQTACIO RIZAL MERCADO
Rizali (Heller), a small bettle,
ALONZO y REALONDA
which were later named after
him.