A PRESENTATION ON HOW TO SOLVE

EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

PAPER NAME :MATHEMATICS-III
PAPER CODE : BSC-301
PRESENTED BY
MS.PRIYANKA MANNA
ROLL NO:12000121056

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

(AFFILIATED TO MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD UNIVERSITYTECHNOLOGY)
DR.B.C.ROY ENGINEERING COLLEGE,DURGAPUR

DURGAPUR-713206

1
 AGENDA
DEFINITION
TEST FOR EXACTNESS
INTEGRATING FACTOR
 DEFINITION
A differential equation is an equation which contains one or
more terms. it involves the derivative of one variable
(dependent variable) with respect to the other variable
(independent variable). The differential equation for a given
function can be represented in a form: f(x) = dy/dx where
“x” is an independent variable and “y” is a dependent
variable
A first order differential equation of the form
M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=0
Is called exact if there is a function f(x,y) whose total
differential is qual to M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy that is df =
M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy.
TEST FOR EXACTNESS
Let M and N have continuous partial derivatives on an open disc R. The differential equation
M(x, y)dx +N(x, y)dy =0is exact if and only if
δM/δy =δN /δx .
Exactness is a fragile condition in the sense that seemingly minor alterations in an exact equation can destroy its
exactness. This is demonstrated in the following example.
A.The differential equation (xy^2+x)dx+yx^2dy=0 is exact because
δM/ δy=δ/ δy(xy^2+x)=2xy and
δN/ δx= δ/δx(yx^2)=2xy
But the equation (y^2+1)dx+xydy=0 is not exact,even though it is obtained by dividing both sides of the first equation
by x dy=0
B. The differential equation cosy dx + (y^2-x siny).dy=0 is exact because
δM/ δy=δ/ δy(cosy)= -siny and
δN/ δx= δ/δx(y^2-x siny)= -siny
But the equation cosy dx + (y^2+x siny).dy=0 is not exact,even though it differs from the first equation only by a
single sign.
INTEGRATING FACTOR
If the differential equation M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0 is not exact, it is possible to make it
exact by multiplying using a relevant factor u(x, y) which is known as Integrating factor
for the given differential equation.
Consider an example,
2ydx + x dy = 0
Now check it whether the given differential equation is exact using testing for exactness.
The given differential equation is not exact.
In order to convert it into the exact differential equation, multiply by the integrating
factor u(x,y)= x, the differential equation becomes,
2 xy dx + x2 dy = 0
The above resultant equation is exact differential equation because the left side of the
equation is a total differential of x2y.
EXAMPLE ON HOW TO SOLVE AN EXACT DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
EXAMPLE 1.

3x(xy -2)dx + (x2 + 2y)dy = 0

exact differential equation solution)

M = 3x(xy -2), N = (x2 + 2y)

first ∂M/∂y= 3x² and ∂N/∂x= 3x²

i.e. ,∂M/∂y
= ∂N/∂x
. Also the functions and derivatives are continuous. hence the equation is exact.

Therefore the solution is given by

∫M(x,y)x + ∫(terms in N(x,y) not containing x)dy = c

∫(3x²y - 6x)dx + ∫2ydy = c

or, x³y - 3x² + y² = c

EXAMPLE 2.
Find the solution for the differential equation ( 2xy – sin x ) dx + ( x2 – cos y) dy = 0
Ans.
(2xy – sin x ) dx +. ( x2 – cos y) dy = 0
First check this equation for exactness,
M=(2xy-sin x) and N=( x2 – cos y)
∂M/∂y=2x and ∂N/∂x= 2x
The equation is exact because it satisfies the condition
δM/δy =δN /δx
From the system of two equations, find the functions u ( x, y )
∂u/∂y=( x2 – cos y)………(1)
∂u/∂x=(2xy-sin x) ………..(2)
By integrating the first equation with respect to the variable x, we get
U(x,y)=∫ (2xy-sin x) dx=x^2+cos x+ φ(y)
Substituting the above equation in equation (2) , it becomes
∂u/∂y= ∂/∂y( x2 y+ cos x+ φ(y))=( x2 – cos y)
=>x^2+φ(y)=x^2-cos y
=>φ(y)= - cos y
Hence, φ(y)= ∫(-cos y) dy=- sin y
So the function u ( x , y ) becomes
u ( x , y ) = x2y + cos x – sin y
Therefore the general solution for the given differential equation is
x2y + cos x – sin y = C
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express to deepest appreciation and a sense
of gratitude to my guide, prof. AD, for providing me with the
chance to work on this wonderful presentation……..,which
also aided me in conducting extensive study and learning
about a bunch of new topics.
I am quite grateful to him. It was quite useful in terms of
expanding my knowledge and abilities.
20XX Pitch Deck 9