“SELF–CHECK!

LESSON 01

WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?

1.Define operating system

Answer: Operating System is an intermediary between users and computer hardware. It provides users
an environment in which a user can execute programs conveniently and efficiently. And it is the brain of
a computer.

2. Define the terms Computer hardware and give examples.

Answer: Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the monitor,
mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound cards, memory,
motherboard, and so on, all of which are physical objects that are tangible. 

3. What is application software? Give examples.

Answer: Application software, or app for short, is software that performs specific tasks for an end-user,
for example, Microsoft Word or Excel are application software, as are common web browsers such as
Firefox or Google Chrome. It also includes the category of mobile apps, including communication apps
such as WhatsApp or games such as Candy Crush Saga. 

4. What does the acronym “CPU” stand for?

Answer: Central Processing Unit

5. What does “I/O” stands for? Give examples.

Answer: Input/output (I/O), is a communication process between a computer and the outside world. For
example, a keyboard or computer mouse is an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers
are output devices.

6. What is System program?

Answer: A program, as an operating system, compiler, or utility program, that controls some aspect of
the operation of a computer (opposed to application program).

LESSON 02

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

7. In a tabular form, differentiate multiprocessing and multiprogramming.

Answer:

Multiprocessing Multiprogramming
Multiprocessing Multi-programming
is a system that is more than one
 has two or more process running at a
than one time, it increases
processors. In CPU utilization by
this, CPUs are organizing jobs
added for (code and data) so
increasing that the CPU always
computing speed has one to execute.
of the system.
The availability of The concurrent
more than one application of more
processor per than one program
system, that can in the main memory
execute several is known as
set of multiprogramming
instructions in
parallel is known
as
multiprocessing
The number of The number of CPU
CPU is more than is one
one
It takes less time It takes more time
for job to process the job.
processing.
In this, more In this, one process
than one process can be executed at
can be executed a time
at a time.

It is economical. It is economical.

The number of The number of

users is can be users is one at a
one or more than time
one
Throughput is Throughput is les
maximum
Its efficiency is Its efficiency is Less
maximum

8. In a tabular form, differentiate Batch OS and Time sharing OS and multiprogramming.

Batch OS Time Sharing OS Multiprogramming

A batch operating system is an Time Sharing is the logical Multiprogramming operating
operating system in which same extension of multiprogramming, system allows to execute
type of processes are batched in this time sharing Operating multiple processes by
together for execution. Its a system many users/processes monitoring their process states
 relatively faster system than
traditional system
In this set of jobs with similar
needs are batched together and
inputted to the computer for
execution.
processing allows multiple
programs to execute with
minimum human interaction
In batch processing grouping of
several processing jobs to be
executed one after another by a
computer without any use
are allocated with computer
resources in respective time
slots.
Processors time is shared with
multiple users that’s why it is
called as time sharing operating
system.
In this process, two or more
users can use a processor in
their terminal.
Time sharing OS has fixed time
slice.
In time sharing OS system,
execution power is taken off
before finishing of execution.
and switching in between
processes
Processor and memory
underutilization problem is
resolved and multiple programs
runs on CPU that’s why it is
called multiprogramming
In this, the process can be
executed by a single processor.
Multi-programming OS has no
fixed time slice
In multi-programming OS
system before finishing a task
the execution power is not
taken off

Batch processing system is
slower in processing.
Here the system works for the
same or less time on each
processes
In time sharing OS system
depends on time to switch
between different processes
System model of time sharing
system is multiple programs and
multiple users
Time sharing system maximizes
response time
Example: Windows NT
Here the system does not take
same time to work on different
processes
In Multiprogramming OS,
system depends on devices to
switch between tasks such I/O
interrupts et
System model of
multiprogramming system is
multiple programs
Multiprogramming system
maximizes response time
Example: Mac OS

9. What are the essential properties of Real Time Operating system?

Answer: Real Time Operating System has essential properties like:

Time Constraints:
Time constraints related with real-time systems simply means that time interval allotted for the
response of the ongoing program. 

Correctness:
Correctness is one of the prominent part of real-time systems.

Embedded:

Embedded system means that combination of hardware and software designed for a specific purpose.
Safety:
Safety is necessary for any system but real-time systems provide critical safety.

Concurrency:
Real-time systems are concurrent that means it can respond to a several number of processes at a time. 

Distributed:
In various real-time systems, all the components of the systems are connected in a distributed way. 

Stability:
Even when the load is very heavy, real-time systems respond in the time constraint i.e. real-time
systems does not delay the result of tasks even when there are several task going on a same time.

 10.What are the essential properties of Distributed Operating system?

Answer: Distributed Operating System has essential properties like Resource sharing, Openness,
Concurrency, Scalability, Fault tolerance, Transparency.
11.A program in execution is called a Process”, “Job” or “Task”.
12.An OS that allows many users to share the computer simultaneously.

Answer: MULTIPROGRAMMED OPERATING SYSTEM

13.It is defined as a data processing system in which each task has a deadline to complete.

Answer: REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM (RTOS)

14.Mislaid deadline is acceptable in this type of RTOS.

Answer: Soft RTOS: In these type of RTOS, missing a deadline is acceptable. For example, Online
Databases. Features of an RTOS.

15.Omitted deadline can have catastrophic affects in this type of RTOS.

Answer: Firm RTOS: These types of RTOS are also required to adhere to the deadlines because missing a
deadline may not cause a catastrophic affect but could cause undesired affects, like a huge reduction in
quality of a product which is highly undesired.

16.The reason why firm RTOS are required to adhere to the deadlines.

Answer: Hard RTOS: These types of RTOS strictly adhere to the deadline associated with the tasks.
Missing on a deadline can have catastrophic affects. The air-bag example we discussed in the beginning
of this article is example of a hard RTOS as missing a deadline there could cause a life.

17.Unwanted effects of Firm RTOS.

Answer; Missing a deadline may not cause a catastrophic affect but could cause undesired affects, like a
huge reduction in quality of a product which is highly undesired.
 LESSON 03

OPERATING SYSTEMS SERVICES

18.Protection OF YOUR SYSTEM is a way of controlling the access of users to the system.

19.Error detection Of the system must be constantly conducted to avoid all possible errors.

20.Identify and explain the typical functions of operating system.

Answer:

RESOURCE ALLOCATION: When multiple users are logged on the system or multiple jobs are running at
the same time, resources must be allocated to each of them. Many different types of resources are
managed by the operating system. Some such as CPU cycles, main memory, and file storage may have
special allocation code, whereas others such as I/O devices may have much more general request and
release code.

ACCOUNTING: Operating system keeps track of which users use how many and which kinds

of computer resources. This record keeping may be used for accounting so that users can be billed or
simply for accumulating usage statistics. Usage statistics may be a valuable tool for researchers who
wish to reconfigure the system to improve computing services.

PROTECTION: Protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled. Security of
the system from outsiders is also important. Such security starts with each user have to authenticate
himself to the system, usually by means of a password, to be allowed access to the resources.

LESSON 04

SYSTEM CALLS

21.Identify the three main types of system calls and write how they perform their task.

Answer: (1) manage the computer's resources, such as the central processing unit, memory, disk drives,
and printers, (2) establish a user interface, and (3) execute and provide services for applications
software.

LESSON 05

WHAT IS KERNEL?

22.____________ is a kernel which run services those are minimal for operating system performance,
other operations are performed by processor.

Answer: Exokernel

23. In __________ kernel all operating system code is in single executable image.

Answer: Monolithic kernels

24.The combination of micro and monolithic kernel is called ____________.

Answer: Hybrid

LESSON 06

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

25. In a tabular form, Compare the Android and iOS architectures and explain each of layers.

Answer:

Andriod IOS
Android 11 iOS 14.1 and
iPadOS 14.1
A lot. Can Limited unless
change almost jailbroken
anything.
Open source Closed, with open
source
components.
Easier than iOS. More difficult.
Using USB port Media files can be
and Android transferred using
File Transfer iTunes desktop
desktop app. app. Photos can be
Photos can be transferred out via
transferred via USB without apps
USB without
apps.
Yes, except on Yes, except on
lockscreen lockscreen
Google Chrome Safari. Any
(other browsers browser app can
are available). be set as default
Any browser but they all use the
app can be set same rendering
as default. Ad engine
blocking is (Safari/Webkit)
supported with behind the scenes.
Firefox. Ad blocking is
supported via
content blockers
like Firefox Focus.
Google Maps Apple Maps
(default). Google
Maps also
available via a
separate app
download, but not
as default.
100+ languages 40 languages
Google Meet FaceTime (Apple
and other 3rd devices only) and
party apps other 3rd party
apps
Google Siri
Assistant
Many phones iPod Touch,
and tablets. iPhone, iPad, Apple
Major TV (2nd and 3rd
manufacturers generation)
such as
Samsung, Oppo,
OnePlus, Vivo,
Honor and
Xiaomi. Android
One devices are
pure Android.
Pixel line of
devices is made
by Google,
using a almost
pure version of
Android
Google iMessage,
Messages. 3rd FaceTime (with
party apps like other Apple
Facebook devices only). 3rd
Messenger, party apps like
WhatsApp, Google Hangouts,
Google Duo, Facebook
Discord and Messenger,
Skype all work WhatsApp, Google
on Android and Duo, Discord and
iOS both. Skype all work on
Android and iOS
both.
Google Play Apple App Store –
Store – 1,000,000+ apps.
2,000,000+ Apps containing
apps. Other app virus very rare or
stores like nonexistent.
Amazon and
Aptoide also
distribute
Android apps.
(".APKs"). Apps
containing virus
rare, but
existing.
Several Apple blocks 3rd
alternative app party app stores.
stores other The phone needs
than the official to be jailbroken if
Google Play you want to
Store. (e.g. download apps
Aptoide, Galaxy from other stores.
Apps)
Many but not Apple batteries are
all Android generally not as big
phone as the largest
manufacturers Android batteries.
equip their However, Apple is
devices with able to squeeze
large batteries decent battery life
with a longer via
life. hardware/software
optimizations.
Kernel (Based The iOS kernel is
on Linux), UI, not open source
and some but is based on the
standard apps open-source
Darwin OS.
(Stock Android Files app, limited
File Manager and less useful (iOS
included on 12).
devices running
Android 7.1.1
Apps available Up to 5 GB of
for automatic photos and videos
backup of can be
photos and automatically back
videos. Google up with iCloud,
Photos allows more paid iCloud
unlimited storage available
backup of via subscription. All
photos at a other vendors like
compressed Google, Amazon,
quality. Dropbox, Flickr and
OneDrive, Microsoft have
Amazon Photos auto-backup apps
and Dropbox for both iOS and
are other Android.
alternatives
Monthly Occasional security
security updates. Security
updates. threats rare,
Android because iOS is
software locked and
patches are downloading apps
available out of the App
soonest to Pixel Store is
device users. complicated.
Manufacturers
tend to lag
behind in
pushing out
these updates.
So at any given
time a vast
majority of
Android devices
are running
outdated OS
software.
Access and Complete control
complete over your device is
control over not available.
your device is
available and
you can unlock
the bootloader
Native Native integration
integration with with iCloud. 5GB
Google Drive free, 50GB for
storage. 15GB $1/mo, 200GB for
free, $2/mo for $3/mo, 1TB for
100GB, 1TB for $10/mo. Apps
$10. Apps available for
available for Google Drive and
Amazon Photos, Google Photos,
OneDrive Amazon Photos,
and Dropbox OneDrive
and Dropbox.
Fingerprint Fingerprint or Face
and/or Face Authentication.
Authentication. Touch ID available
Availability on iPhone (5s and
depends on later) and iPad (Air
manufacturer's 2 and later) but
hardware not on iPhone X or
 later. Face ID
available on
iPhone X and later,
replacing Touch ID
Linux OS X, UNIX
Some current None on iPhone 7
Android and later, lighting
smartphones to 3.5mm no
and many don't longer comes with
phone after iPhone
XS