3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I

3 Fluid Statics
(Supplement)

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-1

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.1 Centroid
S3.2 Second Moment of Area
S3.3 Parallel Axis Theorem
S3.4 Equivalent System of Forces
S3.5 Projection
S3.6 Supplement to Example 3.5
S3.7 Center of Gravity

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-2

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.1 Centroid
• Centroid  geometric center

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-3

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.1 Centroid
• Location of centroid: (xC, yC) or  x , y 

 xdA
xC  x  A
A

 ydA
yC  y  A
A
• First moment of area A about x-axis   ydA
A
• First moment of area A about y-axis   xdA
A

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-4

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.1 Centroid
• Centroid C  geometric center

• Plane surface balances horizontally when supported at

its centroid C
• Centroid passes through any axis of symmetry of body
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-5
 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.1 Centroid
• Determination of centroid C (‘O’ Level Physics):

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-6

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.2 Second Moment of Area
• Second moment of area A about x-axis passing through
2
O  I xx,O  y dA 
A

• Second moment of area A about y-axis passing through

O  I yy ,O  x 2 dA
A

• Ixx,O and Iyy,O are always positive, since dA is always

considered to be positive

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-7

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.2 Second Moment of Area
• Second moment about the centroidal axes (axes passing
through the centroid) often evaluated and tabulated for
common areas  Ixx,C and Iyy,C

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-8

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.2 Second Moment of Area
Example:
• Second moment of area of rectangle about y-axis
passing through centroid C:
I yy ,C   x 2 dA
A
dA  Ldx
B2
I yy ,C   x 2 Ldx
B 2

x 3 B 2
 L 
 3   B 2

LB3

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 12 S3-9
 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.2 Second Moment of Area
• Similarly, by interchanging L and B, second moment of
area of rectangle about x-axis passing through centroid
C:
BL3
I xx,C 
12

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-10

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.2 Second Moment of Area
• Second moment of area is a measure of how an area A
is distributed about an axis of interest
• For two shapes with the same area, second moment of
area about an axis through centroid is a measure of how
sparse the area is distributed about the axis
• Consider two rectangles with the same area:

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-11

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.2 Second Moment of Area
A1  A2
 B1L1  B2 L2
• Recall: I yy ,C   x 2 dA
A
B3 L
• For a rectangle, I yy ,C 
12
B13 L1 B23 L2
 1

I yy ,C 
12
 
I yy ,C 
2 12


 B1L1  B12  B2 L2  B22

12 12
• Since B1 < B2 and B1 L1  B2 L2 ,

 I yy,C 1   I yy,C 2 S3-12

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I
 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.3 Parallel Axis Theorem

• C is centroid of area A
• Location of centroid C (with reference to Ox and Oy) is
(xC, yC) or  x , y 
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-13
 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.3 Parallel Axis Theorem
Parallel Axis Theorem:
Second moment of area about an axis not passing
through the centroid is equal to the second moment of
area about a parallel axis passing through the centroid
plus a term consisting of the area A multiplied by the
distance between the two axes squared.

• In equation,

I xx,O  I xx,C  yC2 A

I yy ,O  I yy ,C  xC2 A

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-14

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.4 Equivalent System of Forces

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-15

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.4 Equivalent System of Forces
• Equating forces:
FR  F1  F2  F3

• Equating moments about O:

FR xR  F1x1  F2 x2  F3 x3
F1x1  F2 x2  F3 x3
xR 
FR
F1x1  F2 x2  F3 x3
xR 
F1  F2  F3

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-16

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.5 Projection
• Projection is a protocol used in technical drawing by which an
image of a three-dimensional object is projected onto a
planar surface
• If straight lines are drawn from the various points on the
contour of an object to meet a plane, the figure obtained on
the plane is called the projection of the object on that plane

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-17

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.6 Supplement to Example 3.5
• Elemental area dA:
dA  rds
• Area bounded by
curve, s = s0 and s-
axis: 1
s0 s0
 s 2
A  rds     r0 ds
 s0 
0 0
s0
 3 
r0  2s 2 
  
s1/
0
2
 3 
  0
2
http://www.efunda.com/math/areas/ParabolicHalf.cfm
 r0 s0
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 3 S3-18
 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.6 Supplement to Example 3.5
• Taking moments about
the s-axis:
ArC   rdA
A
where
dA   s0  s  dr
• Hence,
r0
ArC   r  s0  s dr
0
r0  r 
2
  r s0  s0   dr

  r0  
0  
r
 r 2 20
s0 r
  s0  
2
 2 r0 4  0 S3-19
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I
 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.6 Supplement to Example 3.5
r02 s0
ArC 
4
2
• Since A  r0 s0 ,
3
2 r02 s0
r0 s0 rC 
3 4
3r0
rC 
8
http://www.efunda.com/math/areas/ParabolicHalf.cfm

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-20

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.7 Center of Gravity
• Center of mass or center of gravity (CG) of a body is the
point through which the mass of the body effectively acts

 xdM  xdV
xCG  M V
M M

 ydM  y dV
yCG  M V
M M

 zdM  z dV
zCG  M V
M M
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-21
 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.7 Center of Gravity
• For a body of uniform density, center of gravity (CG)
coincides with centroid (C)
• Example: Rectangular body of non-uniform density:

Take width
of block into
plane of
paper to be
unity

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-22

 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.7 Center of Gravity
L 3L
yC1  yC 2 
4 4
L  L 
M1  1  B  M 2   2  B 
2  2 
L   L  BL
M  M1  M 2  1  B   2  B    1  2 
2  2  2
yCG M  yC1M1  yC 2 M 2
BL L  L  3L  L 
yCG  1  2   1  B   2  B 
2 4 2  4 2 
 1   
 3
L  1  3 2  L   2  L 2 
yCG        1 
1 

4  1   2  4  1  1  4  1 
   2 
TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I  2   S3-23
 3 Fluid Statics (Supplement)
S3.7 Center of Gravity
• Centroid of body lies at y = L/2

• If 1   2 , yCG  L 2  CG coincides with centroid

• If 1   2 , yCG  L 2  CG lies below centroid

• If 1   2 , yCG  L 2  CG lies above centroid

• If 1 >> 2 , yCG  L 4

• If 1 << 2 , yCG  3L 4

TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I S3-24