Module 2 Charts and Diagrams

Discussion Questions
1. What does a Pareto Chart show us?
 Pareto charts show the ordered frequency counts of data
2. What characteristics of a Pareto Chart do you know?
 It is a simple calculation technique.
 Analyze the characteristics of a group and recognize the most important points within it to give
them priority.
 Observe the elements and concentrate efforts towards a goal.
 It allows you to make objective decisions based on data and not on personal opinions.
 Analyze the elements and frequency of occurrence of each data.
3. What should we make to determine the problem categories?
 Identify and list problems; identify the root cause of each problem; score problems; group problems
together; add up scores for each group; take action.
4. Give other terms for a Cause and Effect Diagram (CE Diagram).
 Fishbone diagram and Ishikawa diagram
5. List the common categories of the effect diagram.
 People; materials; methods and machines
6. What are the four “M’s” of a Cause and Effect Diagram?
 material, machinery, manpower, and methods.
7. What is the purpose of a histogram?
 The purpose of a histogram (Chambers) is to graphically summarize the distribution of a univariate
data set.
8. List the most common characteristics of histograms.
 They are useful for distributing information
 have no standard shape
 They allow you to move forward in time
 Show and describe the data
 They look for solutions
9. Which shapes of histograms do you know?
 Bell-shaped
 Bimodal
 Skewed right
 Skewed left
 Uniform
  Random
10. What shape of histogram is used for comparing your performance among others?
 Bimodal
11. How many measures of central tendency do you know?
 Mode, median, mean.
12. How can we calculate the mean?
 Find the sum of the values by adding them all up. Divide the sum by the number of values in the
data set.
13. What is the median?
 the median value of a range of values.
14. What is the mode?
 The mode is the number in a set of numbers that appears the most often.
15. What is the dispersion?
 Dispersion refers to a statistical measure of the range of potential outcomes for an investment based
on its historical volatility or returns.
16. What is the standard deviation?
 The standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values.

Problems
1. Use Pareto analysis to investigate the following data collected on a printed-circuit-board
assembly line.
a) Prepare a graph of the data.

b) What conclusions do you reach?

It can be concluded that misplaced transistors are the main defect of the assembly line, since they represent
more than 80% of the defects on the line.
Table 1 – Defect on a printed-circuit-board assembly line
Number of Defect
Defect
Occurrences
Wrong component 217
Components not adhering 146
Excess adhesive 64
Misplaced transistors 600
Defective board dimension 143
Mounting holes improperly
14
positioned
Circuitry problems on final
92
test
2. Draw a fish-bone chart detailing reasons why bolt might not be correctly matched to a nut
on an assembly line.

Machine
Materials
Broken machine
Wrong bolt
Old machine
Inadequate bolt bolt might not
be correctly
matched to a
nut
on an
Methods assembly line
Man power
Incorrect use of
No experience
instructions
Stress
Use uncompatible pieces

3. Draw a fish-bone chart showing why a typist produced a document with numerous errors.
 Materials Machine
Bad keyboard Factory bug
No enough ink Broken machine typist
produced a
document
with
numerous
Man power Method errors
Tiredness Write too fast

Not enough experience Incorrect use of instructions

4. Investigate the following data collected on students’ grades (tables 2 and 3). Divide the
data into groups, ranging from the lowest grades to the highest ones. Calculate the mean.
Graph the sample on the histogram. Calculate the median, the mode, the dispersion and
standard deviation. Compare Class A and Class B. Draw a conclusion.
Table 2 – Managerial Economics Quiz. Class A
No Name Time Grade/100,00
1 Ekaterina Vladimirovna 28 min 44 sec. 71,67
2 Bashir Kamaludinovich 29 min 59 sec. 71,67
3 Irina Petrovna 27 min 45 sec. 53,33
4 Viktorija Valerevna 30 min 76,67
5 Anastasija Alekseevna 22 min 58 sec. 74,44
6 Alena Sergeevna 26 min 41 sec. 85
7 Alan Vadimovich 30 min 50
8 Aleksandr Vitalevich 20 min 17 sec. 86,11
9 Evgenija Aleksandrovna 30 min 62,5
10 Maksim Igorevich 28 min 6 sec. 70
11 Tatjana Alekseevna 26 min 10 sec. 83,33
12 Lamara Badrievna 22 min 35 sec. 71,67
13 Viktor Petrovich 14 min 47 sec. 78,33
14 Aleksej Evgenevich 20 min 42 sec. 81,67
15 Dmitrij Olegovich 30 min 61,67
 16 Alina Muhamedovna 15 min 33 sec. 68,33
17 Galina Vladimirovna 29 min 36 sec. 75
18 Anastasija Vladimirovna 17 min 34 sec. 56,67
19 Ekaterina Vadimovna 30 min 1 sec. 62,78
20 Darja Valerevna 30 min 2 sec. 36,67
21 Zaur Husejnovich 30 min 80
22 Alina Alekseevna 30 min 1 sec. 60,56
23 Oleg Igorevich 23 min 40 sec. 61,67
24 Kristina Leonidovna 30 min 60
25 Olga Valerevna 23 min 3 sec. 72,78
26 Artur Sanvelovich 30 min 68,33
27 Ilja Viktorovich 26 min 31 sec. 66,67
28 Tatjana Andreevna 30 min 1 sec. 56,67
29 Aleksandr Sergeevich 30 min 1 sec. 50
30 Mihail Vladimirovich 28 min 58 sec. 55
Table 3 – Managerial Economics Quiz. Class B
No Name Time Grade/100,00
1 Elena Igorevna 23 min. 4 sec. 90,00
2 Ivan Ivanovich 27 min. 47 sec. 64,00
3 Marija Mohammed 9 min. 11 sec. 52,00
4 Anna Andreevna 39 min. 27 sec. 71,00
5 Arminje Araikovna 34 min. 2 sec. 68,00
6 Anna Nikolaevna 39 min. 32 sec. 76,00
7 Marat Gagikovich 16 min. 9 sec. 84,00
8 Ekaterina Petrovna 37 min. 16 sec. 90,00
9 Roman Sergeevich 40 min. 90,00

No Name Time Grade/100,00

10 Ekaterina Konstantinovna 35 min. 34 sec. 68,00
11 Anton Sergeevich 38 min. 37 sec. 74,00
12 Ekaterina Konstantinovna 28 min. 20 sec. 58,00
13 Elena Nikolaevna 33 min. 15 sec. 44,00
14 Ekaterina Sergeevna 20 min. 12 sec. 40,00
15 Karlen Karenovich 38 min. 25 sec. 70,00
16 Irina Vladimirovna 12 min. 55 sec. 82,00
17 Sergej Alekseevich 8 min. 24 sec. 82,00
18 Valerija Valer'evna 27 min. 56 sec. 58,00
19 Kristina Olegovna 34 min. 1 sec. 58,00
20 Narina Vladimirovna 25 min. 50 sec. 74,00
21 Jeleonora Arturovna 10 min. 23 sec. 48,00
22 Dar'ja Sergeevna 37 min. 33 sec. 53,67
23 Jeleonora Arturovna 7 min. 42 sec. 45,00
24 Valerija Valer'evna 36 min. 53 sec. 56,00
25 Dar'ja Sergeevna 16 min. 14 sec. 43,00
26 Diana Vladimirovna 40 min. 62,00
27 Igor' Nikolaevich 35 min. 21 sec. 62,00
28 Anastasija Andreevna 25 min. 57 sec. 82,00
29 Ekaterina Sergeevna 17 min. 52 sec. 38,00
30 Oksana Dmitrievna 31 min. 2 sec. 86,00
31 Elizaveta Vladilenovna 26 min. 16 sec. 59,00
32 Viktorija Jur'evna 26 min. 46 sec. 46,33
33 Dmitrij Sergeevich 40 min. 52,00
34 Irina Vladimirovna 16 min. 53 sec. 90,00
35 Sergej Alekseevich 10 min. 12 sec. 86,00
36 Ivan Sergeevich 13 min. 2 sec. 88,00
37 Susanna Sasunovna 16 min. 37 sec. 64,00
38 Oganes Vital'evich 19 min. 11 sec. 70,00
39 Levan Davidovich 15 min. 42 sec. 92,00
40 Artem Artemovich 39 min. 56 sec. 62,00
41 Dmitrij Mihajlovich 39 min. 57 sec. 68,00
42 Dmitrij Sergeevich 39 min. 25 sec. 58,00
43 Elena Nikolaevna 32 min. 1 sec. 56,00
44 Sergej Aleksandrovich 37 min. 2 sec. 46,00
45 Aleksandr Viktorovich 25 min. 55 sec. 64,00
46 Narina Vladimirovna 33 min. 45 sec. 74,00
47 Marat Gagikovich 8 min. 42 sec. 88,00
48 Irina Nikolaevna 36 min. 59 sec. 46,00
49 Anna Nikolaevna 40 min. 1 sec. 66,00
50 Karlen Karenovich 28 min. 57 sec. 88,00
51 Artem Vladimirovich 35 min. 36 sec. 81,00
52 Vladislav Viktorovich 12 min. 4 sec. 90,00
53 Sergej Aleksandrovich 40 min. 1 sec. 60,00
54 Susanna Sasunovna 15 min. 47 sec. 96,00
55 Kristina Olegovna 32 min. 13 sec. 56,00
56 Vladislav Sergeevich 16 min. 7 sec. 58,00
57 Dmitrij Mihajlovich 33 min. 6 sec. 64,00
58 Anastasija Gennad'evna 21 min. 2 sec. 61,00

No Name Time Grade/100,00

59 Vitalij Olegovich 9 min. 42 sec. 46,00
60 Vitalij Olegovich 2 min. 48 sec. 45,00
61 Vladislav Sergeevich 12 min. 50 sec. 62,00
62 Artem Vladimirovich 11 min. 17 sec. 64,00
63 Mihail Vladimirovich 10 min. 26 sec. 44,00
64 Julija Maksimovna 18 min. 27 sec. 88,00
65 Grigoris Revazovich 9 min. 11 sec. 86,00
66 Tat'jana Aleksandrovna 14 min. 9 sec. 47,67
67 Natalija Aleksandrovna 40 min. 1 sec. 71,67
68 Artem Vital'evich 7 min. 46 sec. 34,00

  Class A Class B
Mean 66,97 65,98
Mode 71,67 90
Median 68,33 64
Dispersion 138,63 265,22
Std. deviation 11,77 16,29
Max. 86,11 96
Min. 36,7 34
Range 49,44 62
  5,9218 7,0876
  6,0 8,0
Range interval 8,2400 7,7500

Class A Class B
Low High Low High
36,7 44,91 34 41,75
44,9 53,15 41,75 49,50
53,2 61,39 49,50 57,25
61,4 69,63 57,25 65,00
69,6 77,87 65,00 72,75
77,9 86,11 72,75 80,50
    80,50 88,25
    88,25 96,00

Class A
N Group interval Frequency %
1 36,67-44,91 1 3%
2 44,91-53,15 2 7%
3 53,15-61,39 6 0,2
4 61,39-69,63 7 23%
5 69,63-77,87 8 27%
6 77,87-86,11 6 20%
  Total 30 100%

Class B
N Group interval Frecuency %
1 34-41,75 3 4%
2 41,75-49,5 11 16%
3 49,5-57,25 6 9%
4 57,25-65 17 25%
5 65-72,75 8 12%
6 72,75-80,5 4 6%
7 80,5-88,25 12 18%
8 88,25-96 7 10%
  Total 68 100%