SYSTAX OF TEE SENTENCES IN ISATAFJ40-66.

BY ALOIS
BARTA,
The IJniversity of Chicago.

The summaries in the following pages represent in part the

results of a systematic study of the syntax of sentences in Isaiah,
chaps. 4Q-66. My object was to investigate the different kinds
of sentences and classify the results. This was done without
reference to the literary and critical problems connected with
the book.
The purpose of the tables is twofold: firstSto present some
of the more interesting stylistic and syntactical characteristics of
these chapters; second, to show their bearing on the question of
the unity of the book. Syntax may not be the strongest argument
in a discussion of literary authorship; it has nevertheless at least
as much weight, if not more than enumeration of words and
phrases. For it has been correctly observed that syntax indicates
more clearly a writer's method of thinking than does his choice
of words and phrases.
The division of the book adopted is due chiefly to recent dis-
cussions of the problems connected therewith. Stade,l Cornill2
et at. doubt that chaps. 63-66 come in their present form from
the author of chaps. 40-62; Duhm,3 Marti4 et at. assign chaps.
56-66 to a different writer. This suggested the division into
chaps. 40-55 56-62, 63-66. The first section was subdivided
into chaps. 40-48, 49-55 not only because 40-48 form a uniform
and closely unified series of prophetic discourses, but also for the
sake of convenience in comparisons. Two classes of passageis,
which required special notice, have been separated from the rest
of the book: first, the Ebed Yahweh passages (42: I-4; 49 :I-6;
50:4-9; 52:13- 53:12); then two passages on the foolishness
of idolatry, which are treated as glosses by Duhm (44:9-20;
46:6-8). It is impossible in this connection to take up all the
other alleged glosses of minor importance. The diSerent sections
1 Geschichte des Volkes Israel, II, p. 70,note. 3Das Bxch Je.saia, p. iii.
2 Einleitung in das Alte Testament3, p. 161. 4 Ibid., pp. 361sq.
22
 (1)
(3) repetition
person
nouns 13 .......................
- 3 .......................
4 ....................... 4 1 ..12 1 1.. .. .. .... .. .... 1785

SYNTAX
OF THESENTENCES
IN ISAIAE40-66 23

are indicatedby the following letters: A = chaps.40-48; B-

49-55; C = 56-62; D = 63-66; E = the Ebed Yahweh pas-
sages; I = the two passageson idol-worsllip.
A discussion of the syntactical features of doubtful and
difficultpassages is impossiblein the brief space allowed,and
inconvenientbecauseit would seriouslyinterferewith the unity
of presentation. Ntoteson special passageshave been reserved
for future publication. As my purpose was to classify the
material presented by our present Hebrew text, only those
textual changes have been made which were demanded by
syntax.
t. TableI. showshowthe pronominal subject(bothof nominal
and verbalsentences)is strengthenedeither by repetition,e. g.,
43:25, or by an apposition(pronounof the third person,e. g.,
41:4B,or a noun,e. g., 41:4¢y).

I. INDEPENDENT PRONOUNS AS SUBJECTS.

A B C D E I Total

Strengthened by
(2) the pl onoun of the third

Remark1. - -Usuallythe pro:noun is in the first person,and

God the logical subject; the nomitlalappositionsare as a rule
divine names. This is due to the controversialstyle of the
earliestchapters,whereYahwehis so often introducedas speaker
and his uniquenessand powercontrastedwith the nothingnessof
heathenidols.
Rewsbrk2.--Some of the cases under (2) in the table are
doubtful. In somecases the pronounof the third person might
be perhapstreatedas a copula(e. g, 43:25a; 46:4a; 51:12a, 19x,
etc.). This positionis strenuouslydefended by Onthe l6nig.5

otherhand,Kautzschdenies eveil that ;n3;:in 51:19a is a copula

and translatesit "illa."6 In some casesSe. g., 43:10, 13, etc., the
pronounis explainedas predicateby Davidson;7 this is most
probablythe casein 48: 12.7 The materialin Isaiah,chaps.40-66,
is hardlysufficientto decidethe question,hut it seemsto me that
5 Syntax, § 338h. 6 Gesenius-Kautzsch, § 122q. 7 Syntax, §106, rem. 2.
3. Verbal
(d)
Subject-predicate
(a)
(c) aan
aapposition
preposition
noun
adjective
.......................
.......................
.......................
.......................
....................... 24 129
..44....
19..3 116
1 4....10
2..18.. ....] 14
73
346

24 HEBRAICA

most of the cases can be explained as pronominal appositions.

The pronoun of the third person as a copula is very rare in these
chapters.
II. ORDER OF WORDS IN THE NOMINAL SENTEN'CES
(SIMPLE PROPO£tITION) .

A B C D E I Total

1. Regular:

2. Inverted (pred.-subj.), the

predicate being
(b) a participle .......................3 2 .. .. .. .. 5

11 10 2 4 3 .. 29

2. In the verbal sentences only a few peculiaritiesof the

predicatehavebeen noticed:
(a) Verbalappositionin 47:1b,85b;852:1b.
(b) Infinitive absolutefor a finiteverb,42:2 (lit. perfect),
20b,922,8;1°59:4b (four times), 13 (sis times).
(c) ,2sU and participlefor a perfect,59:2a, 15a, ,B.
Remark1. The text of 44:14a, wherean infinitiveconstruct
is used independentlyS is undoubtedlycorrupt. The infinitive
cannot be connected with anything that precedes or follows.
Either a finiteverbis fallen out beforeit (Dillmann: ti57D)or it
is an errorfor bil: (Duhm et al.). (?f.Dillmann,ad loc.
Remark2. The predicateis wanting,e. g., 42:19 X 43: 2<y,
but easily suppliedfromthe context; absenceof the predicateis
an evidence of a corruptionin the text in 44:12a; 49:19a;
66:18a.
III. SOME USAGES OF THE VERBAL PREDICATE.

A B C D E I Total

1. Infinitive absolute ....

.......................
2 10 1 .. 13
2. t18r1+ partic. (-rerb. fin.) .......................
.. .... 3 .. .. 3

8 Second fem. sing. continued by third plur. masc. (indefinite for passive).
9 Cf. Marti, ad loc.; Gesenius-Eautzsch, § 113z. Duhm's change of the text is not
nece6sary.
l°The text sery doubtful. Cf. commentaries, ad loc. (Even R. V., "They are all Of
them snared in holes").
 becauseof
ernphasis
chiastn
chiasm
emphasis ......................
..................
......................
chiasm
......................
.......................
......................
..................
..... ......................
* 2 ........ 11 45
...
..18
131215
17
44..
318
..13 529
..220
13110
11
..1325
21..2..1414
..11
..2......5....63..1..4..130
67
39
10
44
111517 +

40-66
IN ISAIAH
OFTHESENTENCES
SYNTAX 25
IN SIMPLE
OFWORDS
IV. ORDER PROPOSITIONS.
VERBAL
A B C D E I Total

1. Regular ...................... 156 52 77 67 27 39 418

2. Predicates etc.: 1l
on accountof emphasis. . 38 5 30 8 .. 3 84
3. Subject, etc.:

4. Object, etc.:

5. Adverb, ete.:

6. Preposition, etc.:

7. Pred. nom.7 ete.:

3. In counection with the copulation of the sentences I have

observed the following peculiarities in the tenses of the verb:
(a) In some cases 1 simple and the perfect are used to continue
a perfect, where we would expect as a rule n consecutive and the
imperfect e. g., 40:12fy, 8; 41:4a; 43:12 (twice), 14b; 48:16b;
55 10e; 55:10¢; 44:15a, b.
(b) Sometimes 8 simple and the imperfect occur instead of
the consecutive 1 with the imperfect. This seems to be due to the
desire of an editor or copyist to transform a statement concern-
ing the past into a prediction. The text ought to be changed
undoubtedly to read 8 collsecutive?lS 41: 5a; 42: 6avl3 43 - 9(x 28a;
48 :1,8; 49: 5b; 51: 28; 57: 17a; 63: 3fy, 8 eX5a, ,S, 6a , ry
(c) There are a few cases where 1 simple (separated from the
verb) is used for n consecutive with the imperfect,14 e. g., 40: 18,8
24b; 44:24b( ?); 45:13,8i 49.138( ?); 44:14b, 18,S, 19a( ?),
20(?); 41:258.
Remark 1.-Changes of the order of words due to chiasm are
very commoll in Isaiah chaps. 40-66.
Remark 2.-Contraction of sentences (about eighty cases, if
we count only those in which two or more parts of the contracted
sentences are different) is most common in the early chapters, and
is due to their poetic form.
IJsually with slight modifications of the regular order.
12Cf. Gesenius-KauUsch, §107b7 note; K6nig,.§ 38Bt,and commentaries, ad aoG.

13Parallel with a perfect. l Cf. Konig, § 366.

c. :7:
TS
t19 Asyedetic
Asyndetic
posit
:....................
or.......
8 159......................
35 ......................
......................
iR ...4 .. 18
3 1..3 ..55
...1127443..1.42
2 14
..2.... ..20
..6 364
17
24
12
85

26 HEBRAICA

Remark 3.-A positive statement is restated in negative

terms, or v-iceversa, e. g., 41:98; 42:16b, 24b, etc. Very often
this form is used to make more emphatic statements concerning
the uniqueness of Yahweh, e. g., 43:11; 44:6b, 8b, etc.
Remark 4.-Questions (usually rhetorical) continue some-
times simple positive or negative propositions, or vice versa
(syndetically), e. g., 43:9, 13b; 44:7a, 8b; 45:9b; 48:6a, etc.

OF SENTENCES.
V. GROUPING
A B C D E I TOta1
a. Chiasm 40 17
...................... 21 14 .. .. 9R
b.l5(1)16 Syndetic 133 71
...................... 112 86 17 27 446
(2)17Syndetic 83 30
...................... 50 27 25 2 217
A syndetic . *31 18
...................... 15 6 6 1 77
(3)18Syndetic 18 11
...................... 15 16 5 3 68
(4) Posit.-negat. or negat.-
The same referring to
Yahwehs uniq ueness 10 .. ... .. .. .. 10

:5 or t::l 6 .. 2 3 .. .. 11

iS 1 1 ... .. .. .. 2
3. or :s s3 ... . 3 2 .. .. 5

4. Both the imperative and the jussive are used quite fre-
quently to make the style more vivid. The diflerent sections are
often introduced by a command to the prophet to preach, or to
the audience (frequently imaginary) to listen. Persons, nations,
lands etc., are addressed directly, as if the prophet (or his God)
spake to them; coming events are represented as due to imme-
diate columandsof Yahweh, etc.
P¢emark1.-Sometimes (when absent persons or poetic per-
sonifications are addressed) (a) the imperative passes into a
jussive-usually of the third person-4l: 1 a( ?) ,l9 22a; 45: ttb
(jussive of second person), 2la; (b) the jussive is followed by
an imperative, 41:22.
15 Syndesis and asyndesis t6 Progressive. 17Synonymous- 18Contrast.
l9Text doubtful; n: mmbnmost probably dittography from 40:31a (Duhm et al.
following Lagarde?. Dillmann's explanation, "strength is needed for controversy with
Yahweh," is weak. Such an idea is never even suggeste{ in the numerous controversial
passages in 2 Isaiah. The phrase is out of place in the contelct.
5. to
4.
3.
2. Xbin
section
description
b^.1tS
tlp 18.................
.......................
.......................... 12 .......................
2 2.......................... ..1 .. ..2 1....8 ..5.. 111.. ..31.... ........ ....1..1 29
19
3621

SYNTAX IN ISAIAH40-66
OF TI3:ESENTENCES 27

Remar7¢2. The rhetorical uses of the imperative and the

jussive may be roughly divided into the following four classes:
(a) introducing a new strophe or section (usually verbs of
speaking and hearing), e. g., 40: 1, 14; 41: t; 42: 18; 44: 1, 2t, etc.;
(b) adding color or emphasis to a description, e. g. 40:4, 9;
41: t, 21; 44:1 1 ; 43: 9, 26, etc.;
(c) ironical, 47: 12 sq.; 57: 13 ;20
(d) making statements concerning the future more vivid and
more emphatic, or representing them as due to direct commands
of Yahweh, e. g., 43: 6, 8, 22a; 44: 26, 28; 47:1 sqq., 5; 48: 20;
50:t, etc.
Remark 3. The cohortative is not very frequent; it occurs
in41:18; 43:26a; 50:2b, 8,B; 56:12a (twice); 59:10a,,B. Inthe
last passage it is used to exE?ressan obligation, " We must . . . . ."
VI. RHETORICAL USES OF THE IMPERATIVE AND JUSSIVE.

A B (: D E | I Total

1. Introducing a strophe or
2. Adding color -(oremphasis)
3. Ironical 1 .......................
.. 1 .. .. .. 2
4. =Emphat.orvivid future. 8 7 2 2 .. .. 19

VII. EXCLAMATORY PARTICLES AND NOUNS.

A B (: D E I Total

1. ;n3.r1 9 5 6 11 1 .. 32
7n 5 7 -
4 2 3 1 22
Total 14 12 10 13 4 1 64

, . T

VIII. OATHS AND OPTATIVE SENTENCES.

1. Oaths ....................
2. Optativesentences........
20If the text is correct. 21:9 rl (Yahnveh).. ,
22Imperfect + :1 *
23Nominal sentence without special indication. 24mi + perfect.
2.2827Somewith
3.29
1 ;*1
^25 gi;b1 X,
....
.... ;nt
.... ,8, ..................
* ........
,,
, .1 * .... 1241 1..1 l [1?]
12 1 1 ..2.. 4. ....1. 15
17
73

28 HEBRAICA

b. Few peculiaritieshavesbeen found in interrogativesen-

tences. The followingpoints may be noticed here:
(a) 44: 19¢,v ;2563 . 15^y;64:4826areprobablyquestionswith--
out specialindicationof their interrogativecharacter. They may
have been indicated by the tone of the speaker'svoice; in the
absenceof that criteriontheir charac;teris doubtfuland to be
decidedchiefly by their context.
(b) The membersof a double question are synonymousin
66: 8,8 ty (UT+ t:lS) S 49: 24a-b (^ + :s: ); 40: 28a-X3 (sif s +
Si :s); the second is the restatementof the first in negative
terms in 50: 28-e (^ + 3^S 028), and vice versa in 66: 9a-b
(Sb t + :s8)
. .

IX. SOME RHETO:RICAL USES OF THE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE.

A B C D E I Total

4.3°Form various 5 .. .. 1 .. .. 6
5.31 44 " 6 4 1 8 .. 4 23

. (c) The use of interrogativesentencesis mostly rhetorical.

Hence an ansxveris rarely given or expectedand the questions
pass easily into positiveor negativeaffirmations.
(a) Interrogativesentenceswith M5;:are used for emphatic
positivestatements,e. g., 40:21; 42:24a; 43:19,d,etc.
() Manyquestionsoccurinsteadof emphaticnegativepropo-
sitions; questionsintroducedby r (all cases in Isaiall chaps.
40-66, e. g., 44:88; 45:9^y;49:15a, etc.), by 3/n (=Nobody
did ... ., e.g., 40:13 sq., 18a, b, 2oa, etc.), by UT',:
( = Nothing.....
45:9^y) S and by * aT32 ( = Noxvhere ...., 50: 1 ,kl).
25Cf. Dillninwnns
ad loc.
a6The te2rti8 doubtful. The sentence 57t1t1:1might be translated " but we shall be
saved ;" but it would not suit the conte2rtas well as a question: 4'Thou (O God) art gracious
to those who keep thy statutes (4e) . But we have sinned against them; can we be saved ?"
(Cf. Revised Version.) The question es;presseswonder and doubt. Recent exegetes emend
the test, suggesting various parallels to scn3n. rn31 of Ewald would be perhaps the
most suitable reading; cf. LXX. fX^4V@dFf V.
27 = Emphati¢ positive statement. 28= Emphatic negative statement. 29= A rebuke.
30Interrogative sentence expressing a nvish,prayer,or command,etc.
31Interrogative senten¢eswith a shade of doubt or wonder.
5.
4.
1. 1sS
7FR+nounorparticiple
Si ++or
iS
Si
DDS imperfect
preposition
noun
perfect
cDR.......................
.......................
............
.......................
.......................
3934 233 ........
........
..6 ..1..29
..1 1..723
..13
..11
* 17
...516
.. ..11
...7.....721.1205316
.. 75

IN ISAIAH
OFTHESENTENCES
SYNTAX 40-66 29
(e) Questionswith ;nE35have the meaning of a rebuke
(40: 27a; 55:2a; 58:3a; except63: 1 7a ?).
(8) Somequestionsexpressa prayer,wish,or command,e. g.,
40:21; 42:23; 43:9¢y,19,B;48:6,8; 63:17a (negative).
(e) Manyof the questionshave a shadeof doubt or wonder,
e. g., 40:21; 40:28; 43:19,8; 44:10a, etc.
Rems4r1c. In the coordinatedsentences,50:2a, ,B; 58:3a, ,8;
66: 9a, b, the second has an interrogativeforce, the first is tem-
poral,32 e. 9., 58:3a, " [When] we fast, why dost thou not see ?"
6. The followingminorpointshavebeen noticedin the nega-
tive sentences:
(a) ?:S is used once with a noun in prohibition,62:6b (52
::5 ^^,^: = " Let there be no peace to you" = " Do not keep
quiet;' cf. vs. 7a: 87:37^: munnbs7).
PARTICLES.
X. THENEGATIVE
A B C D E I Total

Si +noun .. 2 .. 1 4 2 9
Si + preposition ........ 6(5?) 2(+4) .. .. .. .. la
2. im +perfect ....................... 3 .. .. .. .. .. 3
im + imperfect ....................... 1 .. .. .. .. 3 - 4
3. 59 + jussive ........... r* 12 6 4 4 ** ** 26

(b) Sb and tS sometimesform one concept with a nolm,

e. g., 55:2b (Utli Sb tSm:D7:Sb 5 and infillitive construct!);
66:3b (:8U Si = "not good' = "bad"); 40: 29,8 (tltD72s^S =
" weak,"governedby prepositioni5); 59 :10,l3(:^;tY +^S= "blind,"
governedby :) .
(c) ! Sb is used for S5t (" without") in 45:13e; cf. 55: lb;
48: te (fourtimes); the meaningis doubtfulin 48: lOa (Kautzsch-
RysselS33 following the Vulgate, read ;:;'b' S57); likewise 1^R
(47:t) 1^Sn(57:ta; 60:t5a), 1wS: (57:1b).
32Or with a concessive shade of meaning, 58: 3at,#3(?);66: 9a, b(?) .
33Die Eleilige Schrift des Alten Testaments: Te2ktkritische ErlAuterungen, ad IOG.
a. (4) (1)
mined
determined
: (indef.
tS
................
....................
10 ) 15.. 11
2 .. 2 1483.. 4.. 62 ..15 ..12 .. ..1 5314
18
2

30 1EIEBRAICA

(d) l^S and C32 may be strengthenedby CW and preposi-

tional phrases:
(a) C1g, 45:5a, 6^y,14c, 18b, 22b; 46:10,8; 47:8,S,lOb;
(,8) 3XYi:^:with pronominalsuffises,43 :11; 44:68; 45 :6,B
(7) >5lTwith pronominalsuffises,45:5,S,218.
7. 1:heuse of asyndeticrelativesentences34(without relative
particles and pronouns)in Isaiah, chaps. 4066, is large and
free.
P¢emark. Some asyndetic sentences after nouns governed
by: of comparisonseemto be in a transitorystage. It is impos-
sible to decidein everycasewhether: is a prepositionor a con-
junction This seemsto be the case in 53:7e, 8; 61:10e, g^,1 1 a
(not in 62:18; Ct5: is parallel with ;-1>;:);63:14a. It is
noteworthythat in five cases (except53:78; 61:10,8) the nounis
determined,while, as a rule, the antecedentof asyndeticrelative
sentencesis undetermined.
XI. TEE 1lELATIVE SENTENCES.

1. Syndesis (a) and asyndesi.s (b).

A .B C D E I Total

(2) A rticle .. 1(?) 1(?) *- ** *- 2(*}

(3) e 1 T 2 .. .. .. .. .. 2

Total 12 18 12 14 2 1 59
b. (5) A syndetic 31 21 16 11 4 .. 83

2. The clatecedent.

a. Syndetic:
(1) A substant.witharticle .. .. 2 2 .. .. 4
('S)Proper name .................... 4 4 .. .. .. .. 8
(3) A sllbstantive partially
(4) An undeterm. substant. 1 .. 3 4 .. .. 8
b. The anteced't of the asynd.
relatis-e sentence:
(1) An undetermined noun 13 7 10 4 1 1 36
(2) A noun partially deter-
(3) A proper nanae .............*. 3 1 .. .. .. .. 4
(4) A substant. with article .. .. 4 1 1 .. 6
(5) A pronoun .................... .. .. 1 .. 1 .. 2
34Cf. Gest3nius-Kaut$schHebrdzeche Grammatik26, §155d; Reckendorf: Dte syntcakti-
schen Verhaltnisse des Arabischen, 0171.
53:15a,
(4)
(5)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(6) A
An
Gov 12b(
Genitive
A
A
omitted
expressed
expresfied
genit.
genit.
pred.
subject
nd by ?);
after
after
expressed
nomin atemporal
object-accusative
a.......................
.......................
preposit
.......................
3....................... (65:248), concessive
.......................
aconstr
exprefified ....................
constr
....................
.......................
....................
.......................
.................... 41....22432..161....3....32.... 1....1..1..21..22(43:8aS
............................. b),
1....2..3..31..2....2....11........ ..2........ 11
10875432871

SYNTAX IN ISAIAE40-66
OF THESENTENCES 31

II. THE RELATIVE SENTENCES (CONTINUED).

3. The place of the irwdeperzdentre7ative serztenceirz the mairz serwtence.

A B C D E I Total

a. The syndetic:
(1) = the subject 1 3 ..
....................... .. .. .. 4
(2) = a vocative ......................... 1 .. .. .. .. 1
(3) An object (accus.) 2 2 ..
....................... 1 2 1 8
(5) Gov'n'd bya preposit.: 1 1 1 2 .. .. 5
b. The asyndetic relative sen-
tence ifi:
(2) =a socative .................... .. 2 .. .. .. .. 2

4. The retrospective pronoun.

a. In the syndet. rel. sentence:

(1) Afi object }

(3) Gov'Ild by a prepoBit.:

b. In asyndet. rel. sentences:

(1) Afi object-

(2) As genitive suffis es-

pressed ....................... 3 1 2 .. .. .. 6
(3) Gov'n'd hy a preposit.:

8. The circumstantialsentencespresenthardlyany peculiari-

ties. Theymayhavevariousshadesof meaning: causal,41:24h;

etc.; but there is nothing unusual in their usage in Isaiah

chaps. 40-66.
9. The stlbjectand objectclausesare
(cz) asyndetic,42:21,8; 48:8z,
(b) introducedby 33, e. g., 41: 23,B; 43: 108; 45: 23e;
50:73, et¢.;
(c) infinitive clauses, e. g. 42: 24; 47: ll,B, ey; 50: 4,B;
61:13e, etc.
3.
2.
4. 8t937
1. Infin.
Total
757n
With
:Infinitive
18with
constluct
......................
:z)
......................
19-preposition
......
......................
with construct
i 1\......................
......................
* ...........................
A ..... 7 15.... 32
2 5..32
625....26
1 215
..3B18
..1(8....1D2..1E32..2I.. 13
93
23
99426
Total

32 EEBRAICA

Remark. Verbal appositiontakes the place of an object

clauseafter ^C 47:1b, 5b; 52:1b;35after ;tSm, 53:11a.36 The
first case is remarkable;the g}verning verb is sec}nd pers}n
sing. fem., bllt the app}sitionis third personplur. masc. (indefi-
nite for an-impossiblepassive).
XII. SUBJECT AND OBJECT CLAUSES.

A B C D E I Total

1. Independent 2 .. .. .. .. .. 2

XIII. GAUSALSENTENCES.

InISnitivesvith preposition . . . 1 .. *- [1P] * *- 1

Remark1.-Simple paratasis for a causal sentence is found,

e. g., 48:21R.
Remark2.-In 65: 12e, B; 66: 4y 8 two coordinatedsentences
are introduced by the causal conjunction,which properly belongs
to the second-the first in the place of a temporal sentence.
Similar is the case of comparisons where the conjunction pre-
cedes the protasis, the apodosis being a causal sentence, 55:9,
lOsq.; 61:11; 62:5a,,8; 66:22 (cf. 44:3).
Remar7c3. In some passages the causal sentence d}es not
give the cause of the statement immediately preceding, but rather
of a sectio1las a whole in a general way. This is true especially
of , ,:r"i'S , s:3^:: when introducing a new section, e. g., 45:1 8a;
52:3a, 4a; 57:15a; not in 56:4a; 66:12a, where , ¢ng;' -1:S , ,:
is put in to make the following statement more emphatic. Cf.
also 54:9a, though the text is very doubtful.38-It is doubtful
35Cf. K6nig, § 361.
36Cf. Kautzsch-Ryssel in loc. The verse is freely emended by recent e:xegetes; cf. Duhm,
Marti, ad loc.
37z:gN, 43:4b; ' nnn,. 53:12y. 38Cf. Dillmann and Duhm, ad loc.
 SYNTAX
OF THESENTENCES
IN ISAIAH40-66 33

whether"^1W/:lS ;nD3: in 49:25 is in its properplace; it separates

the answerin vs. 25 fromthe rhetoricalquestionin vs. 24. Duhm
transposesit to the beginningof vs. 24; Martiratherfreelycuts
out vs. 24 as a gloss.
t1. Very few conditionalsentences occur in Isaiah, chaps.
40-66. 1^ occurs once (54:15a). To treat it as a particleof
exclamation39 is againstthe context: "Oppressionand terrorwill
not comenearthee [vs. 24]; if anyone fights against thee it is
not from me [= with my approval,laa]; whoeverstrives with
thee will fall." lSonig'sclaim,that an apodosiswould be want-
ing, fails, because:332 and its supplementmaybe an independent
sentence; cf., e. y., 46:9; 47:8, 10. The indefinite relative 3:
introducesa conditionin 54:15b: If anyone ....40
12, 13. Concessiveandrestrictivesentencesarerarein Isaiah,
chaps.40-66, and do not presentany peculiarities.
14. In comparisonsvariousformsare used:
(a) Coordination(asyndetic) appearsin 62:5a.
(b) The followingconjunctionsare used:
(a) InprotasisnU;g:,inapodosis , 51:13e;41
66:20b;
($ 44 44 MU:S:, 44 44 1D, 52:14sq.;55:10sq.;65:8;
(y) " " t:S, " " 1D,54:9/3;
(8) " " , " " 1:, 55:9a; l: bg, M):8b.
Remark1.-An infinitive clause introducedby: standsin
the place of a comparativesentence in 64:la and is continued
asyndeticallyby a verbalsentence(imperfect).
Remark2. There are some cases of shortenedcomparisons
(besidesthe simple: with a noun):
(a) The inner accusativein 62:5b: "Thy God will rejoice
overthee with the joy of the bridegroomover the bride."
(,B): and participle,63:2b: "Thy garmentis like the gar-
ment of one treadingin the wine press."
(y) One of the things whicharecomparedis the subject,the
other a predicate(both participles),66:3a, e. g., ":EIethat kills
an ox (is like him) that slays a man;" cf. RevisedVersion,Dill
mann,Duhm,Marti. The translationof :@autzsch-Ryssel creates
39 Konig, Syntax, § 390y.
4° The te2rt of the verse is doubtful, and its meaning not clear. Cheyne emends it freely;
Dllhm and Marti treat it as a gloss.
41"As if" ....; cf. Revised Version, margin, liautzsch-Ryssel, DillmaDn; "when,"
Revised Version, Duhm.
3.u18193
5. 8tS-1r .....
.... *, *. .. .. 1 1 .. .. 1.. .. .. .... 21

34 1HEBRAICA

an unnecessaryanacoluthonbetween3a and 3b: ":Eethat kills

an ox (but at the sametime) slays a man ...."
Remark 3.-A nominalsentence seems to be governedby:
in 53:3b. Taking.t>:7: withDillmannandmostrecentexegetes
to be a nounwe maytranslate: s;(Hewas) like (one) fromwhom
faces are hid." The RevisedVersion(margin) translates:"He
hid as it were (his) face fromus." The context favorsstrongly
the first translation(contemptof the people for the suffering
servant).
Remark 4. In 59:18a the second bS: is most probablya
dittography(DillmannS Marti); it is a preposi--
iECautzsch-Ryssel,
tion and requiresa noun. Duhm changes the verb :5U:' to a
noun :i:, but such usage of 55: does not occur anywhere
else.
)}:IV. COMPARATIVE SENTENCES.

A B C D E I Total

1. Asyndetic ...................... .. .. .. 1 .. .. 1
2. Apodosis-1; 1 ......................
1 .. .. .. .. 2

4. ttR: 13 *--- * - -*- * 1 .. 1 1 .. 3

15. The followingconjunctionsare used in the temporalsen-

tences:
(a) 33 (a) with a perfect-in the main sentence a gnomic
perfect,40 7fy;42
(,8) with an imperfect(future) in the apodosisimperfect
(future), 43:2a;
(<y)withan imperfect(contin.) in the mainsentencea per-
fect (present?), 54-6fy;42
( 8) with an imperfect (iterative)-in the apodosisn con-
secutivewith the perfect 58:7fy.
(b) CS with an imperfect (future), while iB the main sen-
tence we find
(a) an imperfect(future), 42:4, 7;
(,8) a jussive (negative), 62:7b.
42The temporal use of '1:3is doubtflll in 40: 7y; 5s: 6y. In 40: 7y it may ba either tem-
poral (G. A. Smith, ad loc.; lWarti(?), ad ZOc.)or causal (Eautzsch-Ryssel, Dllhm, Cheme-
cf.Dillmann, ad loc.).
 SYNTAX
OF TEE SENTENCES
IN ISAIAE40-66 35

(c) tlWi:(only 65:24a) or :tU:1 with an imperfect and

( a ) an imperfectin apodosis:iterative,42:9<y;future,65:24a
(1, separatelyintroducedapodosis).
(,8) a perfect (historical)in apodosis,48:5fy; 66:7a, 13. (In
,8 introducedby 1, in a asyndetic).
Remark1.-An independentsentenceinstead of a temporal
sentenceis foundin 48:13b.
Remark2. Infinitiveclausesgovernedby >, 37',and b5Xl?
have a temporalmeaning, 52:8b; 53:9,8; 55:6a, ,B; 57:13a;
64:2a; 44:7fy; 48:16ty.
16. (1) Simplecoordination43 of sentenceswith a finalshade
of meaningis quite commonin Isaiah,chaps.40-66.
(a) Imperativeafter an imperative,45:22a; 46:8a;" 47:
28(?);4555:2<y;48:14a.
(b) Cohortative:
(a) after an imperative,41:228 (twice), 23,8; 49:208; 51:
238; 55:5fY;
(,B) after a jussive,41:238 ;4666: 5g;
(<y)after a perfect,41:26a.47
(c) Jussive( ?) (resp. imperfectwith jussiveforce):
(a) after a jussive,45:8<y;4855:7ty(?) ;
(,8) after an imperfect,46:6ey;
(ty) after a perfect,41:26,8;47
(8) after a nominalsentence,41:28b.
(2) Another"lighter" ( ?)50 way of expressingpurposeis the
use of infinitiveconstructwith 5, quite frequentin Isa. 40-66.
(3) Sentencesintroducedby conjunctions, all regularin form;
the impserfect tense is used:

(a) Yi^5, 41:20a, ,8; 43:10b, 26b; 44:98; 45:3ty,6a; 66:

lla5' b B'

(b) l£D(negative: that not, lest), 48:5ty,6ty.

43A "lighter" way of e2rpressingpurpose, Davidson, §148a; cf. Gesenills-Eautzsch,
§g108,2a; 109,2a; 165a; Davidson,§g64,65.
44 The second imperative is a o1rds., its meaning uncertain. 45Asyndeton.
s6Continuedby a jv7ssiveKt. S"lDl (Marti, ad loc.; Gesenius-Kautzsch,§109d; Oort's
reading SC2l, from SCb, does not fit Yahweh as speaker; cf. TS. 21). Tol. imperfect
(Dillmann) or rather imperfect cohortative; ff. (Sesenius-Kautzsch,§ 751).
47 After a question; ff. Davidson, § 65d; from our point of vienr,rather consequential.
48withanemendation: trTb ' ' rlpU2 tb tM9bl snnnl' ns nnm>; the
transposition of n rn removesthe syntactical difficultyof the present text.
49After a negative sentence; cf. Davidson, § 65 (ibid., classed by mistake in 65d inter-
ogative).
50 Davidson, g t48b. 51Continuedby n and perfect ¢onsecutive.
4.
2. iJussive
and
Total
4'infin.
cohortative
1Yti
311
construct
......................
......................
59......................
......................
5 10
1532-S
....

36 EEBRAICA

XV. FINAL SENTENCES.

A B C

1. Syndeticimperfecta2................
. 3 1 ..

3. 7D(negative)2 .. ..
......................

17. (1) Consequencesof a certain action are stated some-

* 2

tlmes ln

(a) arlasyndeticsentence,e.g.,68:198; 64:18; or

(b) in a sentenceconnectedwith the precedingby a 1, e. g.,
46:5b,537,B; 53:2b.
{2) Specialmeansof indicatinga result are:
(a) infinitive clauses (a) with i; (,B) with p/:1(negative
consequenCe) 54

XYI. GONSEQUENTIAL SENTENCES.

A B C D E I Total

1. Asyndetic ...................... .. .. .. 2 .. .. 2
2. Simple syndetic 1 .. .. .. 1 1 3
3. i + infinitive ...................... .. 1 .. .. .. 1 2
4. 572+ infinitive (neg.) ......................
.. 2 8 .. .. 2 12

18. I. Parenthetical sentences are used to strengthen or to

e2zplaincertain parts of the main sentence, as:
(1) (a) the subject God in all cases-42:8oB; 45:18vB,55
8;5S 51 tS; 52:67; 54:5W, B; 57 15;
(b) the object, 48:6 (;nTi3,the object of tITt, being also
the object of >S:lD); T ; T

(c) the predicate,5652:14,BXty;

52 Simple e3yndesiswith a final shade of meaning.
53Or final (?).
5 Addendum (b) 8ts with imperfect (after imperfect future) .
55 After participles.
56 The parenthesis is introduced by. 1: and takes the place of a causal sentence (" Many
were astonished, because," etc.); nn:7: to be taken most probably with Duhm, as parti-
ciple hoph. nntu
 SYNTAX
OF THESENTENCES
IN ISAIAH40-66 37

Remar7c
1.-The parenthesisrefersto the divine name (>StRt
^72:D, 48:8,8; iiL^U)
tlSm: t8^1, 51:15e; 54:5e>7),to Yahweh's
uniqueness(45:18,8) and wonderfulactions (45:188).
Remark2.-3:D,} in 52:6¢yhas been translated as direct
... .

discourse after b>87^1 (Dillmann, who compares40:9; 41:27;

Kautzsch-Ryssel,RevisedVersion,margin). But (1) bt: alone
beforedirectdiscourseis unusual; (2) the parallelsof Dillmann
do not prove anything (n7^Sin 40:9; independentin 41:27)
< RevisedVersionX Duhm,as in (1) (a) [Cheyne,Martitransfer
^3Dt (or rather, ;3r-8;l) to the beginningof vs. 7, which they
emendquite freely].
II. The parenthesisis used to markthe directdiscourse.58
(1) (a) It may be the defectivenominalsentence:
(a) ;"T:tItlS:, usually at the conclusion of the discourse,
41: 14¢y,etc.;
(,8) once 't: ' ;"tS 02: in the beginningof the verse,56:8a.
(2) It may be a verbalsentence,either with the perfect or
imperfectof b7^Sin predicate. - T

(a) The perfectis used

(a) once with an indefinitesubject,45:24a;
() very commonlywith tUltI or similarexpressionsas sub-
ject, 40:13C, etc.

(b) The imperfect 40:Ib,25; 41:211359

is used only five times,

= 66:9a ;60 4t 21359

Remark1.-It is interestingto comparethe variouswaysin
whichcertainverses (or passages)are stampedin Isaiah,chaps.
40-66, as divineoracles. We findothe following:
(a) The introductoryformulas:61
(a) 'lSi:^823 -172St:, 43:14a,16a; 44:2a,6a,24a; 45:la,
Ila, 14a; 48:17a; 49:7a, 8a, 25a; 52:3a; 56:la; 65:8a;
(B) } :nS S tnD, 49:22a; 52:4a;
(7) C|.zUS. S s-T:,51:22a;
(8) * ;^}UT52^ s * ;D,42:5a;
() :nS. s ;nD:, 45:18a;
( >: :
¢) 2 t: 3: 57:15a;
T

57Addendum: 57 :15,B,
58 Cf. Remark 2.

59$: monn mos1 10

a epYl 4bu mos
60n:^1-tg1 parallel avith 7l^tis Exa in vs. 9b.
61Sometimes avith the addition of various modifications.
38 EEBRAICA

(9) ^ 3:82 65:1la;

2 t: aJi

(@) 2'1t' ¢7tS ;T>r1, 49:5a;

(z) tl'*n hJ:9, n9?, 56:8a.62
(b) The parentheticalsentences:
A. Verbal(always -1-/^g):
(t ) The perfect:
(a)t ;ll;"I' t'^S, 48: 22; 57: 19b; 59: 21 (twice); 65:7aB;
66:20a, 21, 23b;
(}) >'12n t 'S 45: 13g;
(7) R{.252b7^S54:648; 66 9jB63
( ) * t s S , 57:21 ;
(6) 6 ,:rn7: X, 54:10e.
( 2) The ilnperfect:
(a) 0t'^52-1u/^R',40:1b;
(B) RD8tp 9 9 40: 25; ( 'p evidently a proper name; =
52b1D'p ?);
( ) tT:;: 41: 21R; 66: 9a;
(8) Zpt 55u: " , 41: 218 ;
B. The nominal;l:Upt:S: (as a rule,concludingan oracle),
41:147 ; 43: 10a ; 43: 12b; 49 18b; 52:5 (twice); 54: 178; 55: 8b;
59:20b; 66:2,17b,22a.
Remark 2.-The use of the imperfectis exceptional. It is
variouslyexplained.
(a) Praesenshistoricum(Konig,§159b; cf. Targ.,*1W/^S, Pesh.
'8mar)66is improbable,because even the perfect ¢'a^Sis used
usuallyof oracles which are presentfrom the speakerns point of
view (perf. praesentiae).
(b) " The call is not a single, momentaryone; it is repeated,
or at least continued2'(Driver,§33a, O.). This wouldhardly
explain cases (like 40:1b,25b; 41:21R, B) in which the imper-
fect ocoursat the beginningof new sections; repstitionor dura-
tion is hardlythe importantfeaturehere.
(c) It seems that the presentialmomentis emphasizedin
contrastwith somethingthat happened,or used to happen(cf.
Davidson,§ 40b),67
62If the Massoreticdivision of verses (folloaved,e. g., by R. V., Dillmann, Duhm, Marti)
is correct, Eavald,Kautzsch-Ryssel(folloavingLIX) connect it with vs. 7.
63 11^8n1 8X>,
-
V8. 9a. 64Parallel.
65ll 41nis 17:g 66ButLX: Aftet Vulg.: dicit.
67Cf. Vuhm on 40:1, " prEsentisch,zum Gedichte passend."
 (2)2. ^8^
(3) the
the
' perfect
:sOpredicate
object
:Xs, ......................
l ......................
etc.69:Xs69 124 ......................
................... .. .. .. ..1(9)
.*
..7.. ..2.. ....2 1........ 2...... 23152

SYNTAX
OF THESENTENCES
IN ISAIAS:40-66 39

XVII . PARENTH:ETI()AL SENTENCES .

A B C D E I Total

Strengthening (or explaining)

(1) the subject68 3 .......................
4 1 .. .. .. 8

IVIII. FORMULAf3 INDTCATING DIVINE ORAGLES.

A B C I) E I Total

I. Introductory:
1. Verbal, consisting of

II. Parenthetical: (a) verbal

(b) nominal-
a. (1) containing the per-
fect Of ¢XS69 ......... , 2 2 4 5 .. .. 1.3
(2) containing the im-
b. (3) ^n^ :S: 3 ...................
5 1 3 .. .. 12

SOME GENEEAL OBSERVATIONS.

I. Somespecialpointsin the syntas and style:

1. The copulain nominalsentencesis very rare.
2. The irregularorder of wordsboth in nominaland verbal
sentencesis very common.
3. 1 and a perfect occurs after a perfect, where historical
Hebrewuses i1consecutivewith the imperfect.
4. Instead of wawconsecutivewith the imperfect,wawsepa-
ratedis sometimesused with the imperfect.
5. Commandsare used to introducenew sections (verbs of
hearingand speaking),to add force and color to the discourse,
to describefutureeventsin a vivid manner.
6. Rhetoricalquestionsare often used for emphaticpositive
or negativestatements,to express a commandor wishSdoubt or
wonder.
7. The negative particles Sb and 132 sometimes negate a
noun(like Glerman4'un-"); ttSs 13Si1S and 13S:1
areusedlike Si:1
( = without)-.
8. The asyndeticrelative sentencesare used very frequently,
even as independentpartsof the mainsentence.
God. 69 With varioUB modificatioTxs.
68 In all cases
40 HEBRAICA

9. The preposition3 passesinto a comparativeconjunction.

10. Purposeis morecommonlisr expressedby simple syndesis
(with a finalshadeof meaning),or by an infinitiveconstructwith
preposition,than by finalsentences.
II. Some points,which have a bearing on the unity of the
book:
1. The pronominalsubjectwith strengtheningpronominalor
nominal appositions70 is found often in A and B; rarelyin C!i
neverin D, E, and I.
2. t^^ with a participleinstead of a finiteverb occursonly
in C (three times).
3. The proportionof syndesis to asyndesisis ca. 2 :1 in A,
B,E,I; 2g:lin(!; 3:linD.
4. C!hiasmis very commonin A, B, CS D; wantingin E
and I.
5. Restatementof a positive propositionin negative terms
(or vice versa) does not occurin I; whenreferringto Yahweh's
uniquenessit is foundonly in A.
6. it with the perfectoccurs only in A, with the imperfect
snce in A, thrice in I. :SS as a negative is used only in A
and B.
7. lSFas a causalconjunctionoccursonly in (! and D.
8. Use of simplecopulativewaw (with the jussive,etc.) with
a final shade of meaning is frequentin A, B, I; rare in D;
wantingin (! and E; but the infinitiveconstructwith 5 is very
commonin (D,D E, less frequentin A and B.
9. Parentheticalsentencesemphasizingthe subject(Gkodas a
rule) are used three times in A, four times in B, once in C, twice
in E, neverin D or I.
10. Formulasmarkingthe discourseas a divine oracle are
commonin A, B, a, D, wantingin E, I.
CONCLUSION.
Syntas of the sentencescan be used as an argumentfor sepa-
rating C!and D, and probablyE and I, fromA and B. It cannot
be used to divide C!and D. It is interesting to note, that the
study seemsto confirm,froma differentpoint of view,the critical
conclusionsset forth by recent exegetes,especiallyby Duhmin
his commentary.
70 Usually divine names.
SU^
45 :47
1z: eS11pX
18t;
; iD
4746
: 14e
: 2pt;; 47
48: 12e
9b17z
; !57
; 49
: 20p
: 5zX
; >t
6p7
XbX
53 :8elOa
t 9a
; 58
; 50:
: 2p28;76
4

OF T:EXE
SYNTAX IN ISAIAE40-66
SENTENCES 41

APPENDIX I.

INFINITIVE OLAUSES.
I. Infinitive construct71without a preposition.
(1) It occurs in 40: 16a; 42:248 46: 2p; 47 : 11(p)72 d, 12z; 53: lOa;
58:2A,5p,6p,,8, 98 (twice), 13z ; 60:
7a la.73

(2) The subject of the infinitive

A. is expressed by a noun following the infinitive, 58: 5z;
B. is omitted (a) when it is the same as the subject of the main sen-
tence, 42 :248; 46 :28; 47. 11(#)72d, 12z; 53:lOa; 58:13z; 60:14a; 57:20#;
58:2p; (b) when indefinite, 40: 16a; 58:98; (c) when parallel with the
subject of continuing finite verb, 58:6xB, 7a. 7? 8

(3) The object of the infitlitive

A. is expressed (a) by a noun following the infinitive, 46: 2p: 58: 2p,
5p 6a,, ,8,7a 98>13z; (b) by a pronominal suffis, 47: 11(p)8; 53: lOa;
B. is omitted, 40: 16a.
(4) The order of words in the infinitive clause corresponds usually
to the regular order in the verbal sentences: predicate, subject (when
expressed otherwisethan by a pronominalsuffiX),object (when expressed
votherwise than by a pronominal sufEs), etc. The only exception is
42: 248,74where a prepositional expression precedes the infinitive; this is
probably due to special emphasis75(Dillmann).
(5) The infinitive clause is (a) an object after the verbs UTg, 42: 248;

(b) genitive after a construct, 40: 16a77 (t8);.. 58: 5p (:88); (c) an adverb,
zCmodinn 6O:14ag78(d) an expression of negative consequencea58:137
(supply 7: from n:w,^); (e) subject (resumed after * sT)>
. t
58:6p 7 dx 7a.
II. Tnfinitiveconstruct with prepositions:
pX18b; 43 :20¢; 44 :lOb13e,15aa
(1) (a) 5 , 40:208228; 42 :7aX 28b;
19pS

(twice),a ; 51:13e; 52:4p; 54:16b; 55:2p 78; 56:lb (twice) 3p 6p 7 (fem.),8,

9b llp ; 57:7zn 15eSt 58:4p 8 5zS128; 59:7pn 148; 60:9zy llz 137S

218; 61: 1z eS tn 2aX3aXpS b; 63: lbs 12b; 64: 1z 6,8; 65: 8t; 66: lUbX18bS
23b; (b) i2?,X 7zX18pn; 48:4a; 49:15p; 50:2z;79 54:9zX8 (twice);
56: 2^y8 68 (= 27); 58: 13eXt (twice);80 59: laypX2b; (c) : R 52: 88; 53: 9p
(plur.); 55: 6a, b; 57: 13a; 64: 2a; 47: 9e, tj79 (d) n¢r, r 15a; (e) b:,
(composite),48: 167.
Absolute in 42: 248; 57: 20,B; 58:7a. 72Vs. 11,8after emendation.
73K6nig, § 117, 1, inf. absolute in shortened formf I); but inf. constr., § 402d,b.
74Addendum: 58: 7a, where a dative (emphatic) precedes the direct ob3ect.
75Aramsism? (Duhm, Martis et csl.). 76Add.: HiPh. of ^1t1t), 58: 98
77Parallel with ^ijy >n; cf. Gesenius-Kaut2sch, §45cs. K6nigs designation (c),
Attriblltiv-satz," is stlbiect to misunderstanding, especially because he applies the same
name to relative sentences.
78 An inf. absolute used in a similar way, 57 :17fl, -1r1b^, ;; with a hiding (of my face) "
= in anger; continued by 1 im?erfect; cr.K6nig, § 402d.
79A different noun formatinn used instead of an inf. nb,rx3 in 513:2y(cf. 59:=1a),t2 7
in47:9;. ' t 5t
80 it of the frst idnitive (l:2u) to be carried over also to the second (b8).
55: 78; 56: 1z 8 2yS833,B, 68 (= 2z) 6,B,839b?10t8311j8Sy; 57: 7^yS15eSt;

42 HEBRAIaA

(2) The subject of the infinitive

A ;s expressed (a) by a nounS47:9e, t; 51:10b; 52:8b; 59 :9z;
(b) by a pronominalsuffis, 94: 7z; 48: 16e j81 55: 6a, b; 57: 13a; 60: lba;
64:2a;
B. but most commonly is omitted and is to be supplied from the
conte2at. It is identical with (a) parts of the main sentesnce: (a) with
its subject, 42: 7a, F8,82
18b; 43: 20e; 44: 19,8; 48: 9b; 49: 5^y82
8e,82t82 15p;
50: 4F82(inf. governed by an inf.); 51: l<La,16^y(twice), 8; 52: 4F8;54: 98;

58:2FB4FB8813e¢;59:148; 60:9^y;63:lbS12b;8364:6FB;83 65:8¢; 66:15b}

18p, 23b; (,B)with the object, 40: 1208;44: 13e; 48: 178; 56: 28; 61: lSy,e, ts
3a ,8;84(y) with the predicate nominative,49: 6U8s85 Sy;58: 128; (8) with a
genitive (noun or pron. suffi28)connected with the subject, 44:18U8,^y;
50:2^y; 53:9F8; 59:la, 8, 7F8; 60:218; 61:3b; (e) with a prepositional
suffi2s,50: 28 4F81
(ngrS), a; (b) the subject of the following verb (finite),
60: 13^y; T

C:. is indefinite, 40: 228; 44: 15a;87 45: 18D(= 40: 228); 47: 14eXv (t =
40: 228>; 55: 2,8;8860 11z; 58 I.y8798
(3) The object of the infinitive is omitted not ouly with verbs which
are often used without it in finite forms,89but also in others, as egm
9:4:15a(cf. 40:16); n^r:;;l, 51 13e; t5): 55: 7>;90Rj3;nS58 :4,B;:t5.D,
* .

61 : 3a; 5f^Ui:*, 63 : lb.

.

(4) The order of words in the prepositional infinitive clauses cone-

sponds usually to the regular order in the verbal sentences: predicate
(infinitive), subject (when e2mpressed otherwise than by a pronominal
sufflX),object (when e2mpressed otherwise than by a pronominal suffi2n),
etc. (43 cases). Exceptions are due (a) to varying emphasis, (b) to chiasm:
(a) infinitive,prepositional phrase,9lobject (or pred. rlominative),45: c; 1SY

58 *4d, 5z ; 60 : lly ; 61 : le, ¢, Sp; 63 : 12b; 66 : 157;92 (56 : 68); (b) object,
infinitive, 49: 6^y.
(5) Uses of the infinitive clauses with prepositions.
A. With i : (a) punpose, 40 : 208 228; 42 : 7aX,93 18b; 43 : 20e;
44 : lOb (negative, t>5 5), 13e; 45 : 17,94 eg418¢; 47 : 14e t; 48 : 9b (nega-
* . . .

tive t>5ni ) ; 49 : 5z,948e,¢,9a ; 50 : 4p1,8; 51 : lOb,167 (twice), a ; 52 :4p;

. * .

54:16b 55:2p; 56:6p,z,8,9b; 57:7z,16e, t; 58:4p,d,128; 59:7A; 60:97s

81 t-; its meaningis not clear, probablya neuter,the things that happened (DBmann)
limitedbysomeespeciallytotheworkofCarus (DuhmtMarti; parallelwith ^iS inss.14).
82 But see note (1). 83 An after a participle. 84 On 59:2b see note (1).
85So most probablythe Hebrewtext, Kautzsch-Ryssel.
8¢Cf. noto (1). 87Cf. 40 :16a.
88The clause is practically one concept governed by t ([that which is] not [fit] for
satisfying-poorfood; cf. nni si).
. t f
S

89E. g., rt, ^sN . 90This serb 1lsedabsolutely in finite forms sometimes.
- T T T
91In most cases the order was undoubtedly influenced by the close connection with
the verb.
92 Reversedto the regiar order in 8 by chiasm.
9 See note (2) ad loc. 94 Continuedby 1 separ. and imperfect.
 SYNTAX
OF THESENTENCES
IN ISAIAH40-66 43

11TS13zS218; 61: 1z e t 2a 3aSp b; 63:12b; 64:1tS 6p; 65:8t (neg.

^ri?b); 66: 15b,18a,,23b; (b)consequence744 : 19p; 50:28;95 (C) expli-
cativum, 44:28,B j96 56:3p. t:sb is remarkably rare, after a verb of
speaking introducing a direct discourse ouly in 56:3,6t; (d) specification( 2),
modifying an adjective,9750:1b (twice); 63:1b; (e) indirect object,98
51:14a; 58:5z; (z) direct object, 50 4p2(after by:5); 51:13e (after
1383);55:78 (after ;nt¢^); 56: lO^y
.. .. .
(after ti+t), ¢ (after partic. constr. [!]
.

er, ^s);99(g) predicate accusative,48: 178(2)il°°(h) predicate nominative,

+4: 15sa(?);100(i) subject, 49: 6p,.
B. With : : (a) temporal,52:8b; 53:9p; 55:6a,p; 57:13a; 64:2a ;10
(b) concessive, 49:9e,t.
C. With ^7e:(a) temporal, 44: 7^y;48: 16^y(rS7^); (b) negative con-
sequence,10249: 15js; X: 18js,Sy; 52: 23{; 56: 23z,a, 68 (= 2^y);58: 13e,t;
59:1a 8 2b; (c) negative object clause, 54:9 (thrice);l03 (d) causal,
48 : 4a.
D. With n ,> the infinitive clause is practically a substantive,
60:15a 11rg ng: and '8 D1U:"A: (exchange).l04
* @

NOTES.
1. Owing to the nominal character of the infinitives, the need of
expressing a subject or object was not 80 much felt as in the common
verbal sentence. Even the conte2at,our best guide, fails to help us in
several cases to discover the une2mpressedsubject of an infinitive clause.
Attempts have been made to reason it out by general considerations
(circumstances,theology, etc.), with varying success; some cases remain
very doubtful, as 42: 7a,,2,where we have three views:
(a) The subject is the '^ 7ng because of 49: 5 sq. (Dillmann).
(b) The subject is Yahweh himself, as in 49: 6, (a)because in 2 Isaiah
Yahweh himself is the chief actor, using men only occasionally as his
instruments, like Cyrus (Duhm); (,8)to take Israel (te C_57)as subject
makes an ill-balanceci sentence ("einen schleppenden Satz;" Marti;
rather forced and fanciful).
(c) It is admitted that grammaticallyboth constructionsare possible
(cf.Dillmann and Marti, ad loc.); on general grounds, Duhm's opinion
seems to be the stronger one.
9 Cf. Konig, § 406b. 96Cf. note (5) ad loc.
97Similar to the IJatingupine; cf. Allen and Greenough,LaAn G{rammar, § 3tY3.
98Konig, § 9b.
99 Addendum,56:1t,B,y (after g8"l3; 59:148(abr i "13.
Or is it :tinal? 101Probably with a causal shade of meaning.
Cf. Brown'sI.,exicon,p. 583under 7b; E6nig, § 406n.
103 Cf. Kbnig,§ 406x.
104Grouped by E6nig ( 403)among causal-infinitives; but the emphasis is on the con-
trast between the present desolation and the future glory, which Yahwehwill bring ahout
in its place (vs 15b; cf. vs. 17; 61:3; Duhm, ad loc.; Eautzsch-Ryssel; Dillmann).
better
doest terrible
with vs.thinbs
lbS " ..............
.............. 'nations
Vs. 2bmay
is most
tremble,
probably
when
a[because]
gloss, which
thou

44 HEBRAICA

58: 5^y: The subject is possibly indefinite; but the suffis iU:gn (and
the third person sing. masc. in the continuing finite verb) favors :ng of
the preceding clause.
59:2b: Though the connection between "face" and "hearing' is
somewhat awkward,the subject of Rj:3::: is evidently implied in :t,£3
(used for the face of God, God in his reiation to man; cf. Duhm, Marti,
et al.).
In 60 :13b the trees enumerated in 13a might be taken as subjects of
bRD5; two things are against it: (a) first person is used in 138; (,8) the
.. . .

usual subject of bD, whether used in Piel or Hithp., in Isaiah, chaps.

-66, is Yahweh (55: 5; 60: 7 i cf. 60: 21; 61: 3, etc.).
2. It is very hard to draw a line always between the diSerent uses
of the infinitive clause governed by 5. From the primary meaning of
the prepositionl05many diSerent uses have developed, indicating in
general, the goal or aim of a certain actionSthen even introducing an
object-clause (cf. 5 with a nominal object) or a subject-clause (due to
analogy ?).
In 42: 7a,,8the infinitives have been regarded as gerundiva (explica-
tive: opening the eyes, etc.) by Duhm and Marti; as final infinitives by
Dillmann, Rautzsch-Ryssel, et al. The latter seems more plausible and
fits easier into the conte2zt(vs. 7 giving the purpose of the divine call of
the servant of vs. 6).
56:1b: The two infinitives have been classed by Konig with the
object-clauses (§ 399w), but, ,8np is an adjective. The primary mean-
X T :
ing Of b 105 plays its part here in the selection of the preposition: "near
;

to"(ward).l06
3. The infinitive clause in 64:2a connects very poorly with vs. 2b
(MT., R. V., "When thou didst terrible things . . . . thou camest down"),

came from 63 :19b (DillmannyDuhm, Kautzsch-Ryssel, et al.).

4. b2: 14^y8, At with nouns representingshortened infinitive-clauses,
e g., UJ^y
* n^^7:... .. 107

b. In 94: 28b8728^5l continuing a finite verb is ratherunusual; n may

be epesegetical (= German'4und zwar;" cf. Gesenius-Kautzsch,g 114 p.),
but it seems best with Kautzsch-Ryssel to strike it out (after Oort); Dill-
mann would emend it to b"A^g>l, or to b"/^Sf; (so also Marti); Duhm
strikes out 44: 28bas a gloss (variantto 26b).
6. Addendum: D+infinitive, 64:1a. Subject noun, object noun;
order regular; comparison, continued by an asyndetic verbal sentence
(imperfect iterative).
l°5hdicating direction (mostly ideal); see Davidson § 101 Rb; Gesenius-Kautzsch,
§ 114SQ.
106 Likewise after serbs of coming, going, etc.
107Cf. Kbnig,§ 406n.
 SYNTAX
OF TEE SENTENCES
IN ISAIA:E
40-66
45
APPENDIX II.

USE OF THE PARTICIPLES IN ISAIAH, CHAPS. @4.

The participle presents some difficulties of treatment on account of

its double nature (verbal+nominal). There are some participles fre-
quently used in Isaiah, chaps. 40-66, which are used as common nouns
(e. g., 52N,
.. y;,.. etc.), and need not be considered here. Even if we
exclude those, the use of participles lnay be called large.

I. WIT1I T1IE ARTICLE.

The determined participle is used

(a) as subjectt 4:0:26a 108( ?) i 42: 17 (twice); 45: 20bl, 47: 13b;46: 6ffi;
57: 13b; 59: 5b; 63: llb (twice); 65: 16ct,b (passive) 20b; 66: 17a (twice);
69:58 (passive) ;
(b) as predicate, 44 : 26b 27a 28a; 45 :3b 51:9b 10 (twice); 62:6b;
(c) as attribute,ll243 :16a 17a; 47 :8a;
(d) in apposition to a noun,l0946:3b; 48:1a (2); 57:5a (passive);
65 :2b,3b,4 sq. (three times) ; :
(e) as a vocative, 62: 6b; 65: 11 (three times); 66: 10;
(f) as a genitive after a noun in the construct state, 43: 7a (passive);
45 :24b(passive) ;
(g) more or less independently, 40 : 22a,b,23a; 5] :20b.

II. WITEOUT TEE ARTICLE.

The undetermined participle occurs in Isaiah, chapsX4()-66,

(a) as subject,ll° (a) 41: 4,B,7a; 42: 5 (4); 43: 15b; 45: 20b; 46: lb lll
(passive); 49: lla (passive), 17b, 19b; 54: 5a; 57: 15 (2); 59: 1S,B;61: 6,B;
62:9a b; (X8)in negative sentence vvith ltR 41:26b (3); 43:11b 13j8;
47: 15b; 51 :18a, b; [ad. (a) 47: 13b, Q] (a) 54: lOb; 50: 8a; 63: 12sq. (3);
66: 3a (4); (X8)59 . 4a ,B,16,8; 63: 5a ,B; 64: 6a ,B;
(b) as predicate, 40: 10,B;41: 13a, 17a; 42: 9b; 43: 3XB, 19a,2bb; 45 :7
(5); 44:24b (3), 26a; 46: la, lb (passive); 45: 19b (2); 48:13b, 17b (2);
49: 10 26b (2); 50: lOa2;51: lOb 12a 15a 19a; 52: 5b (passive), 12 (2);
54:10a, llb; 63:3a (2, passive), 5a (2, passive), 7ae (passive); 56:1^y
(passive); 56:4b; 57:1,B; 60:16b; 61:8a ,B; 64:7b; 65:24b; 66:3 (3)
12a 22a2 22aljll?
(c) as attribute, 40:28,B; 40:29a; 43:la; 44:24j8; 45:15a, b, 21v
18 (3); 48 :12 (passive); 51 :13 (3)720a (passive); 54: 16,8,Sy;56: 2b (2)
3p1136a}8a lOb (3[?]); 49:5a; 65:2a; 66:5 12j8,19a;
(d) in apposition to a noun,lls46: lOa b lla; 57: 3by5a b; 66: 3b (2);
(e) as a vocative, 51:1a, 7a; 50:11a; 51:21b; 52:11b; 65:11a;
66: 10a;
08Defective answer to a question(?). 1ll Text uncertain.
09Sometimes impossible to distinguish. ll265:17o 18a, b; 66:6b(?).
IlOAddendum: 66:17a. 113With a slight emendation, 853r1,.
114Sometimes hardly distinguishable from the attribute.
46 HEsRAIaA

(f) as a genitiveaftera nounin constructstate,40: 3all5 6a jll5 52: 7;

60:14a jB; 56:6jB1; 59:8^y;
> (g) asobject: 41 7a; 44 2a jll6 56 6b2 jll6 64:4(2); 65 9a;
(h) as predicatenominative,47:13z; 49:26a; 59:2all7 15all7 jBjll7
61: 9b; 63: 8b;
(i) predicateaccusative,53: 4b (3, passive);
(k) vvithpreposition,63: 3b (:);
(I) after 'lt, 45:9a lOa; ;
(m) independent,41:7b(?).
ll5After iNp (exclamat.).
116 Casus pendens resumedby a pronominalsuffis of the verb.
117With ^'1;: = finite verb.
T T