World health organization

The World Health Organization was created in 1948 World Health Organization is a specialized non-political
agency of the United Nations with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. WHO is responsible for international
governance on public health and diseases. WHO works to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the
vulnerable thus, to ensure that a billion people universal health coverage, to protect people
from health emergencies, and provide people with better health and well-being

Director: Dr. Tedros adhanom Ghebreyesus

Heads:  Soumya Swaminathan, Jane Ellison Trending
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
Founded: 7 April 1948
Parent organization: United Nations Economic and Social Council
Budget: 4.422 billion USD (2018–2019)

Founders and nation member:

WHO was founded by 51 countries.There are 195 countries that are members of WHO in the world today.
This total comprises 193 countries that are officially member states of the United Nations and two countries
are non-member but an observer states: the Holy See (Vatican) and the State of Palestine.

WHO Executive committee:

The Executive Board is composed of 34 individuals technically qualified in the field of health, one
designated by a member state and elected by the World Health Assembly for three-year terms.

WHO region:

Region Headquarter
South East Asia New Delhi, India
Africa Brazzaville, Congo
America Washington D.C., USA
Europe Copenhagen, Denmark
Eastern Mediterranean Alexandria, Egypt
Western Pacific Manila, Philippines

WHO Management of health programs

 HIV/AIDS
 Tuberculosis
 Malaria
 Communicable diseases
 Noncommunicable diseases and mental health
 Child and adolescent health
 Immunization
 Reproductive health
 Health promotion and education
 Emergency preparedness

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1. Millennium Organization of specialized agencies of the United Nations
UN specialized agencies are international organizations that coordinate their work with the United Nations
through negotiated agreements. They are legally independent from United Nations and have a governing
body, separate budgets, members, rules, and personnel. In general, they are funded either mainly or entirely
through voluntary contributions from governments, institutions and individuals. There currently
15 specialized agencies:

1. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

2. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
3. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
4. International Labor Organization (ILO)
5. International Maritime Organization (IMO)
6. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
7. International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
8. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
9. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
10. Postal Union (UPU)
11. World Bank
12. World Health Organization (WHO)
13. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
14. World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
15. World Tourism Organization (UNW

2. Millennium Development Goals

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals with measurable

targets for improving the lives of the people globally following the adoption of the United Nations
Millennium Declaration signed by committed leaders of 189 countries in September 2000.
The MDGs are inter-dependent; all the MDG influence health, and health influences all the MDGs.
For example, better health enables children to learn and adults to earn. Gender equality is essential to the
achievement of better health.

 The Eight Millennium Development Goals are;

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;

2. Achieve universal primary education;
3. Promote gender equality and empower women;
4. Reduce child mortality;
5. Improve maternal health;
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
7. Ensure environmental sustainability;
8. Develop a global partnership for development.

Millennium theme of World Health Day

World health day is celebrated every April 7.The theme for 2020 is “Year of the Nurse and Midwife”
for their contributions in making the world a healthier place. The Nurses are the unsung heroes as they
are soldiers in the epic battle against Covid-19 Pandemic.

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 2 The Sustainable Development Goals 

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015
as a universal call for action to transform our world; to balance our economic, environmental and social needs,
allowing prosperity for today and future generations to ensure that all people will enjoy peace
by 2030. The 17 sustainable development goals are;

GOAL 1: No Poverty
GOAL 2: Zero Hunger
GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being
GOAL 4: Quality Education
GOAL 5: Gender Equality
GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality
GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
GOAL 13: Climate Action
GOAL 14: Life Below Water
GOAL 15: Life on Land
GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal

A. Philippine Department of Health

DOH is the principal health agency and the executive department of the government of the Philippines and
responsible for ensuring access to basic public health to all Filipinos through the provision of quality health
care and regulation of all health services and products. DOH was established by U.S. in September, 1898.

VISION:
Filipinos are among the healthiest people in Southeast Asia by 2022, and Asia by 2040.
MISSION:
To lead the country in the development of a productive, resilient, equitable and people centered health system

DOH Secretary

Executive Head: Francisco Tiongson Duque III is a Filipino physician and government official currently
serving as the Secretary of Health since 2017 in the Cabinet of Duterte administration.

DOH main programs:

 Dengue Prevention and Control Program.

 Dental Health Program.
 Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Disease Program.
 Environmental Health Programs.
 Expanded Program on Immunization.
 Filariasis Elimination Program.
 Malaria

Activity: Assignment - DOH program from A to Z

Submission of output via messenger or Google classroom

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3. Historical Background of Department of Health
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3. Local Health System and Devolution of Health Services

a. Local Health System:

The Philippine’s local health systems were established on PHC principles which is basically “Health in the
Hands of the People,” thus signifying empowerment of the people in managing their health and health
service delivery

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 b. Devolution of Health services

The implementation of the Local Government Code of 1991 which is the devolution of health Services
from the National department of Health to local government units (LGUs) which included among others
the provision, management and maintenance of health services at different levels of LGU to locally
elected provincial, city and municipal governments.The granting of authority, responsibilities and
resources in order to self-reliant and active partners

Specific functions and responsibilities of Local Government Unit

Local government unit Devolved Health Services

Barangay Maintenance of Barangay health center
Implementation of programs and projects on primary health care, maternal
Municipality and child care, and communicable and non-communicable disease control
services;
Access to secondary and tertiary health services
Purchase of medicines, medical supplies, and
equipment needed to carry out the said services
Province Hospitals and other tertiary health services
City All the services and facilities of the municipality and province

4. Classification of health Facilities

Classification shall be based on Administrative Order No. 2012–0012.Rules and Regulations Governing
the New Classification of Hospitals and Other Health Facilities in the Philippines. They shall be
classified according to the following:

a. According to Ownership

 Government

Government hospital is created by law. A government health facility may be under the National
Government, DOH, Local Government Unit, Department of Justice, State universities, and colleges,
Government-owned, and corporations others

 Private

Owned, established, and operated with funds from donation, principal, investment, or other means by
any individual, corporation, association, organization 

b. According to scope of service

 General Hospital

A hospital that provides services for all kinds of illnesses, diseases, injuries or deformities. It provides
medical and surgical care to the sick and injured, maternity, newborn and child care. It shall be equipped
with the service capabilities needed to support board certified/ eligible medical specialists and other
licensed physicians rendering services in, but not limited to the following:

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 - Clinical Services (Family Medicine, Pediatrics, Internal Medicine,obstetrics and Gynecology, Surgery
- Emergency Services
- Outpatient Services
- Ancillary and Support Services (Clinical Laboratory, Imaging Facility, Pharmacy)

 Specialty

Specializes in a particular disease or condition or in one type of patient. A specialized hospital may be
devoted to the treatment of the following:
- Treatment of a particular type of illness or for a particular condition requiring a range of treatment.
- Treatment of patients suffering from a particular diseases of a particular organ or group organs,
- Treatment of patients belonging to a group such as children, women, elderly or others of

c. According to functional capacity

 Level 1 General Hospital

The hospital shall have as minimum:

1. A staff of qualified, medical, allied medical and administrative personnel headed by a physician duly
licensed by the PRC.
2. Bed space for its authorized bed capacity, in accordance with DOH Guidelines in the Planning and
Design of Hospitals
3. An operating room with standard equipment and provisions for sterilization of equipment and supplies
in accordance with DOH guidelines: Reference Plan in the Planning and Design, Cleaning,
Disinfection, and Sterilization of Reusable medical devices .
4. A post-operative Recovery Room
5. Maternity Facilities consisting of Ward(s), Room(s), a Delivery Room, exclusively for maternity
patients and newborns
6. Isolation facilities with proper procedures for the care and control of infection and communicable
diseases as well as for the prevention of cross infection
7. A separate dental section/ clinic
8. Provision for blood donation
9. A licensed secondary clinical laboratory with the services of a consulting Pathologist
10. A DOH licensed Level 1 imaging facility with the services of a consulting radiologist
11. A DOH licensed pharmacy

 Level 2 General Hospital

As minimum, all of Level 1 capacity, including but not limited to:

1. An organized staff of qualified and competent personnel with Chief of Hospital,

Medical Director and appropriate board certified Clinical Department Heads
2. Departmentalized and equipped with the service capabilities needed to support board certified/eligible
medical specialties and other licensed physicians rendering services in the specialties of Medicine,
Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Surgery, their subspecialties, and other ancillary services
3. Provision for general ICU for critically ill patients
4. Provision for NICU
5. Provision for HRPU
6. Provision for Respiratory Therapy Services
7. A DOH licensed tertiary clinical laboratory
8. A DOH licensed level 2 imaging facility with mobile X-ray inside the institution and with capability
for contrast examinations
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 Level 3 General Hospital

As minimum, all of Level 2, including but not limited to:

Teaching and/or Training Hospital with accredited residency training program for physicians in the four major
specialties namely: Medicine, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Surgery
Provision for physical medicine and rehabilitation unit
Provision for ambulatory surgical clinic
Provision for dialysis facility
Provision for blood bank
A DOH licensed level 3 imaging facility with interventional radiology

 Specialty Hospitals (As described above)

Trauma Hospitals
The trauma capability of hospitals shall be assessed in accordance with the guidelines formulated by the
Philippine College of Surgeons
Trauma Capable Facility is a DOH licensed hospital designated as a Trauma Center
Trauma Receiving Facility is a DOH licensed hospital within the trauma service area which receives trauma
patients for transport to the point of care or a trauma center.

4. Philippine Health Agenda

With the Philippine Health Agenda 2016-2022, we will all ACHIEVE a health system
with the values of Equity, Quality, Efficiency, Transparency, Accountability,Sustainability,
Resilience towards “Lahat Para sa Kalusugan! Tungo sa Kalusugan Para sa Lahat

PHILIPPINE HEALTH AGENDA FRAMEWORK

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Our strategy

A Advance Health promotion primary care and quality

C Cover all Filipinos against Financial health risk
H Harness the power of strategic HRH
I Invest in eHealth and data for decision-making
E Enforce standards, accountability and transparency
V Values clients and patients
E Elicit multi-stakeholder support for health

A Advance health promotion, primary care and quality

1. Annual health visits for poor families
 2. Phil Health to contract with functional networks of PCB providers and DOH provide
additional resources.
3. Transform selected DOH hospitals into multi-specialty, end-referral “mega hospital”
i.e. teaching/training, reference laboratory.
4. Enact/enforce measures to improve access to lifesaving intervention reduce exposure to
risk factors for premature deaths and disability.
5. Establishing expert bodies for health promotion (Public Health Philippines) and surveillance
and response (Philippine CDC)
District hospital and paired up with 10 and RHUs or private clinics
HFEP, deployment vaccines, medicines, trainings.
 Facilitate the process of network forming
 Upgrade 3 DOH hospitals into mega hospital
 Expand primary care benefit to all members
 PCB providers with functional networks ( Not stand-alone)

 Conduct annual health visits for poor families and special populations ( NHTS,IP, PWD, Senior
citizen)
 Collaborate with others to form network
C Cover all Filipinos against financial health risk
1. Mobilize more funds: Sin Tax, PAGCOR, PCSO, Increase premium, Collection efficiency
2. Enroll remaining 8% from- non-formal sector into PhilHealth.
3. Expand Phil health benefits: Outpatient diagnostics drugs, blood & blood products.
4. Recalculate case rates & link payment to quality
Improve contracting and enforce terms: primary care trust fund, network-based contracting

Primary care trust fund|network-based contracting

 Support revenue generation measures
 Align all health financial assistance programs to support universal Health Coverage
(PAGCOR, PCSO)
 Undertake costing and revise case rates
 Increase premium rates and collection efficiency
` Design additional benefits for outpatient diagnostics, drugs, blood & blood products.
 Implement Health Trust Funds
 Provide income retention to health providers while retaining budgetary support.

H Harness the power of strategic HRH

1. Make health professions curricula responsive to local and global needs
2. Review government HRH compensation package that ARMM, IP, GIBA will have highest pay
3. Shift to competency versus profession based frontline complement
4. Provide scholarship, financial incentives
5. Institute return service schemes

Clinicians and allied health professionals, managers, researchers, and policymakers

Form Legislative-executive Health Human Resource task Force 2016-2017

 Streamline compensation scheme for health workers

 Provide magna Carta for HCW benefit

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I Invest in ehealth and data for decision-making
1. Require online data submission as requirement for licensing & contracting of health facilities
 And drug out outlets
2. Mandate the use of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) in all facilities
3. Invest in nation-wide surveys, administrative data and disease registries
4. Automate major business processes
5. Facilitate open access to anonymized data

Clinical and administrative

 Revise licensing requirements to reflect regular electronic data submission requirement
 Open up data set for researchers
 Revise accreditation/contracting rules to reflect regular electronic submission requirement
 Open up data set for researchers
 Provide incentives

 Implement EMR in all health facilities

 Improve local civil registration and vital statistic data
 Submit data electronically.

E  Enforce accountability and Transparency

1. Publish information that can trigger better performance
 Prices of common drugs and services
 Non-compliant/erring providers
 National objectives for Health to guide strategies and investments by different
stakeholders.
2. Set-up dedicated performance monitoring unit
 Ghost patients and/or surprise visits
 Medical audits or third party monitoring

 Collect and publish relevant information

 Publish annually accountability report card
 Publish annually accountability report card

 Ensure transparent procurement process in all health facilities

 Regularly submit data to DOH

V Value clients and patients, especially the poor vulnerable

1. Focus all efforts on the poorest 20 million Filipinos.
2. Make all health entitlements simple and explicit.
3. Set up participation & redress mechanism.
Significantly reduce turnaround time and improve transparency of processes

Coordinate with PhilHealth in defining the healthcare entitlements of every Filipino and publish
this set up call center
Coordinate with PhilHealth in defining the healthcare entitlements of every Filipino and publish
this set up call center
Streamline procedures for availing services

Set up complaints & redress mechanisms

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E Elicit multi-sector multi-stakeholder support for health
1. Harness and align Private Sector in planning SDN, intervention, and supply side investments
2. Ensure convergence with other government agencies in delivering services (DOH, DENR,
 DSWD, DepED, and HUDCC.
 Advocate for health in all policies
 Mutisectoral work with different agencies to build health Living, working, schooling environments, healthy
cities, and Health in all policies.
 Mandate Health Impact assessment for large-scale. High-risk development projects,
e.g. mining power plants, oil rigs
3. Partake with CSOs in governance
 Budget development
 Monitoring and evaluation.

 Develop policy agenda with NGA, CSOs and private sector on mainstreaming health in all
policies
 Institutionalize health impact assessment for large scale projects.

 Expand contracting mechanisms to include the private sector (Z benefits, PCB)

 Implement healthy communities/cities interventions

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C. Primary Health Care

The Alma Ata Conference defines Primary Health Care as Essential health care based on practical,
 scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally, accessible to
individuals and families in the community by means of acceptable to them, through their full participation
and at a cost that community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the
spirit of self-reliance and self-determination. It forms an integral part of both the country’s health system,
of which it is the central function and the main focus and of the overall social and economic development
of the community.

1. Brief History

History of Primary Health Care is outlined below:

 May 1977 - The 30th World Health Assembly adopted resolution which decided that the main social target
of governments and of WHO should be the attainment by all the people of the world by the year 2000 a
level of health that will permit them to
lead a socially and economically productive life.
 September, 1978. International Conference on primary health care was held at Alma Ata, USSR (Russia.
The Alma-Ata Declaration emerged as a major milestone of the twentieth century in the field
of public health.
 The primary health care was adopted in 1979 in the country. More than 30 years after the adoption of
PHC, the health status in the Philippines has improved but not as much as in other Southern-Asian
countries.
 October 19, 1979. The President of the Philippines (Ferdinand Marcos) issued Letter
of Instruction (LOI) 949 which mandated the then Ministry of Health to adopt PHC as
an approach towards design, development, and implementation of programs which
focus health development at the community level.

2. Legal basis of Primary Health care in the Philippines

 Alma Ata Declaration of PHC 1978

 Letter of Instruction No. 949-the legal basis of PHC was signed by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1979
 Presidential Decree No. 147- Declares April and May National immunization day.
 Presidential Decree 996 –1976 providing for compulsory basic immunization
for infants and children below eight years of age.

3. Definition of Primary health care

 The Alma Ata Conference defines Primary Health Care as Essential health care based on practical,
scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally, accessible to
individuals and families in the community by means of acceptable to them, through their full participation
and at a cost that community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the
spirit of self-reliance and self-determination. It forms an integral part of both the country’s health system of
which it is the central function and the main focus and of the overall social and economic development of the
community.

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4. Goals of primary health care

  The global goal as stated in the Alma Ata Declaration is Health for All by the year 2000  through self-
reliance.
 Health begins at home, in schools and in the workplace because it is there where people live and work
that health is made or broken.
 It also means that people will use better approaches than they do now for preventing diseases and
alleviating unavoidable disease and disability and have better ways of growing up, growing old and
dying gracefully.
 It also means that here will be even distribution among the population of whatever resources for health
are available.
 It means that essential health services will be accessible to all individuals and families in an acceptable
and affordable way.

5. 8 Essential Elements of Primary Health Care

1. E – Education for Health

2. L – Locally endemic disease control
3. E – Expanded program for immunization
4. M – Maternal and Child Health including responsible parenthood
5. E – Essential drugs
6. N – Nutrition
7. T – Treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases
8. S – Safe water and sanitation

6. Principles and Strategies

1. Accessibility, Availability, Affordability and Acceptability of Health Services

Strategies:
 Health services delivered where the people are
 Use of indigenous/resident volunteer health worker as a health care provider with a ratio of one
community health worker per 10-20 households
 Use of traditional Herbal medicine with essential drugs.

2. Provision of quality, basic and essential health services

Strategies:
 Training design and curriculum based on community needs and priorities.
 Attitudes, knowledge and skills developed are on promotive, preventive,
curative and rehabilitative health care.
 Regular monitoring and periodic evaluation of community health workers performance by the
community and health staff.

3. Community Participation

Strategies:
 Awareness, building and consciousness raising on health and health-related issues.
 Planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation done through small group meetings (10-20
households cluster)
 Selection of community health workers by the community.
 Formation of health committees.
 Establishment of a community health organization at the parish or municipal level.
 Mass health campaigns and mobilization to combat health problems.
4. Self-reliance
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Strategies
 Community generates support (cash, labor) for health programs.
  Use of local resources (human, financial, material)
 Training of community in leadership and management skills.
 Incorporation of income generating projects, cooperatives and small scale industries.

5. Recognition of interrelationship of health and development

Strategies:
 Convergence of health, food, nutrition, water, sanitation and population services.
 Integration of PHC into national, regional, provincial, municipal and barangay development plans.
 Coordination of activities with economic planning, education, agriculture, industry, housing, public
works, communication and social services.
 Establishment of an effective health referral system.

6. Social Mobilization

Strategies
 Establishment of an effective health referral system.
 Multi-sectoral and interdisciplinary linkage.
 Information, education, communication support using multi-media.
 Collaboration between government and non-governmental organizations.

7. Decentralization

Strategies
 Reallocation of budgetary resources.
 Reorientation of health professional and PHC.
 Advocacy for political and support from the national leadership down to the barangay level.

D. Levels of Prevention
In general, preventive care refers to measures taken to prevent diseases instead of curing or treating the
symptoms. Prevention includes a wide range of activities —known as “interventions” —aimed
at reducing risks or threats to health. Preventive health actions are categorized in three levels:

1. Primary prevention

Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. This is done by preventing
exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviors that can lead to
disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur.
Examples include:

 Legislation and enforcement to ban or control the use of hazardous chemical

e.g. asbestos, mercury bulb
 to mandate safe and healthy practices
e.g. use of seatbelts and bike helmets
 Education about healthy and safe habits
e.g. eating well, exercise, no smoking
 Immunization against infectious diseases.
e.g. BCG,DPT

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2. Secondary prevention
 Secondary prevention aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred. This is done
by detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible
to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent re-injury or recurrence, and
implementing programs to return people to their original health and function to prevent long-term problems.
Examples include:

 Regular exams and screening tests to detect disease in its earliest stages
(e.g. Mammograms to detect breast cancer)
 Daily, low-dose aspirins and/or diet and exercise programs to prevent further heart attacks or strokes
 Suitably modified work so injured or ill workers can return safely to their jobs.

3. Tertiary prevention

Tertiary prevention aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that

has lasting effects. This is done by helping people manage long-term, often-complex health problems
and injuries (e.g. chronic diseases, permanent impairments) in order to improve
as much as possible their ability to function, their quality of life and their life
expectancy. Examples include:

 Cardiac or stroke rehabilitation programs, chronic disease management programs

(e.g. for diabetes, arthritis, depression, etc.)
 Support groups that allow members to share strategies for living well
 Vocational rehabilitation programs to retrain workers for new jobs when they have
recovered as much as possible.

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E. Universal Health care

 Universal health care is a system that provides quality medical services ensuring that all people have access
to needed health services (including prevention, promotion, treatment without suffering financial hardship.
The cost of providing quality health care makes universal health care a large expense for
governments.Universal Health Care (UHC), also referred to as Kalusugan Pangkalahatan (KP), is the
“provision to every Filipino of the highest possible quality of health care that is accessible, efficient,
equitably distributed, adequately funded, fairly financed, and appropriately used by an informed and
empowered public”.

1. Legal Basis

 UHC Act in the Philippines: a new dawn for health care. President Duterte officially signed a Universal
Health Care (UHC) Bill into law which guarantees equitable access to quality and
affordable healthcare services for all Filipinos.
 (Republic Act No. 11223) that automatically enrolls all Filipino citizens in the National Health
Insurance Program and prescribes complementary reforms in the health system

2. Background and Rationale

Universal Health Coverage is achieved in a health system when all residents of a country are able to obtain
access to adequate healthcare and financial protection. Achieving this goal requires adequate healthcare and
financing systems that ensure financial access to adequate care.

3. Objectives and thrusts

The objective of the Universal Health Coverage is to strengthen the health systems, beginning with primary
health care to guarantee healthier lives for everyone, by ensuring that people have access to, among others,
affordable preventive, curative and rehabilitative health services. To attain UHC, three strategic thrusts are to
be pursued, namely:

1. Financial risk protection through expansion in enrolment and delivery benefit of the National 
Health Insurance Program
2. Improved access to quality hospitals and health care facilities; and 
3. Attainment of health-related Millennium

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Activity: Categorized and Identify Levels of Prevention and Explain the difference
Situation: Going “upstream”

Let’s say you are the mayor of a town near a swimming hole used by kids and adults alike. One summer, you
learn that citizens are developing serious and persistent rashes after swimming as a result of a chemical irritant
in the river. You decide to take action.
If you approach the company upstream that is discharging the chemical into the river and make it stop, you are
engaging in___________________ you are removing the hazardous exposure and preventing rashes in
the first place.
If you ask lifeguards to check swimmers as they get out of the river to look for signs of a rash that can then be
treated right away, you are engaging in _________________________ You are not preventing rashes,
but you are reducing their impact by treating them early on so swimmers can regain their health and go about
their everyday lives as soon as possible.

If you set up programs and support groups that teach people how to live with their persistent rashes, you are
engaging in ______________________ You are not preventing rashes or dealing with them right away, but you
are softening their impact by helping people live with their rashes as best as possible. For many
health problems, a combination of primary, secondary and tertiary interventions are needed to achieve
a meaningful degree of prevention and protection. However, as this example shows, prevention experts say that
the further “upstream” one is from a negative health outcome, the likelier it is that any intervention will be
effective.

Sources:

 DOH Order 2012-0012.Rules and Regulations Governing the New Classification

of Hospitals and Other Health Facilities in the Philippines.
 Pulyn Jean B. Rosell – Ubial, MD, MPH,,CESO 11(Doh.gov.ph.)
 Wikipedia
 Nursing crib
 Public Health, 26 April 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00102
 World Health Organization. Universal Health Coverage: Five Questions [Internet]. Geneva:
  Health_financing/universal_health_coverage_5_questions.pdf https://www.who.
(accessed March 1, 2019).
 1.Strenghtening health systems for universal health coverage and sustainable development. 
 Bull World Health Organ. Kieny MP, Bekedam H, Dovlo D, Fitzgerald J, Habicht et al
  At Work, Issue 80, Spring 2015: Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, 2006.

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