Professional Documents
Culture Documents
On 11 April 2017, IEEE hosted a dinner debate The Gross Domestic Product created in 1937 by
at the European Parliament in Brussels called, Simon Kuznets has been utilized as the primary
Civil Law Rules on Robotics: Prioritizing Human metric of value for technology and society for
Well-being in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. decades. Since its inception, many economists
have posited that when the Gross Domestic
The event featured experts from The IEEE Global Product (GDP) increases so does citizen
Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial happiness or well-being.
Intelligence and Autonomous Systems (“The IEEE
Global Initiative”) and was hosted by Member of However, in 2007, the European Commission
European Parliament (MEP) Mady Delvaux (The hosted The “Beyond GDP” conference where
Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, over six hundred and fifty attendees recognized
Luxembourg), who served as Rapporteur on the that the primary metric and paradigm of value for
Parliament’s Civil Law Rules on Robotics report. the world measures growth and income but does
Among other recommendations, the report not incorporate factors like the environment or
proposed a system of registration for advanced mental and emotional health in its calculations.
robots managed by a potential EU Agency for
Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI). It has also been widely recognized that an
increase in GDP does not directly correlate to an
The report also suggested autonomous robots increase in citizen well-being, a fact substantiated
be granted the status of electronic personhood by The Measurement of Economic Performance
under a liability framework regarding the actions and Social Progress report from 2009 (commonly
of these devices and their users. This idea referred to as “The Stiglitz Report”) that states,
has been largely misconstrued as a form of “The time is ripe for our measurement system
robot rights although the way “personhood” is to shift emphasis from measuring economic
described in the report is similar to the legal production to measuring people’s well-being.”
notion of corporate personhood. The confusion
and heightened interest surrounding this issue
paved the way for an in depth discussion on how
to ascribe and measure value for technology and
the well-being of the people who use it.
1
The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
The GDP goes up in a traffic jam due to increased “The time is ripe for our
gasoline consumption, but few would argue that
humans feel a sense of increased happiness or measurement system
well-being when they are in those cars. Similarly, to shift emphasis from
autonomous vehicles, companion robots, or
AI-enabled algorithms may increase economic measuring economic
metrics, but their effect on human emotions is production to measuring
not recognized or measured by the GDP.
people’s well-being.”
A primary subject of debate for IEEE’s event at
the Parliament was to ask how existing Beyond The Stiglitz Report
GDP metrics that do measure emotion or other
AI-relevant factors could increase the efficacy of
these technologies while inspiring ethically driven
innovation overall.
2
The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
MEP Mady Delvaux (The Progressive Alliance of material conditions. Health, environment,
Socialists and Democrats, Luxembourg), opened work-life balance are all-important dimensions
the evening by welcoming guests and pointed of human well-being. (See Better Life Index
out the challenge that robots, AI, and algorithms (BLI) diagram).
are becoming increasingly powerful in our lives:
It is the need to measure multiple factors beyond
“I believe that everyone agrees we want the
the material metrics prioritized in the GDP that
technology and research to serve human beings
Murtin emphasized as being so important for
but certainly when it comes to the details things
governments and organizations to consider.
will become more complicated.” She also pointed
Fortunately this mind-set is being incorporated
out there were numerous questions to answer
by multiple organizations: “One could argue that
on these subjects, like how best to define well-
the United Nations through their Sustainable
being and how we can assure that the ethical
Development Goals (SDGs) has embraced this
principles we elucidate around these issues
multi-dimensional framework that is at the heart
will be implemented.
of the matter for tonight’s discussion.”
As a final point regarding these emerging
Specifying that using these holistic metrics allows
technologies she asked, “Is everything that is
one to reflect the complexity of well-being of
feasible also desirable and how can we avoid
a country, he observed how the same kind of
unintended consequences of robotics and Artificial
multi-dimensional framework could be used to
Intelligence?” before introducing the evening’s
assess the consequences of the transformation
keynote speaker.
our societies are facing due to AI, autonomous
“My starting point is the following,” offered keynote systems, and digitalization in general. “The idea,”
Fabrice Murtin, Senior Economist, Household he noted, “is that the changes that are brought
Statistics and Progress Measurement Division of forward by these digital technologies could be
the OECD Statistics Directorate, “GDP is a good monitored across all the various dimensions
and necessary measure of economic activity, but of human well-being.”
it is a very poor measure of people’s well-being.”
Murtin pointed out there are two fundamental
“The idea is that the changes that
reasons for this:
are brought forward by these digital
• The GDP does not reflect the diversity of technologies could be monitored
household situations in a country as there is across all the various dimensions
no inequality component embedded into it. of human well-being.”
Fabrice Murtin, Senior Economist , Household Statistics
• It also does not account for the many and progress Measurement Division of the OECD
dimensions of well-being, which go beyond Statistics Directorate
3
The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
PERSONAL
SECURITY Household
income
Life
satisfaction Financial
Feeling safe wealth
at night Employment JOBS AND
CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
AND GOVERNANCE Homicides EARNINGS
Earnings
Voter Long-term
SOCIAL turnout unemployment
CONNECTIONS
Social Working
support hours
WORK-LIFE
Time
BALANCE
Cognitive
off
skills
Years in
education Housing
EDUCATION affordability
AND SKILLS
Educational Basic
attainment sanitation
Perceived Water
health quality HOUSING
Life Air
expectancy quality
HEALTH ENVIRONMENTAL
STATUS QUALITY
United States
OECD (2015) How’s Life? OECD Publishing, Paris.
4
The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
After Murtin’s keynote, the first panel of the Moderating the panel was John C. Havens,
evening took place featuring: Executive Director of The IEEE Global Initiative,
who began the discussion stating that, “Few
• Raja Chatila – IEEE fellow, Director of the would argue that ethical considerations for AI
Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics, should be prioritized for tech policy. But without
Sorbonne – University Pierre and Marie Curie, an underlying shift in our economic measures,
Paris and Chair of the Executive Committee ethics provide little resistance to market forces
for The IEEE Global Initiative; and exponential growth. How can enlightened
economists demonstrate new forms of values
• Salla Saastamoinen – Director, Directorate for technology creation so AI development can
A, Civil and Commercial Justice, Directorate
prioritize human and environmental well-being?”
-General (DG) for Justice and Consumers
(JUST), European Commission; and, Salla Saastamoinen provided the first response
to the question with a broad focus on her work
• Juha Heikkilä – Head of Unit, Robotics & within the Commission, highlighting the aims and
Artificial Intelligence, Directorate -General goals the European Union should advance: “It is
(DG) Connect for Communications Networks, the values of human dignity, freedom, democracy,
Content and Technology (CONNECT), equality, rule of law, and respect of human rights
European Commission. that is the big framework for us.” Referencing the
subject matter for the evening she also pointed
out that, “One of the first aims of the EU is
the promotion of its values and the well-being
of its people.”
5
The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
Noting that from the DG Justice angle her work or safety. But when it comes to an individual
included reviewing the possibilities for accidents researcher tasked to develop systems to address
that come with any new technology, the question these challenges, a primary motivation is
of liability brought up by the Civil Law Rules often efficiency. In regards to industry, Chatila
on Robotics report was highly relevant. This described that the focus can often be on “general
includes aspects of safety for consumers and the competitiveness and from this point of view the
challenges robotics and AI pose for human rights. issue is more about economic growth, which
As she noted, “It is about fairness, about privacy, means that people may not often explicitly
about all aspects of fundamental rights that we consider well-being issues even if the project
aim to look at it, including how these affect the is about one of the areas defined by Beyond
rule of law and democracy.” GDP metrics.”
Juha Heikkilä took the floor next noting that there Saastamoinen raised the concern of how best
will be jobs created as well as jobs lost in the wake to evolve existing product liability rules at the
of automation. He also stated that it is important European Union level with regards to robotics
to make the most of the benefits that these and AI. She called attention to the challenge to
technologies can bring: “Society cannot hold address the difference between a defect in an
progress, and it’s important for Europe to be a part intelligent or autonomous system versus a new
of it. There are tangible economic benefits and we behavior exhibited by such systems, and to which
feel it is important for us to be at the forefront of behavior users or consumers are not used to yet.
this technology. If we can’t stop its progress we’d “We need to ensure we have a balanced system
better be involved in it to ensure it is not done on for the investors of the industry. Somebody is
the conditions of others based on their values.” paying for the development of robotics, so the
system must be something that gives them a legal
Bringing conversation back to the idea of well- certainty. This is the balance we are focusing on –
being, Havens asked Raja Chatila how he thought how to provide clarity and legal certainty.”
well-being metrics could provide new perspectives
or even potential solutions for policy makers Heikkilä shed light on the critical need for
regarding the manufacturing of AI and Robotics. “re-skilling,” noting that the subject of providing
education and training in automation is often
Chatila replied that while research is designed to overlooked. He also pointed out that changes at
produce new knowledge, it is often motivated by the workplace brought about by automation would
societal challenges such as health, transportation,
6
The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
not always lead to the loss of a given job. Rather, product or system have implications on the mental
changes in the workplace inspire an evolution health of the user?’ For instance, he described
in the tasks that people do and there will be how people may become confused thinking that
more co-working opportunities that will become robots express emotions whereas they are actually
important. In this scenario training to make the machines and do not have any feeling. And it is by
workforce more flexible regarding automation will asking these questions that researchers come up
be critical. Along with re-skilling he declared that with answers that can guide the research process
“at least some responsible companies will have or the development process itself.
an interest in taking the well-being aspect to
“The point is that we really have to follow a
heart because it’s in their best interest to have
reflection,” imparted Chatila at the end of the
a satisfied workforce.”
panel. “On the various recommendations raised
Closing the panel, Chatila observed that until you can ask questions about how to address the
fairly recently while he was aware that well-being well-being of the user to come up with concrete
metrics existed, he was not convinced that they solutions. This is the game changer for how we
could be translated explicitly into the development rethink development.”
of AI and robotic systems. However, his recent
work prioritizing ethical principles with The IEEE
“On the various recommendations
Global Initiative led him to reflect on how one
raised you can ask questions about
could translate such metrics into constraints that
how to address the well-being of
are taken into consideration during research or
the user to come up with concrete
development work for these technologies.
solutions. This is the game changer
To do this, he said, one needs to think about for how we rethink development.”
the stakeholders who are going to use these Raja Chatila - Chair of The IEEE Global Initiative
technologies and ask questions like, ‘does this
7
The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
Following a short break, the second panel of the to utilize in the creation of Artificial Intelligence.
evening featured: The real question now is how can AI be best
implemented in order to address the pressing
• Virginia Dignum – Associate Professor, issues of autonomy, job loss, and personal data
Delft University of Technology; concerns for EU citizens and beyond? ”
• Vincent C. Müller – Professor of Philosophy Virginia Dignum answered first, relaying how her
at Anatolia College, University Fellow at work with corporate clients involving AI ethics was
Leeds, President of the European Association directly related to the focus of the evening: “What
for Cognitive Systems, and Chair of the companies are realizing is that well-being and
euRobotics Topics Group on “Ethical, Legal human value is the central motivation
and Socio-economic Issues”; and, for their innovation.”
• Fabrice Murtin – Senior Economist,
Household Statistics and Progress “What companies are realizing is
Measurement Division, OECD Statistics that well-being and human value
Directorate. are the central motivation for their
innovation.”
Virginia Dignum - Associate Professor, Delft University
of Technology
8
The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
9
The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
To close the panel, Havens asked Murtin what technologies. “I think there is a true need for the
he had learned during the evening about AI private sector to go technology by technology to
and robotics that would help evolve his work try and assess the various products that could
with the OECD. Murtin reiterated that well-being be introduced or not by applying a well-being
frameworks could be useful for society to reflect framework.”
on the desirability of specific AI and autonomous
10
The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
11
The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
12
The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
As the evening drew to a close, John C. Havens • Furthermore, collaboration regarding research
pointed out how Beyond GDP metrics provide between different universities and academia
a form of societal introspection by examining from the member states is perfect, very good.
aspects of our lives we may often overlook. While I think we should make some efforts to
we assume that people are multi-dimensional and develop this cooperation between all Member
have value beyond their fiscal worth, it can be easy States and agencies of the European Union.
to only focus on our material success versus the
What we measure matters.
deeper aspects of what makes us human.
Now we can move Beyond GDP and start
In terms of looking deeper at our humanity in
measuring, together.
relation to autonomous and artificial technologies,
Havens ended the content portion of the evening
by providing the following challenge to policy “If a big organization like IEEE is
makers, technologists, and society in general: considering well-being to be an important
principle in the design of AI, I am very
How will machines know what we value, if we
optimistic that you have succeeded to
don’t know ourselves?
convince others to join you.”
Thanking speakers, panelists, and attendees Mady Delvaux, The Progressive Alliance of Socialists
for their participation, Delvaux then ended the and Democrats, Luxembourg
evening as the host of the event by saying:
• If a big organization like IEEE is considering
well-being to be an important principle in the
design of AI, I am very optimistic that you have
succeeded to convince others to join you.
• Secondly, if OECD has new metrics on
proposing benchmarks that are different from
only GDP, this also makes me optimistic.
13
The IEEE Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
Special Thanks
14