History of Special

Education
 More than 1 million students were refused access
to public schools and another 3.5 million received
little or no effective instruction. Many states had
laws that explicitly excluded children with certain
types of disabilities, including children who were
blind, deaf, and children labelled "emotionally
disturbed" or "mentally retarded."
 Jean Marc Gaspard Itard (1775 – 1838)

 Referred to as the Father of Special Education

 A French physician who was an authority on ear

diseases and in education for the deaf

 Began to educate a boy of about twelve who had

been roaming naked in the forests of France.
 Jean Marc Gaspard Itard (1775 – 1838)

 Itard’s mentor, Philippe Pinel, a prominent French

physician who was an early advocate of humane
treatment of insane persons, advised him that his
efforts would be unsuccessful because the boy,
Victor, was a "hopeless idiot." But Itard
persevered. He did not eliminate Victor’s
disabilities, but he did dramatically improve the
wild child’s behaviour through patience and
educative procedures.
 Jean Marc Gaspard Itard (1775 – 1838)

 A student of Itard’s, Edouard Seguin, immigrated to

the United States in 1848. Seguin had become
famous as an educator of "idiotic children," even
though most thinkers of the day were convinced
that such children could not be taught anything of
significance.
 Revolutionary Ideas of Itard, Seguin & their
successors

 Individualized instruction
 the child’s characteristics, rather than prescribed
academic content, provide the basis for teaching
techniques

 A carefully sequenced series of educational tasks

 beginning with tasks the child can perform and
gradually leading to more difficult learning
 Revolutionary Ideas of Itard, Seguin & their
successors

 Emphasis on stimulation and awakening of the

child’s senses
 help the child become more aware of and
responsive to educational stimuli

 Meticulous arrangement of the child’s

environment
 the environment and the child’s experience lead
naturally to learning
 Revolutionary Ideas of Itard, Seguin & their
successors

 Immediate reward for correct performance

 providing reinforcement for desirable behavior

 Tutoring in functional skills

 to help the child be self sufficient and productive
in everyday life.

 Resource:
 teacherlink.ed.usu.edu/tlresources/.../pdf/JeanMarcGaspardItard%20.pdf
 April 15, 1817
 The American Asylum for the Education of the
Deaf and Dumb was founded in Hartford,
Connecticut by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet.

 the American Asylum for the Education of the

Deaf and Dumb, the first residential school in the
U.S.

 The first Primary & Secondary Education school to

received federal fund of $300,000
 Year 1829

 New England Asylum for the Blind was founded,

and now known as the Perkins School for the Blind.

 The school is named in honor of Thomas Handasyd

Perkins, one of the organization's incorporators
and a Boston shipping merchant who began losing
his sight at the time of establishment.
 July 27, 1834

 The year when the Braile was first published.

 developed by Charles Barbier in response

to Napoleon's demand for a means for soldiers to
communicate silently at night and without light.

 derived from the Latin alphabet, albeit indirectly

 July 1, 1839

 The First Teachers’ Training Program was launched

and opened in Massachusetts.

 Opened training programs that will help teachers

to understand their students to better teaching-
learning interaction
 July 1848

 Samuel Gridley Howe establishes the

Massachusetts School for Idiotic and Feeble
Minded Children

 Currently known as The Walter E. Fernald State

School

 The institution did serve a large population of

mentally retarded children
 July 1869

 First public school class for children with hearing

impairments open in Boston
 Year1876

 Edouard Seguin helps to organize the first

professional association concerned with disabilities
(mental retardation), predecessor to today’
American Association on Mental Retardation
 Year 1904

 The Vineland Training School in New Jersey

inaugurates training programs for teachers of
students with mental retardation
 Year 1916

 Louis Terman publishes the Standford-Binet

Scale of Intelligence

 is an individually administered intelligence test

that was revised from the original Binet-Simon
Scale by Lewis M. Terman
 Year 1920

 The rise of Gifted children

 Conducted the Training program for Gifted

 Columbia University, begins training program for

teachers of pupils who are gifted
 Year 1973
 The Education for All Handicapped Children Act

 This act required all public schools accepting

federal funds to provide equal access
to education and one free meal a day
for children with physical and mental disabilities

 Public schools were required to evaluate

handicapped children and create an educational
plan with parent input that would emulate as
closely as possible the educational experience of
non-disabled students.
 Year 1973
 was put in place to correct the problem
of discrimination against people with disabilities in
the United States

 Individuals who qualify as having a disability have

experienced discrimination both because of negative
attitudes in regards to their ability to be an effective
employee, as well as the physical barriers at work
facilities. The Title V of the Vocational Rehabilitation
Act requires private employers with federal contracts
over $2,500 to take affirmative action to hire
individuals with a mental or physical disability. While
this means that employers must make reasonable
accommodations for disabled employees,
 Education for All Handicapped Children

 The act also required that school districts

provide administrative procedures so that
parents of disabled children could dispute
decisions made about their children’s education.

 The act also required that school districts

provide administrative procedures so that
parents of disabled children could dispute
decisions made about their children’s education.
 Year 1986

 Education of the Handicapped Act

Amendments of 1986 (PL 99-457)

 necessitates states to make available

appropriate and free public education to
children ages 3 through 5 who are disabled
 July 26, 1990

 Americans with Disabilities Act

(PL 101-336)

 is a wide-ranging civil rights law that

prohibits discrimination based on disability.
Americans with Disabilities Act (PL 101-336)
 It affords similar protections against
discrimination to Americans with disabilities
which made discrimination based on
race, religion, sex, national origin, and other
characteristics illegal

 unlike the Civil Rights Act, the ADA also requires

covered employers to provide reasonable
accommodations to employees with disabilities,
and imposes accessibility requirements on public
accommodations.
Individuals with Disability Education Act 1990
(IDEA)

 that governs how states and public agencies

provide early intervention, special education,
and related services to children with disabilities

 addresses the educational needs of children with

disabilities from age 3 to age 18 or 21 in cases
that involve 14 specified categories of disability.
Individuals with Disability Education Act 1997
(IDEA)
 The definition of disabled children expanded to
include developmentally delayed children
between three and nine years of age.

 It also required parents to attempt to resolve

disputes with schools and Local Educational
Agencies

 amendments authorized additional grants for

technology, disabled infants and toddlers, parent
training, and professional development.
Individuals with Disability Education Act 2004
(IDEA)

 Lately known as Individuals with Disabilities

Education Improvement Act (IDEiA)

 Several provisions aligned IDEA with the No

Child Left Behind Act of 2001
 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
2009 (ARRA)

 President Barrack Obama signed the American

Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA)
on February 17, 2009

 It Includes the additional $12.2 Billion in

additional funds.
 No Child Left Behind (NCLB 2001)

 is a reauthorization of the Elementary and

Secondary Education Act, which included Title I,
the government's flagship aid program for
disadvantaged students
 IDEA Reauthorization (2011)
 updated the IDEA to include specific
interventions for children of ages 2 and under
that have disabilities.

 The definition of multidisciplinary has been

revised to respect aspects of an updated
individualized family service plan (IFSP) team.

 Native language is the language normally used

by the parents of the child for any child that is
deemed limited English proficient
 References

 History of SPED in US
http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/timeline-
of-key-dates-in-the-history-of-special-education-
in-the-us

 Definitions of Laws
https://www.wikipedia.com/