Historical Developments

of Special and Inclusive

Education in the USA
 KEY
MILESTONES

PARC was the first legal​

challenge trying to provide an
1971
PENNSYLVANIA ASSOCIATION
equal education for all children. FOR RETARDER CHILDREN

1973 Rehabilitation Act of 1973 s a

national law that protects
REHABILITATION ACT, SECTION 504
qualified individuals from
discrimination based on their
disability.

Educational Amendments Act

provides federal funds to states
for creating educational
1974
EDUCATIONAL AMENDMENTS ACT
programs for exceptional
learners, as well as for gifted
students.

1975 According to Education for All

Handicap Children Act in 1975,
State and local educational
EDUCATION FOR ALL
HANDICAP CHILDREN
agencies receiving​ Federal Funds
have a responsibility to provide
education for all handicap (mentally
and physically) children, and to
provide related services necessary
to provide education to all children
in the United States.
 1984
Florida Education Equity Act
ensures equal opportunities for all
students and employees​ in the
FLORIDA EDUCATION EQUITY ACT Florida K-20 public educational
system, regardless of race,
ethnicity, national origin, gender,
disability, or marital status.

Americans with Disabilities Act

provides protection against
1990
AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT
discrimination based on disabilities
on state and local government
level.

2002 All students will receive equal

education opportunities. Allows
NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND schools and local governments to
decide how they use federal
education funds in order to improve
stents achievement based on their
Adequate Yearly Progress.

DEIA allows districts to decide if a

child has a specific disability, 2004
increase standards for special
education licensure and prevents INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES
disproportionate representation EDUCATION IMPROVEMENT ACT
of students in special education (IDEIA)
by race and ethnicity.

2015 Every Student Succeeds Act is a

EVERY STUDENT SUCCEEDS ACT modification of a previous No Child
Left Behind Act.
ESSA is the first legal action that
requires all students to be taught
according to high academic
standards in order to prepare
them for their future careers and
college.
Policies and Legislation
Individuals with Disabilities
01
Education Act (IDEA) 1990
is a law that makes available a free
appropriate public education to eligible
children with disabilities throughout the
nation and ensures special education and
related services to those children.
Education for All Handicapped
02 Children Act (EAHCA) 1975
Amendments to the Education of the
Handicapped Act to improve educational
services in local public schools for children
with mental, physical, emotional, and
learning handicaps require that free
appropriate public education be available
for all handicapped children.

No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)

03
2001

It required schools to include students with

disabilities in state assessments and to
report their progress.

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

04 2015

It required that all students, including those

with disabilities, have access to a well-
rounded education and provided more
flexibility to states in designing their
accountability systems.
INFLUENTIAL FIGURES IN SPECIAL AND
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN THE USA

Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard
(1774-1838)
Often considered one of the pioneers of
special education, Itard worked with Victor,
a deaf and feral child, and developed
instructional techniques that laid the
foundation for the education of individuals
with disabilities.
INFLUENTIAL FIGURES IN SPECIAL AND
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN THE USA

Anne Sullivan (1866-1936)

Best known as the teacher of Helen Keller,
Sullivan's work with Keller demonstrated the
potential of individuals with disabilities to
achieve academic success and
independence.
INFLUENTIAL FIGURES IN SPECIAL AND
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN THE USA

Helen Keller (1880-1968)

A deaf-blind author and activist, Keller's life
story inspired many and highlighted the
importance of education and inclusion for
individuals with sensory disabilities.
INFLUENTIAL FIGURES IN SPECIAL AND
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN THE USA

Dr. Temple Grandin

An advocate for individuals with autism and
a renowned autism researcher, Grandin has
made significant contributions to
understanding autism and promoting
inclusive education and employment for
autistic individuals.
INFLUENTIAL FIGURES IN SPECIAL AND
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN THE USA

Senator Tom Harkin

As the sponsor of the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA), Senator Harkin played
a pivotal role in the passage of this landmark
legislation, which had a profound impact on
inclusion in various aspects of American
society, including education.
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE
EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
 KEY
MILESTONES
1907 The School for the Deaf and Blind
Establishment of the School in Pasay City, Metro Manila, was
for the Deaf and Blind established as one of the earliest
institutions dedicated to the
education of individuals with
sensory disabilities in the
Philippines.

The Department of Education 1982

(DepEd) introduced an inclusive Inclusive Education Policy
education policy that aimed to
integrate students with disabilities
into regular schools and
classrooms, emphasizing the right
to quality education for all.

1992 Also known as the "Magna Carta

Republic Act No. 7277
for Disabled Persons," this law
strengthened the rights and
privileges of individuals with
disabilities, including their right to
education, accessibility, and non-
discrimination.
1997
DepEd's Special Education
DepEd established a Special
(SPED) Program
Education Program to provide
support and services for students
with disabilities within the regular
education system.

2004 The Philippines adopted an

Inclusive Education Framework Inclusive Education Framework
that reinforced the commitment
to inclusive education and provided
guidelines for its implementation.
This amendment to the Magna
Carta for Disabled Persons
2007
Republic Act No. 9442
further expanded the rights and
privileges of individuals with
disabilities, including their access
to quality education.

2008
Creation of the National
Council on Disability Affairs
The NCDA was established to
(NCDA)
promote the rights and welfare of
individuals with disabilities, including
their access to education.

DepEd under its wing had 217
SPED Centers that cater to the
needs of children with special
abilities. The department issued
Braille textbooks to help especially
visually impaired children.
2010
2009
Special Education Act of 2010, An
act establishing at least one
Special Education center for each
school division and at least three
Special Education centers in big
school divisions for children with
special needs, guidelines for
government financial assistance
and other incentives and support

2012
DepEd has increased the funding
for its Special Education program
and is set to open new centers

2013
DepEd organized a National
Conference for SPED Teachers to
sharpen their skills.
 Policies
and
Legislation
1. Republic Act No. 7277 (1992)
Known as the "Magna Carta for Disabled
Persons," this law established the rights
and privileges of persons with
disabilities (PWDs) in various aspects of
life, including education. It mandated the
integration of children with disabilities
into regular schools, when appropriate,
and called for the provision of support
services.
2. Republic Act No. 10533 (2013)
Known as the Enhanced Basic Education
Act of 2013, this law introduced the K-12
program in the Philippines. It aimed to
provide inclusive and accessible
education for all, including students with
disabilities, by ensuring the availability of
appropriate
3. DepEd Order No. 20 (2018)
This order further emphasized the
commitment of the DepEd to provide
inclusive education and support for
students with disabilities, including the
development of an inclusive education
strategic plan.
INFLUENTIAL FIGURES
INSPECIAL AND
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

in the Philippines
Edilberto
C. de Jesus
As an academic and advocate,
Edilberto C. de Jesus has been
involved in efforts to promote
inclusive education in the Philippines.
He has also been a strong proponent
of accessible and quality education for
all.
Dr. Arsenio
Balisacan
Dr. Balisacan is a prominent
economist and academic who has
advocated for inclusive education in
the Philippines. He served as the
Chairperson of the Philippine Social
Science Council and has contributed
to research on inclusive education
policies.
Liliane P.
Manahan
Liliane P. Manahan is known for her
work in advocating for the rights of
persons with disabilities in the
Philippines. She has been involved in
various organizations that promote
inclusive education and the welfare of
individuals with disabilities.
Ferdinand B.
Manuel
Dr. Ferdinand B. Manuel is a
renowned expert in special education
in the Philippines. His contributions
to the field include research,
publications, and advocacy for the
rights of individuals with disabilities.
Therese
Bustos
Therese Bustos is an influential figure
in the field of autism advocacy and
education in the Philippines. Her
work has contributed to raising
awareness about autism and
promoting inclusive practices in
education.
Maria Lourdes
"Malou" Alcid
Dr. Malou Alcid is a well-known
advocate for inclusive education and
the rights of children with disabilities.
She has contributed to research and
policy development in the field of
special education.
Myrna R.
Hipolito
Myrna R. Hipolito is a respected
advocate for the rights of persons
with disabilities. She has been
involved in organizations that work
toward the inclusion and
empowerment of individuals with
disabilities, including in the education
sector.