Bibliography for key concepts

and recent supporting evidence

Overall approach applying a hierarchy of risk

Peng X et al. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020; 12(1), 9.

Meng L et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicine. J
Dent Res. 2020; 99(5), 481–487.

Estrich CG et al. Estimating COVID-19 prevalence and infection control practices among US dentists. J Am Dent
Assoc. 2020; 151(11):815–824.

Zhao S et al. Analysis of anxiety-related factors amongst frontline dental staff during the COVID-19 pandemic in
Yichang, China. BMC Oral Health. 2020; 20(1):342.

Kumar PS et al. Sources of SARS-CoV-2 and other microorganisms in dental aerosols. J Dent Res. 2021; 1-7. DOI:
10.1177/00220345211015948

Benzian H et al. Systemic management of pandemic risks in dental practice: a consolidated framework for COVID-
19 control in dentistry. Front Med. 24 February 2021 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644515

Meethill AP et al. Sources of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Microorganisms in Dental Aerosols. J Dent Res. 2021; 1-7. DOI:
10.1177/00220345211015948

Allison JR et al. Evaluating aerosol and splatter following dental procedures: addressing new challenges for oral
health care and rehabilitation. J Oral Rehabil. 2021; 48(1):61–72

Holliday R et al. Evaluating contaminated dental aerosol and splatter in an open plan clinic environment:
Implications for the COVID-19 pandemic. J Dent. 2021; 105: 103565.

Elimination, including vaccination against COVID-19

De Gier B, et al. Vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infections among household and other
close contacts of confirmed cases, the Netherlands, February to May 2021. Euro Surveill. 2021;26(31):pii=2100640.
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.

Polack FP et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383:2603–15.

Rinott E et al. Reduction in COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation following implementation of a
national COVID-19 vaccination program—Israel, December 2020–February 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.
2021;70:326–8.

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Haas EJ et al. Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19
cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study
using national surveillance data. Lancet 2021;397:1819–29.

Dagan N, Barda N, Kepten E, et al. BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting. N
Engl J Med. 2021;384:1412–23.

Tenforde MW, Olson SM, Self WH, et al.; IVY Network; HAIVEN Investigators. Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and
Moderna vaccines against COVID-19 among hospitalized adults aged ≥65 Years—United States, January–March
2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:674–9.

Christie A et al, Decreases in COVID-19 cases, emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and deaths among
older adults following the introduction of COVID-19 vaccine — United States, September 6, 2020–May 1, 2021.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Early Release 2021; 70: June 8, 2021.

Thompson MG et al. Interim estimates of vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccines in
preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among health care personnel, first responders, and other essential and frontline
workers— eight U.S. locations, December 2020–March 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:495–500.

Baden LR et al. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-123 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384:403–416.

Teran RA et al. Postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among Skilled Nursing Facility Residents and Staff Members
— Chicago, Illinois, December 2020–March 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70(7): 632-638.

Australian Health Protection Principal Committee statement on public health management of persons fully
vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. Published 09/06/21. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/news/australian-
health-protection-principal-committee-ahppc-statement-on-public-health-management-of-persons-fully-
vaccinated-against-sars-cov-2?

Screening, including rapid antigen testing

Wang WK et al. Detection of SARS-associated coronavirus in throat wash and saliva in early diagnosis. Emerg Infect
Dis. 2004; 10(7):1213–1219.

Durner J et al. SARS-CoV-2 and regular patient treatment – from the use of rapid antigen testing up to treatment
specific precaution measures. Head Face Med. 2021;17:39. DOI: 10.1186/s13005-021-00289-9.

Chau NVV et al. Oxford University Clinical Research Unit COVID-19 Research Group. The natural history and
transmission potential of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; 71(10):2679-2687.

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Engineering controls and Facilities, including air handling
Epstein JB et al. Dental procedure aerosols and COVID-19, Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-
3099(20)30636-8.

Kumar PS et al. Sources of SARS-CoV-2 and other microorganisms in dental aerosols. J Dent Res. 2021; 1-7. DOI:
10.1177/00220345211015948

Volgenant CMC et al. Infection control in dental health care during and after the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Oral Dis.
2020;00:1–10. DOI: 10.1111/odi.13408.

Holliday R et al. Evaluating contaminated dental aerosol and splatter in an open plan clinic environment:
Implications for the COVID-19 pandemic. J Dent. 2021; 105: 103565.

CoDER Working Group, Recommendations for the Re-opening of Dental Services: A Rapid Review of International
Sources, COVID-19 Dental Services Evidence Review (CoDER) Working Group, 2020.
https://oralhealth.cochrane.org/sites/oralhealth.cochrane.org/files/public/uploads/covid19_dental_reopening_rap
id_review_13052020.pdf

Allison JR et al. Evaluating aerosol and splatter following dental procedures: addressing new challenges for oral
healthcare and rehabilitation, J Oral Rehab. 2021; 48: 61–72.

Shahdad S et al. Fallow time determination in dentistry using aerosol measurement in mechanically and non-
mechanically ventilated environments. Brit Dent J. 19 July 2021 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-021-3369-1.

CDC air flow calculations

https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/environmental/appendix/air.html#tableb1

Protocols and procedures

Pre-procedural mouthrinses

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim infection prevention and control guidance for dental settings
during the COVID-19 response. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/dental-settings.html

Rabenau HF et al. Stability and inactivation of SARS coronavirus. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2005; 194:1–6.

Meiller TF et al. Efficacy of Listerine Antiseptic in reducing viral contamination of saliva. J Clin Periodontol.
2005;32(4):341-346.

Kariwa H et al. Inactivation of SARS coronavirus by means of povidone-iodine, physical conditions and chemical
reagents. Dermatol. 2006; 212(Suppl 1), 119–123.

Marui VC et al. Efficacy of preprocedural mouthrinses in the reduction of microorganisms in aerosol: A systematic
review. J Am Dent Assn. 2019; 150(12), 1015–1026.e1.

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O’Donnell VB et al. Potential role of oral rinses targeting the viral lipid envelope in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Function
2020; DOI: 1.10.1093/function/zqaa002

Meister TL et al. Virucidal efficacy of different oral rinses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
J Infect Dis. 2020; 222:1289-167.

Meyers C et al. Lowering the transmission and spread of human coronavirus. J Med Virol. 2020;
n/a.10.1002/jmv.26514

Green A et al. In vitro assessment of the virucidal activity of four mouthwashes containing cetylpyridinium chloride,
ethanol, zinc and a mix of enzyme and proteins against a human coronavirus. bioRxiv
2020:2020.10.28.359257.10.1101/2020.10.28.359257

Martinez Lamas L et al. Is povidone iodine mouthwash effective 174 against SARS-CoV-2? First in vivo tests. Oral
Dis. 2020; DOI: 10.1111/odi.13526

Statkute E et al. Brief report: the virucidal efficacy of oral rinse components against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. bioRxiv
preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.13.381079

Kampf G et al. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J
Hosp Infect. 2020; 104(3), 246–251.

Meethill AP et al. Sources of SARS-CoV-2 and other microorganisms in dental aerosols. J Dent Res. 2021; 1-7. DOI:
10.1177/00220345211015948

Meyers C et al. Lowering the transmission and spread of human coronavirus. J Med Virol. 2021;93(3):1605-1612.

Davies K et al. Effective in vitro inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by commercially available mouthwashes. J Gen Virol.
2021;102(4):001578.

Xu C et al. Differential effects of antiseptic mouth rinses on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in vitro. Pathogens.
2021;10(3):272.

Stathis C et al. Review of the use of nasal and oral antiseptics during a global pandemic. Future Microbiol.
2021;16(2):119-130.

Mateos-Moreno MV et al. Oral antiseptics against coronavirus: in-vitro and clinical evidence. J Hosp Infect.
2021;113:30-43.

Komine A et al. Virucidal activity of oral care products against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Med
Pathol. 2021;33(4):475-477.

Eduardo FP et al. Salivary SARS-CoV-2 load reduction with mouthwash use: A randomized pilot clinical trial. Heliyon.
2021;7(6):e07346.

Seneviratne CJ et al. Efficacy of commercial mouth-rinses on SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva: randomized control
trial in Singapore. Infection. 2021;49(2):305-311.

Ozonated water
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Shin GA et al. Reduction of Norwalk Virus, Poliovirus 1, and Bacteriophage MS2 by ozone disinfection of water. Appl
Env Microbiol. 2003; 69:3975-3978.

Tizaoui C. Ozone: a potential oxidant for COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2). Ozone Sci Eng. 2020; 42(5):378-385.

Inagaki H et al. Rapid inactivation of Sars-Cov-2 with ozone water. bioRxiv 2020.

Albert S et al. Assessing the potential of unmanned aerial vehicle spraying of aqueous ozone as an outdoor
disinfectant for SARS-CoV-2. Envir Res. 2021; 196:110944.

Dental dam

Samaranayake LP et al. The efficacy of rubber dam isolation in reducing atmospheric bacterial-contamination. ASDC
J Dent Child. 1989; 56(6), 442–444.

Shahdad S et al. The efficacy of an extraoral scavenging device on reduction of splatter contamination during dental
aerosol generating procedures: an exploratory study. Br Dent J. 2020 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-2112-7.

High volume evacuation

Kobza J et al. Do exposures to aerosols pose a risk to dental professionals? Occup Med. 2018; 68:454-458.

Liu MH et al. Removal efficiency of central vacuum system and protective masks to suspended particles from dental
treatment. PLoS ONE 2019; 14: e0225644.

Meethill AP et al. Sources of SARS-CoV-2 and other microorganisms in dental aerosols. J Dent Res. 2021; 1-7. DOI:
10.1177/00220345211015948

Allison JR et al. Evaluating aerosol and splatter following dental procedures: addressing new challenges for oral
health care and rehabilitation. J Oral Rehabil. 2021; 48:61-72.

Holliday R et al. Evaluating contaminated dental aerosol and splatter in an open plan clinic environment:
Implications for the COVID-19 pandemic. J Dent. 2021; 105: 103565.

Harrel S K, Molinari J. Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: a brief review of the literature and infection control
implications. J Am Dent Assn. 2004; 135: 429-437.

Matys J, Grzech-Lesniak K. Dental aerosol as a hazard risk for dental workers. Materials 2020; 13: 5109.

Balanta-Melo J et al. Rubber dam isolation and high-volume suction reduce ultrafine dental aerosol particles: an
experiment in a simulated patient. Appl Sci. 2020; 10: 6345.

Reductions in aerosol generating procedures

Bentley CD et al. Evaluating spatter and aerosol contamination during dental procedures. J Am Dent. Assn. 1994;
125: 579-584.

Bennett AM et al. Microbial aerosols in general dental practice. Br Dent J. 2000; 189: 664-667.

Leggat PA, Kedjarune U. Bacterial aerosols in the dental clinic: a review. Int Dent J. 2001; 51: 39-44
5
Harrel SK, Molinari J. Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: A brief review of the literature and infection control
implications. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004; 135, 429-437.

Timmerman MF et al. Atmospheric contamination during ultrasonic scaling. J Clin Periodontol. 2004; 31: 458-462.

Zemouri C et al. A scoping review on bio-aerosols in healthcare and the dental environment. PLoS ONE 2017; 12(5),
e0178007.

Li Y et al. Saliva is a non-negligible factor in the spread of COVID-19. Molec Oral Microbiol. 2020;35:141–145.

Kobza J et al. Do exposures to aerosols pose a risk to dental professionals? Occup Med (Lond). 2018; 68(7):454–
458.

Morawska L, Milton D. It is time to address airborne transmission of COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; DOI:
10.1093/cid/ciaa939.

Kumar PS, Subramanian K. Demystifying the mist: sources of microbial bioload in dental aerosols. J Periodontol.
2020; 91(9):1113–1122.

Meethill AP et al. Sources of SARS-CoV-2 and other microorganisms in dental aerosols. J Dent Res. 2021; 1-7. DOI:
10.1177/00220345211015948

Holliday R et al. Evaluating contaminated dental aerosol and splatter in an open plan clinic environment:
Implications for the COVID-19 pandemic. J Dent. 2021; 105: 103565.

Shahdad S et al. The efficacy of an extraoral scavenging device on reduction of splatter contamination during dental
aerosol generating procedures: an exploratory study. Br Dent J. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-2112-7.

Personal Protective Equipment

https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2020/04/guidance-on-the-use-of-personal-protective-
equipment-ppe-in-hospitals-during-the-COVID-19-outbreak.pdf

Protective eyewear, visor masks and face shields

Nejatidanesh F et al. Risk of contamination of different areas of dentist's face during dental practices. Int J Prev
Med. 2013; 4: 611-615.

Shahdad S et al. The efficacy of an extraoral scavenging device on reduction of splatter contamination during dental
aerosol generating procedures: an exploratory study. Br Dent J. 2020; DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-2112-7.

Value of timely oral health care in reducing the systemic burden of disease
Gupta S, Sahni V. The intriguing commonality of NETosis between COVID-19 & periodontal disease. Med
Hypotheses. 2020; 144:109968

Pitones-Rubio V et al. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness? Med Hypotheses.
144:109969.

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Hocckova B et al. Oral Complications of ICU Patients with COVID-19: Case-series and review of two hundred ten
cases. J Clin Med. 2021; 10: 581.

Hopcraft M, Farmer G. Impact of COVID-19 on the provision of paediatric dental care: Analysis of the Australian
Child Dental Benefits Schedule. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2020; 49(4):369-376.

References collated by LJ Walsh 7.10.21