PIPER PA-28-161 CADET

QRH
Read and do
Recall
Conditional procedure
Emergency / Abnormal procedure

DO NOT REMOVE FROM AIRCRAFT

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 1

 PRE-FLIGHT CHECKLIST
PREPARATION * STROB LIGHT ON
Aircraft papers On board * PITOT HEAT ON
* Certificate of registration * LDG LIGHT Check
* Noise certificate * NAV LIGHT Check
* Radio license * STROB LIGHT Check
* Aircraft logbook * Stall warning Check
Pilot papers On board * PITOT HEAT Check
* Pilot license * LDG LIGHT OFF
* Medical certificate * NAV LIGHT OFF
Weather Checked * STROB LIGHT OFF
NOTAMs Checked * PITOT HEAT OFF
NAV log / W&B Completed BATT MASTR OFF
INTERIOR and EXTERIOR Flight controls Check free
Flaps 1 – 2 – 3 – UP
Trim T/O
Windows Check clean
Tow bar Removed/stowed
Baggage Secured
RIGHT WING
Wing Free of ice, snow frost
3 fuel drain points Flaps Check
COCKPIT Aileron Check
Control wheel Release belt Hinges Check for interference
Electric switches OFF Green white nav light Check
RADIO MSTR OFF Fuel tank Check visually
CB’s All in Fuel cap Secure
Mixture Idle cut-off Fuel tank sump Drain
Parking brake Set Fuel vent Clear
Magneto switches Key removed Tie down and chocks Removed
BATT MASTR ON Main gear strut 11 cm
* Fuel quantity Check Tire Check
* Annunciator panel Check Brake Check
* LDG LIGHT ON Fresh air inlet Clear
* NAV LIGHT ON

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 2

 NOSE SECTION FUSELAGE
Fuel and oil Check for leaks Antennas Check
Cowling Secure Empennage free of ice/snow/frost
Windshield Clean Stabilator check for interference
Propeller/spinner Check Trim tab Check
Air inlets Clean Tie down Remove
Alternator belt Check tension
Landing light Check
Nose chock Removed
Nose gear strut 8 cm
Nose wheel tire Check
Oil Check level (6 – 8)
Oil dipstick Properly seated
Fuel strainer Drain
LEFT WING
Wing Free of ice, snow, frost
Fresh air inlet Clear
Main gear strut 11 cm
Tire Check
Brake Check
Fuel tank sumps Drain
Fuel vent Clear
Tie down and chocks Removed
Fuel tank Check visually
Fuel cap Secure
Pitot/static head Remove cover
Wing tip Check
Red white nav light Check
Aileron Check
Hinges Check for interference
Flaps Check
Fresh air inlet Clear

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 3

 BEFORE STARTING ENGINE
Parking brake Set
Airfield logbook + slots Completed
Trouble report Check
Hour counter Check, verify with logbook
Doors Closed and latched
Seats Adjusted and locked
Seatbelts Fastened
Fuel selector Lowest tank
CARB HEAT OFF
RADIO MASTR OFF
Circuit breakers In

NORMAL ENGINE START cold engine

BATT MASTR / ALTR switch ON
STROB LIGHT ON
Throttle 1 cm open
FUEL PUMP ON, fuel pressure checked
Mixture Full rich
Propeller area Clear
Starter Engage
(max 10 sec  20 sec cooling) x max 6 times = 20 min cooling

Throttle 1000 RPM

Oil pressure Check (rising within 30 sec)
Ammeter Check
If engine does not start < 10 sec, prime and repeat starting procedure
NORMAL ENGINE START hot engine
BATT MASTR / ALTR switch ON
STROB LIGHT ON
Throttle 1,5 cm open
FUEL PUMP ON, fuel pressure checked
Mixture Full rich
Propeller area Clear
Starter Engage
(max 10 sec  20 sec cooling) x max 6 times = 20 min cooling

Throttle 1000 RPM

Oil pressure Check (rising within 30 sec)
Ammeter Check
EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 4
 ENGINE START flooded engine
BATT MASTR / ALTR switch ON
STROB LIGHT ON
Throttle Full open
FUEL PUMP OFF
Mixture Idle cut-off
Propeller area Clear
Starter Engage
(max 10 sec  20 sec cooling) x max 6 times = 20 min cooling

Mixture Advance when engine starts

Throttle Retard, then 1000 RPM

Oil pressure Check (rising within 30 sec)
Ammeter Check

ENGINE START with external power

BATT MASTR / ALTR switch OFF
All electrical equipment OFF
External battery 12V Connect terminals
First black then red
External power plug Insert in fuselage
Proceed with normal engine start
STROB LIGHT ON
Throttle 1 cm open
FUEL PUMP ON, fuel pressure checked
Mixture Full rich
Propeller area Clear
Starter Engage
(max 10 sec  20 sec cooling) x max 6 times = 20 min cooling

Throttle Lowest possible RPM

External power plug Disconnect from fuselage
Throttle 1000 RPM
BATT MASTR / ALTR switch ON
Oil pressure Check (rising within 30 sec)
Ammeter Check

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 5

 AFTER ENGINE START
RADIO MASTR ON
FUEL PUMP OFF, fuel pressure checked
NAV LIGHT ON
STROB LIGHT OFF
Directional Gyro Align with STBY compass
Horizon Check
Altimeter Set QNH
SET UP
Speaker as required
Intercom SQ @ 12 o’clock, VOL @ 3 o’clock
COM 1 active – stby freq
NAV 1 active – stby freq – radial selected
ADF freq - “ADF” - HDG on “N” - VOL silent
Transponder 7000 (or code received) – STBY

TAXI
Throttle Advance slowly
Brakes Check (both pilots)
Throttle 1000 RPM

GROUND CHECK
Nose Into the wind
Parking brake Set
Fuel selector Switch to fullest tank
Oil temperature Above 75°F if not: wait
Throttle 2000 RPM
Both – R – Both – L – Both
Magnetos
Max -175 RPM, max 50 RPM diff.
CARB HEAT ON – check RPM drop – OFF
Vacuum 5,0” HG ± 0,1
Oil pressure Check
Annunciator panel Press to test
Throttle Retard to full idle, then 1000 RPM

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 6

 BEFORE TAKE-OFF
Directional Gyro Check
Altimeter Check
Engine gauges Check
FUEL PUMP ON, fuel pressure checked
CARB HEAT OFF
Mixture Set
Belts / harness Fastened / adjusted
Flaps 1–2–3–1
Trim tab T/O
FLIGHT CONTROL CHECK
 Stick to the left Left up – right down
 Stick to the right Right up – left down
 Stick forward Elevator down
 Stick aft Elevator up
 Rudder Free
Storm window Closed
Doors Closed and latched

LINE UP
LDG LIGHT ON
STROB LIGHT ON
PITOT HEAT As required
Transponder ALT
Altimeter Check RWY elevation
QFU Check on Directional Gyro

TAKE OFF
Throttle Max power
Rotate 60 KIAS
@ 500 ft AGL
FUEL PUMP OFF, fuel pressure checked
LDG LIGHT OFF
Flaps UP

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 7

 AFTER TAKE-OFF
Vx 63 KIAS
Vy 79 KIAS
FUEL PUMP Checked OFF
LDG LIGHT Checked OFF
Flaps Checked UP

APPROACH
Directional Gyro Align with STBY compass
LH fuel quantity Check
RH fuel quantity Check
Fuel pressure Check
Oil temperature Check
Oil pressure Check
Ammeter Check
FUEL PUMP ON, fuel pressure checked
Fuel selector Switch tank if required
LDG LIGHT ON
Mixture Full rich
CARB HEAT ON
Throttle 2000 RPM
Flaps 1
Speed 90 KIAS

BASE LEG
Throttle ± 1400 RPM
Flaps 2
Speed 80 KIAS
Rate of descent ± 500 ft/min

FINAL
70 KIAS – flaps 2
Speed
63 KIAS – flaps 3
After landing (or T&G), CARB HEAT OFF

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 8

 GO AROUND
Simultaneous
 Throttle max
 CARB HEAT OFF
 Body attitude 6°, then speed 70 KIAS
 Flaps Retract 1 stage
Speed 70 KIAS
@ 500 ft AGL normal take-off profile

AFTER LANDING
Transponder STBY
FUEL PUMP OFF
LDG LIGHT OFF
STROB LIGHT OFF
PITOT HEAT OFF
CARB HEAT Checked OFF
Flaps UP
Trim T/O

PARKING
Parking brake Set
RADIO MASTR OFF
Electric switches OFF
Throttle 1000 RPM
Mixture Idle cut-off
Magnetos OFF, key removed
BATT MASTR / ALTR switch OFF
Hour counter Check
Aircraft logbook Complete
Airfield logbook Complete
Flight plan Close (see page 33)

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 9

 OUTDOOR PARKING long term
To minimise water condensation
Refuel
in fuel tanks
Parking brake Set
Control wheel Secure with seat belt
Flaps UP
Wheel chocks Both main wheels, fore and aft
Tie downs Secure

Doors Closed and locked

Pitot cover Install

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 10

 ENGINE FIRE DURING START
Starter motor ................................................................................................................................................ Crank engine
Mixture ......................................................................................................................................................................... Idle cut-off
Throttle .......................................................................................................................................................................................... Open
Electric fuel pump ............................................................................................................................................................... OFF
Fuel selector ................................................................................................................................................................................ OFF
 If fire continues
Aircraft ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Abandon

FIRE IN FLIGHT
Source of fire ........................................................................................................................................................................ Check
 If electrical fire
BATT MASTR ................................................................................................................................................................... OFF
ALTR ........................................................................................................................................................................................... OFF
Vents ..................................................................................................................................................................................... Open
Cabin heat .......................................................................................................................................................................... OFF
Land ........................................................................................................................................................................................ ASAP

 If engine fire
Fuel selector ................................................................................................................................................................... OFF
Throttle ......................................................................................................................................................................... Closed
Mixture ............................................................................................................................................................ Idle cut-off
Electric fuel pump ................................................................................................................................................... OFF
Heater and defroster ......................................................................................................................................... OFF
Proceed with power off landing procedure.

SPIN RECOVERY
Throttle ........................................................................................................................................................................................... Close
Ailerons ................................................................................................................................................................................... Neutral
Rudder .................................................................................................. Full opposite direction of rotation
Control wheel .................................................................................................................................................. Full forward
Rudder .................................................................................................................. Neutral when rotation stops
Control wheel ....................................................................................... Smoothly regain level attitude

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 11

 ENGINE POWER LOSS DURING TAKE OFF
 If sufficient rwy remaining
land straight ahead.
 If insufficient rwy remaining
Maintain safe airspeed (best glide 73 KIAS).
Make only shallow turns to avoid obstruction.
Do not try to turn back.
Flaps as situation requires.
 If sufficient altitude to attempt restart
Fuel selector .................................................................................................. Switch to tank with fuel
Electric fuel pump ............................................................................................................................. Check ON
Mixture ......................................................................................................................................................... Check RICH
Carburator heat ......................................................................................................................................................... ON
Primer ....................................................................................................................................................... Check locked
 If power is not regained
Proceed with power off landing.

ENGINE POWER LOSS IN FLIGHT

Fuel selector .............................................................................................. switch to tank containing fuel
Electric fuel pump ................................................................................................................................................................. ON
Mixture ............................................................................................................................................................................................. RICH
Carburator heat ........................................................................................................................................................................ ON
Check engine gauges for indication of cause of power loss
Primer ...................................................................................................................................................................... Check locked
 If no fuel pressure indicated
Check tank selector position on tank containing fuel
 If power restored
Carburator heat ........................................................................................................................................................ OFF
Electric fuel pump ................................................................................................................................................. OFF
 If power not restored
Prepare for power off landing
Best glide speed 73 KIAS

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 12

 POWER OFF LANDING
Locate suitable field (preferably into the wind)
Establish spiral pattern.
1000ft above field at downwind position for normal landing approach.
When field can easily be reached, slow to 63 KIAS for shortest landing.
Touchdown should normally be made at lowest possible airspeed with
full flaps.
When committed to land
Ignition ................................................................................................................................................................................................. OFF
BATT MASTR ................................................................................................................................................................................. OFF
ALTR .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... OFF
Fuel selector ................................................................................................................................................................................. OFF
Mixture .......................................................................................................................................................................... Idle cut-off
Door .................................................................................................................................................................. Unlock / unlatch
Seat belt and harness .................................................................................................................................................. Tight

LOSS of OIL PRESSURE

Land ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... ASAP
Prepare for power off landing.

HIGH OIL TEMPERATURE

Land at the nearest airport and investigate problem.
Prepare for power off landing.

LOSS of FUEL PRESSURE

Electric fuel pump ................................................................................................................................................................ ON
Fuel selector .......................................................................................................................... Check on fullest tank

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 13

 ALT annunciator illuminated
Ammeter ................................................................................................. Check to verify inoperative ALTR
 If ammeter = 0
ALTR switch ...................................................................................................................................................................... OFF
Electrical loads ......................................................................................................... Reduce to minimum
ALTNTR FIELD circuit breaker ................................... Check and reset as required
ALTR switch ........................................................................................................................................................................ ON
o If power not restored
ALTR switch ............................................................................................................................................... OFF
Electrical load ............................................................................................................................... Reduce
Land ................................................................................................................................................................... ASAP
ATC ...................................................................................... Advise of pending radio failure
Battery = only remaining source of power!

ELECTRICAL OVERLOAD
Alternator over 20 amps above known electrical load
ALTR switch ...................................................................................................................................................................................... ON
BATT MASTR switch ........................................................................................................................................................... OFF
 If alternator loads are reduced
Electrical load ............................................................................................................ Reduce to minimum
Land ........................................................................................................................................................................................ ASAP
Due to increased system voltage and radio frequency noise,
operation with ALTR switch ON and BATT MASTR switch OFF should
be made only when required by an electrical system failure.
 If alternator loads are not reduced
ALTR switch ...................................................................................................................................................................... OFF
BATT MASTR switch .................................................................................................................... As required
Land ........................................................................................................................................................................................ ASAP
Complete electrical failure .................................................................................................... Anticipate
ATC ........................................................................................................... Advise of pending radio failure

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 14

 OPEN DOOR
To close the door in flight
Speed .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 89 KIAS
Cabin vents ................................................................................................................................................................................ Close
Storm window ...................................................................................................................................................................... Open
 If upper latch is open
Latch
 If side latch is open
Pull on armrest while moving latch handle to latched position
 If both latches are open
First side latch, then top latch

CARBURATOR ICE
Carburator heat ......................................................................................................................................................................... ON
Mixture ....................................................................................................................................................... Max smoothness

ENGINE ROUGHNESS
Carburator heat ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ON
 If roughness continues after one minute
Carburator heat ......................................................................................................................................................... OFF
Mixture ....................................................................................................... Adjust for max smoothness
Electric fuel pump ..................................................................................................................................................... ON
Fuel selector …………….....................................................................................................................…... switch tanks
Engine gauges .........................................................................................................................................................Check
Magneto switch ......................................................................................................... Both – L – R – Both
o If operation is satisfactory on either one
continue on that magneto at reduced power and full “RICH”
mixture to first airport.
Prepare for power off landing

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 15

 LOSS OF COMMUNICATION IN VMC
Connection CHECK
Headset
Volume CHECK
Volume CHECK
COM 1 Frequency CHECK, TRY OTHER
“T” OBSERVE
Hand microphone TRY
“SPEAKER” ON
Circuit breakers CHECK
Keep transmitting blind due to radio failure
If still no radio contact
Land AT NEAREST SUITABLE AIRFIELD
IF UNCONTROLLED, DO NOT ENTER CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
If in controlled airspace
Transponder 7600
Light signals OBSERVE and OBEY
Report to ATS unit after landing

AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT
SIGNAL VEHICLE
in FLT on GND
Do not land.
Give way. ---- ----
Continue circling.

Cleared to land. Cleared for take-off. ----

Do not land.
Give way. Stop Stop
Continue circling.

Return to aerodrome. Cleared to taxi Cleared to move

Await landing clearance. on manoeuvring area. on manoeuvring area.

Do not land. Taxi clear Move clear

Aerodrome closed. of landing area. of landing area.

Land here on receipt of

Return to starting point Return to starting point
steady green and await
on the aerodrome. on the aerodrome.
further instructions.

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 16

 POWER – PITCH table
Attitudes and RPM are for reference only, actual figures may differ

STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT

SPEED ATTITUDE POWER
SETTING FLAPS CARBU HEAT
KIAS degrees RPM
Normal Cruise 100 1 2400
Training cruise 90 2 2200
UP
60 KIAS 60 4 2000
As required
70 KIAS 70 5 2000
Flaps 10 – 85 KIAS 1 85 0 2200
Flaps 25 – 70 KIAS 2 70 0 2000
CLIMB
Normal climb < 1000 ft 70 12
Normal climb > 1000 ft 80 8
UP
Max rate of climb Vy 79 8 max OFF
Max angle of climb Vx 63 13
Soft field take off climb out 2 57 9
DESCENT
Best glide descent 73 -1 Idle
UP ON
Cruise descent 100 -2 2000
PATTERN DESCENT
Clean 80 KIAS 80 -1 1600
UP
Clean 70 KIAS 70 -2 1400
Flaps 1 – 90 KIAS 1 90 -4 1900
ON
Flaps 2 – 80 KIAS 80 -3 1800
2
Flaps 2 – 75 KIAS 75 -3 1600
Flaps 3 – 65 KIAS 3 65 -4 1400

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 17

 AIR EXERCISES

Exercise Entry description

RPM AS Alt
- Set HDG bug
- Look out
Steep turn 45° 2200 110 >1500 - When passing 30° of bank, +100 RPM and back pressure to stick
- Roll out 10° before reaching heading bug
- When passing 30° of bank, - 100 RPM and release back pressure
- Area clear?
- Carburator heat on
Slow flight 1500 70 >1500 - Maintain altitude whilst slowing down to 65 kts + trim
- Make coordinated shallow turns, stall warning may be audible,
- Controls feel mushy
- Area clear?
- Carburator heat ON
- Landing light ON
- Throttle idle
clean idle stall >3000
- Maintain altitude, no trim
- When buffet is present put nose just below horizon, full power,
right rudder to keep ball centred, carb heat OFF
- Regain lost altitude, be aware of secondary stall
- Area clear?
- Carburator heat ON
- Landing light ON
- Flaps landing
landing - Throttle idle
Stall idle stall >3000
config - Maintain altitude
- When buffet is present put nose just below horizon, full power,
right rudder to keep ball centred, carb heat OFF
- Positive ROC, retract flaps when airspeed > 80 KIAS
- Regain lost altitude, be aware of secondary stall
- Area clear?
- Reduce power + backpressure on the stick
- When @ 60 kts, coordinated turn L/R with up to 20° of bank
Power on - Set TO power and apply smoothly back pressure
2000 60 >3000
banked - Induce stall
- Recover by releasing backpressure on the stick and rolling to
wings level. Make sure TO power is set.
- Regain lost altitude
Incepient spin idle stall >3000
Spiral dive 1500 100 >3000

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 18

 MORSE DECODER

─DA • DIT
START

T E
N A I
M
O G K D W R U S

CH Ö Q Z Y C X B J P L Ü F V H

0 9 8 7 6 1 2 3 4 5

A •─ N ─•
B ─••• O ───
C ─•─• P •──•
D ─•• Q ──•─
E • R •─•
F ••─• S •••
G ──• T ─
H •••• U ••─
I •• V •••─
J •─── W •──
K ─•─ X ─••─
L •─•• Y ─•──
M ── Z ──••

WIND CORRECTION 1 in 60 rule

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 19

 CIRCUIT in EBUL

Climb to 1300 ft QNH at 80 kts

CROSS WIND

@ 500ft AGL
95 kts Fuel pump OFF/pressure?
± 2200 RPM WIND
Landing light OFF
Normal circuit

Flaps up
1300 ft QNH

Turn (not before end of rwy )

DOWNWIND
Engine gauges 0 7
Compass/DG
Fuel quantity VY = 80 kts
Select fullest tank
FUEL PUMP ON/pressure?
LDG LIGHT ON T/O
CARB HEAT ON Flaps 1
± 2000 RPM Full throttle
2 5
Speed in white arc Check power
Flaps 1 Check speed
90 kts VR = 60 kts

45° FINAL
± 1400 RPM
Flaps 2 = 70 kts
Flaps 3 = 63 kts

BASE LEG
± 1400 RPM
Flaps 2
Start descent at 80 kts
ROD ± 500 ft/min

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 20

 PRECAUTION LANDING
When? Imminent darkness, fuel shortage, emerging fog, pending engine failure...
and no airfield nearby. Only to be used as the very last resource!
Advise ATC: Mayday (3x), say position, squawk 7700.
1 Locate suitable field
Note wind: smoke, METAR report,....
Note landmarks, trees, fences, wires, animals,...
Note magnetic orientation of field, set HDG bug.
2 Inspection @ 600ft AGL
Study approach path, under- and overshoot, GA area
Estimate field length @ 80 kts: 1 sec = 40m.
3 Inspection @ 200ft AGL
Circuit at 600ft, descent on final approach to 200 ft AGL right of landing spot.
Study surface of field. Climb again to 600ft AGL.
4 Actual soft/short field landing

WIND
Landing light ON
Flaps 1 go around
90 kts Flaps 1
600 ft AGL 80 kts
Tighten belts climb 600 ft AGL

2
Evacuate aircraft
3
On touch down:
max braking
4
in flare:
Ignition OFF
BATT / ALTR OFF
Fuel valve closed

Flaps 3
63 kts
unlatch door
ELT ON

Flaps 2
80 kts Descent 500 ft AGL
Descent 200 ft AGL

After landing contact: Police, EBUL-ATO, owner of field,…

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 21

EBUL-ATO ©

PA-28-161 SHORT FIELD TAKE-OFF with OBSTACLES

Accelerate to Vy = 79 kts Climb @ 52 kts past obstacle

Slowly retract flaps

Flaps 1
Hold Brakes
Accelerate to 52 kts
Max power
01-03-2019

Backpressure to rotate
Release brakes

Lift nose gear a.s.a.p.

Lift off at lowest possible speed
page 22
EBUL-ATO ©

PA-28-161 SOFT FIELD TAKE-OFF without OBSTACLES

Accelerate to Vy = 79 kts

Slowly retract flaps

Flaps 1
Climb at Vy 79 kts Rolling take off
Lift nose gear a.s.a.p. Max power
01-03-2019

Lift off at lowest possible speed Backpressure on stick

page 23
 SIMULATED FORCED LANDING 2000ft AGL

Reduce to 73 kts Carburator heat ON

Upwind 2000 ft
Right of centre line
Fuel pump ON
±1200 ft AGL Landing light ON

45°

Idle
Level turn abeam
±800 ft AGL
45°

±500 ft AGL

o After climbing to 2000 ft AGL, have the engine running @ 2200 RPM for at least 1
min to avoid shock cooling during descent
o 1 minute prior starting exercise – CARB HEAT ON
o Position 2000 ft AGL overhead aim point, slightly right of centre line. You must
see the field!
o FUEL PUMP ON
o LDG LIGHT ON
o When abeam aim point, throttle idle
o Level turn to X-wind and reduce to 73 KIAS = best glide
o Re-trim
o Preferably turns to the left: better view for pilot
o Apply wind correction
o Downwind turn when rwy is at 45° below and behind you
o Abeam aim point at ± 1200 ft
o Base turn when aim point is 45° behind you (± 800 ft)
o Final turn at ± 500 ft
o Aim a little before touchdown point to lose excess energy
o Flaps will increase ROD without increasing speed
o Make go around before the approach becomes unsafe (it’s just an exercise!)

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 24

 PIPER PA-28-161 CADET
TAKE OFF DISTANCE 50ft BARRIER

EBUL-ATO © 01-03-2019 page 25