INTRODUCTION TO SMART CITIES

Prof. Avadhut S. Kshirsagar

SMART CITIES 2
WHAT IS A SMART CITY? 3
WHAT IS A SMART CITY? 4

CAN YOU DEFINE A SMART CITY?

INTRODUCTION : WHAT IS A SMART CITY? 5

 No clear definition by GOI

 Conceptualization varies from country to country depending on level of
development and aspirations of citizens
 Smart city may have different connotation in India than elsewhere in the world
 Smart Cities Council defines a smart city as one that “uses information and
communications technology (ICT) to enhance its liveability, workability and
sustainability.”
 CISCO defines smart cities as those which mitigate the challenges posed by
the increasing population and rapid urbanization, through adoption of
scalable solutions that take advantage of Information & Communication
Technology (ICT) to increase efficiency, to reduce costs and enhance the
quality of life
WHAT IS A SMART CITY? 6

 “A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development

and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas; economy, mobility,
environment, people, living, and government. Excelling in these key areas can
be done so through strong human capital, social capital, and/or ICT
infrastructure.”

 “A city equipped with basic infrastructure to give a decent quality of life, a

clean and sustainable environment through application of some smart
solutions. (Public information, grievance redressal, electronic service delivery,
citizens’ engagement, waste to energy & fuel, waste to compost, 100%
treatment of waste water, smart meters & management, monitoring water
quality, renewable source of energy, efficient energy and green building,
smart parking, intelligent traffic management system.)”
THE SMART CITIES MISSION IN INDIA 7

 Smart city mission in India – picture of smart city comprises a wish list of
infrastructure & services
 Objectives of Smart Cities Mission
- Provide core infrastructure
- Give decent quality of life to citizens
- Give clean and sustainable environment
- Application of smart solutions
 Focus is on sustainable and inclusive development
 Focus on setting examples that can be replicated both within and outside the
Smart City, catalysing the creation of similar Smart Cities in various regions and
parts of the country.
CORE INFRASTRUCTURE IN SMART CITY 8

 Focus on Core infrastructure which includes –

- Adequate water supply,

- Assured electricity supply,
- Sanitation, including solid waste management,
- Efficient urban mobility and public transport,
- Affordable housing, especially for the poor,
- Robust IT connectivity and digitalization,
- Good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen participation
- Sustainable environment,
- Safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly,
and
- Health and education.
NEED FOR DEVELOPING SMART CITIES 9
 To drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people by:
- Enabling local area development
- Harnessing technology, especially technology that leads to Smart
outcomes.
- Area based development to transform existing areas (retrofit and
redevelop), including slums, into better planned ones, thereby improving
liveability of the whole City.
- New areas (greenfield) to be developed around cities in order to
accommodate the expanding population in urban areas.
- Application of Smart Solutions to enable cities to use technology,
information and data to improve infrastructure and services.
 Comprehensive development in this way will improve quality of life, create
employment and enhance incomes for all, especially the poor and the
disadvantaged, leading to inclusive Cities.
DRIVERS OF SMART CITIES 10

Inadequate infrastructure.
 Urbanization is putting significant strain on city infrastructures built for
populations a fraction of their current size.
 Much of the developed world has infrastructure that is near or past its design
life, requiring massive upgrades.
 Much of the developing world has missing or inadequate infrastructure,
requiring massive build-outs.
Eg.,The 2012 blackout in India that left more than 600 million people without
electricity is a prime example; the country has inadequate power generation
to meet ever-increasing demand.
DRIVERS OF SMART CITIES 11

Growing urbanization
 Cities deliver many benefits: employment opportunities, health-care,
education, culture
 Over 700 million people will be added to urban populations over the next
10 years.
 UN : World’s cities required to accommodate an additional 3 billion
residents by the middle of the century : 40,000 new cities needed
worldwide.
Growing Stress :
 Increasing populations
 Environmental and regulatory requirements
 Crowding and sprawl to inadequate housing, high unemployment and
rising crime rates.
DRIVERS OF SMART CITIES 12

Growing economic competition.

 Rapid rise in competition between cities / states to secure the investments,
jobs, businesses
 Businesses and individuals evaluate a city based on “technology quotient”
to decide where to locate.
Growing expectations
 People increasingly demand instant, anywhere, anytime, personalized
access to information and services (via mobile devices and computers.)
 People increasingly expect that same kind of access to city services.
 May 2013 United Nations survey of over 560,000 citizens from 194 countries
revealed their top priorities are a good education, better healthcare and an
honest and responsive government.
 People want to live in cities that can provide efficient transportation, high-
bandwidth communications and healthy job markets.
DRIVERS OF SMART CITIES 13

Growing environmental challenges

 Cities house half of the world’s population but use two-thirds of the world’s
energy and generate three-fourths of the world’s CO2 emissions.
 If we are going to mitigate climate change, it will have to happen in cities.
 Many regions and cities have aggressive climate and environmental goals –
goals that cannot be reached without the help of smart technologies.
 Smart cities are better able to address resiliency and adaptation to climate
change
POSITIVE DRIVERS 14

Rapidly improving technology capabilities

 The costs of collecting, communicating and crunching data have
plunged.
 much of the needed technology is already in place
Rapidly declining technology costs
 Capabilities are increasing
 Hardware & software costs are plummeting
 Mobile aps / mobile technologies
 Social media
FEATURES OF SMART CITIES 15
 Features of smart cities as envisaged by the Smart Cities Mission
 Mixed land use in area based developments – ‘Planning for Unplanned’
containing a range of compatible activities and land uses close to one
another in order to make land use more efficient.
 Housing and inclusiveness - housing opportunities for all
 Creating walkable localities
- reduce congestion, air pollution and resource depletion,
- boost local economy,
- promote interactions and ensure security.
- The road network is created or refurbished not only for vehicles and public
transport, but also for pedestrians and cyclists,
- necessary administrative services are offered within walking or cycling
distance
…FEATURES OF SMART CITIES Contd. 16

 Developed open spaces - parks, playgrounds, and recreational spaces in

order to enhance the quality of life of citizens, reduce the urban heat
effects in Areas and generally promote eco-balance
 Integrated multimodal transport options - Transit Oriented Development
(TOD), public transport and last mile para-transport connectivity;
 Making governance citizen-friendly and cost effective - increasingly rely on
online services to bring about accountability and transparency, and
providing services without having to go to municipal offices.
 Giving an identity to the city based on its main economic activity, such as
local cuisine, health, education, arts and craft, culture, sports goods,
furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy, etc.
 Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and services in area-based
development in order to make them better. For example, making Areas
less vulnerable to disasters, using fewer resources, and providing cheaper
services.
BASIC IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES 17

 Development of smart cities is rather a renewal program

 Existing cities to be converted to smart cities
 The strategic components of area-based development in the Smart Cities
Mission are city improvement (retrofitting), city renewal (redevelopment)
and city extension (green-field development)
 Pan-city initiative in which Smart Solutions are applied covering larger parts
of the city
URBAN RENEWAL THRO’ SMART CITY CONCEPT 18

 Retrofitting –
- Planning in an existing built-up area to achieve smart city objectives,
along with other objectives, to make the existing area more efficient and
livable.
- An area consisting of more than 50 acres is identified by the city in
consultation with citizens.
- Depending on the existing level of infrastructure services in the identified
area and the vision of the residents, strategy to become smart is prepared.
- Existing structures largely remain intact - More intensive infrastructure
service levels and a large number of smart applications are packed into
the retrofitted smart city.
- Shorter time frame, leading to its replication in another part of the city.
…URBAN RENEWAL THRO’ SMART CITY CONCEPT 19

 Redevelopment -
- Effects replacement of the existing built-up environment
- Enable co-creation of a new layout with enhanced infrastructure using
mixed land use and increased density.
-Redevelopment envisages an area of more than 50 acres, identified by
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in consultation with citizens.
- A new layout plan of the identified area is prepared with mixed land-use,
higher FSI and high ground coverage.
 Two examples of the redevelopment model are the Saifee Burhani
Upliftment Project in Mumbai (also called the Bhendi Bazaar Project) and
the redevelopment of East Kidwai Nagar in New Delhi being undertaken
by the National Building Construction Corporation.
…URBAN RENEWAL THRO’ SMART CITY CONCEPT 20

 Saifee Burhani Upliftment Project Also Known As The Bhendi Bazaar Project
 Situated near Charni Road and Grant Road in South Mumbai
 Bhendi Bazaar was set up by the British to decongest the nearby Fort area
and offer dormitory-like residences to migrant workers.
 Spread over 16.5 acres, it is home to 3,200 families and 1,250 shops, overall
accommodating some 20,000 people.
 Dawoodi Bohra Muslim Trust is undertaking the Rs 4,000- crore project that
will raze all the buildings in Bhendi Bazaar to build an entire new cluster.

"Bhendi Bazaar is the biggest inner city renewal project in the country. If
successful, it can be a model for not just Mumbai city but also the rest of
the country," - SS Zende, Chief Executive, MHADA
…BHENDI BAZAAR - PAST 21
…BHENDI BAZAAR - EXISTING 22
…BHENDI BAZAAR PROJECT 23

 All buildings will be brought down to build 18 new highrises (30 to 60

storeys) with car parking, 60-feet roads and footpaths.
While the ground plus two floors will be commercial with underground
parking, residential units with their parking will be built on top.
 Even the smallest house (350 sq ft carpet area) will have one bedroom
and two bathrooms, a luxury for many Bhendi Bazaar residents.
Of the 18 towers, 14 will be used to rehabilitate the current residents while
the balance four towers (with 1,200-1,600 residential units) will be put on
free sale that will help partly offset the project cost.
 The entire project has been divided into nine sub-clusters. The first phase —
which might cover two-three sub-clusters — is expected to be complete
by 2018. The rehabilitation portion — which is 14 towers and 80% of the
project — is expected to be complete by 2022-23. The entire project
should be completed by 2025.

…BHENDI BAZAAR – CURRENT STATUS 24
…BHENDI BAZAAR PROJECT – GREEN INITIATIVES 25

 The effort is to build a clean, green, sustainable and modern complex.

 Solar panels to light up the common area and also heat water.
 Each sub-cluster will have a sewage treatment plant that will help cut
down fresh water usage by 30%.
The orientation of the buildings will be such that there will be plenty of
cross ventilation and sea breeze to cool the dwellings and keep AC usage
minimal.
 All this means that the residential buildings could see energy consumption
slashed by 35-40% .
 open area for children, 24x7 water supply and a well-planned mechanism
to collect garbage and keep the campus clean.
…BHENDI BAZAAR PROJECT 26


…BHENDI BAZAAR PROJECT 27


… BHENDI BAZAAR … 28

 The Rs 4,000-crore Bhendi Bazaar redevelopment project is significant for

multiple reasons. In itself, it is a critical project that will help 20,000 of its
residents live a better life and make the inhabitable-unsafe cluster
hospitable. But there are other more important reasons why it must get all
the government attention and support. On the back of urbanisation, most
Indian cities have grown without much planning. Slums and clusters have
mushroomed alongside high-rise swanky buildings. Almost half of Mumbai's
19 million people today live in slums with little basic amenities like water,
sewage, roads. So far, government's efforts to tackle the problem have at
best been half hearted or have failed to take off. Bhendi Bazaar project is
the biggest inner city renewal project in India. If successful, it can be a
model for not just the Mumbai city but also the rest of the country.
…URBAN RENEWAL… 29

 Greenfield development
- Smart Solutions are introduced in a previously vacant area using
innovative planning, plan financing and plan implementation tools (e.g.
land pooling/ land reconstitution) with provision for affordable housing,
especially for the poor.
- Greenfield developments are required around cities in order to address
the needs of the expanding population.
- One well known example is the GIFT City in Gujarat.
-Unlike retrofitting and redevelopment greenfield developments could be
located either within the limits of the ULB or within the limits of the local
Urban Development Authority (UDA).
…GREENFIELD DEVELOPMENT… 30

 AJMERA INFINITY
… GREENFIELD DEVELOPMENT … 31

 PRESTIGE TOWNSHIP
… GREENFIELD DEVELOPMENT … 32

 BRIGADE GATEWAY
…URBAN RENEWAL… 33

 Pan-city development
- Application of selected Smart Solutions to the existing city-wide
infrastructure.
- Application of Smart Solutions will involve the use of technology,
information and data to make infrastructure and services better.
- For example, applying Smart Solutions in the transport sector (intelligent
traffic management system) and reducing average commute time or cost
of citizens will have positive effects on productivity and quality of life of
citizens.
- Another example can be waste water recycling and smart metering
which can make a huge contribution to better water management in the
city.
SMART SOLUTIONS 34
LAND USE COMPARISON 35
Land Use Type Traditional Present City Smart City Emerging Trends & Concepts for Future
City Development
(%) (%) (%)
Residential 40-60 20-40 10-20 High rise development
Commercial 5 5 5-10 Commercial spaces are integrated
within residential spaces

Social Amenities 10-15 10 5-10 Technology advancement resulting in

less usage of space

Industrial 10-20 30-50 10-15 Automated industries will go vertical

and pollute less
Roads 10-20 15-20 5-10 Less vehicular roads, more pedestrian
movement, walk to work concept

Water Bodies 5 5 10-20 More space covered for harvesting,

re-use, recycle
Recreational 5-10 10 30-40 More green spaces, integrated
Spaces development, land based recreation
CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION 36

 Understanding the concepts of retrofitting, redevelopment and green-field

development by the policy makers, implementers and other stakeholders
at different levels.
 Major investments in time and resources has to be made during the
planning phase. This is different from the conventional DPR-driven
approach
 The Smart Cities Mission requires smart people who actively participate in
governance and reforms. Citizen involvement is much more than a
ceremonial participation in governance.
 Smart people involve themselves in the definition of the Smart City,
decisions on deploying Smart Solutions, implementing reforms, doing more
with less and oversight during implementing and designing post-project
structures in order to make the Smart City developments sustainable.
BARRIERS TO DEVELOPMENT 37

 Siloed / Piecemeal / partial planning – cutting corners

 Lack of finance
 Lack of Technical / ICT knowhow
 Lack of integrated services : multiple windows for clearances
 Lack of citizen engagement / understanding public desires
 Leadership crisis : Lack of visionary leader
Benefits of Smart Cities 38

 Enhanced liveability - Better quality of life for city residents

- Clean, comfortable, healthy & safe lifestyle
- Access to cheap energy, Clean water, convenient mass transit, good
education, fast emergency response
- Good recreation and cultural activities
 Enhanced workability - Accelerated economic development . Put another
way, it means more jobs and better jobs and increased GDP
 Enhanced sustainability - Giving people access to the resources they need
without compromising the availability for future generations

Life is better in a smart city – better for people and better for businesses
FOUR PILLARS OF DEVELOPMENT 39

 Institutional Infrastructure, Physical Infrastructure, Social Infrastructure and

Economic Infrastructure constitute the four pillars on which a city rests.
 Centre of attention for each of these pillars is the citizen, i.e. a smart city
works towards ensuring the best for its citizens regardless of social status,
age, income levels, gender etc.
 While smart cities are already being developed, what is needed is its many
elements to be better communicated to the ordinary citizens.
 Very significant information and communication processes need to be put
in place to support these communities as they work to transform
themselves.
FOUR PILLARS OF DEVELOPMENT 40


FOUR PILLARS OF DEVELOPMENT 41

 To provide for the aspirations and needs of the citizens, urban planners
ideally aim at developing the entire urban eco-system
 This is represented by the four pillars of comprehensive development-
- Institutional / Economic – Making institutional framework smart
- Physical – Adding smart infrastructure facilities
- Social – Education, Health, Safety & Security
- Environmental
 This can be a long term goal and cities can work towards developing such
comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding on layers of
‘smartness’.
FOUR PILLARS OF DEVELOPMENT 42
FOUR PILLARS OF DEVELOPMENT 43

 Physical infrastructure: Physical infrastructure illustrates requirements within

various layers of energy, water, waste, mobility and real estate necessary
for a robust smart city infrastructure. The objective here is to provide cost-
efficient and intelligent physical infrastructure such as electricity supply,
transport and traffic infrastructure, water supply system, sewerage system,
sanitation facilities, drainage system and building energy, security systems,
etc.
 Social infrastructure: Social infrastructure relates to provisions of healthcare,
education, safety, cultural requirements and establishments for citizen
services required by the city. Smart social infrastructure aims to ensure
intelligent and better connected infrastructure for various social needs and
services for citizens.
FOUR PILLARS OF DEVELOPMENT 44

 Environment : Smart cities need to be sustainable and environment-

friendly. There need to be systems and processes in place to address
climate change, pollution, disaster management and any city specific
issues.
 Governance: Smart city should comprise governance mechanisms to
ensure proper functioning of all other systems and processes. This begins
with having requisite policies and regulatory mechanisms, an urban local
body to execute processes along with an execution mechanism.
COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES 45
COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES 46
COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES 47

 SMART ECONOMY provides high quality high paying jobs while supporting
local business to compete globally by:
 Promoting innovation
 Supporting the very foundation of entrepreneurship and fostering
leadership
 Providing an environment in which businesses are productive, efficient and
can remain competitive
 Collaborating and working together to reach success
COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES 48

 SMART ENVIRONMENT is one that is built on providing a balance between

planning for growth and protecting resources.

A smart city is diligent in:

 Protecting our natural environment while planning for the future
 Harmonizing living and workspace
 Balances energy supply and energy use
COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES 49
COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES 50

 SMART PEOPLE are really the foundation of what makes a smart

city. Having access to a knowledgeable workforce that:
 Meets the needs of employers tomorrow
 Has access to information and technology
 Embraces creativity and innovation
 Explores new ways of doing things
 Are supported by community leaders, mentors, services and programs that
encourage development and forward thinking
COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES 51

 Creating a knowledgeable workforce means developing partnerships

between education, employers and citizens that provides for:
 Access to quality, trained employees
 Training based on needs of employers
 Increased career guidance and employment information
 Job shadowing and mentoring opportunities
 Access to diverse range of education/training opportunities locally or
online
COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES 52

 SMART GOVERNANCE ensures that what we have as a city we use

well and effectively. It’s about planning for and delivering services
while maximizing resources whether it is:
 Making sure information and services are available and accessible
to everyone
 Planning and maintaining infrastructure such as roads and bridges
or underground systems
 Providing safe drinking water and waste management
 Ensuring it remains open, transparent
 Valuing the input of its citizens and encouraging engagement
 Embracing technology to provide information to you when and
where you want it
COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES 53

 SMART CONNECTIONS is about being connected.

A smart city is one that meets the needs of its citizens by providing the
necessary connections:
 Transportation - ensuring adequate access and means of transportation,
whether it’s through well planned bus routes, installation of bicycle lanes or
the provision and maintenance of bike trails
 Online Access – understands the need for mobile technology and access
to the internet through Wi-Fi or public computer space and the need to
ensure broadband availability for local businesses to compete globally at
affordable rates
 Technology -- adapts to technology and the need for innovation for
tomorrow
 Community –ensures inclusion of all citizens by providing opportunities to
get involve, become part of the very fabric of the community
COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES 54
COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES 55

 Being connected allows the citizens and businesses to:

 Move throughout our community effortlessly; ship and receive goods
easily
 Research, access information and take online education courses/watch
“how to” videos; reach a broader consumer market
 Instantly connect with loved ones, friends, customers or business partners
 Shop online worldwide; reach new markets
 Share files online instantly increasing faster responses to meet customer
demands
COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES 56

 SMART LIVING is about providing opportunities for a healthy lifestyle for all
citizens including quality healthcare, education and safety.
COMPONENTS OF SMART CITIES 57

 A smart city is one that:

 Features environments, services and opportunities for everyone
 Recognizes the need for affordable housing
 Plans for and supports an aging population
 Is culturally vibrant
 Supports sports for all ages
 Promotes diversity
 Recognizes its heritage, its current and past leaders
 Reaches out to everyone to ensure inclusion
 Is positive and takes pride in its community
ASSIGNMENT NO. 1 58

1. Give various definitions of smart city.

2. Explain the need for developing smart cities in India.
3. Discuss the drivers behind smart city development.
4. Discuss various strategies to develop a smart city.
5. Explain various barriers to smart city development.
6. Explain four pillars of smart city development.