HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND PLANNING

SMART CITIES
Jayasri A
Deepika K 2016701515
Kavipriya K
Haritha P
Ishwarya R
What are Smart Cities?

A smart city is a municipality that uses information and communication technologies to increase
operational efficiency, share information with the public and improve both the quality of government
services and citizen welfare.
Need for a smart city
• The concept of smart city was born to provide improved quality of life to citizens. The key idea is to integrate
information system services of each domain, such as health , education, transportation, power grid etc., of
the city to provide public services to citizens efficiently and ubiquitously.
• There is no universally accepted definition of a smart city. It means different things to different people. The
conceptualisation of Smart City, therefore, varies from city to city and country to country, depending on the
level of development, willingness to change and reform, resources and aspirations of the city residents.
• The objective is to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its
citizens.
 Origin
• The concept originated when the entire world was facing one of the worst economic crisis.
• The journey to smart cities goes way back to the 1970s, when Los Angeles created the first urban big data
project: “A Cluster Analysis of Los Angeles”.
• The first smart city was Amsterdam with the creation of a virtual digital city in 1994. It speeded up in mid-
2000s when IBM and Cisco launched separate initiatives. In 2011, the inaugural Smart City Expo World
Congress was held in Barcelona, which has now become an annual event charting smart cities’
development.
• World population increasing significantly in last decades and so is the living standards.
• It was created as a natural strategy to mitigate the problems emerging by rapid urbanization and urban
population growth.
• In 2008, IBM began work on a 'smarter cities' concept as part of its Smarter Planet initiative. By the
beginning of 2009, the concept had captivated the imagination of various nations across the globe.
• Countries like South Korea, UAE and China began to invest heavily into their research and formation. Today,
a number of excellent precedents exist that India can emulate, such as those in Vienna, Aarhus,
Amsterdam, Cairo, Lyon, Málaga, Malta, the Songdo International Business District near Seoul, Verona etc.
 Major milestones in smart cities identified by
GlobalData
• 2005 – Cisco put up $25m over five years for research into smart cities.
• 2009 – IBM unveiled $50m Smarter Cities campaign to help cities run more efficiently.
• 2009 – American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) provided funding for US smart grid
projects.
• 2010 – Japanese government named Yokohama as a smart city demonstrator project.
• 2011 – IBM named 24 cities as Smarter Cities winners from 200 applicants.
• 2012 – Barcelona deployed data-drive urban systems, including public transit, parking, and street Yokohoma ( japan ) smart city
lighting.
• 2015 – India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched “Smart Cities Mission” for 100 Indian cities.
• 2017 – Hong Kong launched smart city blueprint.
• 2018 – Toronto announced plan to develop smart waterfront area.
• 2018 – London updated 2013 plans with launch of ‘Smarter London Together’ roadmap.
• 2019 – US Federal Communications Commission picked New York and Salt Lake City as 5G testbeds.
• 2030 – By 2030, the number of cities in the world with a population of more than 10 million will
grow to 43. Sidewalk plans for Toronto smart city
• 2050 – By 2050, up to 70% of the world’s population is expected to live in cities.
FEATURES OF A SMART CITY
1. Promoting mixed land use in area based developments–planning for ‘unplanned areas’ containing a range of compatible
activities and land uses close to one another in order to make land use more efficient. The States will enable some
flexibility in land use and building bye-laws to adapt to change;
2. Housing and inclusiveness - expand housing opportunities for all;
3. Creating walkable localities –reduce congestion, air pollution and resource depletion, boost local economy, promote
interactions and ensure security. The road network is created or refurbished not only for vehicles and public transport, but
also for pedestrians and cyclists, and necessary administrative services are offered within walking or cycling distance;
4. Preserving and developing open spaces - parks, playgrounds, and recreational spaces in order to enhance the quality of life
of citizens, reduce the urban heat effects in Areas and generally promote eco-balance;
5. Promoting a variety of transport options - Transit Oriented Development (TOD), public transport and last mile para-
transport connectivity;
6. Making governance citizen-friendly and cost effective - increasingly rely on online services to bring about accountability
and transparency, especially using mobiles to reduce cost of services and providing services without having to go to
municipal offices. Forming e-groups to listen to people and obtain feedback and use online monitoring of programs and
activities with the aid of cyber tour of worksites;
7. Giving an identity to the city - based on its main economic activity, such as local cuisine, health, education, arts and craft,
culture, sports goods, furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy, etc;
8. Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and services in area-based development in order to make them better. For
example, making Areas less vulnerable to disasters, using fewer resources, and providing cheaper services.
CORE INFRASTRUCTURE
ELEMENTS
I. adequate water supply,
II. assured electricity supply,
III. sanitation, including solid waste
management,
IV. efficient urban mobility and public transport,
V. affordable housing, especially for the poor,
VI. robust IT connectivity and digitalization,
VII.good governance, especially e-Governance
and citizen participation,
VIII.sustainable environment,
IX. safety and security of citizens, particularly
omen, children and the elderly, and
X. health and education.
SOLUTIONS FOR A SMART CITY
Smart Waste Management Systems, South
Korea
Rather than using predefined routes and a fixed
collection schedule, waste management workers
rely on sensors placed in waste receptacles to
measure fill levels and notify them when bins are
ready to be emptied. The city of Seoul in South
Korea reduced its collection costs by 83% with a
smart waste management system, and eliminated
waste overflow at the same time.
SOLUTIONS FOR A SMART CITY
Smart Traffic Control Systems
Traffic delays don’t only waste time, they also
waste money—to the tune of more than  $ 300
billion in 2017. About one-third of
Pittsburgh’s 610 intersections will be equipped
with smart traffic signals in the coming years;
sensors at the intersections determine traffic
volume and adjust stop-and-go times based on
the number of vehicles present. Since the
project’s inception, wait times at intersections
are down by 41% and vehicle emissions have
been reduced by 21%.
SOLUTIONS FOR A SMART CITY
Smart Air Quality Sensors
With air pollution plaguing many
large cities, monitoring air quality on
a continuous basis is a necessity.
Chicago is one of several cities that
now uses sensors to collect a variety
of air quality data, including levels
of particulate matter, carbon
monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide,
and more. Government officials plan
to use this data to make the city
healthier and more livable.
SOLUTIONS FOR A SMART CITY
Smart Street Lighting
Many cities are upgrading their street
lighting in more ways than one—
they’re both switching to LEDs and
implementing connected lighting
solutions. This increases energy
efficiency and reduces energy and
maintenance costs. Smart lights can
automatically adjust their brightness
based on periods of inactivity; they
can also transmit maintenance
information for quicker response
times. it saves 44% on energy
annually compared to the amount paid
previously for traditional streetlights.
PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE FOR SMART
CITY
• ICT infrastructure comprises high speed
wired and wireless network connectivity,
high end data centers, physical space
enrichment with smart devices, sensors,
actuators and much more.
• E-governance layer formulates the policies,
rules and legislations to improve the
performance of government organizations
and offer potential benefits to citizens.
• Depending upon the infrastructure and
policies formulated at e-governance layer,
various public services will be offered to
citizens and other stake holders, in an
efficient and effective manner.
The smart city architecture focuses on sharing information not only across departments but also offer data
services to other interested parties via open data model. Using real time data from any number of domains
can speed up the reaction/completion time of process improving the overall efficiency of city services.
In a smarter city, city-wide operational processes using data from any number of domains can continuously
predict and react to events and trends that are affecting the city.
 INOVATIVE
DEMAND DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGIES

CHALLENGES
DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFT
SHIFT IN GLOBAL ECONOMIC POWER
ACCELERATING URBANISATION
SCARCITY & CLIMATE CHANGES
TECHNOLOGICAL BREAK THROUGH

DATA
A. Holistic View • The approach focuses on managing the city
as a system of sub-systems. Each
autonomous sub-system is connected to
Central Data Management System (CDMS),
that is fully integrated and interconnected
with all sub-systems.

• All systems share their data with CDMS

which in turn can provide cross domain
services to citizens. CDMS acts as an
integration point for information coming
from sub systems.

• CDMS can use the information and data at

its disposal to make better decisions in real
time.
B. Zone level architecture
• Each zone maintains its own data
center cloud at site level. For
example Water and waste
management system will have
numerous sites across a city each
maintaining its own zone level data.

• A zonal site is an environment that

provides processing, storage,
networking, management of data
within a zone. These zonal sites
interact with each other via web
services to provide cross zone
services to users.
C. Data Management • Zone A maintains a local relation
database to store data from
sensors and other devices in its
own region. Clients from Zone A
will be receiving services from
Zone A datacenter.

• Relational database is chosen

because of its proven
ACID(atomic, consistent, isolated,
durable) properties. Query
optimization may also help in fast
processing of user query.

• All Zonal (Zone A, Zone B, Zone C…

Zone N) utility data centers will be
connected to main utility data
center over reliable high
bandwidth connection.
D. Service-oriented architecture
• All components of a smart city will be
integrated using service oriented architecture.
Smart city architecture is essentially a large-
scale distributed system which is inherently
complex and decentralized. Different
platforms, heterogeneous environment and
variety of sensors networks will lead to
interoperability issues.

• Service Oriented Architecture with its open

standards like XML, WSDL, SOAP, and UDDI not
only provides interoperability among diverse
platforms but also supports modular design,
software reuse, interoperation and application
integration.
 • It is assumed that huge data will be generated at

E. Open data Model each utility city center. The proposed architecture
introduces a novel idea of open data model.

• Some of the data collected by utility center is

made available to researchers and developers via
API.

• Freelance developers, Professional Application

developers and third parties will also have
opportunities to develop new analytics tools, new
services, etc. Revenue can be generated by
charging fee or by advertising.

• Variety of application will be available for citizens.

For example, Traffic management system for city
will be collecting huge amount of data about
vehicle movements and traffic jams. Applications
that can predict peak traffic load resulting in traffic
jams, or updates about VIP movements that
results and road closures, etc. will be handy utility
for citizens.
V. PROPOSED MODEL AND
CHALLENGES
 Case Study on Smart City Projects in India:
An Analysis of Nagpur, Allahabad and Dehradun
Smartness in city means smart design, smart utilities, smart housing, smart mobility, and smart technology. There is need
for the cities to get smarter to manage complexity, increase efficiency, reduce expenses, and improve quality of life.

DEHRADUN NAGPUR ALLAHABAD


DEHRADUN
Strategic location: Dehradun has good
connectivity to New Delhi by air, rail and road. The
floating population is 20,000 people per day.
City of Schools: Dehradun is an important
educational hub of India with large number of
leading public schools and colleges in both
government and private sector.
Literacy rate: The average literacy rate is over 84%,
which is much higher than the national average of
74%. This augments the quality of human resource
available in the city.
An anchor to organizations of national
importance: Geological Survey of India, Wadia
Institute of Himalayan Geology, Indian Institute of
Remote Sensing, Forest Research Institute, Indian
Military Academy and Headquarters of ONGC.
Colonial heritage structures: Astley hall, Clock
tower, Jesus Mary Church, Forest Research
Institute, IMA, Khalanga War memorial. Ashoka’s
Rock Edict (under ASI) & Ashwamedh Sthal of Raja
Sheel Barman.
STRENGTH
NAGPUR
Strategic location: The geographical center of the
country with road, rail and air connectivity to
major urban centers such as Delhi, Mumbai etc.
Established medical and education hub of Central
India: With nearly 625 hospitals Nagpur is a
medical hub for the central India region. 35
engineering colleges, 3 medical colleges & a host
of research & professional education institutions,.
VNIT, NEERI, IIM-Nagpur, Animal Husbandry &
Fisheries University & Nagpur University
Rich in Natural Resources: The presence of
perennial rivers such as Pench, Kanhan and Vena
the region with abundant water resources;
Nagpur is also one of the greenest cities in the
country. Industrial growth with minerals such as
coal manganese, limestone, iron ore.
Tiger tourism hot-spots: There are an estimated
243 tigers and 3 Project Tiger with 4 national parks
Experience in set up and management of SPV:
The NMC has already set up an SPV in the form of
the Nagpur Environment Services Ltd. for
implementing the 24*7 water supply project.
ALLAHABAD
Strong Historical and Cultural Identity:
a) Annually 4 crore visit Allahabad; around 0.3%
comprise foreign tourists.
b) 30 temples of various styles
c) River shoreline of around 40 kilometers
comprising of both Yamuna and Ganga.
Centre for Higher Education: A number of
renowned educational institutions like Allahabad
University, Motilal Nehru National Institution of
Technology. Coaching classes for competitive
examinations comprise a major industry in city.
Natural Resource Base of Agricultural Produce
and Silica: Has a history of glass manufacturing
works and high yield of guava, amla and bananas
Well connected Transport and Water: a) Rail
Connectivity and the proposed National Waterway
Urban Services Well Developed:
d) Water supply exceeds National standard
e) High capacity of wastewater treatment
created under GAP and NGRBA schemes
f) Integrated solid waste management
programmes operational for almost a decade

DEHRADUN
Less than expected level of urban utilities: The
DMC has taken initiatives towards SWM and
sanitation issues, but Municipal services are below
the expected level.
High Population Density: In 2011, Dehradun had
a growth rate of 32.48%, higher than the national
average of 7.64%
Development along major transport corridors:
The primary transit routes are marked with high
density unplanned development leading to poor
utilization of right-of-way, increased travel times,
increased pollution.
Inefficient Transport & Parking: 48.1 % of roads
are change by on-street parking on both the sides.
Weak public transport has led to plying of Vikrams
without permits. There is significant amount of
mismanagement in the route planning for the
vikrams and city buses.
WEAKNESS
NAGPUR ALLAHABAD
Multiple planning institutions: Nagpur has multiple Lack of strategy to support and Sustain Tourism:
planning agencies which shape urban growth but in a) State supports specific events and not targeted
an uncoordinated manner resulting in dichotomous at tourism-based infrastructure.
urban growth with a significant population living in b) Lack of formal approach to guide visitors on
unplanned areas. the pilgrimage and other sites in the city
Unplanned development: The eastern periphery is
made up of unplanned layouts inconsistent with the Stagnant Manufacturing and Industry:
Development Plan land-use provisions. Most large industrial units have closed down or
are exiting the State and limited focus on
knowledge based on industries
Limited Air Connectivity: Only one airline and
single flight servicing Allahabad (from Delhi)
Inequitable distribution of civic services: Services
such as adequate water supply, sanitation &
sewerage, public transport and street lighting are
hardly available in major part of the city.
Weak public transport system: Bus services are the
only means of public transport available which led
to an increase in number of private vehicles.
Encroachment of parked vehicles is hindering the
smooth flow of traffic

DEHRADUN
Lack of employment opportunities: Low
workforce participation, absence of enough
employment opportunities in the service sector
with the employable population of the city
Ruined Heritage structures: The heritage
structures of colonial times, are in bad shape due
to lack of attention towards preserving them and
unplanned growth in the city centre
Depleting green cover: The city located in the
foothills of Himalayas, known for its green cover
and weather conditions. The unplanned growth
has negatively impacted the green cover.
WEAKNESS
NAGPUR
Administrative inefficiencies: The use of smart
technology is extremely limited and hence it is
critical to scale up the use of technology to achieve
benefits of improved operations.
Lack of employment opportunities: Economic
growth has not picked up pace which has resulted
in educated not finding adequate employment
opportunities.
ALLAHABAD
Urban Form does not Encourage Compact
Development:
a) Most areas show considerably lesser density
than expected, except organic and unplanned
built-up areas.
b) No provision for mixed use development in
master plan;
c) New residential schemes are heavy on ‘plots’
of land, and are increasing urban sprawl more
than compacting. This is because the
development authority is not encouraging
redevelopment of high density areas.
d) Only 1% of the road network have foot paths;
high instances of on-street parking
e) Limited focus on street and intersection
design; limited signage

DEHRADUN
Gateway to tourist destinations: Investment
towards promotion & development of floating
population could serve as making the city a “Hub”
for tourist wherein the routes to the city could be
strengthened, promoting RRTS, implementing the
Mussoorie Dehradun Ropeway. Restoration and
conservation of the heritage structures in the city
and creating places of tourists interests.
Qualified employable workforce: Because of high
literacy rate & good institutions, the city has good
quality of employable population. This provides an
opportunity tourism related sectors to captive
human resources.
OPPURTUNITIES
NAGPUR
Potential to become a multi-modal logistics hub:
While GST will make Nagpur a cost-effective
distribution centre, its connectivity via rail, road and
air will make it an attractive location for multi-
modal logistics activity.
Potential for TOD: Two Metro routes of 38 km have
been planned across the city. By making FSI as 4 or
more, along the Metro alignment would encourage
TOD.
Availability of government land- A large number of
government, industrial & NMC land is available for
development. Land along metro corridor & other
important locations will be utilized for various
purposes
Infrastructure add to city’s economy:
Implementation of in-pipeline projects: Orange city
street project, 142 acre International standard sport
complex & sports university complex at Watoda,
100 acre Skill Development Centre at Watoda,
Gorewada international zoo & Nagpur-Mumbai
super communication expressway will exert much
needed push to the local economy.
ALLAHABAD
Organizing the Triveni and Sangam Experience:
a) Provision of infrastructure in the riverfront
including developing areas for new activities
improves visitor experience.
b) Development of easily accessible information
on cultural elements and would market
Allahabad’s cultural and historical identity
Positioning the New Allahabad:
c) Areas of the city, which generate economic
activities
d) Certain old and run down areas offer potential
to be redeveloped as centres of mixed use
supporting local economic development.
e) Option for adaptive re-use of old premises
with its own character.
High Yields of Agro Produce, Particularly Guavas
and Amla: Potential for development of
cooperative or privately owned manufacturing
units for fruit based products

DEHRADUN
Potential to develop as counter magnet city to
NCR: Situated at around 250 Kms from Delhi and
with over saturation of National Capital Region
(NCR) due to immigration, the proposed Delhi
Dehradun Highway, and good road, rail and air
connectivity with NCR, provides potential for
development of the city as counter magnet city to
the NCR.
OPPURTUNITIES
NAGPUR
Rejuvenation of water sources: The Nag Riverfront
Development project focuses on pollution
abatement & also an open spaces for recreation.
Potential to boost tourism: Deekshabhoomi, a
much vaunted Buddhist memorial, can be
aggressively marketed as a tourist destination. The
Gorewada International Zoo can add to the tourism
potential of the city.
ALLAHABAD
Rich deposits of Silica: Potential in ceramic and
other such materials which now have advanced
applications in power, aerospace & defence.
Making Education Work for the City:
a) Establishing centres for excellence, innovation
hubs within Allahabad University and other similar
setups.
b) Improving outreach of major university setups
to improve employability
Connectivity:
a) AAI fund sanctioned for Modernization of
Airport to increase tourists’ footfalls.
b) Land available for Infrastructure Development
being implemented for night landing.
Urban Amenities:
c) City-wide implementation and up-scaling of
Door To Door waste collection planned. The
initiative has potential to convert waste to
energy
d) Redevelopment of unutilized and
encroached “Nala’s “ (open drains); and
creation of recharge ponds within the city
e) A metro rail is proposed within the city.

DEHRADUN
Depleting environment resources: There is a
decline in the urban green spaces in Dehradun city
from 22.98% of total area in 2004 to 15.13% in
2009 and also growing environmental pollution
Possibility of unplanned growth: The city has
found natural expansion along the Haridwar road,
and with the ongoing strengthening of the
highway; there is high chance of further
unplanned growth along the corridor
Crime rate: The large section of non-working
population can give rise to an increased crime rate
in the city if not channelized productively
Migration: Chance of large-scale migration to the
city from the nearby urban areas and other parts
of state putting strain on its infrastructure and
creating further housing shortages.
THREATS
NAGPUR ALLAHABAD
Presence of unauthorized layouts: A large number Flooding in Ganga; encroachments within flood
of unauthorized layouts on the eastern periphery of plain.
the city abutting the Bhandara road. The Bhandara
road is fast emerging as a warehousing and logistics
center which will attract population due to
employment opportunities. Quality of life in these
unauthorized layouts can limit the growth of a
logistics hub along the Bhandara road.
Brain-drain phenomenon: The lack of employment
opportunities compels the youth to migrate to
other centers.
Underdevelopment in MIHAN: Multi-modal
International Cargo Hub Airport Nagpur (MIHAN) Continuing practice of development of housing
was expected to fuel the economic growth with an schemes resulting in uncontrolled urban sprawl
estimated 125,000 jobs. However, the slow growth and an imbalanced property market.
of MIHAN has further accentuated the lack of
employment.
Increasing inventory of para-transit and
unorganized sector in transport leading to skewing
of modal share and trip lengths.
Over-dependence on the existing tube-wells for
water supply will lead to depletion of water levels.
Supply of limited affordable housing: 36% of
Nagpur still lives in slums. This indicates that the
affordable housing has not kept pace with the
demand. Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) and
should focus on providing good quality of life and
affordable housing
 CONCLUSION
• Nagpur has emerged as the topmost smart city in India. In just five months, Nagpur has beaten other cities chosen
before it to get the best implementation of smart city plan.

• In the absence of a zonal plan, many parts of Dehradun have witnessed haphazard development over the years,
which has already caused much damage to the vision of a planned smart city

• While Allahabad with mass migration leading to basic problems, like water shortages and overcrowding, the rate at
which these cities will be developed will be the key.

 The government is concentrating on encouraging Public Private Partnership (PPP) for successful implementation of
the smart city project in India.
 Creating a smart city is not just about creating the physical infrastructure — roads, clean water, power, and transport.
The big challenge will be to create self-sustaining cities, which create jobs, use resources wisely and also train people.
• http://smartcities.gov.in/content/
• https://thesai.org/Downloads/Volume6No11/Paper_32-Smart_City_A
rchitecture_Vision_and_Challenges.pdf

• http://smartcities.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/What%20is%20Sma
rt%20City.pdf

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