William Henry Scott

- Scott is a well-known historian but many people

would refer to him as anthropologist.
- Prehistory usually belonged to anthropologists
but William Henry Scott chose to verge into this
area of research.
- William Henry Scott was very much interested in
prehistory, more particularly on prehispanic
Philippine society and culture.
- This is why some people regarded Scott as an
"anthropologist" although Scott himself rejected
this label.
- He encourages historians in his reviews of their
works to do more research in archives that
were not available in the West (Stanford)
- This is what Scott did which is the reason why
he studied in UST or University of Sto. Tomas,
did archival research and used materials from
UST about the Prehistory of the Philippines
during the time of Spanish contact
- Scott's The Discovery of the Igorots: Spanish
Contacts with the Pagans of Northern Luzon
(1974) is an important contribution in the study
of Cordillera ethnohistory.
- This is a history of the Cordillera mountain
region over several centuries of Spanish contact,
constructed from contemporary Spanish
sources.

- Look back on your data, reflect on your

sources, look at what is acceptable and what is
not IN RECONSTRUCTING ETHNOHISTORY
- He encourages historians in his reviews of their
works to do more research in archives that
were not available in the West (Stanford)

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 - Iba ang sistema na mayroon tayo ngayon sa ating - A datu’s authority arose from his lineage, but his
mga ninuno power depended upon his wealth, the number of his
- Hindi kagaya ng mga modernong nation-state slaves and subjects, and his reputation for physical
nakasanayan: Wala pang iisang bansang Pilipinas prowess.
- A datu was expected to govern his people, settle
noong unang panahon bago dumating ang mga Kastila
their disputes, protect them from enemies, and lead
- Marami at magkakaibang mga bansa
them in battle.
- Madalas at sabay-sabay gamitin ang tatlong titulo: - Adopted by the colonial government
Datu, Rajah at Lakan  Tribute-collecting
- Ang Lakan ay sa Luzon lamang  Baptismal registers
- Hindi porket ito ay royal titles ito basta basta na - Few household to as many as hundred
lamang heridertary, hindi basta pinamamana - Patuloy pa ring ginagamit ng mga ating katutubo:
- Ito ay earned titles: karapatdapat at kagalang Lumad, Maranao, Tausug, at iba pa
galang bago gawaran ng titulo Maharlika
Maginoo - Kind of lower aristocracy "diluted maginoo blood"
- Tagalog aristocracy or upper class/ ruling class of the - Descendants of mixed marriages between a ruling line
tagalogs and one out of power
- Noble descent - Technically less free than ordinary timawa
- Ginoo - for both sexes - rendered military service to their lords
- Panginoon or poon (when addressing them directly) - - Accompanied their captain abroad; whenever he called
with lordship over many slaves and valuable property and wherever he went
Rajah - Destined to disappear under colonial pacification
- These datus were part of what social anthropologists ○ As the raids they practiced also disappeared
call a chiefdom— a loose federation of chiefs bound by ○ Maharlika services turned into feudal dues -
loose ties of personal allegiance to a senior among them. compulsory payment that the ower estates had
- Isang hari o sovereign king o sovereign prince to make to the higher estates: cash, kind, or
- Raha ay paraan ng pagbigkas ng mga Kastila services
- Mula sa kultura ng Hinduismo at Buddhismo - To transfer their allegiance, they must host a feast
- Paramount kings and pay their datu 6 to 18 pesos in gold, otherwise,
it could be an - occasion for war (Plasencia)
- Pinakamataas na datu/ hari ng mga hari
Timawa
- The head of such a chiefdom exercised authority over
(Tagalog)
his supporting chiefs, but not over their subjects or
- Datu's nonslave followers
territory,
- Freemen
- his primacy stemmed from his control of local or foreign
- Could not be legally bought and sold
trade, and the ability to redistribute luxury goods
- Enjoyed agricultural rights to portion of barangay
desired by the others.
land
- Rajah ng Maynila, Butuan, Cebu, at Sulu
- Harvest without paying tribute
- Rajah at Lakan ay interchangeable/ halos - Datus were basically their lords, not their landlords
magkasing-antas - Born into their class
Datu - Alipin who had successfully repaid debts
- Ang bawat Rajah at Lakan ay isang Datu ngunit (Visayan)
hindi lahat ng Datu ay maaring maging Rajah at hindi - freemen (libres) or freed- men (libertos).
lahat ng Rajah ay maaring maging Lakan - offspring or descendants of a datu’s commoner wives
- Pinakamadalas at pinakapangkaraniwa or slave concubines
- The word meant both a political office and a social class, - slaves could also be freed (matitimawa)
both an incumbent ruler and all members of the ruling - All persons liberated by their own master were called
class of either sex ginoo
- Gender neutral - Timawa paid tribute called buhis or handug
- Walang direct translation dahil: king, prince, - free to transfer their allegiance to some other datu
chieftain
- Pati na rin sa timog silangang asya: Malaysia, o
Indonesia

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Oripun - Visayan social fabric was thus woven of
- to spare life on the field of battle, to ransom a captive, or debt and dependence-that is,
to redeem a debt equivalent to a man’s price. relationships in which one person was
- debtors had little collateral except their own persons dependent on the decisions of another,
○ Shortage of labor the one exercising choice, the other not.
○ debt slavery was prevalent because agriculture was - One’s position in the social scale was
undeveloped, goods limited, and interest rates high therefore measurable by the amount of
- Sociologically, therefore, they constituted the class which in control he exercised over his own time
contemporary European society would have been called and labor
commoners. - A debtor’s children were born in debt, his
- birthright, inherited or acquired debt, commuted penal first-degree kin were also liable, and any
sentence, or victimization by the more powerful favor received incurred debt.
- Hayohay or ayuey - lived in their master’s house Laws
- luhay or mamahay - those with their own house and field (Visayan)
- Hayohay were at the bottom of the oripun social scale— - Laws were part of the customs and
those “most enslaved,” traditions handed down from one
- Some oripun were hardly distinguishable from timawa generation to another: they were not
- Horohan - lower-echelon military services considered products of legislation but
- Other tuhay or mamahay might also participate in raids part of the natural order of things.
- Indeed, if they distinguished themselves regularly enough - A datu acted as judge (hukom) in both
by bravery in action, they might attract a following of civil claims and criminal cases, sometimes
their own and actually become datus in consultation with an expert in custom
Alipin law, by hearing testimony of sworn
- Slave - both men and women witnesses.
- Causes: - Any altercation that resulted in wounding
○ Captivity had to be compensated with hilugo, blood-
○ Birth-right price, and insult was also valid grounds
○ Debt for litigation.
- Subordination was obligatory until their debt was redeemed (Tagalog)
- Masters were technically their creditors rather than their - Law
lords ▪ Handed down by tradition
- Mixed marriage between alipin and timawa ▪ Liable to amendment by
Alipin namamahay consensus among leading
- Make one field tungo (contract) datus
- Have no further obligation to their master ▪ Circumvention by any among
- Almost free for they serve their master no more than them powerful enough to do
time to time so
- If he calls them too often it's considered an abuse - Judge (hukom)
- He owned his own house, personal belongings, and gold and ○ Convoked the litigants
bequeathed them to his heirs ○ Heard sworn testimony
- Ownership of land is restricted ○ Handed down a decision
- Namamahay came into their conditions in three ways
○ Inheritance from namamahay parents
○ Dropping down from timawa status
○ Rising up from gigilid
Alipin sa gigilid
- Dependent on him as his own children
- If they could accumulate enough gold, they could buy their
way into namamahay status or timawa
- Main source of alipin sa gigilid
○ Children born in their master's hous
○ Natural children by his own alipin
○ Men under such financial straits they could not
afford to raise them

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afford to raise them

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